Like all Romance languages,[5] the Iberian Romance languages descend from Vulgar Latin, the nonstandard (in contrast to Classical Latin) form of the Latin language spoken by soldiers and merchants throughout the Roman Empire. With the expansion of the empire, Vulgar Latin came to be spoken by inhabitants of the various Roman-controlled territories. Latin and its descendants have been spoken in Iberia since the Punic Wars, when the Romans conquered the territory[6] (see Roman conquest of Hispania).
The modern Iberian Romance languages were formed roughly through the following process:
Common traits between Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan
This list points to common traits of these Iberian subsets, especially when compared to the other Romance languages in general. Thus, changes such as Catalan vuit/huit and Portuguese oito vs. Spanish ocho are not shown here, as the change -it- > -ch- is exclusive to Spanish among the Iberian Romance languages.
Between Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan
Phonetic
The length difference between r/rr is preserved through phonetic means, so that the second consonant in words such as caro and carro are not the same in any of the three.
Latin U remains [u] and is not changed to [y].
Semantic
The Iberian Romance languages all maintain a complete essence-state distinction in the copula (the verb "to be"). The "essence" form (Portuguese and Spanish ser and Catalan ser and ésser) is derived in whole or in part from the Latin sum (the Latin copula), while the "state" form (estar in all three languages) is derived from the Latin stāre ("to stand").
Between Spanish and Catalan, but not Portuguese
Phonetic
The length difference between n/nn is preserved through phonetic means, so that the last consonant in words such as año (Latin anno) and mano are not the same.
The length difference between l/ll is preserved through phonetic means, so that the second consonant in words such as valle and vale are not the same. This also affects some initial L in Catalan.
Between Spanish and Portuguese, but not Catalan
Phonetic
Initial Latin CL/FL/PL are palatalized further than in Standard Italian, and become indistinguishable (to CH in Portuguese and LL in Spanish).
Final e/o remains (although its pronunciation changed in Portuguese, and some dialects drop final E).
Grammatical
The synthetic preterite, inherited from earlier stages of Latin, remains the main past tense.
Between Portuguese and Catalan, but not Spanish
Phonetic
Velarized L [ɫ], which existed in Latin, is preserved at the end of syllables, and was later generalized to all positions in most dialects of both languages.
Stressed Latin e/o, both open and closed, is preserved so and does not become a diphthong.
Statuses
Politically (not linguistically), there are four major officially recognised Iberian Romance languages:
Portuguese, official language in nine countries including Portugal and Brazil. After Spanish, Portuguese is the second most widely spoken Romance language in the world with over 250 million speakers, currently ranked seventh by number of native speakers.[14] Various Portuguese dialects exist outside of the European standard spoken in Portugal.
Galician, co-official in Galicia and also spoken in adjacent western parts of Asturias and Castile and León. Closely related to Portuguese, with Spanish influence.[20] It shares the same origin as Portuguese, from the medieval Galician-Portuguese. Modern Galician is spoken by around 3.2 million people and is ranked 160th by number of speakers.[19]
Additionally, the Asturian (dialect of Asturleonese), although not an official language,[21] is recognised by the autonomous community of Asturias. It is one of the Asturleonese dialects with Mirandese, which in Portugal holds an official status as a minority language.[22]
The Iberian Romance languages are a conventional group of Romance languages. Many authors use the term in a geographical sense although they are not necessarily a phylogenetic group (the languages grouped as Iberian Romance may not all directly descend from a common ancestor). Phylogenetically, there is disagreement about what languages should be considered within the Iberian Romance group; for example, some authors consider that East Iberian, also called Occitano-Romance, could be more closely related to languages of northern Italy (or also Franco-Provençal, the langues d'oïl and Rhaeto-Romance). A common conventional geographical grouping is the following:
^Iberian languages is also used as a more inclusive term for all languages spoken on the Iberian Peninsula, which in antiquity included the non-Indo-European Iberian language.
^Dalby, David (2000). "5=Indo-European phylosector" (PDF). The Linguasphere register of the world's languages and speech communities. Vol. 2. Oxford: Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press.
^Thomason, Sarah (2001). Language Contact. Georgetown University Press. p. 263. ISBN978-0-87840-854-2.
^Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2008). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier Science. p. 1020. ISBN978-0-08-087774-7.
^Penny, Ralph (2002). A History of the Spanish Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN978-0-521-01184-6.
^Turell, M. Teresa (2001). Multilingualism in Spain: Sociolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects of Linguistic Minority Groups. Multilingual Matters. p. 591. ISBN978-1-85359-491-5.
^Cabo Aseguinolaza, Fernando; Abuín Gonzalez, Anxo; Domínguez, César (2010). A Comparative History of Literatures in the Iberian Peninsula. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 339–40. ISBN978-90-272-3457-5.
^Bec, Pierre (1973), Manuel pratique d'occitan moderne, coll. Connaissance des langues, Paris: Picard
^Sumien, Domergue (2006), La standardisation pluricentrique de l'occitan: nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique, développement du lexique et de la morphologie, coll. Publications de l'Association Internationale d'Études Occitanes, Turnhout: Brepols
^Myers-Scotton, Carol (2005). Multiple Voices: An Introduction to Bilingualism. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 57. ISBN978-0-631-21937-8.
iberian, romance, languages, iberian, romance, ibero, romance, sometimes, iberian, languages, note, group, romance, languages, that, developed, iberian, peninsula, area, consisting, primarily, spain, portugal, gibraltar, andorra, southern, france, they, today,. The Iberian Romance Ibero Romance 2 or sometimes Iberian languages note 1 are a group of Romance languages that developed on the Iberian Peninsula an area consisting primarily of Spain Portugal Gibraltar Andorra and southern France They are today more commonly separated into West Iberian and Occitano Romance language groups Iberian RomanceGeographicdistributionOriginally Iberian Peninsula and southern France now worldwideLinguistic classificationIndo EuropeanItalicLatino FaliscanRomanceItalo WesternWesternIberian RomanceSubdivisionsOccitano Romance East Iberian 1 West IberianGlottologsout3183 Shifted Iberian unsh1234 Aragonese Mozarabic Evolved from the Vulgar Latin of Iberia the most widely spoken Iberian Romance languages are Spanish Portuguese Catalan Valencian Balear and Galician 3 These languages also have their own regional and local varieties Based on mutual intelligibility Dalby counts seven outer languages or language groups Galician Portuguese Spanish Asturleonese Wider Aragonese Wider Catalan Provencal Lengadocian and Wider Gascon 4 In addition to those languages there are a number of Portuguese based creole languages and Spanish based creole languages for instance Papiamento Contents 1 Origins and development 2 Common traits between Portuguese Spanish and Catalan 2 1 Between Portuguese Spanish and Catalan 2 1 1 Phonetic 2 1 2 Semantic 2 2 Between Spanish and Catalan but not Portuguese 2 2 1 Phonetic 2 3 Between Spanish and Portuguese but not Catalan 2 3 1 Phonetic 2 3 2 Grammatical 2 4 Between Portuguese and Catalan but not Spanish 2 4 1 Phonetic 3 Statuses 4 Family tree 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksOrigins and development Edit Linguistic map of southwestern Europe See also History of the Spanish language History of Portuguese and History of Catalan Like all Romance languages 5 the Iberian Romance languages descend from Vulgar Latin the nonstandard in contrast to Classical Latin form of the Latin language spoken by soldiers and merchants throughout the Roman Empire With the expansion of the empire Vulgar Latin came to be spoken by inhabitants of the various Roman controlled territories Latin and its descendants have been spoken in Iberia since the Punic Wars when the Romans conquered the territory 6 see Roman conquest of Hispania The modern Iberian Romance languages were formed roughly through the following process The Romanization of the local Iberian population 7 The diversification of Latin spoken in Iberia with slight differences depending on location 8 Development of Old Spanish Galician Portuguese Asturleonese and Navarro Aragonese the West Iberian languages and early Catalan language from Latin between the eighth and tenth centuries The genetic classification of early Catalan and Occitan is unsettled Some scholars place it within Ibero Romance hence it would be East Iberian others place it instead within Gallo Romance 9 10 11 Further development into modern Spanish Portuguese Aragonese Asturleonese Galician Catalan see languages of Iberia languages of Spain languages of Portugal and languages of Andorra between the fifteenth and twentieth centuries Common traits between Portuguese Spanish and Catalan EditThis list points to common traits of these Iberian subsets especially when compared to the other Romance languages in general Thus changes such as Catalan vuit huit and Portuguese oito vs Spanish ocho are not shown here as the change it gt ch is exclusive to Spanish among the Iberian Romance languages Between Portuguese Spanish and Catalan Edit Phonetic Edit The length difference between r rr is preserved through phonetic means so that the second consonant in words such as caro and carro are not the same in any of the three Latin U remains u and is not changed to y Semantic Edit The Iberian Romance languages all maintain a complete essence state distinction in the copula the verb to be The essence form Portuguese and Spanish ser and Catalan ser and esser is derived in whole or in part from the Latin sum the Latin copula while the state form estar in all three languages is derived from the Latin stare to stand Between Spanish and Catalan but not Portuguese Edit Phonetic Edit The length difference between n nn is preserved through phonetic means so that the last consonant in words such as ano Latin anno and mano are not the same The length difference between l ll is preserved through phonetic means so that the second consonant in words such as valle and vale are not the same This also affects some initial L in Catalan Between Spanish and Portuguese but not Catalan Edit Phonetic Edit Initial Latin CL FL PL are palatalized further than in Standard Italian and become indistinguishable to CH in Portuguese and LL in Spanish Final e o remains although its pronunciation changed in Portuguese and some dialects drop final E Grammatical Edit The synthetic preterite inherited from earlier stages of Latin remains the main past tense Between Portuguese and Catalan but not Spanish Edit Phonetic Edit Velarized L ɫ which existed in Latin is preserved at the end of syllables and was later generalized to all positions in most dialects of both languages Stressed Latin e o both open and closed is preserved so and does not become a diphthong Statuses EditPolitically not linguistically there are four major officially recognised Iberian Romance languages Spanish see names given to the Spanish language is the national and official language of 21 countries including Spain 12 Spanish is the fourth most widely spoken language in the world with over 570 total million speakers and the second most widely spoken native language 13 It has a number of dialects and varieties Portuguese official language in nine countries including Portugal and Brazil After Spanish Portuguese is the second most widely spoken Romance language in the world with over 250 million speakers currently ranked seventh by number of native speakers 14 Various Portuguese dialects exist outside of the European standard spoken in Portugal Catalan is the official language in Andorra 15 and co official in the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia Balearic Islands and Valencian Community where it is known as Valencian and the Italian city of Alghero It is also spoken in the French department of Pyrenees Orientales Northern Catalonia without official recognition Catalan is closely related to Occitan 16 17 18 with the two languages having been treated as one in studies by Occitanist linguists such as Pierre Bec or more recently Domergue Sumien When not treated as one the two languages are widely classified together as Occitano Romance languages a group which is itself sometimes grouped with the Gallo Romance languages Catalan has two main dialectal branches Eastern and Western Catalan and several subdialects and is spoken by about 10 million people ranking the seventy fifth most spoken language in the world 19 mostly in five variants Central Catalan Northern Catalan Northwestern Catalan Valencian and Balearic Galician co official in Galicia and also spoken in adjacent western parts of Asturias and Castile and Leon Closely related to Portuguese with Spanish influence 20 It shares the same origin as Portuguese from the medieval Galician Portuguese Modern Galician is spoken by around 3 2 million people and is ranked 160th by number of speakers 19 Additionally the Asturian dialect of Asturleonese although not an official language 21 is recognised by the autonomous community of Asturias It is one of the Asturleonese dialects with Mirandese which in Portugal holds an official status as a minority language 22 Family tree EditMain article Romance languages Ibero Romance languages around the world Ibero Romance languages in Iberia and Southern France image reference needed Portuguese Galician Fala Astur Leonese Extremaduran Spanish Aragonese Catalan Occitan The Iberian Romance languages are a conventional group of Romance languages Many authors use the term in a geographical sense although they are not necessarily a phylogenetic group the languages grouped as Iberian Romance may not all directly descend from a common ancestor Phylogenetically there is disagreement about what languages should be considered within the Iberian Romance group for example some authors consider that East Iberian also called Occitano Romance could be more closely related to languages of northern Italy or also Franco Provencal the langues d oil and Rhaeto Romance A common conventional geographical grouping is the following East Iberian West IberianDaggers indicate extinct languages Iberian Romance languages East Iberian alternatively classified as Gallo Romance languages Catalanic Catalan Judaeo Catalan Occitanic Gardiol Occitan Shuadit West Iberian Asturleonese Asturian Cantabrian Extremaduran Leonese Mirandese Castilian Spanish Judaeo Spanish Galician Portuguese Fala Galician Judaeo Portuguese Portuguese Pyrenean Mozarabic Navarro Aragonese Aragonese Judaeo Aragonese Mozarabic See also EditLanguages of Iberia Barranquenho IberophoneReferences Edit Iberian languages is also used as a more inclusive term for all languages spoken on the Iberian Peninsula which in antiquity included the non Indo European Iberian language Ibero Romance Retrieved 4 October 2017 Pharies David A 2007 A Brief History of the Spanish Language University of Chicago Press p 13 ISBN 978 0 226 66683 9 Ethnologue Statistical Summaries Dalby David 2000 5 Indo European phylosector PDF The Linguasphere register of the world s languages and speech communities Vol 2 Oxford Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Press Thomason Sarah 2001 Language Contact Georgetown University Press p 263 ISBN 978 0 87840 854 2 Brown Keith Ogilvie Sarah 2008 Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World Elsevier Science p 1020 ISBN 978 0 08 087774 7 Penny Ralph 2002 A History of the Spanish Language Cambridge University Press p 8 ISBN 978 0 521 01184 6 Penny 2002 p 16 Turell M Teresa 2001 Multilingualism in Spain Sociolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects of Linguistic Minority Groups Multilingual Matters p 591 ISBN 978 1 85359 491 5 Cabo Aseguinolaza Fernando Abuin Gonzalez Anxo Dominguez Cesar 2010 A Comparative History of Literatures in the Iberian Peninsula John Benjamins Publishing Company pp 339 40 ISBN 978 90 272 3457 5 Lapesa Rafael 1968 Historia de la lengua espanola 7th ed in Spanish Gredos p 124 ISBN 84 249 0072 3 ISBN 84 249 0073 1 Lengua Espanola o Castellana Promotora Espanola de Linguistica in Spanish Ethnologue Table 3 Languages with at least 3 million first language speakers See Ethnologue Constitution of Andorra Article 2 1 Bec Pierre 1973 Manuel pratique d occitan moderne coll Connaissance des langues Paris Picard Sumien Domergue 2006 La standardisation pluricentrique de l occitan nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique developpement du lexique et de la morphologie coll Publications de l Association Internationale d Etudes Occitanes Turnhout Brepols Myers Scotton Carol 2005 Multiple Voices An Introduction to Bilingualism Wiley Blackwell p 57 ISBN 978 0 631 21937 8 a b Ethnologue Posner Rebecca 1996 The Romance Languages Cambridge University Press p 57 ISBN 978 0 521 28139 3 La jueza a Fernando Gonzalez No puede usted hablar en la lengua que le de la gana El Comercio 12 January 2009 See Euromosaic reportExternal links EditSpanish words of Latin origin Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Iberian Romance languages amp oldid 1124178559, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
