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Hunyadi family

January 01, 1970

The House of Hunyadi was one of the most powerful noble families in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 15th century. A member of the family, Matthias Corvinus, was King of Hungary from 1458 until 1490, King of Bohemia (ruling in Moravia, Lower Lusatia, Upper Lusatia, and Silesia) from 1469 until 1490, and Duke of Austria from 1487 until 1490. His illegitimate son, John Corvinus, ruled the Duchy of Troppau from 1485 until 1501, and five further Silesian duchies, including Bytom, Głubczyce, Loslau, Racibórz, and Tost, from 1485 until 1490. The Hunyadi coat-of-arms depicted a raven with a golden ring in its beak.

The founder of the family, Voyk, received the eponymous Hunyad Castle (in present-day Hunedoara, Romania) from Sigismund, King of Hungary, in 1409. His ethnicity is the subject of scholarly debate. Some modern historians describe him as a Vlach, or Romanian, knez or boyar, from either Wallachia or Transylvania. Others describe him as a Cuman or Slav nobleman. According to the 15th-century historian, Johannes de Thurocz, Voyk moved from Wallachia to Transylvania. Voyk's oldest son, John Hunyadi, was often mentioned as a "Vlach" by his contemporaries.

John Hunyadi, a military commander, became the first member of the family to acquire the status of "true baron of the realm". He was appointed Ban of Severin in 1439, and Voivode of Transylvania in 1441. He was also granted the title Perpetual Count of Beszterce in 1452, thus receiving the first hereditary title created in the Kingdom of Hungary. At his death, John Hunyadi held many lands throughout the Kingdom. John Hunyadi's fame and fortune led the election of his son, Matthias Corvinus, as King of Hungary in 1458. He attempted to secure hereditary line of succession for his son, John Corvinus. This did not happen, however, and John was only able to retain the Duchy of Glogau, along with some other family domains in Hungary, after Matthias died in 1490. John's only son, Christopher Corvinus, was the last male member of the family. He died at the age of six in 1505. His sister Elisabeth died during childhood.

Origins edit

The family was given its land by Sigismund, King of Hungary, on 18 October 1409.[1][2] On that day, Sigismund granted Hunyad Castle and its demesne to Voyk and four of his kinsmen.[2][3][4][5] In addition to Voyk, the grant lists his two brothers, Magas and Radol, their cousin or uncle also named Radol, and Voyk's son, John, the future Regent of Hungary.[2][3] Magas means "tall", and is evidently a Hungarian name.[6] The grant mentioned that Voyk's father was named "Serbe", but did not say anything further about the origins of the family.[2][3] Turkologist László Rásonyi, in his analysis of the family names and heraldry, says that Serbe's name is of Cuman origin and is related to the Kyrgyz and Kazakh word for unlucky (šor). He adds that the Turkic origin of Serbe's name explains that Voyk's name also comes from the Turkic bay, meaning "prince" or "lord".[6]

 
King Sigismund of Hungary's grant of Hunyad Castle to Voyk and his relatives

Voyk's son, John Hunyadi, bore the nickname "Olah", meaning "Vlach", in his youth, which implied that he was of Romanian stock.[2][3] The court historian of Voyk's grandson King Matthias Corvinus, Antonio Bonfini, explicitly stated that John had been "born to a Vlach father".[7][8] Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III likewise knew that King Matthias had been "born to a Vlach father", and a Venetian man, Sebastiano Baduario, referred to the Romanians as King Matthias's people.[9][10]

Historians of the 15th and 16th centuries, with perspectives that were either against or in favour of the family, wrote differing reports of the family's status before King Sigismund's grant.[11][12] Jan Długosz described John Hunyadi as "a man of unknown origin",[13] and he is likewise mentioned as "a Vlach by birth, not highly born"[14] by Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini.[11][12] On the other hand, Johannes de Thurocz said that John Hunyadi "was descended from a noble and renowned race of Wallachia".[11][15]

John Hunyadi's rapid advance, which astonished his contemporaries, and gave rise to legends about his origins.[16][17] According to one of these stories, recorded in detail by the 16th-century historian Gáspár Heltai, John Hunyadi was the illegitimate son of King Sigismund with a woman named Elizabeth, who was the daughter of a "rich boyar"[18] from Morzsina in Hunyad County.[16][17] Antonio Bonfini, on the other hand, wrote that John Hunyadi's mother was an unnamed Greek woman who was related to the Byzantine Emperors.[16]

 
The Gothic and Renaissance Hunyad Castle (in present-day Hunedoara, Romania), built on the demesne that the family was named after

Further legends emerged about the purported Roman origin of the family.[8] Antonio Bonfini wrote that John Hunyadi "traced his kin to the Roman family of the Corvini".[7][8][19] This story is connected to the Hunyadis' coat-of-arms, which depicts a raven, corvus in Latin, with a golden ring in its beak.[8] Coins minted for Prince Vladislav I of Wallachia in 1365 depict a raven-like bird.[20][21] Based on this similarity, Zsuzsa Teke and some other historians did not exclude the possibility that the Hunyadis were related to the Basarabs, the ruling dynasty of Wallachia.[8][22] Another historian, Péter E. Kovács, wrote that that theory needed further verification.[20]

Johannes de Thurocz also wrote that King Sigismund, fascinated by Voyk's fame, "took him away from Wallachia to his own realm and settled him there",[15] suggesting that Voyk moved from his Wallachian homeland to the Kingdom of Hungary.[8] The late 15th-century historian Philippe de Commines[23] referred to Voyk's son John as the "White Knight of Wallachia".[2] In accordance with these sources, Pál Engel, András Kubinyi, and other contemporary historians have written that the Hunyadi family descended from Wallachian boyars (noblemen).[1][5][8][24][25]

According to another view on the family's origins, which is championed by historians Camil Mureșanu and Ion-Aurel Pop, Voyk did not migrate from Wallachia, but was born in a family of Romanian noble knezes from the region of Hátszeg, or Hunyad.[3][26] They say that Voyk's grandfather could have been a man named "Costea", mentioned in a royal charter from 1360, and who fathered a son named Serbe (the name of Voyk's father). According to the charter, Costea and Serbe together established two villages in the region of Hátszeg.[3][27]

Historian Dezső Dümmerth offers a third view of the Hunyadis' ancestry. He said that Voyk was of Cuman stock, one of the Wallachian boyars.[28] Turkologist László Rásonyi concludes: "the names of János Hunyadi's father and grandfather and the use of raven in the coat-of-arms of the family clearly point to the Tatar-Cuman origin of the later Hunyadi family".[6]

Miklós Molnár, accepts the Wallachian origin of the family, but also represents a fourth perspective on the origins of the family. He said that they may well have been of Slavic descent.[29] Neither Paul Lendvai nor András Boros-Kazai excluded the possibility of the Hunyadis being of Slavic origin.[25][30]

Genetics edit

Bone samples were collected in the Corvinus grave from the remains of John Corvinus and Christopher Corvinus in the church of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Lepoglava by the Institute of Hungarian Research in 2021 to define their genetic composition. This information will be crucial for possible identification of the remains of King Matthias Corvinus from among the bones stored in the ossuary at Székesfehérvár. The team of Endre Neparáczki successfully identified the DNA profile of the last two male members of the Hunyadi family by next-generation sequencing technology, and the genetic study was published in Heliyon in 2022.[31][32][33][34]

John Corvinus and Christopher Corvinus carried the paternal Y-chromosome haplogroup E1b1b1a1b1a6a1c~ (E-BY4281), which is widespread in Eurasia. This haplogroup belongs to the E-V13 clade which is part of the E-M78 branch. The father-son relationship was also verified. The closest ancient genetic matches to the paternal haplogroup of the Hunyadi descendants are a sample from the Otrar-Karatau culture in the Iron Age Kazakh steppe and a sample from Medieval Sardinia. The closest genetic sample matches from the Carpathian Basin to the Hunyadi genome were detected in Avar individuals, elite Hungarian Conquerors and in a Medieval Hungarian nobleman from the Hungarian Royal Basilica.[31][33]

John Corvinus belongs to the T2b mitochondrial haplogroup, his maternal lineage widespread haplogroup throughout Eurasia. His son Christopher Corvinus belongs to the rare T2c1+146 mitochondrial haplogroup, his maternal lineage was already present in the Neolithic era on the territory of present-day Hungary but most frequent around the Mediterranean. Both maternal lines are consistent with the known origin of their mothers.[31][33]

Archaeogenomic analysis indicated that John and Christopher Corvinus had an ancient European genome composition. The majority genome components of John Corvinus were present in the Carpathian Basin thousands of years ago, the highest shared drift are with European Neolithic samples (which peoples can also be traced back to the Carpathian Basin[33]) and Hungarian Neolithic samples: Transdanubian Lengyel culture, Bodrogkeresztúr culture, Kőrös culture, Alföld Linear Pottery culture. The genome of Christopher Corvinus also has a shared drift with a sample from the Croatian Copper Age Vučedol culture, which was received from his mother. The Corvinus genome contains these admixture components: 50% Neolithic Anatolian, 31% Ancient North Eurasian, 8% Iranian Neolithic, 5% Western Hunter gatherer, 3% Early Bronze Age and 2% Han. At the individual level, the 10 most similar samples were from Russia, Croatia, Romania and Hungary, while at the population level, it clustered with populations from northern Italy, Spain, Basque Country, France, Croatia and Hungary. The greatest similarity to this medieval Corvinus genome is found with today's southern European and Carpathian Basin populations, and also with individuals from the Eastern European steppe.[31][33]

Notable members edit

Voyk Hunyadi edit

Voyk was born in Wallachia, according to the nearly contemporaneous historians Johannes de Thurocz and Gáspár Heltai.[8] Voyk had been serving as a "court knight" in the royal court when he received the demesne of Hunyad from King Sigismund, suggesting that he was descended from a prominent Wallachian family.[8] Modern historian Kubinyi wrote that Voyk most probably joined Sigismund in 1395.[8] In this year, Sigismund invaded Wallachia and restored his vassal, Mircea the Elder, to the princely throne.[35]

He was last mentioned in a royal charter in 1414.[36] Voyk died before 12 February 1419.[16][37] On this day, a charter confirming the grant of 1409 was issued for Voyk's brother, Radol, and for Voyk's three sons: John the Elder, John the Younger, and Voyk.[16]

John Hunyadi, Sr. edit

Main article: John Hunyadi
 
The cover of John Hunyadi's tomb in the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Gyulafehérvár (present-day Alba Iulia, Romania)

Voyk's oldest son John Hunyadi was born between about 1405 and 1407.[5][38][39] In his youth, he served in the court of George Csáky, Filippo Scolari, and King Sigismund's other warlike barons.[5][38][40] He married Elizabeth Szilágyi around 1429.[41] Her father owned properties in Bodrog County.[41]

John Hunyadi developed his military skills during his journeys in Italy and Bohemia in Sigismund's entourage in the early 1430s.[30][40] He and his younger brother (who was his namesake) were jointly appointed Ban of Szörény (present-day Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Romania) in 1439 by Sigismund's successor, King Albert.[40] With this appointment, they acquired the status of "true barons".[42]

The senior John Hunyadi became Voivode of Transylvania and Count of the Székelys in 1441, with responsibility for the defense of the southern borders of Hungary against Ottoman raids.[5][43] He defeated the Ottomans in several battles during his "long campaign" in the Balkan Peninsula in 1443.[43][1] The Estates of the realm elected him governor for the period of King Ladislaus V of Hungary's minority in 1446.[44][45] King Ladislaus bestowed the title of Perpetual Count of Beszterce (present-day Bistrița, Romania) upon John Hunyadi after he resigned the governorship in 1452.[41][46] This was the first example of a grant of a hereditary title in the Kingdom of Hungary.[41][46] John Hunyadi had by that time become the richest landowner in the Kingdom of Hungary, holding about 25 fortresses, 30 towns, and more than 1,000 villages.[47] He died on 11 August 1456, shortly after his greatest victory over the Ottomans at the Siege of Belgrade.[48]

John Hunyadi, Jr. edit

Main article: John Hunyadi, Ban of Severin

John the Younger was the younger of Voyk's two sons that shared the name John, and was first mentioned in a charter issued to four members of his family on 12 February 1419.[16] King Albert of Hungary appointed him Ban of Szörény together with his brother, John the Elder, in 1439.[49] He died fighting against the Ottomans in 1441.[49] His brother wrote of him as "the valiant of the valiant", showing that John the Younger was regarded a brave soldier.[49]

Ladislaus Hunyadi edit

Main article: Ladislaus Hunyadi

Ladislaus Hunyadi was the older of the two sons of John Hunyadi the elder by Elizabeth Szilágyi.[3] He was born around 1432.[3][2] At the age of 20, he was appointed ispán, or count, of Pozsony County, which made him a "true baron".[50] He became Ban of Croatia in 1453 and master of the horse in 1456.[50]

With his father's death, Ladislaus inherited an enormous domain in 1456.[50] The ambitious Ladislaus had his father's main opponent, Ulrich II, Count of Celje, captured and murdered on 9 November.[51][52] The King, who promised amnesty to Ladislaus under duress, had him arrested in next year.[53] Ladislaus was sentenced to death for high treason.[54] He was executed on 16 March 1457.[53]

Matthias Corvinus edit

Main article: Matthias Corvinus
 
A contemporaneous sculpture of Matthias Corvinus

Matthias, the younger son of John Hunyadi the elder and Elizabeth Szilágyi, was born on 23 February 1443.[55] He was arrested upon the orders of King Ladislaus V of Hungary on 14 March 1457, together with his elder brother Ladislaus.[54] Matthias's brother was executed two days after having been arrested.[54] Fearing a revolt, the King fled to Prague and took Matthias with him.[54][53]

The childless Ladislaus V died on 23 November 1457.[54] A Diet was convened to elect the new monarch.[56] Matthias' maternal uncle, Michael Szilágyi, arrived with more than 10,000 armed noblemen under his command, and the Diet proclaimed Matthias king on 24 January 1458.[56][57] Matthias returned from Prague, but was only crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary on 29 March 1464, because he had spent the previous years with fighting against his opponents.[58][59]

Urged by Pope Paul II, Matthias led a crusade against the Czech Hussites and occupied great parts of Moravia and Silesia in 1468.[60][61] The Catholic Estates of Moravia proclaimed him King of Bohemia on 3 May 1469.[62][61] Matthias' reign was also recognized in Lusatia and Silesia, but Bohemia proper remained under the rule of his opponents, Kings George of Poděbrady (till 1471) and Vladislaus II Jagiellon.[61] Through a series of wars, Matthias occupied Lower Austria and Styria between 1480 and 1487.[63] He officially adopted the title of Duke of Austria in 1487.[64]

Matthias married his first wife, Catherine of Poděbrady, in 1461.[65] She died in childbirth in 1464.[66][67] His second wife, Beatrice of Naples, whom he married in 1476, was infertile.[68][69] In the last decade of his life, Matthias tried to ensure the succession of his illegitimate son, John Corvinus, to the throne of Hungary.[70] Matthias died on 6 April 1490.[71]

John Corvinus edit

Main article: John Corvinus

John Corvinus was the illegitimate son of King Matthias and his mistress, Barbara Edelpöck.[72] John Corvinus was born on 2 April 1473.[72] Matthias recognized in public that John is his son and granted him the title of Duke of Liptó (present-day Liptov, Slovakia) in 1481.[73][74] John Corvinus received a number of land grants from his father in the subsequent years.[73][75] King Matthias granted him the Duchy of Troppau and five further Silesian duchies—Beuthen, Leobschütz, Loslau, Ratibor, and Tost—in 1485.[76][77]

King Matthias' all attempts to secure his son's succession to the throne proved to be useless shortly after his death.[78] The prelates and the barons elected Vladislaus II Jagiellon king on 15 July 1490.[79][80] He retained his domains and the Duchy of Troppau. The new monarch bestowed the title of Duke of Slavonia upon him, but he renounced of it in 1495.[81] He also renounced of the Duchy of Troppau in 1501.[82]

John Corvinus married Beatrice de Frangepan in 1496.[83] She gave birth to two children, Elizabeth and Christopher.[83] John Corvinus died on 12 October 1504.[83] His son died at the age of six, his daughter at the age of twelve.[83]

Family tree edit

The following family tree depicts the known members of the Hunyadi family:[3][83][84][85]

(* = born; † = died; ∞ = wife or husband; b. = before; c. = in about; m. = mentioned)

Costea (?)[note 1]
Serbe
† b. 1409		Radol (?)[note 2]
(m. in 1409)
Voyk
(m. 1409–1414)
† b. 1419
∞(Elizabeth) Morzsinai (?)[note 3]		Magas
(m. in 1409)		Radol
(m. 1409–1419)
† b. 1429
∞Ankó Branicskai
John Hunyadi, Sr. (?)[note 4]
* c. 1405
† 1456
∞Elizabeth Szilágyi		John Hunyadi, Jr.
(m. 1419–1441)
† 1441		Voyk
(m. in 1419)		Daughter
∞John Székely of Szentgyörgy		Clara (?)[note 5]
(m. 1450–1467)
∞George Pongrác of Dengeleg		Marina (?)[note 6]
∞Manzilla of Argeș
Ladislaus Hunyadi
* c. 1432
† 1457		Matthias Corvinus
* 1443
†

1490
1∞Elizabeth of Celje


2∞Catherine of Poděbrady


3∞Beatrice of Naples
John Corvinus
(illegitimate son)
* 1473
† 1504
∞Beatrice de Frangepan
Elisabeth Corvinus
* 1496
† 1508		Christopher Corvinus
* 1499
† 1505		Matthias [hu][86]
* 1504
† 1505

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Costea was Serbe's father, according to historian Ion-Aurel Pop.
  2. ^ Radol was either the brother or the nephew of Serbe.
  3. ^ The chronicler Gáspár Heltai writes that John Hunyadi's mother was the unnamed daughter of a boyar of Morzsina. On the other hand, the chronicler Antonio Bonfini says that John Hunyadi was born to a distinguished Greek woman.
  4. ^ According to a popular legend, John Hunyadi the elder was King Sigismund of Hungary's illegitimate son.
  5. ^ A charter from April 1456 (source: Teleki József. Hunyadiak kora Magyarországon p.495) mentions Clara as John Hunyadi's maternal sister. However, taking into account the uncertainty of medieval terminology, she may well have been his full sister, according to historian András Kubinyi. Her second son, Andrew Pongrác of Dengeleg was King Matthias Corvinus's Master of the cupbearers, and his younger brother, John Pongrác of Dengeleg served the King as Voivode of Transylvania for eight years.
  6. ^ Nicolaus Olahus writes, in his Hungaria, that his grandmother, Marina was John Hunyadi's sister who married a member of the Basarab dynasty. According to Kubinyi and Mureşanu, she must have rather been a distant relative (paternal aunt or niece) of Hunyadi.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Makkai 1994, p. 227.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Kubinyi 2008, p. 7.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pop 2005, p. 294.
  4. ^ Bolovan et al. 1997, p. 111.
  5. ^ a b c d e Engel 2001, p. 283.
  6. ^ a b c Rásonyi 1982, p. 419–428.
  7. ^ a b Bonfini, Antonio (1995). "A magyar történelem tizedei [=History of Hungary in Ten Volumes]". Balassi Kiadó. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kubinyi 2008, p. 9.
  9. ^ Armbruster 1972, p. 58.
  10. ^ Pop 2012, p. 14.
  11. ^ a b c E. Kovács 1990, p. 7.
  12. ^ a b Teke 1980, p. 80.
  13. ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1440), p. 484.
  14. ^ Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini: Europe (ch. 1.7.), p. 59.
  15. ^ a b Thuróczy János: Magyar krónika (ch. 30), p. 42.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Kubinyi 2008, p. 8.
  17. ^ a b Dümmerth 1985, p. 52.
  18. ^ Heltai, Gáspár (2000). "Krónika a magyarok dolgairól [=Chronicle of the Deeds of the Hungarians]". Régi magyar irodalmi szöveggyűjtemény II (szerkesztette Jankovics József, Kőszeghy Péter és Szentmártoni Szabó Géza [Collection of Ancient Hungarian Literary Texts (Edited by József Jankovics, Péter Kőszeghy and Géza Szentmártoni Szabó)]. Balassi Kiadó. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
  19. ^ Lendvai 2003, p. 80.
  20. ^ a b E. Kovács 1990, p. 8.
  21. ^ Teke 1980, p. 82.
  22. ^ Teke 1980, pp. 82–83.
  23. ^ Scoble, Andrew Richard. The Memoirs of Philippe De Commynes, Lord of Argenton (Volume 2); Containing the Histories of Louis Xi and Charles Viii, Kings of France. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-150-90258-1.
  24. ^ Bak 1994, pp. 63–64.
  25. ^ a b Lendvai 2003, p. 75.
  26. ^ Mureşanu 2001, p. 42.
  27. ^ Mureşanu 2001, p. 43.
  28. ^ Dümmerth 1985, pp. 51–52.
  29. ^ Molnár 2001, p. 61.
  30. ^ a b Boros-Kazai 2005, p. 339.
  31. ^ a b c d Neparáczki et al. 2022.
  32. ^ "Genetic Heritage of Hungarian Royal Bloodline Identified". Hungary Today. 21 November 2022.
  33. ^ a b c d e "Magyarságkutató Intézet: Azonosítottuk a Hunyadiak és a Corvinok genetikai örökségét" [Institute of Hungarian Research: We have identified the genetic heritage of the Hunyadis and the Corvins]. Institute of Hungarian Research (in Hungarian). 18 November 2022.
  34. ^ Horváth, Tibor (18 November 2022). "Azonosították a Hunyadiak és Corvinok genetikai örökségét" [The genetic heritage of the Hunyadis and Corvins was identified]. Index (in Hungarian).
  35. ^ Engel 2001, p. 203.
  36. ^ Kubinyi 2008, pp. 8, 203.
  37. ^ Pop 2005, p. 295.
  38. ^ a b Dümmerth 1985, p. 51.
  39. ^ Teke 1980, p. 84.
  40. ^ a b c Cartledge 2011, p. 54.
  41. ^ a b c d Kubinyi 2008, p. 15.
  42. ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 13.
  43. ^ a b Boros-Kazai 2005, p. 340.
  44. ^ Engel 2001, p. 288.
  45. ^ Fine 1994, p. 551.
  46. ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 293.
  47. ^ Bak 1994, p. 64.
  48. ^ Pop 2005, p. 296.
  49. ^ a b c Kubinyi 2008, p. 11.
  50. ^ a b c Kubinyi 2008, p. 25.
  51. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 292, 296–297.
  52. ^ Molnár 2001, pp. 66–67.
  53. ^ a b c Bak 1994, p. 70.
  54. ^ a b c d e Engel 2001, p. 297.
  55. ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 23.
  56. ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 298.
  57. ^ Fine 1994, p. 553.
  58. ^ Bak 1994, pp. 70–71.
  59. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 298–299.
  60. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 303–304.
  61. ^ a b c Agnew 2004, p. 52.
  62. ^ Engel 2001, p. 304.
  63. ^ Engel 2001, p. 306.
  64. ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 103.
  65. ^ Engel 2001, p. 303.
  66. ^ Cartledge 2011, p. 520.
  67. ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 67.
  68. ^ Kubinyi 2008, pp. 136, 140.
  69. ^ Molnár 2001, pp. 73, 80.
  70. ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 140.
  71. ^ Bak 1994, p. 73.
  72. ^ a b Kubinyi 2008, p. 134.
  73. ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 317.
  74. ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 141.
  75. ^ Kubinyi 2008, pp. 140–141.
  76. ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 143.
  77. ^ Schönherr, Gyula (1894). "Hunyadi Corvin János, 1473–1504 [=John Corvinus of Hunyadi, 1473–1504]". Magyar Történelmi Társulat. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
  78. ^ Bak 1994, p. 76.
  79. ^ Kubinyi 2008, p. 155.
  80. ^ Engel 2001, p. 345.
  81. ^ Markó 2000, pp. 304–305.
  82. ^ Markó 2000, p. 305.
  83. ^ a b c d e Markó 2000, p. 304.
  84. ^ Kubinyi 2008, pp. 8–9, 10–12, 203.
  85. ^ Mureşanu 2001, p. 44.
  86. ^ Neumann, Tibor. "Mátyás herceg (Szerény adalék a Hunyadi családfához)". Turul (in Hungarian). 2015 (88): 72.

Sources edit

Primary sources edit

  • Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini: Europe (c. 1400–1458) (Translated by Robert Brown, introduced and commented by Nancy Bisaha) (2013). The Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-2182-3.
  • The Annals of Jan Długosz (An English abridgement by Maurice Michael, with commentary by Paul Smith) (1997). IM Publications. ISBN 1-901019-00-4.
  • Thuróczy János: Magyar krónika (Fordította Geréb László, a szöveget átnézte Kardos Tibor, a fordítást ellenőrizte Mezey László) [János Thuróczy: Chronicle of the Hungarians (Translated by László Geréb, the text revised by Tibor Kardos, and the translation is supervised by László Mezey)] (1957). Magyar Helikon.

Secondary sources edit

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  • Markó, László (2000). A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi lexikon [Great Officers of the State of Hungary from St Stephen to Present Days: Biographical Enncyclopedia] (in Hungarian). Magyar Könyvklub. ISBN 963-547-085-1.
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  • Neparáczki, Endre; Kis, Luca; Maróti, Zoltán; Kovács, Bence; Varga, Gergely I.B.; Makoldi, Miklós; Horolma, Pamjav; Teiszler, Éva; Tihanyi, Balázs; Nagy, Péter L.; Maár, Kitti; Gyenesei, Attila; Schütz, Oszkár; Dudás, Eszter; Török, Tibor; Pascuttini-Juraga, Vesna; Peharda, Ivančica; Vizi, László Tamás; Horváth-Lugossy, Gábor; Kásler, Miklós (16 November 2022). "The genetic legacy of the Hunyadi descendants". Heliyon. 8 (11): e11731. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11731. PMC 9678726. PMID 36425424.
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January 01, 1970
hunyadi, family, house, hunyadi, most, powerful, noble, families, kingdom, hungary, during, 15th, century, member, family, matthias, corvinus, king, hungary, from, 1458, until, 1490, king, bohemia, ruling, moravia, lower, lusatia, upper, lusatia, silesia, from. The House of Hunyadi was one of the most powerful noble families in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 15th century A member of the family Matthias Corvinus was King of Hungary from 1458 until 1490 King of Bohemia ruling in Moravia Lower Lusatia Upper Lusatia and Silesia from 1469 until 1490 and Duke of Austria from 1487 until 1490 His illegitimate son John Corvinus ruled the Duchy of Troppau from 1485 until 1501 and five further Silesian duchies including Bytom Glubczyce Loslau Raciborz and Tost from 1485 until 1490 The Hunyadi coat of arms depicted a raven with a golden ring in its beak HunyadiJohn Hunyadi s extended coat of arms granted to him in 1453 by King Ladislaus V of Hungary CountryKingdom of Hungary and CroatiaCertain Lands of the Bohemian Crown Moravia Lower Lusatia Upper Lusatia Silesia Duchy of AustriaDuchy of StyriaFounded1409FounderVoykFinal rulerChristopher CorvinusTitlesKing of Hungary King of Bohemia King of Croatia Duke of Austria Duke of Beuthen Duke of Leobschutz Duke of Lipto Duke of Loslau Duke of Ratibor Duke of Slavonia Duke of Tost Duke of Troppau Perpetual Count of BeszterceDissolution1505 The founder of the family Voyk received the eponymous Hunyad Castle in present day Hunedoara Romania from Sigismund King of Hungary in 1409 His ethnicity is the subject of scholarly debate Some modern historians describe him as a Vlach or Romanian knez or boyar from either Wallachia or Transylvania Others describe him as a Cuman or Slav nobleman According to the 15th century historian Johannes de Thurocz Voyk moved from Wallachia to Transylvania Voyk s oldest son John Hunyadi was often mentioned as a Vlach by his contemporaries John Hunyadi a military commander became the first member of the family to acquire the status of true baron of the realm He was appointed Ban of Severin in 1439 and Voivode of Transylvania in 1441 He was also granted the title Perpetual Count of Beszterce in 1452 thus receiving the first hereditary title created in the Kingdom of Hungary At his death John Hunyadi held many lands throughout the Kingdom John Hunyadi s fame and fortune led the election of his son Matthias Corvinus as King of Hungary in 1458 He attempted to secure hereditary line of succession for his son John Corvinus This did not happen however and John was only able to retain the Duchy of Glogau along with some other family domains in Hungary after Matthias died in 1490 John s only son Christopher Corvinus was the last male member of the family He died at the age of six in 1505 His sister Elisabeth died during childhood Contents 1 Origins 1 1 Genetics 2 Notable members 2 1 Voyk Hunyadi 2 2 John Hunyadi Sr 2 3 John Hunyadi Jr 2 4 Ladislaus Hunyadi 2 5 Matthias Corvinus 2 6 John Corvinus 3 Family tree 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Sources 7 1 Primary sources 7 2 Secondary sourcesOrigins editThe family was given its land by Sigismund King of Hungary on 18 October 1409 1 2 On that day Sigismund granted Hunyad Castle and its demesne to Voyk and four of his kinsmen 2 3 4 5 In addition to Voyk the grant lists his two brothers Magas and Radol their cousin or uncle also named Radol and Voyk s son John the future Regent of Hungary 2 3 Magas means tall and is evidently a Hungarian name 6 The grant mentioned that Voyk s father was named Serbe but did not say anything further about the origins of the family 2 3 Turkologist Laszlo Rasonyi in his analysis of the family names and heraldry says that Serbe s name is of Cuman origin and is related to the Kyrgyz and Kazakh word for unlucky sor He adds that the Turkic origin of Serbe s name explains that Voyk s name also comes from the Turkic bay meaning prince or lord 6 nbsp King Sigismund of Hungary s grant of Hunyad Castle to Voyk and his relatives Voyk s son John Hunyadi bore the nickname Olah meaning Vlach in his youth which implied that he was of Romanian stock 2 3 The court historian of Voyk s grandson King Matthias Corvinus Antonio Bonfini explicitly stated that John had been born to a Vlach father 7 8 Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III likewise knew that King Matthias had been born to a Vlach father and a Venetian man Sebastiano Baduario referred to the Romanians as King Matthias s people 9 10 Historians of the 15th and 16th centuries with perspectives that were either against or in favour of the family wrote differing reports of the family s status before King Sigismund s grant 11 12 Jan Dlugosz described John Hunyadi as a man of unknown origin 13 and he is likewise mentioned as a Vlach by birth not highly born 14 by Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini 11 12 On the other hand Johannes de Thurocz said that John Hunyadi was descended from a noble and renowned race of Wallachia 11 15 John Hunyadi s rapid advance which astonished his contemporaries and gave rise to legends about his origins 16 17 According to one of these stories recorded in detail by the 16th century historian Gaspar Heltai John Hunyadi was the illegitimate son of King Sigismund with a woman named Elizabeth who was the daughter of a rich boyar 18 from Morzsina in Hunyad County 16 17 Antonio Bonfini on the other hand wrote that John Hunyadi s mother was an unnamed Greek woman who was related to the Byzantine Emperors 16 nbsp The Gothic and Renaissance Hunyad Castle in present day Hunedoara Romania built on the demesne that the family was named after Further legends emerged about the purported Roman origin of the family 8 Antonio Bonfini wrote that John Hunyadi traced his kin to the Roman family of the Corvini 7 8 19 This story is connected to the Hunyadis coat of arms which depicts a raven corvus in Latin with a golden ring in its beak 8 Coins minted for Prince Vladislav I of Wallachia in 1365 depict a raven like bird 20 21 Based on this similarity Zsuzsa Teke and some other historians did not exclude the possibility that the Hunyadis were related to the Basarabs the ruling dynasty of Wallachia 8 22 Another historian Peter E Kovacs wrote that that theory needed further verification 20 Johannes de Thurocz also wrote that King Sigismund fascinated by Voyk s fame took him away from Wallachia to his own realm and settled him there 15 suggesting that Voyk moved from his Wallachian homeland to the Kingdom of Hungary 8 The late 15th century historian Philippe de Commines 23 referred to Voyk s son John as the White Knight of Wallachia 2 In accordance with these sources Pal Engel Andras Kubinyi and other contemporary historians have written that the Hunyadi family descended from Wallachian boyars noblemen 1 5 8 24 25 According to another view on the family s origins which is championed by historians Camil Mureșanu and Ion Aurel Pop Voyk did not migrate from Wallachia but was born in a family of Romanian noble knezes from the region of Hatszeg or Hunyad 3 26 They say that Voyk s grandfather could have been a man named Costea mentioned in a royal charter from 1360 and who fathered a son named Serbe the name of Voyk s father According to the charter Costea and Serbe together established two villages in the region of Hatszeg 3 27 Historian Dezso Dummerth offers a third view of the Hunyadis ancestry He said that Voyk was of Cuman stock one of the Wallachian boyars 28 Turkologist Laszlo Rasonyi concludes the names of Janos Hunyadi s father and grandfather and the use of raven in the coat of arms of the family clearly point to the Tatar Cuman origin of the later Hunyadi family 6 Miklos Molnar accepts the Wallachian origin of the family but also represents a fourth perspective on the origins of the family He said that they may well have been of Slavic descent 29 Neither Paul Lendvai nor Andras Boros Kazai excluded the possibility of the Hunyadis being of Slavic origin 25 30 Genetics edit Bone samples were collected in the Corvinus grave from the remains of John Corvinus and Christopher Corvinus in the church of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Lepoglava by the Institute of Hungarian Research in 2021 to define their genetic composition This information will be crucial for possible identification of the remains of King Matthias Corvinus from among the bones stored in the ossuary at Szekesfehervar The team of Endre Neparaczki successfully identified the DNA profile of the last two male members of the Hunyadi family by next generation sequencing technology and the genetic study was published in Heliyon in 2022 31 32 33 34 John Corvinus and Christopher Corvinus carried the paternal Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1b1a1b1a6a1c E BY4281 which is widespread in Eurasia This haplogroup belongs to the E V13 clade which is part of the E M78 branch The father son relationship was also verified The closest ancient genetic matches to the paternal haplogroup of the Hunyadi descendants are a sample from the Otrar Karatau culture in the Iron Age Kazakh steppe and a sample from Medieval Sardinia The closest genetic sample matches from the Carpathian Basin to the Hunyadi genome were detected in Avar individuals elite Hungarian Conquerors and in a Medieval Hungarian nobleman from the Hungarian Royal Basilica 31 33 John Corvinus belongs to the T2b mitochondrial haplogroup his maternal lineage widespread haplogroup throughout Eurasia His son Christopher Corvinus belongs to the rare T2c1 146 mitochondrial haplogroup his maternal lineage was already present in the Neolithic era on the territory of present day Hungary but most frequent around the Mediterranean Both maternal lines are consistent with the known origin of their mothers 31 33 Archaeogenomic analysis indicated that John and Christopher Corvinus had an ancient European genome composition The majority genome components of John Corvinus were present in the Carpathian Basin thousands of years ago the highest shared drift are with European Neolithic samples which peoples can also be traced back to the Carpathian Basin 33 and Hungarian Neolithic samples Transdanubian Lengyel culture Bodrogkeresztur culture Koros culture Alfold Linear Pottery culture The genome of Christopher Corvinus also has a shared drift with a sample from the Croatian Copper Age Vucedol culture which was received from his mother The Corvinus genome contains these admixture components 50 Neolithic Anatolian 31 Ancient North Eurasian 8 Iranian Neolithic 5 Western Hunter gatherer 3 Early Bronze Age and 2 Han At the individual level the 10 most similar samples were from Russia Croatia Romania and Hungary while at the population level it clustered with populations from northern Italy Spain Basque Country France Croatia and Hungary The greatest similarity to this medieval Corvinus genome is found with today s southern European and Carpathian Basin populations and also with individuals from the Eastern European steppe 31 33 Notable members editVoyk Hunyadi edit Voyk was born in Wallachia according to the nearly contemporaneous historians Johannes de Thurocz and Gaspar Heltai 8 Voyk had been serving as a court knight in the royal court when he received the demesne of Hunyad from King Sigismund suggesting that he was descended from a prominent Wallachian family 8 Modern historian Kubinyi wrote that Voyk most probably joined Sigismund in 1395 8 In this year Sigismund invaded Wallachia and restored his vassal Mircea the Elder to the princely throne 35 He was last mentioned in a royal charter in 1414 36 Voyk died before 12 February 1419 16 37 On this day a charter confirming the grant of 1409 was issued for Voyk s brother Radol and for Voyk s three sons John the Elder John the Younger and Voyk 16 John Hunyadi Sr edit Main article John Hunyadi nbsp The cover of John Hunyadi s tomb in the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Gyulafehervar present day Alba Iulia Romania Voyk s oldest son John Hunyadi was born between about 1405 and 1407 5 38 39 In his youth he served in the court of George Csaky Filippo Scolari and King Sigismund s other warlike barons 5 38 40 He married Elizabeth Szilagyi around 1429 41 Her father owned properties in Bodrog County 41 John Hunyadi developed his military skills during his journeys in Italy and Bohemia in Sigismund s entourage in the early 1430s 30 40 He and his younger brother who was his namesake were jointly appointed Ban of Szoreny present day Drobeta Turnu Severin Romania in 1439 by Sigismund s successor King Albert 40 With this appointment they acquired the status of true barons 42 The senior John Hunyadi became Voivode of Transylvania and Count of the Szekelys in 1441 with responsibility for the defense of the southern borders of Hungary against Ottoman raids 5 43 He defeated the Ottomans in several battles during his long campaign in the Balkan Peninsula in 1443 43 1 The Estates of the realm elected him governor for the period of King Ladislaus V of Hungary s minority in 1446 44 45 King Ladislaus bestowed the title of Perpetual Count of Beszterce present day Bistrița Romania upon John Hunyadi after he resigned the governorship in 1452 41 46 This was the first example of a grant of a hereditary title in the Kingdom of Hungary 41 46 John Hunyadi had by that time become the richest landowner in the Kingdom of Hungary holding about 25 fortresses 30 towns and more than 1 000 villages 47 He died on 11 August 1456 shortly after his greatest victory over the Ottomans at the Siege of Belgrade 48 John Hunyadi Jr edit Main article John Hunyadi Ban of Severin John the Younger was the younger of Voyk s two sons that shared the name John and was first mentioned in a charter issued to four members of his family on 12 February 1419 16 King Albert of Hungary appointed him Ban of Szoreny together with his brother John the Elder in 1439 49 He died fighting against the Ottomans in 1441 49 His brother wrote of him as the valiant of the valiant showing that John the Younger was regarded a brave soldier 49 Ladislaus Hunyadi edit Main article Ladislaus Hunyadi Ladislaus Hunyadi was the older of the two sons of John Hunyadi the elder by Elizabeth Szilagyi 3 He was born around 1432 3 2 At the age of 20 he was appointed ispan or count of Pozsony County which made him a true baron 50 He became Ban of Croatia in 1453 and master of the horse in 1456 50 With his father s death Ladislaus inherited an enormous domain in 1456 50 The ambitious Ladislaus had his father s main opponent Ulrich II Count of Celje captured and murdered on 9 November 51 52 The King who promised amnesty to Ladislaus under duress had him arrested in next year 53 Ladislaus was sentenced to death for high treason 54 He was executed on 16 March 1457 53 Matthias Corvinus edit Main article Matthias Corvinus nbsp A contemporaneous sculpture of Matthias Corvinus Matthias the younger son of John Hunyadi the elder and Elizabeth Szilagyi was born on 23 February 1443 55 He was arrested upon the orders of King Ladislaus V of Hungary on 14 March 1457 together with his elder brother Ladislaus 54 Matthias s brother was executed two days after having been arrested 54 Fearing a revolt the King fled to Prague and took Matthias with him 54 53 The childless Ladislaus V died on 23 November 1457 54 A Diet was convened to elect the new monarch 56 Matthias maternal uncle Michael Szilagyi arrived with more than 10 000 armed noblemen under his command and the Diet proclaimed Matthias king on 24 January 1458 56 57 Matthias returned from Prague but was only crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary on 29 March 1464 because he had spent the previous years with fighting against his opponents 58 59 Urged by Pope Paul II Matthias led a crusade against the Czech Hussites and occupied great parts of Moravia and Silesia in 1468 60 61 The Catholic Estates of Moravia proclaimed him King of Bohemia on 3 May 1469 62 61 Matthias reign was also recognized in Lusatia and Silesia but Bohemia proper remained under the rule of his opponents Kings George of Podebrady till 1471 and Vladislaus II Jagiellon 61 Through a series of wars Matthias occupied Lower Austria and Styria between 1480 and 1487 63 He officially adopted the title of Duke of Austria in 1487 64 Matthias married his first wife Catherine of Podebrady in 1461 65 She died in childbirth in 1464 66 67 His second wife Beatrice of Naples whom he married in 1476 was infertile 68 69 In the last decade of his life Matthias tried to ensure the succession of his illegitimate son John Corvinus to the throne of Hungary 70 Matthias died on 6 April 1490 71 John Corvinus edit Main article John Corvinus John Corvinus was the illegitimate son of King Matthias and his mistress Barbara Edelpock 72 John Corvinus was born on 2 April 1473 72 Matthias recognized in public that John is his son and granted him the title of Duke of Lipto present day Liptov Slovakia in 1481 73 74 John Corvinus received a number of land grants from his father in the subsequent years 73 75 King Matthias granted him the Duchy of Troppau and five further Silesian duchies Beuthen Leobschutz Loslau Ratibor and Tost in 1485 76 77 King Matthias all attempts to secure his son s succession to the throne proved to be useless shortly after his death 78 The prelates and the barons elected Vladislaus II Jagiellon king on 15 July 1490 79 80 He retained his domains and the Duchy of Troppau The new monarch bestowed the title of Duke of Slavonia upon him but he renounced of it in 1495 81 He also renounced of the Duchy of Troppau in 1501 82 John Corvinus married Beatrice de Frangepan in 1496 83 She gave birth to two children Elizabeth and Christopher 83 John Corvinus died on 12 October 1504 83 His son died at the age of six his daughter at the age of twelve 83 Family tree editThe following family tree depicts the known members of the Hunyadi family 3 83 84 85 born died wife or husband b before c in about m mentioned Costea note 1 Serbe b 1409Radol note 2 m in 1409 Voyk m 1409 1414 b 1419 Elizabeth Morzsinai note 3 Magas m in 1409 Radol m 1409 1419 b 1429 Anko Branicskai John Hunyadi Sr note 4 c 1405 1456 Elizabeth SzilagyiJohn Hunyadi Jr m 1419 1441 1441Voyk m in 1419 Daughter John Szekely of SzentgyorgyClara note 5 m 1450 1467 George Pongrac of DengelegMarina note 6 Manzilla of Argeș Ladislaus Hunyadi c 1432 1457Matthias Corvinus 1443 1490 1 Elizabeth of Celje2 Catherine of Podebrady 3 Beatrice of Naples John Corvinus illegitimate son 1473 1504 Beatrice de Frangepan Elisabeth Corvinus 1496 1508Christopher Corvinus 1499 1505Matthias hu 86 1504 1505See also editList of titled noble families in the Kingdom of HungaryNotes edit Costea was Serbe s father according to historian Ion Aurel Pop Radol was either the brother or the nephew of Serbe The chronicler Gaspar Heltai writes that John Hunyadi s mother was the unnamed daughter of a boyar of Morzsina On the other hand the chronicler Antonio Bonfini says that John Hunyadi was born to a distinguished Greek woman According to a popular legend John Hunyadi the elder was King Sigismund of Hungary s illegitimate son A charter from April 1456 source Teleki Jozsef Hunyadiak kora Magyarorszagon p 495 mentions Clara as John Hunyadi s maternal sister However taking into account the uncertainty of medieval terminology she may well have been his full sister according to historian Andras Kubinyi Her second son Andrew Pongrac of Dengeleg was King Matthias Corvinus s Master of the cupbearers and his younger brother John Pongrac of Dengeleg served the King as Voivode of Transylvania for eight years Nicolaus Olahus writes in his Hungaria that his grandmother Marina was John Hunyadi s sister who married a member of the Basarab dynasty According to Kubinyi and Muresanu she must have rather been a distant relative paternal aunt or niece of Hunyadi References edit a b c Makkai 1994 p 227 a b c d e f g Kubinyi 2008 p 7 a b c d e f g h i Pop 2005 p 294 Bolovan et al 1997 p 111 a b c d e Engel 2001 p 283 a b c Rasonyi 1982 p 419 428 a b Bonfini Antonio 1995 A magyar tortenelem tizedei History of Hungary in Ten Volumes Balassi Kiado Retrieved 2014 04 20 a b c d e f g h i j Kubinyi 2008 p 9 Armbruster 1972 p 58 Pop 2012 p 14 a b c E Kovacs 1990 p 7 a b Teke 1980 p 80 The Annals of Jan Dlugosz A D 1440 p 484 Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini Europe ch 1 7 p 59 a b Thuroczy Janos Magyar kronika ch 30 p 42 a b c d e f Kubinyi 2008 p 8 a b Dummerth 1985 p 52 Heltai Gaspar 2000 Kronika a magyarok dolgairol Chronicle of the Deeds of the Hungarians Regi magyar irodalmi szoveggyujtemeny II szerkesztette Jankovics Jozsef Koszeghy Peter es Szentmartoni Szabo Geza Collection of Ancient Hungarian Literary Texts Edited by Jozsef Jankovics Peter Koszeghy and Geza Szentmartoni Szabo Balassi Kiado Retrieved 2014 04 20 Lendvai 2003 p 80 a b E Kovacs 1990 p 8 Teke 1980 p 82 Teke 1980 pp 82 83 Scoble Andrew Richard The Memoirs of Philippe De Commynes Lord of Argenton Volume 2 Containing the Histories of Louis Xi and Charles Viii Kings of France p 87 ISBN 978 1 150 90258 1 Bak 1994 pp 63 64 a b Lendvai 2003 p 75 Muresanu 2001 p 42 Muresanu 2001 p 43 Dummerth 1985 pp 51 52 Molnar 2001 p 61 a b Boros Kazai 2005 p 339 a b c d Neparaczki et al 2022 Genetic Heritage of Hungarian Royal Bloodline Identified Hungary Today 21 November 2022 a b c d e Magyarsagkutato Intezet Azonositottuk a Hunyadiak es a Corvinok genetikai orokseget Institute of Hungarian Research We have identified the genetic heritage of the Hunyadis and the Corvins Institute of Hungarian Research in Hungarian 18 November 2022 Horvath Tibor 18 November 2022 Azonositottak a Hunyadiak es Corvinok genetikai orokseget The genetic heritage of the Hunyadis and Corvins was identified Index in Hungarian Engel 2001 p 203 Kubinyi 2008 pp 8 203 Pop 2005 p 295 a b Dummerth 1985 p 51 Teke 1980 p 84 a b c Cartledge 2011 p 54 a b c d Kubinyi 2008 p 15 Kubinyi 2008 p 13 a b Boros Kazai 2005 p 340 Engel 2001 p 288 Fine 1994 p 551 a b Engel 2001 p 293 Bak 1994 p 64 Pop 2005 p 296 a b c Kubinyi 2008 p 11 a b c Kubinyi 2008 p 25 Engel 2001 pp 292 296 297 Molnar 2001 pp 66 67 a b c Bak 1994 p 70 a b c d e Engel 2001 p 297 Kubinyi 2008 p 23 a b Engel 2001 p 298 Fine 1994 p 553 Bak 1994 pp 70 71 Engel 2001 pp 298 299 Engel 2001 pp 303 304 a b c Agnew 2004 p 52 Engel 2001 p 304 Engel 2001 p 306 Kubinyi 2008 p 103 Engel 2001 p 303 Cartledge 2011 p 520 Kubinyi 2008 p 67 Kubinyi 2008 pp 136 140 Molnar 2001 pp 73 80 Kubinyi 2008 p 140 Bak 1994 p 73 a b Kubinyi 2008 p 134 a b Engel 2001 p 317 Kubinyi 2008 p 141 Kubinyi 2008 pp 140 141 Kubinyi 2008 p 143 Schonherr Gyula 1894 Hunyadi Corvin Janos 1473 1504 John Corvinus of Hunyadi 1473 1504 Magyar Tortenelmi Tarsulat Retrieved 2014 04 22 Bak 1994 p 76 Kubinyi 2008 p 155 Engel 2001 p 345 Marko 2000 pp 304 305 Marko 2000 p 305 a b c d e Marko 2000 p 304 Kubinyi 2008 pp 8 9 10 12 203 Muresanu 2001 p 44 Neumann Tibor Matyas herceg Szereny adalek a Hunyadi csaladfahoz Turul in Hungarian 2015 88 72 Sources editPrimary sources edit Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini Europe c 1400 1458 Translated by Robert Brown introduced and commented by Nancy Bisaha 2013 The Catholic University of America Press ISBN 978 0 8132 2182 3 The Annals of Jan Dlugosz An English abridgement by Maurice Michael with commentary by Paul Smith 1997 IM Publications ISBN 1 901019 00 4 Thuroczy Janos Magyar kronika Forditotta Gereb Laszlo a szoveget atnezte Kardos Tibor a forditast ellenorizte Mezey Laszlo Janos Thuroczy Chronicle of the Hungarians Translated by Laszlo Gereb the text revised by Tibor Kardos and the translation is supervised by Laszlo Mezey 1957 Magyar Helikon Secondary sources edit Agnew Hugh 2004 The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown Hoover Institution Press ISBN 978 0 8179 4491 9 Armbruster Adolf 1972 Romanitatea romanilor Istoria unei idei The Romanity of the Romanians The History of an Idea Romanian Academy Publishing House Bak Janos 1994 The Late Medieval Period 1382 1526 In Sugar Peter F Hanak Peter Frank Tibor eds A History of Hungary Indiana University Press pp 54 82 ISBN 963 7081 01 1 Bolovan Ioan Constantiniu Florin Michelson Paul E Pop Ioan Aurel Popa Cristian Popa Marcel Scurtu Ioan Treptow Kurt W Vultur Marcela Watts Larry L 1997 A History of Romania The Center for Romanian Studies ISBN 973 98091 0 3 Boros Kazai Andras 2005 Hungary In Frucht Richard ed Eastern Europe An Introduction to the People Lands and Culture ABC Clio pp 329 412 ISBN 1 57607 801 9 Cartledge Bryan 2011 The Will to Survive A History of Hungary C Hurst amp Co ISBN 978 1 84904 112 6 Dummerth Dezso 1985 A ket Hunyadi The Two Hunyadis in Hungarian Panorama ISBN 963 243 279 7 E Kovacs Peter 1990 Matthias Corvinus in Hungarian Officina Nova ISBN 963 7835 49 0 Engel Pal 2001 The Realm of St Stephen A History of Medieval Hungary 895 1526 I B Tauris Publishers ISBN 1 86064 061 3 Fine John V A 1994 The Late Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest The University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 08260 4 Kubinyi Andras 2008 Matthias Rex Balassi Kiado ISBN 978 963 506 767 1 Lendvai Paul 2003 The Hungarians A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 11969 4 Makkai Laszlo 1994 The Three Nations of Transylvania 1360 1526 In Kopeczi Bela Barta Gabor Bona Istvan Makkai Laszlo Szasz Zoltan Borus Judit eds History of Transylvania Akademiai Kiado pp 178 243 ISBN 963 05 6703 2 Marko Laszlo 2000 A magyar allam fomeltosagai Szent Istvantol napjainkig Eletrajzi lexikon Great Officers of the State of Hungary from St Stephen to Present Days Biographical Enncyclopedia in Hungarian Magyar Konyvklub ISBN 963 547 085 1 Molnar Miklos 2001 A Concise History of Hungary Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 66736 4 Muresanu Camil 2001 John Hunyadi Defender of Christendom The Center for Romanian Studies ISBN 973 9432 18 2 Neparaczki Endre Kis Luca Maroti Zoltan Kovacs Bence Varga Gergely I B Makoldi Miklos Horolma Pamjav Teiszler Eva Tihanyi Balazs Nagy Peter L Maar Kitti Gyenesei Attila Schutz Oszkar Dudas Eszter Torok Tibor Pascuttini Juraga Vesna Peharda Ivancica Vizi Laszlo Tamas Horvath Lugossy Gabor Kasler Miklos 16 November 2022 The genetic legacy of the Hunyadi descendants Heliyon 8 11 e11731 doi 10 1016 j heliyon 2022 e11731 PMC 9678726 PMID 36425424 Pop Ioan Aurel 2005 Transylvania in the 14th century and the first half of the 15th century 1300 1456 In Pop Ioan Aurel Nagler Thomas eds The History of Transylvania Vol I Until 1541 Romanian Cultural Institute Center for Transylvanian Studies pp 247 298 ISBN 973 7784 00 6 Pop Ioan Aurel 2012 The Names in the Family of King Matthias Corvinus From Old Sources to Contemporary Historiography PDF Ethnographica et Folkloristica Carpathica 17 35 Debreceni Egyetem Neprajzi Tanszek 11 40 ISSN 0139 0600 Rasonyi Laszlo 1982 The Old Hungarian name Vajk A note on the origin of the Hunyadi family Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 36 1 3 419 428 ISSN 0001 6446 JSTOR 23657865 Teke Zsuzsa 1980 Hunyadi Janos es kora John Hunyadi and his Times in Hungarian Gondolat ISBN 963 280 951 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hunyadi family amp oldid 1223544583, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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