fbpx
Wikipedia

Gujarat Subah

January 01, 1970

The Gujarat Subah was a province (subah) of the Mughal Empire, encompassing the Gujarat region. The region first fell under Mughal control in 1573, when the Mughal emperor Akbar (r. 1556–1605) defeated the Gujarat Sultanate under Muzaffar Shah III. Muzaffar tried to regain the Sultanate in 1584 but failed. Gujarat remained the Mughal province governed by the viceroys and officers appointed by the Mughal emperors from Delhi. Akbar's foster brother Mirza Aziz Kokaltash was appointed as the subahdar (viceroy) who strengthened Mughal hold over the region. The nobles of former Sultanate continued to resist and rebel during the reign of the next emperor Jahangir (1605–1627) but Kokaltash and his successor subahdars subdued them. Jehangir also permitted the British East India Company to establish factories in Surat and elsewhere in Gujarat. The next emperor Shah Jahan (1627–1658) expanded his territories in south and his subahdars made hold over Kathiawar peninsula including Nawanagar. Shah Jahan had also appointed his prince Aurangzeb, who was involved in religious disputes, prince Dara Shikoh and later prince Murad Bakhsh as subahdars. Following battle of succession, Aurangzeb (1658–1707) came to the Mughal throne and his policies resulted in revolts and discontent. During his reign, the Marathas under Shivaji raided Surat (1666) and their incursions in Gujarat started. Till then Gujarat prospered due to political stability, peace and growing international trade.[1]

Gujarat Subah
Gujarāta subā (Gujarati)
Subah of the Mughal Empire
1573–1756
Alam flag of the Mughal Empire

Gujarat Subah depicted in map of Mughal India by Robert Wilkinson (1805)
CapitalAhmedabad
 • Typeviceroyalty
Historical eraEarly modern period
• Established
1573
• Disestablished
1756
Today part ofIndia

During the next three emperors (1707–1719) who had brief reigns, the nobles became more and more powerful due to instability in the Delhi. The royals of Marwar were appointed viceroys frequently. During the reign of the emperor Muhammad Shah (1719–1748), the struggle between the Mughal and Maratha nobles were heightened with frequent battles and incursions. The south Gujarat was lost to the Marathas and the towns in north and central Gujarat was attacked on several occasions with frequent demand of tributes. The Marathas continued to grow their hold and the frequent change of viceroys did not reverse the trend. The competing houses of Marathas, Gaekwads and Peshwas engaged between themselves which slow down their progress for a while. They later made peace between themselves. During the reign of the next emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur (1748–1754), there was nominal control over the nobles who acted on their own. There were frequent fights between themselves and with Marathas. Ahmedabad, the capital of province, finally fell to the Marathas in 1752. It was regained by noble Momin Khan for a short time but again lost to the Marathas in 1756 after a long siege. Finding opportunity, the British captured Surat in 1759. After a setback at Panipat in 1761, the Marathas strengthened their hold on Gujarat. During this fifty years, the power struggle between the Mughal nobles and Marathas caused disorder and the decline in prosperity.[1]

History edit

Under Humayun (1535–1536) edit

In 1532–1533, Gujarat Sultan Bahadur Shah provoked a war with Humayun, the Mughal Emperor of Delhi.[2] The immediate cause of the hostility is understood to be Bahadur Shah's protection of Muhammad Zaman Mirza, a Timurid prince and brother-in-law of Humayun, who had previous plotted against Humayun and his government and had subsequently been held in confinement.[3] This antagonism was furthered by Bahadur Shah's favorable reception of the Afghan princes of the Lodi dynasty (rules of the Delhi Sultanate) who had offended the Mughal Empire.[2] As Bahadur Shah failed to extradite Muhammad Zaman Mirza, Humayun marched from Agra towards Chittor; he waited idly by Gwalior while Bahadur Shah laid siege to Chittor.[4]

Bahadur Shah listened to the advice of Rumi Khan—who was considered to have secretly allied with Humayun after Bahadur Shah refused to uphold the promise of putting him in command of Chittor[4]—over that of Taj Khan and Sadr Khan and established a fortified camp near Mandasor.[5] While Bahadur Shah had significant artillery, Humayun took Rumi Khan's advice and cut Bahadur Shah's supplies.[6] The highly effective blockade and the realization of Rumi Khan's betrayal forced Bahadur Shah to flee from the camp in April 1535.[6] After fleeing Mandasor, Bahadur Shah took refuge in the hill-fortress of Mandu, which was summarily stormed by Humayun's troops.[7] As a result, Malwa was annexed under the Mughal Empire and Bahadur Shah escaped first to Champaner via Songarh,[8] next to Khambhat,[9] and finally to Diu.[10]

Humayun kept pursuit of Bahadur Shah until he found out that the latter had successfully retreated to Diu.[10] Having abandoned his pursuit, Humayun encamped at Khambhat where an old aboriginal woman warned him of an upcoming night attack by 5,000-6,000 members of the Koli and Gowar tribes.[11] Humayun was able to route the attack on account of the warning; however, given the perceived insult, he ordered the town of Khambhat to be set on fire and plundered.[12] After being convinced to postpone the attack on Diu, Humayun returned to successfully lay siege to Champaner[13] in August 1535.[14]

In settling the government of Gujarat, Humayun nominated Mirza Askari, his brother, as the viceroy.[15] Before he could resume his pursuit of Bahadur Shah, he received news that the eastern provinces of the Mughal Empire were revolting under Sher Khan Afghan and that the imperial garrisons in Malwa were being challenged by the local chieftains.[15] No sooner had Humayun turned to attend to these matters, a counter was launched with Bahadur Shah's officers reclaiming the towns of Surat, Bharuch, and Khambhat.[16] Bahadur Shah marched towards Ahmedabad while amassing an army but Mirza Askari and his army retreated without engaging in battle.[17] Bahadur Shah continued to pursue the retreating forces defeating them in battle at Kanij near Mahemdavad.[18] Under instruction from Humayun, Tardi Beg is said to have abandoned Champaner finally marking the end of the Mughal occupation of Gujarat under Humayun.[19]

Having to deal with Humayun's march on the one side and the Portuguese attack at Diu on the other side, Bahadur Shah entered into the Treaty of Bassein in December 1534.[20] The treaty granted the Portuguese Empire control of the town of Bassein (Vasai), required vessels bound for the Red Sea to call at Bassein to procure passes and pay customary dues on their return trip, and prohibited the building of warships at any of the Gujarat ports.[20] At a later time, following his retreat to Diu, Bahadur Shah turned to the Portuguese Empire for assistance[21] and entered into a second treaty with them in October 1535 granting them permission to build a fort at Diu in exchange for military assistance.[22]

Under Akbar (1573–1605) edit

Main article: Gujarat under Akbar

In 1572—1573, Mughal Emperor Akbar conquered Gujarat Sultanate (now Gujarat, India) taking advantage of the puppet-ruler[23] Sultan Muzaffar Shah III and his quarreling nobles.[24] Muzaffar was held captive at Agra. Akbar appointed his foster brother Mirza Aziz Koka, the Khan-i-Azam, as the first viceroy[25] who faced an insurrection by the rebel nobles of the former Sultanate.[26] Akbar quickly came to aid, arrested the Gujarati nobles, and ended the insurrection.[27] Raja Todar Mal was tasked to survey the land and fix the assessment in order to settle the land revenues.[28] The viceroy Shihab-ud-din Ahmad Khan[29] strengthened the cavalry and decreased crime.[30] Sultan Muzaffar III escaped in 1578,[24] returned with dissident troops that previously worked for ex-viceroy Shihab-ud-dín Ahmad Khan in 1583,[31] and led an attack on Ahmedabad and recaptured it when the then viceroy Itimad Khan mistakenly left the city.[32] Upon hearing of the events in Gujarat, Akbar reappointed Mirza Abdurrahim Khan (commonly known as Mirza Khan) as the viceroy who defeated Muzaffar III in the battle of Fateh Bagh in January 1584.[33] Mirza Aziz Koka was appointed as the viceroy for a second time and defeated the combined forces of Sultan Muzaffar III, Jam of Navanagar, Daulat Khan Ghori of Junagadh, and the Kathi Loma Khuman in the battle of Bhuchar Mori.[34] Muzaffar III was captured in Bhuj but he committed suicide, putting an end to the Gujarat Sultanate.[35] Mirza Aziz Koka conquered Junagadh and established Mughal authority over Saurashtra in 1592[36] before leaving for Mecca on pilgrimage in 1593.[37] Subsequently, Prince Murad Bakhsh was appointed as the viceroy[38] on whose death, Mirza Aziz Koka returned a third time as the viceroy serving through his sons .[39] Akbar was succeeded by Jahangir.[40]

Under Jahangir (1605–1627) edit

Main article: Gujarat under Jehangir

Jahangir appointed Qulij Khan was as the viceroy of Gujarat in the first year of his reign.[41] However, on account of Qulij Khan being called to Punjab and Sultan Muzaffar Shah III's son, Prince Bahadur, leading an insurrection around Ahmedabad, Jahangir sent Raja Vikramajit to Gujarat as his next viceroy.[41] He was succeeded by Shaikh Farid-i-Bukhari (honored with the title of Murtaza Khan), a scholar and a military commander, who was responsible for constructing the fort of Kadi, a town in the Mehsana district.[42] Mirza Aziz Koka was appointed as the viceroy for a fourth time but was asked to rule through his son Jahangir Quli Khan as his deputy; they subdued the rebellions and protests of the nobles of the former Sultanate and of the Hindu chiefs[43] and successfully averted an invasion by Malik Ambar from Daulatabad in the south.[44] The next viceroy Abdulla Khan Bahadur Firuz Jang undertook expeditions against the Nizam Shahi kingdom of Ahmednagar.[45] Under Jahangir, the British East India Company was permitted to establish factories in Surat in 1612.[46] During reign of the next viceroy Muqarrab Khan,[47] Jahangir arrived at Ahmedabad for an extended visit to Gujarat.[48] In January 1618, he appointed his son Prince Shah Jahan as the next viceroy.[49] Shah Jahan rebelled against his father, Jahangir, in 1622-1623[50] and he was replaced by Prince Dawar Bakhsh (also known as Sultan Bulaqi)[51] whose imperial forces recovered Bharuch and Surat.[52] Upon the death of Dawar Bakhsh's guardian (Mirza Aziz Koka), Khan Jahan was briefly appointed as the viceroy.[53] Subsequently, Saif Khan served as the viceroy of Gujarat until the end of Jahangir's reign and Shah Jahan's ascension in 1627.[53]

Following his appointment as viceroy in 1618, Prince Shah Jahan governed through his deputies Rustam Khan and Raja Vikramjit until the start of his rebellion against Jahangir in 1622.[54] During this time, land was acquired in the suburb of Maqsudpur on the banks of the Sabarmati River for a royal garden, which later came to be known as Shahi Bagh.[54]

Under Shah Jahan (1627–1658) edit

Main article: Gujarat under Shah Jahan

On the death of Jahangir in 1627,[55] his son Shah Jahan formally ascended to the throne in February 1628.[56] Under Shah Jahan, Sher Khan Tur (Nahir Khan) was first appointed viceroy in 1628.[56] This marked the start of expansion efforts south with attacks on the districts of Nasik , Sangamner, and Baglan, including the capture of the fort of Chandor.[56] After Sher Khan Tur and until 1635, three nobles — Islam Khan, Baqir Khan, Sipahdar Khan — were appointed as viceroys because they sent expensive gifts to the emperor.[57] Thereafter, Saif Khan, who previously served as the effective viceroy in the last years of Jahangir, was appointed as viceroy; he was then replaced by Azam Khan who served as viceroy until 1642.[58] Azam Khan is said to have brought order to the province by subduing the Chunvalis Kolis in the northeast and the Kathi tribes near Dhandhuka terrorizing them by the destruction of their crops and their plantations.[59] Through the Jam Lakhaji of Nawanagar, he set an example with regards to the collection of tribute from the Rajput chiefs of Saurashtra, who defied imperial authority and disobeyed the viceroys.[60] Mirza Isa Tarkhan, who was appointed the next viceroy,[61] carried out financial reforms by introducing bhagvatai or the "share system of levying revenue in kind."[62]

After being appointed as the viceroy of Gujarat in 1645, Prince Aurangzeb Aurangzeb was in involved in religious dispute with both Hindus and Muslims.[63] He ordered the conversion of the Jain temple of Chintamani at Saraspur — built by a jeweler named Shantidas in 1625 — into a mosque named 'Quvvat-ul-Islam'.[63] Aurangzeb also issued an injunction against the dilution of indigo with dust and white sand.[63] Aurangzeb was recalled in 1646 to assist with the conquest of Balkh and Badakhshan and was replaced by Shaistah Khan.[64] Shaishtah Khan failed to subdue the Chunvalis Kolis and attempted to monopolize indigo and other goods by buying them from tradesmen at his own rates.[65] Thereafter, Prince Dara Shukoh was appointed viceroy of Gujarat whose deputy Ghairat Khan (Baqir Beg) brought along an imperial decree that partially restored the Jain temple of Chintamani back to Shantidas.[66] Shaistah Khan was then appointed viceroy of Gujarat for a second time and undertook campaigns against the Chunvalis Kolis and carried out repairs for the city-walls of Ahmedabad.[67] In 1654, Prince Murad Bakhsh was appointed the viceroy of Gujarat.[68] In 1657, hearing news of Shah Jahan's severe illness, Murad Bakhsh claimed the Mughal throne,[69] annexed Surat to collect resources for his campaign,[70] and formed an alliance with Aurangzeb with an informal arrangement for the division of the Mughal Empire.[71]

Shah Jahan appointed Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur and Qasim Khan as the viceroys of Malwa and Gujarat, respectively; Murad Bakhsh was instructed to proceed to Berar and the newly appointed viceroys were ordered to engage with Murad Bakhsh if he failed to comply with the commands.[71] The combined forces of Murad Bakhsh and Aurangzeb defeated the imperial generals at the battle of Dharmat.[71] They subsequently faced and defeated the army of Prince Dara Shikoh at the Battle of Samugarh, eight miles from Agra Fort.[71] Soon after, Aurangzeb imprisoned Murad Bakhsh (for killing his Diwan, Ali Naqi, in Ahmedabad in 1657), confined Shah Jahan, and declared himself the emperor in 1658.[72]

Gujarat experienced a severe famine in 1630-1631 resulting in significant deaths of men, women, and cattle.[57]

Under Aurangzeb (1658–1707) edit

After the imprisonment of Prince Murad Bakhsh and the desertion of Prince Dara Shikoh, Aurangzeb went through his first coronation in July 1658.[73] He forgave Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur and appointed him as the viceroy of Gujarat in reward for deserting Prince Dara Shikoh before the battle of Deorai.[74] Qutb-ud-din Khan served as acting viceroy after Maharaja Jaswant Singh and temporarily annexed Navanagar (renamed to Islamnagar) into the Mughal Empire.[75] He was succeeded by Mahabat Khan as the next viceroy of Gujarat.[76]

Edicts issued by Aurangzeb include a ban of the cultivation of the poppy plant and the appointment of a censor of public morals to enforce the laws of Islam and a prohibition of intoxicants (distilled spirits, bhang, etc.).[77] Aurangzeb's farman of 1665 prohibited a large number of burdensome taxes levied by the imperial officials of Gujarat.[78] On the other hand, Aurangzeb required Hindu merchants to keep their shops open on the auspicious days of pancham, amvas, and the ekadashi; moreover, he prohibited Hindus from celebrating certain Diwali and Holi customs.[78] He enacted equalized, but discriminatory, excise duties on the sale of commodities with Muslims paying 2.50% (for two years) but Hindus paying 5.0% (indefinitely).[79]

In January 1664, Maratha leader Shivaji plundered Surat and emptied its riches.[80] Under the next viceroy Bahadur Khan (Khan Jahan Koka),[79] on account of Shivaji's attacks against the state and island-fortress of Janjira, an alliance was struck the Sidi ruler of Janjira and the Mughal Empire.[81] Maharaja Jaswant Singh was appointed the viceroy for a second time and Navanagar was partially restored to its ruler.[82] The next viceroy, Muhammad Amin Khan, took office in 1672 and, unusually, held it for 10 years.[83] During this time, Muhammad Amin Khan dealt with the revolt of Rao Gopinath, the ruler of Idar,[84] a number of edicts from Aurangzeb highlighting the theocratic of his rule,[85] and the jaziya (capitation tax) on all non-Muslims throughout the Mughal Empire (poor paid 12 dirhams per head, middle class paid 24 dirhams per head, and the rich paid 48 dirhams per head).[86]

Under Aurangzeb's reign, measures were undertaken for the conservation of public monuments and for repairs to fortifications including the fort of Azamabad, the fort of Junagadh, the city-walls of Ahmedabad, and the royal palaces in the Bhadra citadel.[87] Under the next viceroy, Mukhtar Khan, Ahmedabad faced a flood and a famine.[88] Shujaat Khan (Kartalab Khan) held office as the next viceroy for sixteen years[89] ending his tenure with broad popularity among the citizens of Gujarat.[90] He contained a revolt of Shia Muslims (Momnas and Matias who were members of the Imam Shahi sect) in 1691[91] and undertook a campaign against the Khachars and other Kathi tribes wherein he attacked the fort of Than and destroyed the ancient temple of the Sun.[92] In 1694, Shujaat Khan received orders from Aurangzeb to demolish the temple at Vadnagar.[93] He was initially entrusted the command of the war against the Rathors of Marwar[94] and later negotiated peace arrangements with Durgadas Rathod of Marwar.[95] Following Shujaat Khan's death, Prince Muhammad Azam Shah was appointed as the viceroy.[96] Upon Aurangzeb's orders, Prince Muhammad Azam ordered Durgadas to attend court in Ahmedabad in the hopes of imprisoning or killing him with the help of Safdar Khan Babi; however, Durgadas grew suspicious and escaped.[97] After a brief period of conflict, Durgadas appealed for and agreed to a second truce in 1705.[98]

In 1706, the Marathas, under the command of Dhanaji Jadhav, invaded Gujarat reaching as far as Bharuch and defeating the imperial forces at Ratanpur[98] and at Baba Piara ghat.[99] Upon hearing that Aurangzeb had appointed Prince Bidar Bakht as the next viceroy until the arrival of Ibrahim Khan, the Marathas left Gujarat.[100] Ibrahim Khan took over the office of the viceroy in February 1707 just a few days before the passing of Aurangzeb.[101] Taking advantage of Aurangzeb's death, the Marathas launched a second invasion under Balaji Vishvanath and reached as far as Ahmedabad.[102] Fearing heavy plunder, Ibrahim Khan negotiated and paid a heavy tribute of 210,000 rupees to withdraw.[103] Aurangzeb's death led to another civil war (Battle of Jajau), which resulted in the victory of Prince Muhammad Muazzam who ascended to the Mughal throne as Bahadur Shah I.[104]

Gujarat experienced a drought and a famine in 1685 and 1686, respectively, which led to a shortage of grain and significant inflation in food prices.[105]

Under successive emperors edit

Under Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712) edit

Ghazi-ud-Din Khan Bahadur Firuz Jang became the first viceroy of Gujarat under Bahadur Shah I[106] arriving at Ahmedabad in September 1708.[107] Bahadur Shah, considered to have followed Shia tenets, sparked a religious controversy by ordering the public prayer (khutba) in Gujarat to add the title of successor (wali) to Ali, the fourth caliph and the first Shia Imam; the preacher (khatib) at Ahmedabad that insisted on following the orders was killed.[107] Following Ghazi-ud-Din Khan's death in 1710, Amanat Khan, the governor of Surat now titled Shahamat Khan, was given charge of affairs until the arrival of the next viceroy.[108] Shahamat Khan requested and received an allowance of one lakh rupees per month to amass and maintain military forces and artillery to mitigate the danger of Maratha raids of the province.[108] Emperor Bahadur Shah died at Lahore in February 1712.[109]

Under Jahandar Shah (1712–1712) edit

In 1712, Emperor Bahadur Shah I was succeeded by his son Jahandar Shah, who appointed Asad Khan as the viceroy of Gujarat.[109] Asad Khan remained in Delhi and governed through his deputies Muhammad Beg Khan and Sarbuland Khan whereas Shahamat Khan was appointed as the viceroy of Malwa.[109] At the end of 1712, Emperor Jahandar Shah was deposed and slain by his nephew Farrukhsiyar, who ascended to the throne in December 1712.[109]

Under Farrukhsiyar (1713–1719) edit

Main article: Gujarat under Farrukhsiyar

Emperor Farrukhsiyar ascended to the throne with the help of the Saiyid brothers Abdullah Khan and Husain Ali Khan, who were subsequently appointed as the prime minister (vazir) and the head of the Deccan provinces, respectively.[109] Shahamat Khan was appointed the viceroy of Gujarat and arrived at Ahmedabad in June 1713.[109] Subsequently, Daud Khan Panni was appointed the viceroy of Gujarat in October 1713 overseeing the province at the time of the communal riots that broke out during the Holi festival in 1714.[110] Daud Khan Panni was later succeeded by Maharaja Ajit Singh in 1715,[110] who, in turn, was succeeded by Khan Dauran.[111] Emperor Farrukhsiyar was imprisoned and killed by the Saiyid brothers in 1719.[112]

Under Muhammad Shah (1719–1748) edit

Main article: Gujarat under Muhammad Shah

Emperor Farrukhsiyar was succeeded by the short reigns of Rafi ud-Darajat and Shah Jahan II.[112] Following their deaths, Prince Roshan Akhtar came to the throne under the title of Muhammad Shah in September 1719.[113] In the same year, Pilaji Gaekwad emerged as the most active and aggressive Maratha leader after making the hill fort of Songadh his headquarters.[114] Gaekwad and the Marathas conducted attacks against and exacted tribute from south Gujarat.[115]

As a reward for his assistance in overthrowing the Saiyid brothers,[116] Haidar Quli Khan was appointed as the viceroy of Gujarat in 1721.[117] Since he was rebuffed for the position of prime minister (vazir), Haidar Quli Khan considered establishing himself as an independent ruler in Gujarat.[118] As a result, he was recalled and Nizam-ul-mulk was appointed as the viceroy of Gujarat; Nizam-ul-mulk administered his role through Hamid Khan as his deputy.[119] Nizam-ul-mulk, unable to conduct administrative reform or curtail corruption at the court,[120] departed from Delhi and was succeeded by Sarbuland Khan Bahadur, who appointed Shujaat Khan as his deputy.[121]

The transition of viceroyship from Hamid Khan to Shujaat Khan was contentious given the former's desire to hold on to power, which ultimately plunged Gujarat into a civil war between 1724 and 1725.[121] Hamid Khan recruited the help of Maratha leaders and killed Shujaat Khan and his brothers, Ibrahim Quli Khan and Rustam Ali Khan.[121] Further conflict at the Battle of Adas on the Mahi river in 1725 only saw the relative weakening of Mughal power as the Maratha forces of Kanthaji Kadam Bande (sided with Hamid Khan) and Pilaji Gaekwad (initially sided with Rustam Ali Khan and later with Hamid Khan) observed from the sidelines.[122] Ultimately, Hamid Khan was driven out of power by Sarbuland Khan, the next viceroy of Gujarat,[123] with the assistance of imperial troops who won skirmishes at Sojitra in Petland and at Kapadvanj in early 1726.[124] Despite the backing of a significant imperial force, Sarbuland Khan entered into a treaty with Kanthaji in 1726 that granted the Marathas the right to collect taxes (chauth) in the districts north of the Mahi river, with the exception of Ahmedabad and the home district.[125] While this period saw significant in-fighting between Kanthaji and Pilaji on one hand and the agents of Peshwa Baji Rao I on the other hand, the Mughal power diminished with the loss of Vadnagar,[126] Dabhoi, and Baroda.[125] Ultimately, Sarbuland Singh had no choice but to enter into a treaty with the Peshwa in which he agreed to turn over 10% of all land and customs revenues with the exception of Surat and its district, the regular tax (chauth) from all such districts, and 5% of all revenues from the city of Ahmedabad.[127]

Given the oppressive rule and failure to contain the Maratha power, Sarbuland Khan was removed as the viceroy and was replaced by Maharaja Abhaysingh of Marwar in 1730.[128] Despite considerable efforts, a failed alliance with Peshwa Baji Rao I, and a successful assassination of Pilaji Gaekwad,[129] Abhaysingh was unable to suppress the Maratha invasions and influence.[130] Abhaysingh left Ahmedabad for Delhi in 1733 after assigning Ratansingh as his deputy viceroy,[131] who faced conflicts with Sohrab Khan (the son of Rustam Ali Khan)[132] and with Rangoji.[133] He engaged in tyrannical rule, imposed illegal taxes, and refused to transfer power to Momin Khan as the next viceroy.[134][135] Emblematic of the political anarchy and the waning power of the Mughal Empire, Momin Khan forged an alliance with Rangoji and Damaji Gaekwad agreeing to highly punitive terms to drive out Ratansingh.[136][137]

Following the death of Momin Khan, Mughal authority was administered jointly by his cousin, Fida-ud-din Khan, and his son, Muftakhir Khan.[138] After Rangoji's failed attempt to capture Ahmedabad,[139] Jawan Mard Khan Babi emerged a powerful figure in Gujarat.[140] He established himself as the deputy viceroy under Abdul Aziz Khan on the basis of forged documents[140] and successfully challenged Fakhr-ud-daulah, the imperial-appointed viceroy.[141] Despite the in-fighting between Khanderao Gaekwad and Rangoji, this period undoubtedly marked the beginning of the collapse of the Mughal rule in Gujarat.[142] Emperor Muhammad Shah died in 1748 and was succeeded by his son Ahmad Shah Bahadur.[143]

Under Ahmad Shah Bahadur (1748–1754) edit

Main article: Gujarat under Ahmad Shah Bahadur

Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur appointed Vakhatsingh, brother of Maharaja Abhaysingh, as the next viceroy of Gujarat in May 1748[144] but he never officially took the position given the precarious political situation of the province.[145] This dysfunction translated to increased robberies, kidnappings, and highway looting.[146] The treaty between Damaji Gaekwad and Peshwa Baji Rao I in 1752 consolidated the Maratha power under the Peshwa,[147] which, in turn, bolstered the Maratha power over Gujarat[148] and resulted in the siege and capture of Ahmedabad in March 1753.[149] Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur was deposed on account of political unrest in Delhi in 1754 and was succeeded by Aziz-ud-daulat under the name of Emperor Alamgir II.[150]

Under Alamgir II (1754–1756) edit

Main article: Gujarat under Alamgir II

Momin Khan II, who had established himself as the Nawab of Khambhat, represented the vestigial remnants of the Mughal Empire in Gujarat.[151] On the heels of successful pillaging excursions to Gogha and Jambusar,[152] Momin Khan II recaptured Ahmedabad from the Marathas in October 1756.[153] In retaliation, the Marathas attacked Ahmedabad under the combined armies of Sadashiv Ramchandra, Damaji Gaekwad, and Jawan Mard Khan until Momin Khan II surrendered in February 1758.[154]

Economy and trade edit

Oceanic trade edit

In the early 16th century, Gujarati merchants took advantage of the withdrawal of Chinese merchants from the Southeast Asian trade and established a presence in Malacca, Malaysia.[155] They would provide Indian textiles and procure spices, Chinese porcelain and silk, and tin from Malaysia.[155]

Oceanic merchants of several nations used the port of Khambhat in Gujarat as a stopover since all parts of the Indian Ocean could be reached within one monsoon season.[155] Gujarati merchants developed a triangular trade network supplying Indian textiles to Aceh, Indonesia, pepper to the Red Sea (Aden, Yemen), and bullion back to Gujarat.[156] However, in the 17th century, the Mughal port of Surat replaced the port of Khambhat in importance, which further facilitated the consolidation of the Gujarati oceanic trade.[157] Wealthy, high-status entrepreneurs emerged in Surat, such as Vrij Vora, who, in the 1630s, was the leading merchant in a cartel that monopolized Dutch supplies of cloves and other spices.[157]

Gujarati oceanic trade expanded into the China Sea in the back-half of the 16th century owing to the liberal attitude of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty.[157] In the 1690s, a small number of Gujarati ships also appeared at Manila, Philippines.[155] The 18th century saw the fall of Gujarati oceanic trade and the shrinking importance of the port of Surat on account of the decline of the Mughal empire, Maratha incursions, the growing importance of the port of Mumbai, and increasing competition from English traders.[158]

Silk and cotton handicrafts edit

Following the procurement of bales of silk from Bengal, the weaving of silk was localized in Ahmedabad and Surat.[159] Velvet embroidered with gold or silver was manufactured at the royal factories in Ahmedabad and was used to construct pavilions that were sent to the royal court at Agra.[160] Silk was also used to produce carpets, satins, and taffetas.[161]

Cotton textiles—specifically, calicoes—were produced at Bharuch, Navsari, and Vadodara[162] and became one of the two principal commodities that were exported by the British East India Company until the end of the reign of Shah Jahan.[163]

Indigo edit

In Gujarat, indigo was primarily produced in Sarkhej in the 17th century.[164] While this variety was not as pure (due to the mixture of sand) as the variety from Biana near Agra, it was similarly priced due to the savings from transporting it to the coast.[165] The indigo trade decreased after 1650 as Europe turned to the West Indies as its source of supply.[166]

Saltpeter edit

Saltpeter, an important ingredient in gunpowder, was largely supplied from Malpur, a small town in the Sabarkantha district, and was purchased by the British in Gujarat.[167] The saltpeter trade with the British and the Dutch was relatively modest, consisting of between 200 and 300 tons per year, initially but was later expanded with the discovery of resources in Bihar.[168]

As the viceroy of Gujarat, Aurangzeb embargoed the sale of saltpeter in 1645 on the religious reason that it may be used against other Muslims.[168]

Art and architecture edit

Art and architecture were emphasized under the reigns of Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan.[169] Akbar favored the illustration of historical events and religious epics, Jahangir had an inclination towards wild life paintings, and Shah Jahan was more interested in architecture.[169]

Architecture edit

Mughals introduced the concept of charbagh (four gardens) wherein a square or a rectangular garden is divided into four parts with the intersection serving as a focal point for a monument.[170] The red sandstone mausoleum of Qutb-ud-din Muhammad in Vadodara—which blends the local traditions of perforated screens (jalis) and lattice windows—serves as one such example.[170]

The Chintamani temple, whose began construction in 1621 and was led by Shantidas Jhaveri, is an archetype of Jain architecture in Gujarat from the Mughal period.[171]

Gardens edit

Gardens in Gujarat under the Mughal Empire consisted of the imperial gardens, gardens built by nobles, gardens of Indian merchants, and gardens built by the Dutch and the English.[172] They were usually situated on the banks of rivers as a result of a need for water for irrigation and fountains[173] and often required heavy expenditures for upkeep.[174] They supported social activities and served to host feasts, music, and entertainments.[175]

Imperial gardens included the Fateh Bagh (laid out by Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan and accessible to the public[176] with trees bearing oranges, lemons, apples, pomegranates, and others),[177] Shahi Bagh (constructed by Shah Jahan on the banks of the Sabarmati river and accessible to the public[176] with a rose garden),[178] the Rustam Bagh (laid out by prince Murad), and others.[173]

Gardens laid out by the Dutch and the English near Surat—influenced by the Mughal gardens—would have four walkways intersecting in the middle of the garden with a pavilion (chhatri).[177]

Administration edit

The Gujarat subah covered an area of 302 kos (966.4 kilometres) between Burhanpur in the east and Jagat (Dwarka) in the west and 70 kos (224 kilometres) between Jalore in the north and Daman in the south. The twenty-five sarkars (administrative units) of Gujarat Sultanate were reorganised in 16 sarkars and the others areas were transferred back to its older provinces. Of this 16 sarkars; nine were under direct control of the Mughal Empire; Ahmadabad, Baroda, Bharuch, Champaner, Godhra, Nadaut, Patan, Sorath, and Surat. They were known as sarkarat-i kharaji where the Mughal fiscal system of revenue collection was applied. The other seven sarkars were under administration and fiscal jurisdictions of the local chiefs; Bansballa (Banswada), Dungarpur, Kutch, Nawanagar, Ramnagar, Sirohi and Sant. They were known as sarkarat-i peshkashi where annual tribute (peshkash) was collected by the Mughals. This local chiefs, zamindars, acknowledged the Mughal suzerainty and occasionally provided military support.[179]

Throughout the Mughal Empire, the single trimetallic currency was established but Gujarat continued to use a local silver coin known as Mahmudi alongside the Mughal currency.[180]

List of Mughal Viceroys of Gujarat (1573-1754) edit

Under Akbar (1573–1605) edit

The following are the Mughal viceroys of Gujarat under Akbar:[181]

  • Mirza Aziz Koka, Khan-i-Azam, 1573–1575
  • Mirza Abdurrahim Khan (through Vazir Khan), 1575–1578
  • Shihab-ud-din Ahmad Khan, 1578–1583
  • Itimad Khan Gujarati, 1583
  • Mírza Abdurrahim Khan (second time), 1584–1589
  • Mírza Aziz Koka (second time), 1590–1593
  • Prince Murad Baksh, 1593–1594
  • Mirza Aziz Koka (third time, through his sons), 1600–1605

Under Jahangir (1605–1627) edit

The following are the Mughal viceroys of Gujarat under Jahangir:[182]

  • Qulij Khan and Raja Vikramjit, 1605–1606
  • Shaikh Farid-i-Bukhari (Murtaza Khan), 1606–1609
  • Mírza Aziz Koka (fourth time, through Jahangir Quli Khan as deputy), 1609–1611
  • Abdulla Khan Fíruz Jang, 1611–1616
  • Muqarrab Khan, 1616–1618
  • Prince Shah Jahan (through Rustam Khan and Sundardas, Raja Vikramjit), 1618–1623
  • Prince Dawar Baksh, 1623–1624
  • Khan Jahan Lodi (through Saif Khan), 1624–1627

Under Shah Jahan (1627–1658) edit

The following are the Mughal viceroys of Gujarat under Shah Jahan:[183]

  • Sher Khan Tur, 1628–1631
  • Islam Khan, Baqir Khan, and Sipahdar Khan, 1631—1635
  • Saif Khan, 1635–1636
  • Azam Khan, 1636–1642
  • Mirza Isa Tarkhan, 1642–1645
  • Prince Aurangzeb, 1645–1646
  • Shaistah Khan, 1646–1648
  • Prince Dara Shukoh, 1648–1652
  • Shaistah Khan (second time), 1652–1654
  • Prince Murad Bakhsh, 1654–1658

Under Aurangzeb (1658–1707) edit

The following are the Mughal viceroys of Gujarat under Aurangzeb:[184]

  • Shah Nawaz Khan Safavi, 1658—1659
  • Maharaja Jaswant Singh, 1659–1662
  • Mahabat Khan, 1662–1668
  • Bahadur Khan, 1668–1670
  • Maharaj Jaswant Singh (second time), 1670–1672
  • Muhammad Amin Khan, 1672–1682
  • Mukhtar Khan, 1682–1684
  • Shujaat Khan (Kartalab Khan), 1685–1701
  • Prince Muhammad Azam Shah, 1701–1705
  • Prince Muhammad Bidar Bakht, 1706–1707
  • Ibrahim Khan,1707–1708

Under successive emperors (1708–1730) edit

The following are the Mughal viceroys of Gujarat under successive emperors after Aurangzeb:[185]

  • Ghazi-ud-din Khan Bahadur Firuz Jang, 1708–1710
  • Asaf ud-Daulah Asad Khan (through deputies), 1712
  • Shahamat Khan (Amanat Khan), 1713
  • Daud Khan Panni, 1713–1715
  • Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur, 1715–1717
  • Khan Dauran (through Haidar Quli Khan as deputy), 1717–1719
  • Maharaja Ajit Singh (second time, through Anupsingh as deputy), 1719–1721
  • Haidar Quli Khan (Muiz-ud-daulah), 1721–1722
  • Nizam-ul-Mulk (through Hamid Khan as deputy), 1723–1724
  • Sarbuland Khan (through Maasum Quli Khan as deputy), 1725–1730
  • Maharaja Abhaysingh (later, through Ratansingh as deputy), 1730–1737
  • Momin Khan I, 1737–1743
  • Fida-ud-din and Muftakhir Khan, 1743
  • Jawad Mard Khan Babi (de facto), 1743–1753

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Campbell 1896, p. 266-347.
  2. ^ a b Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 346.
  3. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 346-347.
  4. ^ a b Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 347.
  5. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 350.
  6. ^ a b Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 351.
  7. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 353.
  8. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 354.
  9. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 355.
  10. ^ a b Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 356.
  11. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 356-357.
  12. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 357.
  13. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 358.
  14. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 360.
  15. ^ a b Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 368.
  16. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 369.
  17. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 369-370.
  18. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 370.
  19. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 371.
  20. ^ a b Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 349.
  21. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 362.
  22. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 363.
  23. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 492.
  24. ^ a b Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 17.
  25. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 518.
  26. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 508-509.
  27. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 510.
  28. ^ Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 526.
  29. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 11.
  30. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 15.
  31. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 17-18.
  32. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 18.
  33. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 22.
  34. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 24-25.
  35. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 26.
  36. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 27-28.
  37. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 32.
  38. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 34.
  39. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 36.
  40. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 43.
  41. ^ a b Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 44.
  42. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 46.
  43. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 48.
  44. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 47-48.
  45. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 49.
  46. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 52.
  47. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 53.
  48. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 54.
  49. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 63.
  50. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 85.
  51. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 91.
  52. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 92.
  53. ^ a b Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 93.
  54. ^ a b Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 97.
  55. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 106.
  56. ^ a b c Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 110.
  57. ^ a b Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 111.
  58. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 112.
  59. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 115-116.
  60. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 121.
  61. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 122.
  62. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 123.
  63. ^ a b c Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 125.
  64. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 127.
  65. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 129.
  66. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 129-130.
  67. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 131.
  68. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 133.
  69. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 134.
  70. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 134-135.
  71. ^ a b c d Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 137.
  72. ^ Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 139.
  73. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 151.
  74. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 158.
  75. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 166-167.
  76. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 169.
  77. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 162.
  78. ^ a b Commissariat 1957, p. 171.
  79. ^ a b Commissariat 1957, p. 172.
  80. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 170.
  81. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 172-173.
  82. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 174.
  83. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 177.
  84. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 178.
  85. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 179.
  86. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 180.
  87. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 181-182.
  88. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 182.
  89. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 183.
  90. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 185-186.
  91. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 186.
  92. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 187-188.
  93. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 189.
  94. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 199.
  95. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 201.
  96. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 202.
  97. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 202-203.
  98. ^ a b Commissariat 1957, p. 204.
  99. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 212.
  100. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 214.
  101. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 215.
  102. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 216.
  103. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 217.
  104. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 218.
  105. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 188.
  106. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 384.
  107. ^ a b Commissariat 1957, p. 385.
  108. ^ a b Commissariat 1957, p. 386.
  109. ^ a b c d e f Commissariat 1957, p. 387.
  110. ^ a b Commissariat 1957, p. 388.
  111. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 393.
  112. ^ a b Commissariat 1957, p. 395.
  113. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 398.
  114. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 401.
  115. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 402.
  116. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 404.
  117. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 403.
  118. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 406.
  119. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 407.
  120. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 408.
  121. ^ a b c Commissariat 1957, p. 410.
  122. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 414.
  123. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 421.
  124. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 424.
  125. ^ a b Commissariat 1957, p. 426.
  126. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 425.
  127. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 427.
  128. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 429.
  129. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 445.
  130. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 437.
  131. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 449.
  132. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 451.
  133. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 452.
  134. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 454.
  135. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 459.
  136. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 460.
  137. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 463.
  138. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 479.
  139. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 483.
  140. ^ a b Commissariat 1957, p. 486.
  141. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 493.
  142. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 495.
  143. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 497.
  144. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 498.
  145. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 499.
  146. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 503.
  147. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 506.
  148. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 507.
  149. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 510.
  150. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 519.
  151. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 523.
  152. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 526.
  153. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 527-528.
  154. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 553.
  155. ^ a b c d Maloni 2014, p. 336.
  156. ^ Maloni 2014, p. 337.
  157. ^ a b c Maloni 2014, p. 338.
  158. ^ Maloni 2014, p. 339.
  159. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 296.
  160. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 297.
  161. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 298.
  162. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 300.
  163. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 301.
  164. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 303.
  165. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 304.
  166. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 305.
  167. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 306.
  168. ^ a b Commissariat 1957, p. 307.
  169. ^ a b Srivastava 2001, p. 35.
  170. ^ a b Parikh 2012, p. 257.
  171. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 141.
  172. ^ Fatma 2011, p. 441.
  173. ^ a b Fatma 2011, p. 442.
  174. ^ Fatma 2011, p. 445.
  175. ^ Fatma 2011, p. 446.
  176. ^ a b Fatma 2011, p. 448.
  177. ^ a b Fatma 2011, p. 443.
  178. ^ Fatma 2011, p. 444.
  179. ^ A., Nadri, Ghulam (2009). Eighteenth-century Gujarat : the dynamics of its political economy, 1750-1800. Leiden: Brill. p. 11. ISBN 9789004172029. OCLC 568402132.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  180. ^ Haider, Najaf (2017-10-06). "A sturdy regional currency: The continuous use of Maḥmūdīs in Gujarat under the Mughals". Studies in People's History. 4 (2): 162–175. doi:10.1177/2348448917725852. ISSN 2348-4489. S2CID 134800794.
  181. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 16.
  182. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 57.
  183. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 114.
  184. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 165.
  185. ^ Commissariat 1957, p. 399.

References edit

  • Campbell, James Macnabb (1896). "Chapter III. MUGHAL VICEROYS. (A.D. 1573–1758)". In James Macnabb Campbell (ed.). History of Gujarát. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. I(II). The Government Central Press. pp. 254–257, 266–347.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  • Commissariat, M.S. (1938). A History of Gujarat. Vol. I From AD 1297-8 to AD 1573. Longmans, Green & Co. Ltd.
  • Commissariat, M.S. (1957). A History of Gujarat. Vol. II The Mughal Period: From 1573 to 1758. Orient Longmans.
  • Maloni, Ruby (2014). "Gujarat's Trade with South East Asia (16th & 17th Centuries)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 75: 336–340. JSTOR 44158400 – via JSTOR.
  • Srivastava, Sanjeev Prasad (September 1, 2001), Jahangir: A Connoisseur of Mughal Art, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 9788170173861, retrieved November 4, 2023
  • Parikh, Vibhuti (2012), "The Hajira: A Symbol of Emerging Mughal Power in Gujarat", Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 73: 255–260, JSTOR 44156213, retrieved November 4, 2023
  • Fatma, Sadaf (2011), "Gardens in Mughal Gujarat", Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 72: 441–452, JSTOR 44146737, retrieved November 4, 2023

January 01, 1970
gujarat, subah, province, subah, mughal, empire, encompassing, gujarat, region, region, first, fell, under, mughal, control, 1573, when, mughal, emperor, akbar, 1556, 1605, defeated, gujarat, sultanate, under, muzaffar, shah, muzaffar, tried, regain, sultanate. The Gujarat Subah was a province subah of the Mughal Empire encompassing the Gujarat region The region first fell under Mughal control in 1573 when the Mughal emperor Akbar r 1556 1605 defeated the Gujarat Sultanate under Muzaffar Shah III Muzaffar tried to regain the Sultanate in 1584 but failed Gujarat remained the Mughal province governed by the viceroys and officers appointed by the Mughal emperors from Delhi Akbar s foster brother Mirza Aziz Kokaltash was appointed as the subahdar viceroy who strengthened Mughal hold over the region The nobles of former Sultanate continued to resist and rebel during the reign of the next emperor Jahangir 1605 1627 but Kokaltash and his successor subahdars subdued them Jehangir also permitted the British East India Company to establish factories in Surat and elsewhere in Gujarat The next emperor Shah Jahan 1627 1658 expanded his territories in south and his subahdars made hold over Kathiawar peninsula including Nawanagar Shah Jahan had also appointed his prince Aurangzeb who was involved in religious disputes prince Dara Shikoh and later prince Murad Bakhsh as subahdars Following battle of succession Aurangzeb 1658 1707 came to the Mughal throne and his policies resulted in revolts and discontent During his reign the Marathas under Shivaji raided Surat 1666 and their incursions in Gujarat started Till then Gujarat prospered due to political stability peace and growing international trade 1 Gujarat SubahGujarata suba Gujarati Subah of the Mughal Empire1573 1756Alam flag of the Mughal EmpireGujarat Subah depicted in map of Mughal India by Robert Wilkinson 1805 CapitalAhmedabad TypeviceroyaltyHistorical eraEarly modern period Established1573 Disestablished1756Preceded by Succeeded by Gujarat Sultanate Baroda State Maratha Confederacy Bombay PresidencyToday part ofIndia During the next three emperors 1707 1719 who had brief reigns the nobles became more and more powerful due to instability in the Delhi The royals of Marwar were appointed viceroys frequently During the reign of the emperor Muhammad Shah 1719 1748 the struggle between the Mughal and Maratha nobles were heightened with frequent battles and incursions The south Gujarat was lost to the Marathas and the towns in north and central Gujarat was attacked on several occasions with frequent demand of tributes The Marathas continued to grow their hold and the frequent change of viceroys did not reverse the trend The competing houses of Marathas Gaekwads and Peshwas engaged between themselves which slow down their progress for a while They later made peace between themselves During the reign of the next emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur 1748 1754 there was nominal control over the nobles who acted on their own There were frequent fights between themselves and with Marathas Ahmedabad the capital of province finally fell to the Marathas in 1752 It was regained by noble Momin Khan for a short time but again lost to the Marathas in 1756 after a long siege Finding opportunity the British captured Surat in 1759 After a setback at Panipat in 1761 the Marathas strengthened their hold on Gujarat During this fifty years the power struggle between the Mughal nobles and Marathas caused disorder and the decline in prosperity 1 Contents 1 History 1 1 Under Humayun 1535 1536 1 2 Under Akbar 1573 1605 1 3 Under Jahangir 1605 1627 1 4 Under Shah Jahan 1627 1658 1 5 Under Aurangzeb 1658 1707 1 6 Under successive emperors 1 6 1 Under Bahadur Shah I 1707 1712 1 6 2 Under Jahandar Shah 1712 1712 1 6 3 Under Farrukhsiyar 1713 1719 1 6 4 Under Muhammad Shah 1719 1748 1 6 5 Under Ahmad Shah Bahadur 1748 1754 1 6 6 Under Alamgir II 1754 1756 2 Economy and trade 2 1 Oceanic trade 2 2 Silk and cotton handicrafts 2 3 Indigo 2 4 Saltpeter 3 Art and architecture 3 1 Architecture 3 2 Gardens 4 Administration 5 List of Mughal Viceroys of Gujarat 1573 1754 5 1 Under Akbar 1573 1605 5 2 Under Jahangir 1605 1627 5 3 Under Shah Jahan 1627 1658 5 4 Under Aurangzeb 1658 1707 5 5 Under successive emperors 1708 1730 6 Notes 7 ReferencesHistory editUnder Humayun 1535 1536 edit In 1532 1533 Gujarat Sultan Bahadur Shah provoked a war with Humayun the Mughal Emperor of Delhi 2 The immediate cause of the hostility is understood to be Bahadur Shah s protection of Muhammad Zaman Mirza a Timurid prince and brother in law of Humayun who had previous plotted against Humayun and his government and had subsequently been held in confinement 3 This antagonism was furthered by Bahadur Shah s favorable reception of the Afghan princes of the Lodi dynasty rules of the Delhi Sultanate who had offended the Mughal Empire 2 As Bahadur Shah failed to extradite Muhammad Zaman Mirza Humayun marched from Agra towards Chittor he waited idly by Gwalior while Bahadur Shah laid siege to Chittor 4 Bahadur Shah listened to the advice of Rumi Khan who was considered to have secretly allied with Humayun after Bahadur Shah refused to uphold the promise of putting him in command of Chittor 4 over that of Taj Khan and Sadr Khan and established a fortified camp near Mandasor 5 While Bahadur Shah had significant artillery Humayun took Rumi Khan s advice and cut Bahadur Shah s supplies 6 The highly effective blockade and the realization of Rumi Khan s betrayal forced Bahadur Shah to flee from the camp in April 1535 6 After fleeing Mandasor Bahadur Shah took refuge in the hill fortress of Mandu which was summarily stormed by Humayun s troops 7 As a result Malwa was annexed under the Mughal Empire and Bahadur Shah escaped first to Champaner via Songarh 8 next to Khambhat 9 and finally to Diu 10 Humayun kept pursuit of Bahadur Shah until he found out that the latter had successfully retreated to Diu 10 Having abandoned his pursuit Humayun encamped at Khambhat where an old aboriginal woman warned him of an upcoming night attack by 5 000 6 000 members of the Koli and Gowar tribes 11 Humayun was able to route the attack on account of the warning however given the perceived insult he ordered the town of Khambhat to be set on fire and plundered 12 After being convinced to postpone the attack on Diu Humayun returned to successfully lay siege to Champaner 13 in August 1535 14 In settling the government of Gujarat Humayun nominated Mirza Askari his brother as the viceroy 15 Before he could resume his pursuit of Bahadur Shah he received news that the eastern provinces of the Mughal Empire were revolting under Sher Khan Afghan and that the imperial garrisons in Malwa were being challenged by the local chieftains 15 No sooner had Humayun turned to attend to these matters a counter was launched with Bahadur Shah s officers reclaiming the towns of Surat Bharuch and Khambhat 16 Bahadur Shah marched towards Ahmedabad while amassing an army but Mirza Askari and his army retreated without engaging in battle 17 Bahadur Shah continued to pursue the retreating forces defeating them in battle at Kanij near Mahemdavad 18 Under instruction from Humayun Tardi Beg is said to have abandoned Champaner finally marking the end of the Mughal occupation of Gujarat under Humayun 19 Having to deal with Humayun s march on the one side and the Portuguese attack at Diu on the other side Bahadur Shah entered into the Treaty of Bassein in December 1534 20 The treaty granted the Portuguese Empire control of the town of Bassein Vasai required vessels bound for the Red Sea to call at Bassein to procure passes and pay customary dues on their return trip and prohibited the building of warships at any of the Gujarat ports 20 At a later time following his retreat to Diu Bahadur Shah turned to the Portuguese Empire for assistance 21 and entered into a second treaty with them in October 1535 granting them permission to build a fort at Diu in exchange for military assistance 22 Under Akbar 1573 1605 edit Main article Gujarat under Akbar In 1572 1573 Mughal Emperor Akbar conquered Gujarat Sultanate now Gujarat India taking advantage of the puppet ruler 23 Sultan Muzaffar Shah III and his quarreling nobles 24 Muzaffar was held captive at Agra Akbar appointed his foster brother Mirza Aziz Koka the Khan i Azam as the first viceroy 25 who faced an insurrection by the rebel nobles of the former Sultanate 26 Akbar quickly came to aid arrested the Gujarati nobles and ended the insurrection 27 Raja Todar Mal was tasked to survey the land and fix the assessment in order to settle the land revenues 28 The viceroy Shihab ud din Ahmad Khan 29 strengthened the cavalry and decreased crime 30 Sultan Muzaffar III escaped in 1578 24 returned with dissident troops that previously worked for ex viceroy Shihab ud din Ahmad Khan in 1583 31 and led an attack on Ahmedabad and recaptured it when the then viceroy Itimad Khan mistakenly left the city 32 Upon hearing of the events in Gujarat Akbar reappointed Mirza Abdurrahim Khan commonly known as Mirza Khan as the viceroy who defeated Muzaffar III in the battle of Fateh Bagh in January 1584 33 Mirza Aziz Koka was appointed as the viceroy for a second time and defeated the combined forces of Sultan Muzaffar III Jam of Navanagar Daulat Khan Ghori of Junagadh and the Kathi Loma Khuman in the battle of Bhuchar Mori 34 Muzaffar III was captured in Bhuj but he committed suicide putting an end to the Gujarat Sultanate 35 Mirza Aziz Koka conquered Junagadh and established Mughal authority over Saurashtra in 1592 36 before leaving for Mecca on pilgrimage in 1593 37 Subsequently Prince Murad Bakhsh was appointed as the viceroy 38 on whose death Mirza Aziz Koka returned a third time as the viceroy serving through his sons 39 Akbar was succeeded by Jahangir 40 Under Jahangir 1605 1627 edit Main article Gujarat under Jehangir Jahangir appointed Qulij Khan was as the viceroy of Gujarat in the first year of his reign 41 However on account of Qulij Khan being called to Punjab and Sultan Muzaffar Shah III s son Prince Bahadur leading an insurrection around Ahmedabad Jahangir sent Raja Vikramajit to Gujarat as his next viceroy 41 He was succeeded by Shaikh Farid i Bukhari honored with the title of Murtaza Khan a scholar and a military commander who was responsible for constructing the fort of Kadi a town in the Mehsana district 42 Mirza Aziz Koka was appointed as the viceroy for a fourth time but was asked to rule through his son Jahangir Quli Khan as his deputy they subdued the rebellions and protests of the nobles of the former Sultanate and of the Hindu chiefs 43 and successfully averted an invasion by Malik Ambar from Daulatabad in the south 44 The next viceroy Abdulla Khan Bahadur Firuz Jang undertook expeditions against the Nizam Shahi kingdom of Ahmednagar 45 Under Jahangir the British East India Company was permitted to establish factories in Surat in 1612 46 During reign of the next viceroy Muqarrab Khan 47 Jahangir arrived at Ahmedabad for an extended visit to Gujarat 48 In January 1618 he appointed his son Prince Shah Jahan as the next viceroy 49 Shah Jahan rebelled against his father Jahangir in 1622 1623 50 and he was replaced by Prince Dawar Bakhsh also known as Sultan Bulaqi 51 whose imperial forces recovered Bharuch and Surat 52 Upon the death of Dawar Bakhsh s guardian Mirza Aziz Koka Khan Jahan was briefly appointed as the viceroy 53 Subsequently Saif Khan served as the viceroy of Gujarat until the end of Jahangir s reign and Shah Jahan s ascension in 1627 53 Following his appointment as viceroy in 1618 Prince Shah Jahan governed through his deputies Rustam Khan and Raja Vikramjit until the start of his rebellion against Jahangir in 1622 54 During this time land was acquired in the suburb of Maqsudpur on the banks of the Sabarmati River for a royal garden which later came to be known as Shahi Bagh 54 Under Shah Jahan 1627 1658 edit Main article Gujarat under Shah Jahan On the death of Jahangir in 1627 55 his son Shah Jahan formally ascended to the throne in February 1628 56 Under Shah Jahan Sher Khan Tur Nahir Khan was first appointed viceroy in 1628 56 This marked the start of expansion efforts south with attacks on the districts of Nasik Sangamner and Baglan including the capture of the fort of Chandor 56 After Sher Khan Tur and until 1635 three nobles Islam Khan Baqir Khan Sipahdar Khan were appointed as viceroys because they sent expensive gifts to the emperor 57 Thereafter Saif Khan who previously served as the effective viceroy in the last years of Jahangir was appointed as viceroy he was then replaced by Azam Khan who served as viceroy until 1642 58 Azam Khan is said to have brought order to the province by subduing the Chunvalis Kolis in the northeast and the Kathi tribes near Dhandhuka terrorizing them by the destruction of their crops and their plantations 59 Through the Jam Lakhaji of Nawanagar he set an example with regards to the collection of tribute from the Rajput chiefs of Saurashtra who defied imperial authority and disobeyed the viceroys 60 Mirza Isa Tarkhan who was appointed the next viceroy 61 carried out financial reforms by introducing bhagvatai or the share system of levying revenue in kind 62 After being appointed as the viceroy of Gujarat in 1645 Prince Aurangzeb Aurangzeb was in involved in religious dispute with both Hindus and Muslims 63 He ordered the conversion of the Jain temple of Chintamani at Saraspur built by a jeweler named Shantidas in 1625 into a mosque named Quvvat ul Islam 63 Aurangzeb also issued an injunction against the dilution of indigo with dust and white sand 63 Aurangzeb was recalled in 1646 to assist with the conquest of Balkh and Badakhshan and was replaced by Shaistah Khan 64 Shaishtah Khan failed to subdue the Chunvalis Kolis and attempted to monopolize indigo and other goods by buying them from tradesmen at his own rates 65 Thereafter Prince Dara Shukoh was appointed viceroy of Gujarat whose deputy Ghairat Khan Baqir Beg brought along an imperial decree that partially restored the Jain temple of Chintamani back to Shantidas 66 Shaistah Khan was then appointed viceroy of Gujarat for a second time and undertook campaigns against the Chunvalis Kolis and carried out repairs for the city walls of Ahmedabad 67 In 1654 Prince Murad Bakhsh was appointed the viceroy of Gujarat 68 In 1657 hearing news of Shah Jahan s severe illness Murad Bakhsh claimed the Mughal throne 69 annexed Surat to collect resources for his campaign 70 and formed an alliance with Aurangzeb with an informal arrangement for the division of the Mughal Empire 71 Shah Jahan appointed Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur and Qasim Khan as the viceroys of Malwa and Gujarat respectively Murad Bakhsh was instructed to proceed to Berar and the newly appointed viceroys were ordered to engage with Murad Bakhsh if he failed to comply with the commands 71 The combined forces of Murad Bakhsh and Aurangzeb defeated the imperial generals at the battle of Dharmat 71 They subsequently faced and defeated the army of Prince Dara Shikoh at the Battle of Samugarh eight miles from Agra Fort 71 Soon after Aurangzeb imprisoned Murad Bakhsh for killing his Diwan Ali Naqi in Ahmedabad in 1657 confined Shah Jahan and declared himself the emperor in 1658 72 Gujarat experienced a severe famine in 1630 1631 resulting in significant deaths of men women and cattle 57 Under Aurangzeb 1658 1707 edit After the imprisonment of Prince Murad Bakhsh and the desertion of Prince Dara Shikoh Aurangzeb went through his first coronation in July 1658 73 He forgave Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur and appointed him as the viceroy of Gujarat in reward for deserting Prince Dara Shikoh before the battle of Deorai 74 Qutb ud din Khan served as acting viceroy after Maharaja Jaswant Singh and temporarily annexed Navanagar renamed to Islamnagar into the Mughal Empire 75 He was succeeded by Mahabat Khan as the next viceroy of Gujarat 76 Edicts issued by Aurangzeb include a ban of the cultivation of the poppy plant and the appointment of a censor of public morals to enforce the laws of Islam and a prohibition of intoxicants distilled spirits bhang etc 77 Aurangzeb s farman of 1665 prohibited a large number of burdensome taxes levied by the imperial officials of Gujarat 78 On the other hand Aurangzeb required Hindu merchants to keep their shops open on the auspicious days of pancham amvas and the ekadashi moreover he prohibited Hindus from celebrating certain Diwali and Holi customs 78 He enacted equalized but discriminatory excise duties on the sale of commodities with Muslims paying 2 50 for two years but Hindus paying 5 0 indefinitely 79 In January 1664 Maratha leader Shivaji plundered Surat and emptied its riches 80 Under the next viceroy Bahadur Khan Khan Jahan Koka 79 on account of Shivaji s attacks against the state and island fortress of Janjira an alliance was struck the Sidi ruler of Janjira and the Mughal Empire 81 Maharaja Jaswant Singh was appointed the viceroy for a second time and Navanagar was partially restored to its ruler 82 The next viceroy Muhammad Amin Khan took office in 1672 and unusually held it for 10 years 83 During this time Muhammad Amin Khan dealt with the revolt of Rao Gopinath the ruler of Idar 84 a number of edicts from Aurangzeb highlighting the theocratic of his rule 85 and the jaziya capitation tax on all non Muslims throughout the Mughal Empire poor paid 12 dirhams per head middle class paid 24 dirhams per head and the rich paid 48 dirhams per head 86 Under Aurangzeb s reign measures were undertaken for the conservation of public monuments and for repairs to fortifications including the fort of Azamabad the fort of Junagadh the city walls of Ahmedabad and the royal palaces in the Bhadra citadel 87 Under the next viceroy Mukhtar Khan Ahmedabad faced a flood and a famine 88 Shujaat Khan Kartalab Khan held office as the next viceroy for sixteen years 89 ending his tenure with broad popularity among the citizens of Gujarat 90 He contained a revolt of Shia Muslims Momnas and Matias who were members of the Imam Shahi sect in 1691 91 and undertook a campaign against the Khachars and other Kathi tribes wherein he attacked the fort of Than and destroyed the ancient temple of the Sun 92 In 1694 Shujaat Khan received orders from Aurangzeb to demolish the temple at Vadnagar 93 He was initially entrusted the command of the war against the Rathors of Marwar 94 and later negotiated peace arrangements with Durgadas Rathod of Marwar 95 Following Shujaat Khan s death Prince Muhammad Azam Shah was appointed as the viceroy 96 Upon Aurangzeb s orders Prince Muhammad Azam ordered Durgadas to attend court in Ahmedabad in the hopes of imprisoning or killing him with the help of Safdar Khan Babi however Durgadas grew suspicious and escaped 97 After a brief period of conflict Durgadas appealed for and agreed to a second truce in 1705 98 In 1706 the Marathas under the command of Dhanaji Jadhav invaded Gujarat reaching as far as Bharuch and defeating the imperial forces at Ratanpur 98 and at Baba Piara ghat 99 Upon hearing that Aurangzeb had appointed Prince Bidar Bakht as the next viceroy until the arrival of Ibrahim Khan the Marathas left Gujarat 100 Ibrahim Khan took over the office of the viceroy in February 1707 just a few days before the passing of Aurangzeb 101 Taking advantage of Aurangzeb s death the Marathas launched a second invasion under Balaji Vishvanath and reached as far as Ahmedabad 102 Fearing heavy plunder Ibrahim Khan negotiated and paid a heavy tribute of 210 000 rupees to withdraw 103 Aurangzeb s death led to another civil war Battle of Jajau which resulted in the victory of Prince Muhammad Muazzam who ascended to the Mughal throne as Bahadur Shah I 104 Gujarat experienced a drought and a famine in 1685 and 1686 respectively which led to a shortage of grain and significant inflation in food prices 105 Under successive emperors edit Under Bahadur Shah I 1707 1712 edit Ghazi ud Din Khan Bahadur Firuz Jang became the first viceroy of Gujarat under Bahadur Shah I 106 arriving at Ahmedabad in September 1708 107 Bahadur Shah considered to have followed Shia tenets sparked a religious controversy by ordering the public prayer khutba in Gujarat to add the title of successor wali to Ali the fourth caliph and the first Shia Imam the preacher khatib at Ahmedabad that insisted on following the orders was killed 107 Following Ghazi ud Din Khan s death in 1710 Amanat Khan the governor of Surat now titled Shahamat Khan was given charge of affairs until the arrival of the next viceroy 108 Shahamat Khan requested and received an allowance of one lakh rupees per month to amass and maintain military forces and artillery to mitigate the danger of Maratha raids of the province 108 Emperor Bahadur Shah died at Lahore in February 1712 109 Under Jahandar Shah 1712 1712 edit In 1712 Emperor Bahadur Shah I was succeeded by his son Jahandar Shah who appointed Asad Khan as the viceroy of Gujarat 109 Asad Khan remained in Delhi and governed through his deputies Muhammad Beg Khan and Sarbuland Khan whereas Shahamat Khan was appointed as the viceroy of Malwa 109 At the end of 1712 Emperor Jahandar Shah was deposed and slain by his nephew Farrukhsiyar who ascended to the throne in December 1712 109 Under Farrukhsiyar 1713 1719 edit Main article Gujarat under Farrukhsiyar Emperor Farrukhsiyar ascended to the throne with the help of the Saiyid brothers Abdullah Khan and Husain Ali Khan who were subsequently appointed as the prime minister vazir and the head of the Deccan provinces respectively 109 Shahamat Khan was appointed the viceroy of Gujarat and arrived at Ahmedabad in June 1713 109 Subsequently Daud Khan Panni was appointed the viceroy of Gujarat in October 1713 overseeing the province at the time of the communal riots that broke out during the Holi festival in 1714 110 Daud Khan Panni was later succeeded by Maharaja Ajit Singh in 1715 110 who in turn was succeeded by Khan Dauran 111 Emperor Farrukhsiyar was imprisoned and killed by the Saiyid brothers in 1719 112 Under Muhammad Shah 1719 1748 edit Main article Gujarat under Muhammad Shah Emperor Farrukhsiyar was succeeded by the short reigns of Rafi ud Darajat and Shah Jahan II 112 Following their deaths Prince Roshan Akhtar came to the throne under the title of Muhammad Shah in September 1719 113 In the same year Pilaji Gaekwad emerged as the most active and aggressive Maratha leader after making the hill fort of Songadh his headquarters 114 Gaekwad and the Marathas conducted attacks against and exacted tribute from south Gujarat 115 As a reward for his assistance in overthrowing the Saiyid brothers 116 Haidar Quli Khan was appointed as the viceroy of Gujarat in 1721 117 Since he was rebuffed for the position of prime minister vazir Haidar Quli Khan considered establishing himself as an independent ruler in Gujarat 118 As a result he was recalled and Nizam ul mulk was appointed as the viceroy of Gujarat Nizam ul mulk administered his role through Hamid Khan as his deputy 119 Nizam ul mulk unable to conduct administrative reform or curtail corruption at the court 120 departed from Delhi and was succeeded by Sarbuland Khan Bahadur who appointed Shujaat Khan as his deputy 121 The transition of viceroyship from Hamid Khan to Shujaat Khan was contentious given the former s desire to hold on to power which ultimately plunged Gujarat into a civil war between 1724 and 1725 121 Hamid Khan recruited the help of Maratha leaders and killed Shujaat Khan and his brothers Ibrahim Quli Khan and Rustam Ali Khan 121 Further conflict at the Battle of Adas on the Mahi river in 1725 only saw the relative weakening of Mughal power as the Maratha forces of Kanthaji Kadam Bande sided with Hamid Khan and Pilaji Gaekwad initially sided with Rustam Ali Khan and later with Hamid Khan observed from the sidelines 122 Ultimately Hamid Khan was driven out of power by Sarbuland Khan the next viceroy of Gujarat 123 with the assistance of imperial troops who won skirmishes at Sojitra in Petland and at Kapadvanj in early 1726 124 Despite the backing of a significant imperial force Sarbuland Khan entered into a treaty with Kanthaji in 1726 that granted the Marathas the right to collect taxes chauth in the districts north of the Mahi river with the exception of Ahmedabad and the home district 125 While this period saw significant in fighting between Kanthaji and Pilaji on one hand and the agents of Peshwa Baji Rao I on the other hand the Mughal power diminished with the loss of Vadnagar 126 Dabhoi and Baroda 125 Ultimately Sarbuland Singh had no choice but to enter into a treaty with the Peshwa in which he agreed to turn over 10 of all land and customs revenues with the exception of Surat and its district the regular tax chauth from all such districts and 5 of all revenues from the city of Ahmedabad 127 Given the oppressive rule and failure to contain the Maratha power Sarbuland Khan was removed as the viceroy and was replaced by Maharaja Abhaysingh of Marwar in 1730 128 Despite considerable efforts a failed alliance with Peshwa Baji Rao I and a successful assassination of Pilaji Gaekwad 129 Abhaysingh was unable to suppress the Maratha invasions and influence 130 Abhaysingh left Ahmedabad for Delhi in 1733 after assigning Ratansingh as his deputy viceroy 131 who faced conflicts with Sohrab Khan the son of Rustam Ali Khan 132 and with Rangoji 133 He engaged in tyrannical rule imposed illegal taxes and refused to transfer power to Momin Khan as the next viceroy 134 135 Emblematic of the political anarchy and the waning power of the Mughal Empire Momin Khan forged an alliance with Rangoji and Damaji Gaekwad agreeing to highly punitive terms to drive out Ratansingh 136 137 Following the death of Momin Khan Mughal authority was administered jointly by his cousin Fida ud din Khan and his son Muftakhir Khan 138 After Rangoji s failed attempt to capture Ahmedabad 139 Jawan Mard Khan Babi emerged a powerful figure in Gujarat 140 He established himself as the deputy viceroy under Abdul Aziz Khan on the basis of forged documents 140 and successfully challenged Fakhr ud daulah the imperial appointed viceroy 141 Despite the in fighting between Khanderao Gaekwad and Rangoji this period undoubtedly marked the beginning of the collapse of the Mughal rule in Gujarat 142 Emperor Muhammad Shah died in 1748 and was succeeded by his son Ahmad Shah Bahadur 143 Under Ahmad Shah Bahadur 1748 1754 edit Main article Gujarat under Ahmad Shah Bahadur Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur appointed Vakhatsingh brother of Maharaja Abhaysingh as the next viceroy of Gujarat in May 1748 144 but he never officially took the position given the precarious political situation of the province 145 This dysfunction translated to increased robberies kidnappings and highway looting 146 The treaty between Damaji Gaekwad and Peshwa Baji Rao I in 1752 consolidated the Maratha power under the Peshwa 147 which in turn bolstered the Maratha power over Gujarat 148 and resulted in the siege and capture of Ahmedabad in March 1753 149 Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur was deposed on account of political unrest in Delhi in 1754 and was succeeded by Aziz ud daulat under the name of Emperor Alamgir II 150 Under Alamgir II 1754 1756 edit Main article Gujarat under Alamgir II Momin Khan II who had established himself as the Nawab of Khambhat represented the vestigial remnants of the Mughal Empire in Gujarat 151 On the heels of successful pillaging excursions to Gogha and Jambusar 152 Momin Khan II recaptured Ahmedabad from the Marathas in October 1756 153 In retaliation the Marathas attacked Ahmedabad under the combined armies of Sadashiv Ramchandra Damaji Gaekwad and Jawan Mard Khan until Momin Khan II surrendered in February 1758 154 Economy and trade editOceanic trade edit In the early 16th century Gujarati merchants took advantage of the withdrawal of Chinese merchants from the Southeast Asian trade and established a presence in Malacca Malaysia 155 They would provide Indian textiles and procure spices Chinese porcelain and silk and tin from Malaysia 155 Oceanic merchants of several nations used the port of Khambhat in Gujarat as a stopover since all parts of the Indian Ocean could be reached within one monsoon season 155 Gujarati merchants developed a triangular trade network supplying Indian textiles to Aceh Indonesia pepper to the Red Sea Aden Yemen and bullion back to Gujarat 156 However in the 17th century the Mughal port of Surat replaced the port of Khambhat in importance which further facilitated the consolidation of the Gujarati oceanic trade 157 Wealthy high status entrepreneurs emerged in Surat such as Vrij Vora who in the 1630s was the leading merchant in a cartel that monopolized Dutch supplies of cloves and other spices 157 Gujarati oceanic trade expanded into the China Sea in the back half of the 16th century owing to the liberal attitude of the Manchu led Qing dynasty 157 In the 1690s a small number of Gujarati ships also appeared at Manila Philippines 155 The 18th century saw the fall of Gujarati oceanic trade and the shrinking importance of the port of Surat on account of the decline of the Mughal empire Maratha incursions the growing importance of the port of Mumbai and increasing competition from English traders 158 Silk and cotton handicrafts edit Following the procurement of bales of silk from Bengal the weaving of silk was localized in Ahmedabad and Surat 159 Velvet embroidered with gold or silver was manufactured at the royal factories in Ahmedabad and was used to construct pavilions that were sent to the royal court at Agra 160 Silk was also used to produce carpets satins and taffetas 161 Cotton textiles specifically calicoes were produced at Bharuch Navsari and Vadodara 162 and became one of the two principal commodities that were exported by the British East India Company until the end of the reign of Shah Jahan 163 Indigo edit In Gujarat indigo was primarily produced in Sarkhej in the 17th century 164 While this variety was not as pure due to the mixture of sand as the variety from Biana near Agra it was similarly priced due to the savings from transporting it to the coast 165 The indigo trade decreased after 1650 as Europe turned to the West Indies as its source of supply 166 Saltpeter edit Saltpeter an important ingredient in gunpowder was largely supplied from Malpur a small town in the Sabarkantha district and was purchased by the British in Gujarat 167 The saltpeter trade with the British and the Dutch was relatively modest consisting of between 200 and 300 tons per year initially but was later expanded with the discovery of resources in Bihar 168 As the viceroy of Gujarat Aurangzeb embargoed the sale of saltpeter in 1645 on the religious reason that it may be used against other Muslims 168 Art and architecture editArt and architecture were emphasized under the reigns of Akbar Jahangir and Shah Jahan 169 Akbar favored the illustration of historical events and religious epics Jahangir had an inclination towards wild life paintings and Shah Jahan was more interested in architecture 169 Architecture edit Mughals introduced the concept of charbagh four gardens wherein a square or a rectangular garden is divided into four parts with the intersection serving as a focal point for a monument 170 The red sandstone mausoleum of Qutb ud din Muhammad in Vadodara which blends the local traditions of perforated screens jalis and lattice windows serves as one such example 170 The Chintamani temple whose began construction in 1621 and was led by Shantidas Jhaveri is an archetype of Jain architecture in Gujarat from the Mughal period 171 Gardens edit Gardens in Gujarat under the Mughal Empire consisted of the imperial gardens gardens built by nobles gardens of Indian merchants and gardens built by the Dutch and the English 172 They were usually situated on the banks of rivers as a result of a need for water for irrigation and fountains 173 and often required heavy expenditures for upkeep 174 They supported social activities and served to host feasts music and entertainments 175 Imperial gardens included the Fateh Bagh laid out by Abdur Rahim Khan i Khanan and accessible to the public 176 with trees bearing oranges lemons apples pomegranates and others 177 Shahi Bagh constructed by Shah Jahan on the banks of the Sabarmati river and accessible to the public 176 with a rose garden 178 the Rustam Bagh laid out by prince Murad and others 173 Gardens laid out by the Dutch and the English near Surat influenced by the Mughal gardens would have four walkways intersecting in the middle of the garden with a pavilion chhatri 177 Administration editThe Gujarat subah covered an area of 302 kos 966 4 kilometres between Burhanpur in the east and Jagat Dwarka in the west and 70 kos 224 kilometres between Jalore in the north and Daman in the south The twenty five sarkars administrative units of Gujarat Sultanate were reorganised in 16 sarkars and the others areas were transferred back to its older provinces Of this 16 sarkars nine were under direct control of the Mughal Empire Ahmadabad Baroda Bharuch Champaner Godhra Nadaut Patan Sorath and Surat They were known as sarkarat i kharaji where the Mughal fiscal system of revenue collection was applied The other seven sarkars were under administration and fiscal jurisdictions of the local chiefs Bansballa Banswada Dungarpur Kutch Nawanagar Ramnagar Sirohi and Sant They were known as sarkarat i peshkashi where annual tribute peshkash was collected by the Mughals This local chiefs zamindars acknowledged the Mughal suzerainty and occasionally provided military support 179 Throughout the Mughal Empire the single trimetallic currency was established but Gujarat continued to use a local silver coin known as Mahmudi alongside the Mughal currency 180 List of Mughal Viceroys of Gujarat 1573 1754 editUnder Akbar 1573 1605 edit The following are the Mughal viceroys of Gujarat under Akbar 181 Mirza Aziz Koka Khan i Azam 1573 1575 Mirza Abdurrahim Khan through Vazir Khan 1575 1578 Shihab ud din Ahmad Khan 1578 1583 Itimad Khan Gujarati 1583 Mirza Abdurrahim Khan second time 1584 1589 Mirza Aziz Koka second time 1590 1593 Prince Murad Baksh 1593 1594 Mirza Aziz Koka third time through his sons 1600 1605 Under Jahangir 1605 1627 edit The following are the Mughal viceroys of Gujarat under Jahangir 182 Qulij Khan and Raja Vikramjit 1605 1606 Shaikh Farid i Bukhari Murtaza Khan 1606 1609 Mirza Aziz Koka fourth time through Jahangir Quli Khan as deputy 1609 1611 Abdulla Khan Firuz Jang 1611 1616 Muqarrab Khan 1616 1618 Prince Shah Jahan through Rustam Khan and Sundardas Raja Vikramjit 1618 1623 Prince Dawar Baksh 1623 1624 Khan Jahan Lodi through Saif Khan 1624 1627 Under Shah Jahan 1627 1658 edit The following are the Mughal viceroys of Gujarat under Shah Jahan 183 Sher Khan Tur 1628 1631 Islam Khan Baqir Khan and Sipahdar Khan 1631 1635 Saif Khan 1635 1636 Azam Khan 1636 1642 Mirza Isa Tarkhan 1642 1645 Prince Aurangzeb 1645 1646 Shaistah Khan 1646 1648 Prince Dara Shukoh 1648 1652 Shaistah Khan second time 1652 1654 Prince Murad Bakhsh 1654 1658 Under Aurangzeb 1658 1707 edit The following are the Mughal viceroys of Gujarat under Aurangzeb 184 Shah Nawaz Khan Safavi 1658 1659 Maharaja Jaswant Singh 1659 1662 Mahabat Khan 1662 1668 Bahadur Khan 1668 1670 Maharaj Jaswant Singh second time 1670 1672 Muhammad Amin Khan 1672 1682 Mukhtar Khan 1682 1684 Shujaat Khan Kartalab Khan 1685 1701 Prince Muhammad Azam Shah 1701 1705 Prince Muhammad Bidar Bakht 1706 1707 Ibrahim Khan 1707 1708 Under successive emperors 1708 1730 edit The following are the Mughal viceroys of Gujarat under successive emperors after Aurangzeb 185 Ghazi ud din Khan Bahadur Firuz Jang 1708 1710 Asaf ud Daulah Asad Khan through deputies 1712 Shahamat Khan Amanat Khan 1713 Daud Khan Panni 1713 1715 Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur 1715 1717 Khan Dauran through Haidar Quli Khan as deputy 1717 1719 Maharaja Ajit Singh second time through Anupsingh as deputy 1719 1721 Haidar Quli Khan Muiz ud daulah 1721 1722 Nizam ul Mulk through Hamid Khan as deputy 1723 1724 Sarbuland Khan through Maasum Quli Khan as deputy 1725 1730 Maharaja Abhaysingh later through Ratansingh as deputy 1730 1737 Momin Khan I 1737 1743 Fida ud din and Muftakhir Khan 1743 Jawad Mard Khan Babi de facto 1743 1753Notes edit a b Campbell 1896 p 266 347 a b Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 346 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 346 347 a b Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 347 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 350 a b Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 351 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 353 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 354 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 355 a b Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 356 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 356 357 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 357 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 358 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 360 a b Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 368 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 369 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 369 370 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 370 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 371 a b Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 349 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 362 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 363 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 492 a b Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 17 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 518 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 508 509 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 510 Commissariat 1938 Volume I p 526 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 11 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 15 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 17 18 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 18 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 22 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 24 25 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 26 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 27 28 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 32 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 34 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 36 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 43 a b Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 44 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 46 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 48 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 47 48 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 49 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 52 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 53 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 54 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 63 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 85 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 91 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 92 a b Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 93 a b Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 97 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 106 a b c Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 110 a b Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 111 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 112 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 115 116 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 121 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 122 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 123 a b c Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 125 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 127 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 129 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 129 130 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 131 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 133 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 134 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 134 135 a b c d Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 137 Commissariat 1957 Volume II p 139 Commissariat 1957 p 151 Commissariat 1957 p 158 Commissariat 1957 p 166 167 Commissariat 1957 p 169 Commissariat 1957 p 162 a b Commissariat 1957 p 171 a b Commissariat 1957 p 172 Commissariat 1957 p 170 Commissariat 1957 p 172 173 Commissariat 1957 p 174 Commissariat 1957 p 177 Commissariat 1957 p 178 Commissariat 1957 p 179 Commissariat 1957 p 180 Commissariat 1957 p 181 182 Commissariat 1957 p 182 Commissariat 1957 p 183 Commissariat 1957 p 185 186 Commissariat 1957 p 186 Commissariat 1957 p 187 188 Commissariat 1957 p 189 Commissariat 1957 p 199 Commissariat 1957 p 201 Commissariat 1957 p 202 Commissariat 1957 p 202 203 a b Commissariat 1957 p 204 Commissariat 1957 p 212 Commissariat 1957 p 214 Commissariat 1957 p 215 Commissariat 1957 p 216 Commissariat 1957 p 217 Commissariat 1957 p 218 Commissariat 1957 p 188 Commissariat 1957 p 384 a b Commissariat 1957 p 385 a b Commissariat 1957 p 386 a b c d e f Commissariat 1957 p 387 a b Commissariat 1957 p 388 Commissariat 1957 p 393 a b Commissariat 1957 p 395 Commissariat 1957 p 398 Commissariat 1957 p 401 Commissariat 1957 p 402 Commissariat 1957 p 404 Commissariat 1957 p 403 Commissariat 1957 p 406 Commissariat 1957 p 407 Commissariat 1957 p 408 a b c Commissariat 1957 p 410 Commissariat 1957 p 414 Commissariat 1957 p 421 Commissariat 1957 p 424 a b Commissariat 1957 p 426 Commissariat 1957 p 425 Commissariat 1957 p 427 Commissariat 1957 p 429 Commissariat 1957 p 445 Commissariat 1957 p 437 Commissariat 1957 p 449 Commissariat 1957 p 451 Commissariat 1957 p 452 Commissariat 1957 p 454 Commissariat 1957 p 459 Commissariat 1957 p 460 Commissariat 1957 p 463 Commissariat 1957 p 479 Commissariat 1957 p 483 a b Commissariat 1957 p 486 Commissariat 1957 p 493 Commissariat 1957 p 495 Commissariat 1957 p 497 Commissariat 1957 p 498 Commissariat 1957 p 499 Commissariat 1957 p 503 Commissariat 1957 p 506 Commissariat 1957 p 507 Commissariat 1957 p 510 Commissariat 1957 p 519 Commissariat 1957 p 523 Commissariat 1957 p 526 Commissariat 1957 p 527 528 Commissariat 1957 p 553 a b c d Maloni 2014 p 336 Maloni 2014 p 337 a b c Maloni 2014 p 338 Maloni 2014 p 339 Commissariat 1957 p 296 Commissariat 1957 p 297 Commissariat 1957 p 298 Commissariat 1957 p 300 Commissariat 1957 p 301 Commissariat 1957 p 303 Commissariat 1957 p 304 Commissariat 1957 p 305 Commissariat 1957 p 306 a b Commissariat 1957 p 307 a b Srivastava 2001 p 35 a b Parikh 2012 p 257 Commissariat 1957 p 141 Fatma 2011 p 441 a b Fatma 2011 p 442 Fatma 2011 p 445 Fatma 2011 p 446 a b Fatma 2011 p 448 a b Fatma 2011 p 443 Fatma 2011 p 444 A Nadri Ghulam 2009 Eighteenth century Gujarat the dynamics of its political economy 1750 1800 Leiden Brill p 11 ISBN 9789004172029 OCLC 568402132 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Haider Najaf 2017 10 06 A sturdy regional currency The continuous use of Maḥmudis in Gujarat under the Mughals Studies in People s History 4 2 162 175 doi 10 1177 2348448917725852 ISSN 2348 4489 S2CID 134800794 Commissariat 1957 p 16 Commissariat 1957 p 57 Commissariat 1957 p 114 Commissariat 1957 p 165 Commissariat 1957 p 399 References editCampbell James Macnabb 1896 Chapter III MUGHAL VICEROYS A D 1573 1758 In James Macnabb Campbell ed History of Gujarat Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency Vol I II The Government Central Press pp 254 257 266 347 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Commissariat M S 1938 A History of Gujarat Vol I From AD 1297 8 to AD 1573 Longmans Green amp Co Ltd Commissariat M S 1957 A History of Gujarat Vol II The Mughal Period From 1573 to 1758 Orient Longmans Maloni Ruby 2014 Gujarat s Trade with South East Asia 16th amp 17th Centuries Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 75 336 340 JSTOR 44158400 via JSTOR Srivastava Sanjeev Prasad September 1 2001 Jahangir A Connoisseur of Mughal Art Abhinav Publications ISBN 9788170173861 retrieved November 4 2023 Parikh Vibhuti 2012 The Hajira A Symbol of Emerging Mughal Power in Gujarat Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 73 255 260 JSTOR 44156213 retrieved November 4 2023 Fatma Sadaf 2011 Gardens in Mughal Gujarat Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 72 441 452 JSTOR 44146737 retrieved November 4 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gujarat Subah amp oldid 1219058566, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.