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Grande école

November 14, 2023

For the film released in 2004, see Grande École (film).

A grande école (French: [ɡʁɑ̃d ekɔl]; lit. 'great school') is a specialized top-level educational institution in France. Grandes écoles are part of an alternative educational system that operates alongside the mainstream French public university system, and take the shape of institutes dedicated to teaching, research and professional training in either pure natural and social sciences, or applied sciences such as engineering, architecture, business administration, or public policy and administration.[1][2]

Gate of the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, in the 3rd arrondissement of Paris

Grandes écoles primarily admit students based on their national ranking in written and oral exams called concours, which are organized annually by the French Ministry of Education.[3] While anyone can register for concours, successful candidates have almost always completed two or three years of dedicated preparatory classes (classes préparatoires) prior to admission.[4][5] As they are separate from universities, most of them do not deliver the undergraduate degree of the diplôme de licence but deliver master's grande école degrees.[6] Admission to the grandes écoles is extremely selective.[7][8][9]

Grandes écoles are generally publicly funded and therefore have limited tuition costs. Some, especially business schools (Écoles de commerce), are organised privately and therefore have more costly tuition.

Classification of grandes écoles edit

Origins edit

The term grande école originated in 1794 after the French Revolution,[10] when the National Convention created the École normale supérieure, the mathematician Gaspard Monge and Lazare Carnot created the École centrale des travaux publics (later the École polytechnique), and the abbot Henri Grégoire created the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers.

The model was probably the military academy at Mézières, of which Monge was an alumnus. The selective admission opens up to higher education based on academic merit.

Some schools included in the category have roots in the 17th and 18th centuries and are older than the term grande école, which dates to 1794. Their forerunners were schools aimed at graduating civil servants, such as technical officers (École d'Arts et Métiers, renamed Arts et Métiers ParisTech, established in 1780), mine supervisors (École des mines de Paris, established in 1783), bridge and road engineers (École royale des ponts et chaussées, established in 1747), and shipbuilding engineers (École des ingénieurs-constructeurs des vaisseaux royaux, established in 1741).

Five military engineering academies and graduate schools of artillery were established in the 17th century in France, such as the école de l'artillerie de Douai (established in 1697) and the later école du génie de Mézières (established in 1748), wherein mathematics, chemistry and sciences were already a major part of the curriculum taught by first-rank scientists such as Pierre-Simon Laplace, Charles Étienne Louis Camus, Étienne Bézout, Sylvestre-François Lacroix, Siméon Denis Poisson, Gaspard Monge (most of whom were later to form the teaching corps of École Polytechnique during the Napoleonic era).

In 1802, Napoleon created the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, which is also considered a grande école, although it trains only army officers.

During the 19th century, a number of higher-education grandes écoles were established to support industry and commerce, such as École nationale supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne in 1816, École supérieure de Commerce de Paris (today ESCP Business School, founded in 1819), L'institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l'environnement (Agro ParisTech) in 1826, and École centrale des Arts et Manufactures (École centrale Paris) in 1829.

Between 1832 and 1870, the Central School of Arts and Manufactures produced 3,000 engineers and served as a model for most of the industrialized countries. Until 1864, a quarter of its students came from abroad. Conversely, the quality of French technicians astonished southeastern Europe, Italy, the Near East, and even Belgium. The system of grandes écoles expanded, enriched by the Ecole des Eaux et Forêts at Nancy in 1826, the Ecole des Arts industriels at Lille in 1854, the Ecole centrale lyonnaise in 1857, and the National Institute of Agronomy, reconstituted in 1876 after a fruitless attempt between 1848 and 1855. Finally, the training of the lower grades of staff, who might today be called ‘production engineers’, was assured to an even greater extent by the development of Ecoles d’Arts et métiers, of which the first was established at Châlons-sur-Marne in 1806 and the second at Angers in 1811 (both reorganized in 1832), with a third at Aix-en-Provence in 1841. Each had room for 300 pupils. There is no doubt that in the 1860s France had the best system of higher technical and scientific education in Europe.

— Mathias, Peter; Postan, Michael (1978). The Cambridge Economic History of Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 313. ISBN 9780521215909.

During the latter part of the 19th century and in the 20th century, more grandes écoles were established for education in businesses as well as newer fields of science and technology, including Rouen Business School (NEOMA Business School) in 1871, Sciences Po Paris in 1872, École nationale supérieure des télécommunications in 1878, Hautes Études commerciales in 1881,[11] École supérieure d'électricité in 1894, Ecole des hautes Etudes commerciales du Nord in 1906 , Ecole Supérieure des Sciences économiques et commerciales in 1907, and Supaero in 1909.

Since then, France has had a unique dual higher education system, with small and middle-sized specialized graduate schools operating alongside the traditional university system. Some fields of study are nearly exclusive to one part of this dual system, such as medicine in universités only, or architecture in écoles only.

The grande école (and "prépa") system also exists in former French colonies, Switzerland, and Italy (Napoleon, as king of Italy for ten years, established the French system there). The influence of this system was strong in the 19th century throughout the world, as can be seen in the original names of many world universities (Caltech was originally "Polytechnic Institute", as was ETH Zürich—"the Polytechnicum"—in addition to the Polytechnique in Montréal. Some institutions in China, Russia, the UK, and the US also have names of some French grandes écoles, adapted to their languages). The success of the German and Anglo-Saxon university models from the late 19th century reduced the influence of the French system in some of the English-speaking world.[according to whom?]

Today edit

There is no standard definition or official list of grandes écoles. The term grande école is not employed in the French education code, with the exception of a quotation in the social statistics. It generally employs the expression of "écoles supérieures" to indicate higher educational institutions that are not universities.

The Conférence des grandes écoles (CGE) (Grandes Écoles Conference) is a non-profit organization. It uses a broad definition of grande école, which is not restricted to the school's selectivity or the prestige of the diploma awarded. The members of CGE have not made an official or "accepted" list of grandes écoles. For example, some engineering school members of the CGE cannot award state-recognized engineering degrees.

Admission to grandes écoles edit

The admissions process for grandes écoles differs greatly from those of other French universities. To be admitted into most French grandes écoles, most students study in a two-year preparatory program in one of the CPGEs (see below) before taking a set of competitive national exams. Different exams are required by groups (called "banques") of different schools. The national exams are sets of written tests, given over the course of several weeks, that challenge the student on the intensive studies of the previous two years. During the summer, those students who succeed in the written exams then take a further set of exams, usually one-hour oral exams, during which they are given a problem to solve. After 20 minutes of preparation, the candidate presents the solution to a professor, who challenges the candidate on the answer and the assumptions being made. Afterwards, candidates receive a final national ranking, which determines admission to their grande école of choice.

Preparatory classes for grandes écoles (CPGE) edit

Main article: Classe préparatoire aux Grandes Écoles
 
The Lycée Louis-le-Grand, in Paris, is one of the most famous lycées providing preparatory classes for grandes écoles. (It is on the right side of the rue Saint-Jacques; on the left is the Sorbonne.)

Classes préparatoires aux Grandes Écoles (CPGE), or prépas (preparatory classes for grandes écoles), are two-year classes, in either sciences, literature, or economics. These are the traditional way in which most students prepare to pass the competitive recruitment examination of the main grandes écoles. Most are held in state lycées (high schools); a few are private. Admission is competitive and based on the students' lycée grades. Preparatory classes with the highest success rates in the entrance examinations of the top grandes écoles are highly selective. Students who are not admitted to the grande école of their choice often repeat the second year of preparatory classes and attempt the exam again the following year.

There are five categories of prépas:

  • Scientifiques: These prepare for the engineering schools and teach mathematics, physics, chemistry, and technology. They are broken down in sub-categories according to the emphasis of their dominant subject: they are mainly focused on mathematics and either physics (MP), industrial sciences and technologies (TSI), physics and chemistry (PC), physics and engineering science (PSI), physics and technology (PT) and chemistry, physics and technology (TPC) .
  • BCPST: biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and mathematics. Commonly called "Agro-Véto", these classes prepare students primarily for agricultural and veterinary schools, but also for schools in geology, hydrology, and forestry, as well as for research and teaching careers via the Écoles normales supérieures.
  • Lettres: humanities, essentially for the Écoles normales supérieures (students can also compete to enter business schools, but represent a small minority of those admitted). There are two main sub-categories: "Lettres", in either "A/L" (with Ancient Greek and/or Latin) or LSH (with geography), and B/L (with mathematics and social sciences).
  • Économique et commerciale: mathematics and economics. These prepare for the entrance exams to the French business schools, and are subdivided between science (mathematics) and economics tracks - a third track also exists for students with a "technological", i.e. applied background.
  • Chartes: humanities, with an emphasis on philology, history and languages, named after the school École nationale des Chartes. By far the smallest prépa in number of students.
 
Just as famous for its classes prépas is the Lycée Henri-IV, facing the Panthéon.
 

Recruitment at baccalauréat level edit

Some schools are accessible after a selection based on the grades of the two last years of lycée (High school) and/or the baccalaureate (High school diploma) results. For example, in engineering, the most attractive and selective ones are the seven schools composing the Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA network), but there are dozens of selective engineering schools accessible directly after the baccalaureate. Some famous ones are the three Universités de Technologie or the thirteen schools of the Polytech Group.[12] It is also possible to join these schools in third year after a preparatory class or university and then the recruitment is based on a contest or the student results.

The top five of these engineering grandes écoles (among 77), according to the French magazine l'Etudiant, are in 2021 the Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), University of Technology of Compiègne (UTC), University of Technology of Troyes (UTT), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Toulouse), ESIEE Paris and the Leonardo da Vinci Engineering School (ESILV - Paris-La Défense).[13]

Most of them simply include the two-year preparatory class in their program while others like INSA Toulouse chose the Licence-Master-Doctorat (LMD)[clarification needed] to start the specialization earlier. Most students choose to get their licence, master or doctorate close to home.

These years of preparation can be highly focused on the school program so students have a greater chance of succeeding in the admission exam or contest in their school if there is one, but they are not prepared to take the examinations for other schools so their chance of success in these other examinations is low.[citation needed]

The advantage is that instead of studying simply to pass the admission exams, the student will study topics more targeted to their training and future specialization. The main advantage is that students choose their speciality more according to their interests and less according to their rank. (Indeed, the rank obtained after standard preparatory classes determines a list of schools with their specialities).

The selection process during the first preparatory year is considered less stressful than in a standard first preparatory class. Nevertheless, the selection percentage can be the same as during standard preparatory classes. These schools also recruit people who did not manage to follow the programs of CPGE.

Parallel admission edit

The prépa years are not required to sit the entrance exams. Moreover, in many schools, there is also the possibility of “parallel admission” to a grande école. Parallel admissions are open to university students or students from other schools that decide not to take the entrance exams. This method of recruitment is proving increasingly popular, with many students choosing to first go to a university and then enroll in a grande école.

Some grandes écoles have a dual diploma arrangement in which a student can switch establishments in the last year to receive diplomas from both establishments.

Degrees awarded edit

The French Grandes écoles mostly do not fit into the international, Anglo-American framework regarding their diplomas, nor in the European Bologna system. In 2007, the OECD remarked in a report that "their diplomas do not fit easily into the increasingly standardised international nomenclature for academic study ... Instead, students effectively study for five years and are then awarded a masters degree, with no intermediate diploma".[14]

However, some Grandes écoles have decided to adopt the standard, European Bologna system of diplomas recently in order to better integrate themselves in the international academic competition.[14] In their 2008 book European Universities in Transition, Carmelo Mazza, Paolo Quattrone and Angelo Riccaboni underlined that "the vast majority of Grandes Ecoles do not give any degree" upon completion of undergraduate studies, but that "[i]n practice, for accreditation or student exchange purposes, they grant a certificate of 'equivalence to a bachelor's degree'".[15]

Faculty in Grande Ecoles edit

Full-time researchers and teaching faculty edit

Full-time faculty researchers to assume their responsibility as teaching staff by giving lectures, accompanying students in their projects, participating in the campus life and representing the school during symposia.

Their contractual number of working hours is defined at the beginning of each academic year in a lump sum workload timetable.

Full-time faculty/teaching are in charge of giving lectures, but also shoulder pedagogic coordination. As such, they are deeply involved in their respective campus' life and accountable for the teaching quality as well as the pedagogic continuous improvement of the School.

Prominent professors: according to L'Etudiant, a prominent professor is permanent professor, holding a PhD from a French or foreign Higher Education Institution which is AACSB- or EQUIS-accredited and ranked amongst the Shanghai 2019 top 500 ranking.

Adjunct professors edit

Adjunct Professors hold chair in another Higher Education Institution. Their teaching conditions are various, but not always stipulated in a contractual form.

Visiting professors are teaching staff which hold a chair along another activity, e.g. a consultant or entrepreneur giving lectures once or twice a week.

Guest professors are international professors who take part in special lectures, classes or programme.

Categories edit

Grandes écoles can be classified into following broad categories:

Écoles normales supérieures edit

Main article: École normale supérieure

These schools train researchers and professors and may be a beginning for executive careers in public administration or business. Many French Nobel Prize and Fields Medal laureates were educated at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, Lyon or Paris-Saclay.[16] There are four ENS:

Until recently, unlike most other grandes écoles, écoles normales supérieures (ENS) did not award specific diplomas. Students who completed their curriculum were entitled to be known as "ENS alumni" or "normaliens". The schools encourage their students to obtain university diplomas in partner institutions while providing extra classes and support. Many ENS students obtain more than one university diploma. Normaliens from France and other European Union countries are considered civil servants in training (unless they were recruited by parallel admission), and as such are paid a monthly salary in exchange for agreeing to serve France for ten years, including those years spent as students.

Engineering schools (grandes écoles d'ingénieurs) edit

Many engineering schools recruit most of their students who have completed their education in scientific preparatory classes (2 years of post-baccalaureat study). Many are also joint graduate schools from several regional universities, sometimes in association with other international higher education networks.

In France, the term 'engineer' has a broader meaning compared to the one understood in most other countries and can imply a person who has achieved a high level of study in both fundamental and applied sciences, as well as business management, humanities and social sciences. The best engineering schools will often provide such a general and very intensive education, although this is not always the case. Most of the schools of the following first four groups train the so-called 'generaliste' engineers:

1. Centrale Graduate Schools of engineering; its students are commonly known as pistons (a reference to the piston engine, one of the centrepieces of industrial revolution):

2. ParisTech schools of engineering (however, some of these schools are now part of the new Paris-Saclay University. Also some of these schools teach only a specific area):

3. Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) network is the largest engineer training group in France, with 16,700+ students, administered by the French Ministry of National Education. It consists of grandes écoles distributed throughout mainland France:

4. Instituts polytechniques

5. Réseau Polytech schools of engineering, is a French network of 15 graduate schools of engineering within France's leading technological universities. All schools in the Group offer Master of Engineering degrees in various specialities:

6. Écoles Nationales Supérieures d'Ingénieurs (ENSI), which encompasses approximately 40 grandes écoles:

7. Institut Mines-Telecom schools of engineering

8. École Nationale d'Ingénieurs (ENI) network is an engineer training group:

9. Universités de technologie (UT) group: Compiègne (UTC), Troyes (UTT); Belfort-Montbéliard (UTBM)

10. Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers

The following schools usually train each student for a more specific area in science or engineering:

11. Grandes écoles of Actuarial Sciences, Statistics and Econometrics

12. Grandes écoles of Chemistry

13. Grandes écoles of Physics

14. Grandes écoles of Information Technology and Telecommunications

15. Grandes écoles of Applied Physics and Technology or Civil and Industrial Engineering

16. Grandes écoles of Biology and other Natural Sciences

17. Other private Grandes écoles offering multiple specialities

Business schools (grandes écoles de commerce) edit

Most French business schools are partly privately run, or managed by the regional chambers of commerce.

Business schools recruiting students just after taking the baccalauréat, most of them are private:

The below list contains French business schools that are officially part of the Conférence des grandes écoles.

Business schools recruiting students from post-baccalaureat preparatory classes, high selectivity rate:[18]

Business schools recruiting students with professional experience:

  • INSEAD (Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires)

Grandes écoles without preparatory classes edit

Some schools are accessible after a competitive entrance exam directly after the baccalauréat. Often, students of these schools will progress to an administrative school.

These schools include:

Universities that have joined the Conférence des grandes écoles edit

In 2014, Paris-Dauphine University joined the Conférence des grandes écoles and now has the status of university, grand établissement, and grande école.[19][20]

Schools for Political Studies, Social Sciences, Journalism and Communication studies edit

These schools train students in multidisciplinary fields of social and human studies. Students are prepared for civil service and other public-sector leader positions, but more and more of them do end up working in the private sector. Some of these schools are reserved for French or EEA citizens only.

Institut d'études politiques (IEP, Sciences Po)

Grandes Écoles of Journalism and communication studies

Other Grandes Écoles

Military officer academies edit

Today, there are only 3 grandes écoles that are officially denominated as military academies of the French Republic.

While École polytechnique is also under supervision of the French Ministry of Defence, it is no longer officially a military academy. Only a small number of its students progress to military careers, while between a fifth and a quarter choose to remain in France to work for the state's technical administrations.

There are also other specialized military "grandes écoles":

Facts and influence in French culture edit

Altogether, grandes écoles awarded approximately 60,000 master's degrees in 2013, compared with 150,000 master's degrees awarded by all French higher institutions in the same year, including universities.[24]

Grande école graduates in 2013 represent 10% of the French population graduating from high school 5 years before (600,000 in 2008).[25]

Some grandes écoles are renowned in France for their selectivity and the complexity of their curriculum. In the press, they are usually called the "A+" schools, referring to the grade given by some rankings. These elite schools represent less than 1% of the higher education students in France.

Admission to a certain number of these institutions (e.g. l'Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature in Bordeaux) is reserved only to French citizens, raising questions relating to European mobility and institutional reciprocity.[26]

Since 1975, the Comité d'études sur les formations d'ingénieurs has studied the questions of training and job placement for engineers graduating from grandes écoles.

Notable alumni edit

Of the 29 persons who have served as President of France, 17 attended a Grande école.

President of France In Office Grande école(s)
Patrice de MacMahon 1873 – 1879 École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
Sadi Carnot 1887 – 1894 École Polytechnique; École des ponts ParisTech
Paul Doumer 1931 – 1932 Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
Albert Lebrun 1932 – 1940 École Polytechnique; Mines ParisTech
Philippe Pétain 1940 – 1944 École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
Léon Blum 1946 – 1947 École normale supérieure (Paris)
Charles de Gaulle 1959 – 1969 École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
Alain Poher (Acting) 1969; 1974 Mines ParisTech; Sciences Po
Georges Pompidou 1969 – 1974 Sciences Po; École normale supérieure (Paris)
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 1974 – 1981 École Polytechnique; École nationale d'administration
François Mitterrand 1981 – 1995 Sciences Po
Jacques Chirac 1995 – 2007 Sciences Po; École nationale d'administration
Nicolas Sarkozy 2007 - 2012 Sciences Po
François Hollande 2012 – 2017 HEC Paris; Sciences Po; École nationale d'administration
Emmanuel Macron 2017 – present Sciences Po; École nationale d'administration

Many winners of the Nobel prize attended a Grande école

Nobel laureate Year Category Grande école(s)
Marie Curie 1903 & 1911 Physics & Chemistry ESPCI Paris
Henri Becquerel 1903 Physics Conservatoire national des arts et métiers; École Polytechnique
Henri Moissan 1906 Chemistry École pratique des hautes études
Gabriel Lippmann 1908 Physics École normale supérieure (Paris)
Paul Sabatier 1912 Chemistry École normale supérieure (Paris)
Jean Baptiste Perrin 1926 Physics École normale supérieure (Paris)
Henri Bergson 1927 Literature École normale supérieure (Paris)
Frédéric Joliot-Curie 1935 Chemistry ESPCI Paris
Roger Martin du Gard 1937 Literature École Nationale des Chartes
François Mauriac 1952 Literature École Nationale des Chartes
Jean-Paul Sartre 1964 Literature École normale supérieure (Paris)
Alfred Kastler 1966 Physics École normale supérieure (Paris)
Louis Néel 1970 Physics École normale supérieure (Paris)
Gérard Debreu 1983 Economics École normale supérieure (Paris)
Maurice Allais 1988 Economics École Polytechnique; Mines ParisTech
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes 1991 Physics École normale supérieure (Paris)
Georges Charpak 1992 Physics Mines ParisTech; ESPCI Paris
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji 1997 Physics École normale supérieure (Paris)
Yves Chauvin 2005 Chemistry École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon
Albert Fert 2007 Physics École normale supérieure (Paris)
Serge Haroche 2012 Physics École normale supérieure (Paris)
Jean Tirole 2014 Economics Paris Dauphine University; École des ponts ParisTech; École Polytechnique
Esther Duflo 2019 Economics École normale supérieure (Paris); School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "grande école | French education | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  2. ^ "C'est quoi une grande école ?". Le Monde.fr (in French). 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  3. ^ "Le calendrier général des concours | Portail de la Fonction publique". www.fonction-publique.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  4. ^ "C'est quoi une classe préparatoire ?". Cersa (in French). 2019-03-19. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  5. ^ "Qu'est-ce qu'une CPGE (classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles) ?". L'Etudant (in French). Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  6. ^ Lane, Philippe; Fraser, Maurice (2011-07-08). Franco-British Academic Partnerships: The Next Chapter. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-78138-656-9.
  7. ^ "France's educational elite". Daily Telegraph. 17 November 2003. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  8. ^ Pierre Bourdieu (1998). The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power. Stanford UP. pp. 133–35. ISBN 9780804733465.
  9. ^ What are Grandes Ecoles Institutes in France?
  10. ^ Michel Nusimovici, Les écoles de l'an III, 2010.
  11. ^ "HEC - History". hec.edu. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  12. ^ "Les écoles d'ingénieurs préférées des bac S sur Parcoursup". grandes-ecoles.studyrama.com. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  13. ^ "Comparatif 2021 des écoles d'ingénieurs en France". www.letudiant.fr. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  14. ^ a b OECD (2007-06-27). OECD Economic Surveys: France 2007. OECD Publishing. ISBN 978-92-64-03329-0.
  15. ^ Mazza, Carmelo; Quattrone, Paolo; Riccaboni, Angelo (2008-01-01). European Universities in Transition: Issues, Models and Cases. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84844-141-5.
  16. ^ 11-12 Nobel laureates and 10 Fields medalists were educated at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris 2011-06-15 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  17. ^ The École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines in Lyon (humanities), was merged in 2010 with the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (Sciences) to create the current ENS Lyon.
  18. ^ [1][dead link]
  19. ^ L'étudiant, Journal. "L'université Paris Dauphine rejoint le cercle des grandes écoles". L'étudiant (in French). Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  20. ^ . www.cge.asso.fr. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  21. ^ "ESA Lyon-Bron". CGE (in French). Retrieved 2020-12-13.
  22. ^ "Article 2 - Arrêté du 16 mai 2018 portant organisation et fonctionnement d'un service à compétence nationale dénommé « Ecole nationale de la sécurité et de l'administration de la mer » - Légifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
  23. ^ www.defense.gouv.fr https://www.defense.gouv.fr/commissariat/nos-ecoles/ecole-des-commissaires-des-armees. Retrieved 2020-12-13. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-16. Retrieved 2014-11-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ^ "Baccalauréat 2009, Tableaux statistiques (sources Depp)" (PDF).
  26. ^ "L'Express palmarès 2018 des écoles d'ingénieurs" (in French). Retrieved 2019-03-13.

November 14, 2023
lang, grande, école, film, released, 2004, grande, École, film, grande, école, french, ɡʁɑ, ekɔl, great, school, specialized, level, educational, institution, france, grandes, écoles, part, alternative, educational, system, that, operates, alongside, mainstrea. For the film released in 2004 see Grande Ecole film A grande ecole French ɡʁɑ d ekɔl lit great school is a specialized top level educational institution in France Grandes ecoles are part of an alternative educational system that operates alongside the mainstream French public university system and take the shape of institutes dedicated to teaching research and professional training in either pure natural and social sciences or applied sciences such as engineering architecture business administration or public policy and administration 1 2 Gate of the Conservatoire national des arts et metiers in the 3rd arrondissement of ParisGrandes ecoles primarily admit students based on their national ranking in written and oral exams called concours which are organized annually by the French Ministry of Education 3 While anyone can register for concours successful candidates have almost always completed two or three years of dedicated preparatory classes classes preparatoires prior to admission 4 5 As they are separate from universities most of them do not deliver the undergraduate degree of the diplome de licence but deliver master s grande ecole degrees 6 Admission to the grandes ecoles is extremely selective 7 8 9 Grandes ecoles are generally publicly funded and therefore have limited tuition costs Some especially business schools Ecoles de commerce are organised privately and therefore have more costly tuition Contents 1 Classification of grandes ecoles 1 1 Origins 1 2 Today 2 Admission to grandes ecoles 2 1 Preparatory classes for grandes ecoles CPGE 2 2 Recruitment at baccalaureat level 2 3 Parallel admission 3 Degrees awarded 4 Faculty in Grande Ecoles 4 1 Full time researchers and teaching faculty 4 2 Adjunct professors 5 Categories 5 1 Ecoles normales superieures 5 2 Engineering schools grandes ecoles d ingenieurs 5 3 Business schools grandes ecoles de commerce 5 4 Grandes ecoles without preparatory classes 5 5 Universities that have joined the Conference des grandes ecoles 5 6 Schools for Political Studies Social Sciences Journalism and Communication studies 5 7 Military officer academies 6 Facts and influence in French culture 6 1 Notable alumni 7 See also 8 ReferencesClassification of grandes ecoles editOrigins edit The term grande ecole originated in 1794 after the French Revolution 10 when the National Convention created the Ecole normale superieure the mathematician Gaspard Monge and Lazare Carnot created the Ecole centrale des travaux publics later the Ecole polytechnique and the abbot Henri Gregoire created the Conservatoire national des arts et metiers The model was probably the military academy at Mezieres of which Monge was an alumnus The selective admission opens up to higher education based on academic merit Some schools included in the category have roots in the 17th and 18th centuries and are older than the term grande ecole which dates to 1794 Their forerunners were schools aimed at graduating civil servants such as technical officers Ecole d Arts et Metiers renamed Arts et Metiers ParisTech established in 1780 mine supervisors Ecole des mines de Paris established in 1783 bridge and road engineers Ecole royale des ponts et chaussees established in 1747 and shipbuilding engineers Ecole des ingenieurs constructeurs des vaisseaux royaux established in 1741 Five military engineering academies and graduate schools of artillery were established in the 17th century in France such as the ecole de l artillerie de Douai established in 1697 and the later ecole du genie de Mezieres established in 1748 wherein mathematics chemistry and sciences were already a major part of the curriculum taught by first rank scientists such as Pierre Simon Laplace Charles Etienne Louis Camus Etienne Bezout Sylvestre Francois Lacroix Simeon Denis Poisson Gaspard Monge most of whom were later to form the teaching corps of Ecole Polytechnique during the Napoleonic era In 1802 Napoleon created the Ecole speciale militaire de Saint Cyr which is also considered a grande ecole although it trains only army officers During the 19th century a number of higher education grandes ecoles were established to support industry and commerce such as Ecole nationale superieure des Mines de Saint Etienne in 1816 Ecole superieure de Commerce de Paris today ESCP Business School founded in 1819 L institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l environnement Agro ParisTech in 1826 and Ecole centrale des Arts et Manufactures Ecole centrale Paris in 1829 Between 1832 and 1870 the Central School of Arts and Manufactures produced 3 000 engineers and served as a model for most of the industrialized countries Until 1864 a quarter of its students came from abroad Conversely the quality of French technicians astonished southeastern Europe Italy the Near East and even Belgium The system of grandes ecoles expanded enriched by the Ecole des Eaux et Forets at Nancy in 1826 the Ecole des Arts industriels at Lille in 1854 the Ecole centrale lyonnaise in 1857 and the National Institute of Agronomy reconstituted in 1876 after a fruitless attempt between 1848 and 1855 Finally the training of the lower grades of staff who might today be called production engineers was assured to an even greater extent by the development of Ecoles d Arts et metiers of which the first was established at Chalons sur Marne in 1806 and the second at Angers in 1811 both reorganized in 1832 with a third at Aix en Provence in 1841 Each had room for 300 pupils There is no doubt that in the 1860s France had the best system of higher technical and scientific education in Europe Mathias Peter Postan Michael 1978 The Cambridge Economic History of Europe Cambridge University Press p 313 ISBN 9780521215909 During the latter part of the 19th century and in the 20th century more grandes ecoles were established for education in businesses as well as newer fields of science and technology including Rouen Business School NEOMA Business School in 1871 Sciences Po Paris in 1872 Ecole nationale superieure des telecommunications in 1878 Hautes Etudes commerciales in 1881 11 Ecole superieure d electricite in 1894 Ecole des hautes Etudes commerciales du Nord in 1906 Ecole Superieure des Sciences economiques et commerciales in 1907 and Supaero in 1909 Since then France has had a unique dual higher education system with small and middle sized specialized graduate schools operating alongside the traditional university system Some fields of study are nearly exclusive to one part of this dual system such as medicine in universites only or architecture in ecoles only The grande ecole and prepa system also exists in former French colonies Switzerland and Italy Napoleon as king of Italy for ten years established the French system there The influence of this system was strong in the 19th century throughout the world as can be seen in the original names of many world universities Caltech was originally Polytechnic Institute as was ETH Zurich the Polytechnicum in addition to the Polytechnique in Montreal Some institutions in China Russia the UK and the US also have names of some French grandes ecoles adapted to their languages The success of the German and Anglo Saxon university models from the late 19th century reduced the influence of the French system in some of the English speaking world according to whom Today edit There is no standard definition or official list of grandes ecoles The term grande ecole is not employed in the French education code with the exception of a quotation in the social statistics It generally employs the expression of ecoles superieures to indicate higher educational institutions that are not universities The Conference des grandes ecoles CGE Grandes Ecoles Conference is a non profit organization It uses a broad definition of grande ecole which is not restricted to the school s selectivity or the prestige of the diploma awarded The members of CGE have not made an official or accepted list of grandes ecoles For example some engineering school members of the CGE cannot award state recognized engineering degrees Admission to grandes ecoles editThe admissions process for grandes ecoles differs greatly from those of other French universities To be admitted into most French grandes ecoles most students study in a two year preparatory program in one of the CPGEs see below before taking a set of competitive national exams Different exams are required by groups called banques of different schools The national exams are sets of written tests given over the course of several weeks that challenge the student on the intensive studies of the previous two years During the summer those students who succeed in the written exams then take a further set of exams usually one hour oral exams during which they are given a problem to solve After 20 minutes of preparation the candidate presents the solution to a professor who challenges the candidate on the answer and the assumptions being made Afterwards candidates receive a final national ranking which determines admission to their grande ecole of choice Preparatory classes for grandes ecoles CPGE edit Main article Classe preparatoire aux Grandes Ecoles nbsp The Lycee Louis le Grand in Paris is one of the most famous lycees providing preparatory classes for grandes ecoles It is on the right side of the rue Saint Jacques on the left is the Sorbonne Classes preparatoires aux Grandes Ecoles CPGE or prepas preparatory classes for grandes ecoles are two year classes in either sciences literature or economics These are the traditional way in which most students prepare to pass the competitive recruitment examination of the main grandes ecoles Most are held in state lycees high schools a few are private Admission is competitive and based on the students lycee grades Preparatory classes with the highest success rates in the entrance examinations of the top grandes ecoles are highly selective Students who are not admitted to the grande ecole of their choice often repeat the second year of preparatory classes and attempt the exam again the following year There are five categories of prepas Scientifiques These prepare for the engineering schools and teach mathematics physics chemistry and technology They are broken down in sub categories according to the emphasis of their dominant subject they are mainly focused on mathematics and either physics MP industrial sciences and technologies TSI physics and chemistry PC physics and engineering science PSI physics and technology PT and chemistry physics and technology TPC BCPST biology chemistry physics geology and mathematics Commonly called Agro Veto these classes prepare students primarily for agricultural and veterinary schools but also for schools in geology hydrology and forestry as well as for research and teaching careers via the Ecoles normales superieures Lettres humanities essentially for the Ecoles normales superieures students can also compete to enter business schools but represent a small minority of those admitted There are two main sub categories Lettres in either A L with Ancient Greek and or Latin or LSH with geography and B L with mathematics and social sciences Economique et commerciale mathematics and economics These prepare for the entrance exams to the French business schools and are subdivided between science mathematics and economics tracks a third track also exists for students with a technological i e applied background Chartes humanities with an emphasis on philology history and languages named after the school Ecole nationale des Chartes By far the smallest prepa in number of students nbsp Just as famous for its classes prepas is the Lycee Henri IV facing the Pantheon nbsp Recruitment at baccalaureat level edit Some schools are accessible after a selection based on the grades of the two last years of lycee High school and or the baccalaureate High school diploma results For example in engineering the most attractive and selective ones are the seven schools composing the Institut National des Sciences Appliquees INSA network but there are dozens of selective engineering schools accessible directly after the baccalaureate Some famous ones are the three Universites de Technologie or the thirteen schools of the Polytech Group 12 It is also possible to join these schools in third year after a preparatory class or university and then the recruitment is based on a contest or the student results The top five of these engineering grandes ecoles among 77 according to the French magazine l Etudiant are in 2021 the Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Lyon INSA Lyon University of Technology of Compiegne UTC University of Technology of Troyes UTT Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Lyon INSA Toulouse ESIEE Paris and the Leonardo da Vinci Engineering School ESILV Paris La Defense 13 Most of them simply include the two year preparatory class in their program while others like INSA Toulouse chose the Licence Master Doctorat LMD clarification needed to start the specialization earlier Most students choose to get their licence master or doctorate close to home These years of preparation can be highly focused on the school program so students have a greater chance of succeeding in the admission exam or contest in their school if there is one but they are not prepared to take the examinations for other schools so their chance of success in these other examinations is low citation needed The advantage is that instead of studying simply to pass the admission exams the student will study topics more targeted to their training and future specialization The main advantage is that students choose their speciality more according to their interests and less according to their rank Indeed the rank obtained after standard preparatory classes determines a list of schools with their specialities The selection process during the first preparatory year is considered less stressful than in a standard first preparatory class Nevertheless the selection percentage can be the same as during standard preparatory classes These schools also recruit people who did not manage to follow the programs of CPGE Parallel admission edit The prepa years are not required to sit the entrance exams Moreover in many schools there is also the possibility of parallel admission to a grande ecole Parallel admissions are open to university students or students from other schools that decide not to take the entrance exams This method of recruitment is proving increasingly popular with many students choosing to first go to a university and then enroll in a grande ecole Some grandes ecoles have a dual diploma arrangement in which a student can switch establishments in the last year to receive diplomas from both establishments Degrees awarded editThe French Grandes ecoles mostly do not fit into the international Anglo American framework regarding their diplomas nor in the European Bologna system In 2007 the OECD remarked in a report that their diplomas do not fit easily into the increasingly standardised international nomenclature for academic study Instead students effectively study for five years and are then awarded a masters degree with no intermediate diploma 14 However some Grandes ecoles have decided to adopt the standard European Bologna system of diplomas recently in order to better integrate themselves in the international academic competition 14 In their 2008 book European Universities in Transition Carmelo Mazza Paolo Quattrone and Angelo Riccaboni underlined that the vast majority of Grandes Ecoles do not give any degree upon completion of undergraduate studies but that i n practice for accreditation or student exchange purposes they grant a certificate of equivalence to a bachelor s degree 15 Faculty in Grande Ecoles editFull time researchers and teaching faculty edit Full time faculty researchers to assume their responsibility as teaching staff by giving lectures accompanying students in their projects participating in the campus life and representing the school during symposia Their contractual number of working hours is defined at the beginning of each academic year in a lump sum workload timetable Full time faculty teaching are in charge of giving lectures but also shoulder pedagogic coordination As such they are deeply involved in their respective campus life and accountable for the teaching quality as well as the pedagogic continuous improvement of the School Prominent professors according to L Etudiant a prominent professor is permanent professor holding a PhD from a French or foreign Higher Education Institution which is AACSB or EQUIS accredited and ranked amongst the Shanghai 2019 top 500 ranking Adjunct professors edit Adjunct Professors hold chair in another Higher Education Institution Their teaching conditions are various but not always stipulated in a contractual form Visiting professors are teaching staff which hold a chair along another activity e g a consultant or entrepreneur giving lectures once or twice a week Guest professors are international professors who take part in special lectures classes or programme Categories editGrandes ecoles can be classified into following broad categories Ecoles normales superieures edit Main article Ecole normale superieure These schools train researchers and professors and may be a beginning for executive careers in public administration or business Many French Nobel Prize and Fields Medal laureates were educated at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris Lyon or Paris Saclay 16 There are four ENS the Ecole Normale Superieure of Paris nicknamed Ulm from its address rue d Ulm Ulm Street sciences and humanities the Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon in Lyon sciences and humanities 17 the Ecole normale superieure Paris Saclay near Paris sciences engineering social sciences economics and management foreign languages the Ecole Normale Superieure de Rennes near Rennes sciences engineering social sciences economics and management sport Until recently unlike most other grandes ecoles ecoles normales superieures ENS did not award specific diplomas Students who completed their curriculum were entitled to be known as ENS alumni or normaliens The schools encourage their students to obtain university diplomas in partner institutions while providing extra classes and support Many ENS students obtain more than one university diploma Normaliens from France and other European Union countries are considered civil servants in training unless they were recruited by parallel admission and as such are paid a monthly salary in exchange for agreeing to serve France for ten years including those years spent as students Engineering schools grandes ecoles d ingenieurs edit Many engineering schools recruit most of their students who have completed their education in scientific preparatory classes 2 years of post baccalaureat study Many are also joint graduate schools from several regional universities sometimes in association with other international higher education networks In France the term engineer has a broader meaning compared to the one understood in most other countries and can imply a person who has achieved a high level of study in both fundamental and applied sciences as well as business management humanities and social sciences The best engineering schools will often provide such a general and very intensive education although this is not always the case Most of the schools of the following first four groups train the so called generaliste engineers 1 Centrale Graduate Schools of engineering its students are commonly known as pistons a reference to the piston engine one of the centrepieces of industrial revolution CentraleSupelec which is the result of the 2015 merger between Ecole centrale Paris ECP or Centrale Paris founded in 1829 and Ecole Superieure d Electricite or Supelec founded in 1894 Ecole centrale de Lille ECLi EC Lille or Centrale Lille Ecole centrale de Lyon ECL EC Lyon or Centrale Lyon was founded in 1857 as the Ecole centrale lyonnaise pour l Industrie et le Commerce Ecole centrale de Marseille ECM EC Marseille or Centrale Marseille Ecole centrale de Nantes ECN EC Nantes or Centrale Nantes 2 ParisTech schools of engineering however some of these schools are now part of the new Paris Saclay University Also some of these schools teach only a specific area Arts et Metiers ParisTech Ecole nationale d Arts et Metiers previously called ENSAM or les Arts et Metiers or Les Arts administered by the French Ministry of National Education Higher Education and Research Ecole nationale superieure de chimie de Paris Chimie ParisTech Ecole nationale de la statistique et de l administration economique ENSAE ParisTech formed by the Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques INSEE French Statistical Authority and administered by the French Ministry for the Economy and Finance Ecole nationale des ponts et chaussees Ecole des Ponts ParisTech administered by the French Ministry of Ecology Sustainable Development and Energy nicknamed les Ponts founded in 1747 Ecole nationale superieure de techniques avancees ENSTA ParisTech administered by the French Ministry of Defense Ecole nationale superieure des mines de Paris MINES ParisTech administered by the French Ministry for Industry Ecole nationale superieure des telecommunications Telecom Paris administered by the French Ministry of Industry part of Institut Telecom Ecole polytechnique l X Engineering school in France administered by the French Ministry of Defense Ecole superieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris ESPCI ParisTech Institut d Optique Graduate School IOGS nicknamed SupOptique Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l environnement AgroParisTech administered by the French Ministry of Agriculture3 Institut National des Sciences Appliquees INSA network is the largest engineer training group in France with 16 700 students administered by the French Ministry of National Education It consists of grandes ecoles distributed throughout mainland France Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Lyon founded in 1957 Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse founded in 1963 Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Rennes founded in 1966 Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Rouen founded in 1985 Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Strasbourg founded in 2003 Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Centre Val de Loire founded in 20144 Instituts polytechniques the Institut polytechnique de Grenoble includes the Grenoble Institute of Technology and the Grenoble INP formerly INPG which has six departments ENSIMAG Ense3 Phelma ESISAR Genie Industriel Pagora the Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine includes the EEIGM the European School of Materials Sciences and Engineering the Ecole Nationale Superieure d Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires ENSAIA the National School of Agronomy and Food Sciences the Ecole Nationale Superieure d Electricite et de Mecanique ENSEM the National School of Electricity and Mechanics the Ecole Nationale Superieure de Geologie ENSG the Ecole nationale superieure en genie des systemes et de l innovation ENSGSI the National School of Industrial Systems and Innovation the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Industries Chimiques ENSIC the National School of Chemical Industries the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines de Nancy ENSMN the National School of Mines of Nancy and the Ecole Nationale Superieure d Architecture de Nancy ENSA Nancy the School of Architecture the Polytechnic Institute of Bordeaux includes the ENSC the ENSEIRB MATMECA the ENSCBP the ENSTBB the ENSEGID and the ENSPIMA the Polytechnic Institute of Clermont Auvergne includes the Ecole polytechnique universitaire de Clermont Auvergne the Institut d informatique d Auvergne the SIGMA Clermont 5 Reseau Polytech schools of engineering is a French network of 15 graduate schools of engineering within France s leading technological universities All schools in the Group offer Master of Engineering degrees in various specialities Polytech Angers Ecole polytechnique de l universite de Lorraine Polytech Nancy Polytech Grenoble Polytech Lille Polytech Lyon Polytech Marseille Polytech Montpellier Polytech Clermont Ferrand Polytech Nantes Polytech Nice Sophia Polytech Orleans Polytech Sorbonne in the Sorbonne University Polytech Paris Saclay component of the Paris Saclay University Polytech Savoie Polytech Tours6 Ecoles Nationales Superieures d Ingenieurs ENSI which encompasses approximately 40 grandes ecoles the Ecole nationale superieure d electronique d electrotechnique d informatique d hydraulique et de telecommunications ENSEEIHT nicknamed N7 considered the largest ENSI with more than 400 graduates every year It is one of the schools of the INP Toulouse the Ecole nationale superieure d ingenieurs de Caen ENSICAEN the Ecole nationale superieure d ingenieurs de Bretagne Sud ENSIBS the Ecole nationale superieure d ingenieurs de Poitiers ENSI Poitiers the Ecole d ingenieurs ENSIL ENSCI ENSIL ENSCI the Ecole nationale superieure en genie des systemes et de l innovation ENSGSI the Ecole nationale superieure des arts et industries textiles ENSAIT the Ecole Nationale Superieure d Ingenieurs en Informatique Automatique Mecanique Energetique Electronique ENSIAME 7 Institut Mines Telecom schools of engineering Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines Telecom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire Telecom Bretagne and Ecole des Mines de Nantes merged 2017 Ecole nationale superieure des mines d Albi Ecole nationale superieure des mines d Ales Ecole des Mines Telecom de Lille Douai IMT Lille Douai Ecole nationale superieure des mines de Paris MINES ParisTech also member of ParisTech Ecole nationale superieure des mines de Nancy Ecole nationale superieure des mines de Saint Etienne Ecole nationale superieure des mines de Rabat Ecole nationale superieure des telecommunications TELECOM ParisTech Telecom SudParis ex Telecom INT On the campus of Telecom amp Management SudParis Telecom Physique Strasbourg ex ENSPS Institut Eurecom8 Ecole Nationale d Ingenieurs ENI network is an engineer training group the Ecole nationale d ingenieurs de Brest ENIB the Ecole nationale d ingenieurs de Metz ENIM Archived 2022 06 21 at the Wayback Machine the Ecole Nationale d Ingenieurs de Saint Etienne ENISE the Ecole nationale d ingenieurs de Tarbes ENIT 9 Universites de technologie UT group Compiegne UTC Troyes UTT Belfort Montbeliard UTBM 10 Conservatoire National des Arts et MetiersThe following schools usually train each student for a more specific area in science or engineering 11 Grandes ecoles of Actuarial Sciences Statistics and Econometrics the Institut de Science Financiere et d Assurances ISFA the Institut de Statistiques de l Universite de Paris ISUP 12 Grandes ecoles of Chemistry the Ecole superieure de chimie physique electronique de Lyon ESCPE or CPE Lyon the Ecole nationale superieure de chimie de Rennes ENSCR the Ecole nationale superieure de chimie de Lille ENSCL the Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Montpellier ENSCM the Ecole europeenne de Chimie Polymeres et Materiaux de Strasbourg ECPM 13 Grandes ecoles of Physics the Ecole superieure de chimie physique electronique de Lyon ESCPE or CPE Lyon the Institut d Optique Graduate School IOGS nicknamed SupOptique the Ecole superieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris ESPCI ParisTech the Ecole nationale superieure de chimie et de physique de Bordeaux ENSCPB the Ecole nationale superieure des ingenieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques ENSIACET nicknamed A7 also part of the INP Toulouse the Ecole nationale superieure de l electronique et de ses Applications ENSEA 14 Grandes ecoles of Information Technology and Telecommunications The Ecole Centrale d Electronique ECE Paris the Ecole nationale des sciences geographiques ENSG geomatique the Ecole superieure d informatique electronique et automatique ESIEA the Ecole pour l informatique et les techniques avancees EPITA the Ecole nationale superieure d electronique informatique et radiocommunications de Bordeaux ENSEIRB the Ecole superieure angevine en informatique et productique ESAIP the Ecole superieure d electronique de l Ouest Groupe ESEO the Ecole superieure d ingenieurs en genie electrique ESIGELEC the Ecole catholique des arts et metiers ECAM Lyon Groupe ECAM the Ecole d electricite de production et des methodes industrielles EPMI Groupe ECAM the Ecole d ingenieur generaliste en informatique et technologies du numerique EFREI the Ecole Internationale des Sciences du Traitement de l Information EISTI now called CY Tech the Ecole nationale superieure d informatique pour l industrie et l enterprise ENSIIE previously IIE the Institut superieur d electronique de Paris ISEP the Institut Superieur de l electronique et du numerique ISEN the Institut d informatique d Auvergne ISIMA the Institut des Sciences et Techniques des Yvelines ISTY Telecom Nancy ex ESIAL Telecom Saint Etienne 15 Grandes ecoles of Applied Physics and Technology or Civil and Industrial Engineering the Ecole des ingenieurs de la Ville de Paris EIVP the Ecole nationale de l aviation civile ENAC French civil aviation University the Ecole nationale superieure de mecanique et d aerotechnique ENSMA or ISAE ENSMA Mechanical Engineering the Ecole Nationale Superieure de Mecanique et des Microtechniques ENSMM Mechanical Engineering the Ecole Superieure d Ingenieurs en Electrotechnique et Electronique ESIEE Paris Electrical amp Computer Engineering Industrial Engineering administered by the French Ministry for the Economy and Finance ESIEE Paris was established in 1904 and is part of the ESIEE network of graduate schools Official website in English the Ecole Superieure d Ingenieurs en Electrotechnique et Electronique d Amiens ESIEE Amiens the Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l Etat ENTPE nicknamed TPE Civil Engineering the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Appliquees et de Technologie ENSSAT the Ecole superieure des techniques aeronautiques et de construction automobile ESTACA or ISAE ESTACA Mechanical Engineering the Ecole speciale des travaux publics du Batiment et de l Industrie ESTP Civil Engineering the Institut polytechnique des sciences avancees IPSA Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering the Institut superieur de l aeronautique et de l espace ISAE SUPAERO was formed by a merger of two institutes known as SUPAERO and ENSICA in Toulouse the Institut superieur des materiaux du Mans ISMANS the Ecole nationale superieure de techniques avancees de Bretagne ENSTA Bretagne formerly ENSIETA training French military engineers 25 and civilian engineers 75 the Institut Superieur de Mecanique SUPMECA Mechanical Engineering the SeaTech Marine Engineering the SIGMA Clermont chemistry mechanics 16 Grandes ecoles of Biology and other Natural Sciences the Ecole nationale superieure agronomique ENSA Paris AgroParisTech Montpellier SupAgro Rennes Agrocampus Ouest Toulouse ENSAT Nancy ENSAIA Bordeaux Sciences Agro the Ecole superieure de biotechnologie Strasbourg ESBS the Ecole Nationale Superieure de Geologie ENSG whose graduates are Geoliens the Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre EOST whose graduates are Eostiens the Ecole nationale du genie de l eau et de l environnement de Strasbourg ENGEES the Ecole de Biologie Industrielle EBI whose graduates are Ebistes the Ecole superieure d agricultures d Angers ESA the Ecole d ingenieurs de Purpan EIPurpan formerly Ecole Superieure d Agriculture de Purpan ESAP the Ecole nationale superieure d horticulture ENSH the Institut Sup Biotech de Paris Sup Biotech 17 Other private Grandes ecoles offering multiple specialities the EPF School of Engineering known as Ecole Polytechnique Feminine was only for women until 1994 the HEI Hautes Etudes d Ingenieur in Lille the ESTIA Institute of Technology Ecole superieure des technologies industrielles avancees in Biarritz founded in 1985 A generalist engineering school former IDLS the Ecole Speciale de Mecanique et d Electricite also called ESME Sudria in Paris since 1905 the Ecole superieure d ingenieurs de recherche en materiaux et en InfoTronique ESIREM the Centre des etudes superieures industrielles CESI the Ecole superieure d ingenieurs de Rennes ESIR Business schools grandes ecoles de commerce edit Most French business schools are partly privately run or managed by the regional chambers of commerce Business schools recruiting students just after taking the baccalaureat most of them are private ESSCA School of Management EDC Paris Business School ESCE International Business School ESDES School of Business and Management ESIEE Management European Business School Paris IESEG School of Management IPAG Business School ISG Business School PSB Paris School of BusinessThe below list contains French business schools that are officially part of the Conference des grandes ecoles Business schools recruiting students from post baccalaureat preparatory classes high selectivity rate 18 Audencia Business School Burgundy School of Business Ecole superieure de commerce de Dijon Ecole de management de Normandie Normandy Business School Groupe ESC Pau ESC Rennes School of Business EDHEC Business School NGO Association 1901 EM Strasbourg Business School Ecole de Management de Strasbourg Emlyon Business School ESC Clermont ESCP Business School ESSEC Business School Excelia Business School ESC Troyes Grenoble Ecole de management GEM HEC Paris ICN Business School INSEEC Business School private Institut superieur du commerce de Paris ISC Paris private KEDGE Business School Montpellier Business School NEOMA Business School Skema Business School Institut Mines Telecom Business School ESC Toulouse School of BusinessBusiness schools recruiting students with professional experience INSEAD Institut Europeen d Administration des Affaires Grandes ecoles without preparatory classes edit Some schools are accessible after a competitive entrance exam directly after the baccalaureat Often students of these schools will progress to an administrative school These schools include Ecole du Louvre for archaeology history of art and anthropology Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales EHESS trains researchers in Social and Human Sciences for sociology history geography anthropology linguistics statistics Ecole Nationale Superieure des Arts Decoratifs part of PSL University Ecole Nationale Superieure des Beaux Arts best known as les Beaux Arts for fine arts part of PSL University Ecole Nationale Superieure d Arts a la Villa Arson Ecole Nationale Superieure de Creation Industrielle Ecole nationale superieure d architecture de Lyon ENSAL for architecture Ecole Nationale Superieure d Architecture de Versailles ENSAV for architecture Ecole Nationale Superieure d Architecture de Saint Etienne ENSASE for architecture Instituts Nationaux des Sciences Appliquees INSA in Lyon Rennes Rouen Strasbourg Toulouse Centre Val de Loire located in Blois and Bourges delivering diplome d ingenieur degrees in five years including two preparatory years The three remaining years are also accessible after selection for the best students graduating a first cycle university diploma or from institutes of technology Universites de Technologies UTC UTT UTBM in Compiegne Troyes Belfort are also independent national schools delivering diplome d ingenieur and selecting students that graduated baccalaureat with top honours Universities that have joined the Conference des grandes ecoles edit In 2014 Paris Dauphine University joined the Conference des grandes ecoles and now has the status of university grand etablissement and grande ecole 19 20 Paris Dauphine University part of PSL University Schools for Political Studies Social Sciences Journalism and Communication studies edit These schools train students in multidisciplinary fields of social and human studies Students are prepared for civil service and other public sector leader positions but more and more of them do end up working in the private sector Some of these schools are reserved for French or EEA citizens only Institut d etudes politiques IEP Sciences Po Sciences Po also known as Sciences Po Paris most prestigious and selective among all Sciences Po Bordeaux part of the University of Bordeaux Sciences Po Lille part of the University of Lille Sciences Po Rennes part of the University of Rennes Sciences Po Strasbourg part of the University of Strasbourg Sciences Po Aix Sciences Po Lyon part of the University of Lyon Alliance Sciences Po Grenoble part of the University of Grenoble Alpes Sciences Po Saint Germain en Laye part of the University of Versailles Sciences Po Toulouse part of the University of Toulouse Capitole Grandes Ecoles of Journalism and communication studies CELSA Paris part of Sorbonne University Centre de Formation des Journalistes part of Assas University Sciences Po Journalism School part of Sciences Po Sciences Po Rennes Journalism School part of Sciences Po Rennes Other Grandes Ecoles Institut national du service public INSP formerly Ecole nationale d administration Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature Bordeaux ENM which trains judicial magistrates Ecole nationale superieure des sciences de l information et des bibliotheques Lyon ENSSIB which trains library and information managers part of the University of Lyon Alliance Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sante Publique Rennes 2 trains managers of hospitals and other leaders and technical experts in public health and health care Military officer academies edit Today there are only 3 grandes ecoles that are officially denominated as military academies of the French Republic The Ecole Speciale Militaire de Saint Cyr formerly located in Saint Cyr l Ecole but now in Coetquidan in Brittany is the Army Academy Nicknamed Saint Cyr its graduates and students are cyrards but are generally referred to as saint cyriens The Ecole de l Air EA is the Air Force Academy located in Salon de Provence The Ecole Navale EN is nicknamed Navale and its graduates and students are Bordaches It is located in Brest While Ecole polytechnique is also under supervision of the French Ministry of Defence it is no longer officially a military academy Only a small number of its students progress to military careers while between a fifth and a quarter choose to remain in France to work for the state s technical administrations There are also other specialized military grandes ecoles The Ecole de sante des armees located in Lyon for the training of army doctors and pharmacists 21 The Ecole nationale de la securite et de l administration de la mer for the military officers and civil servants of the French Maritime Administration 22 The Ecole des commissaires des armees ECA training militatry officers in charge of all the support functions management purchasing finance human support human resources legal advice decision support logistics 23 Facts and influence in French culture editAltogether grandes ecoles awarded approximately 60 000 master s degrees in 2013 compared with 150 000 master s degrees awarded by all French higher institutions in the same year including universities 24 Grande ecole graduates in 2013 represent 10 of the French population graduating from high school 5 years before 600 000 in 2008 25 Some grandes ecoles are renowned in France for their selectivity and the complexity of their curriculum In the press they are usually called the A schools referring to the grade given by some rankings These elite schools represent less than 1 of the higher education students in France Admission to a certain number of these institutions e g l Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature in Bordeaux is reserved only to French citizens raising questions relating to European mobility and institutional reciprocity 26 Since 1975 the Comite d etudes sur les formations d ingenieurs has studied the questions of training and job placement for engineers graduating from grandes ecoles Notable alumni edit Of the 29 persons who have served as President of France 17 attended a Grande ecole President of France In Office Grande ecole s Patrice de MacMahon 1873 1879 Ecole speciale militaire de Saint CyrSadi Carnot 1887 1894 Ecole Polytechnique Ecole des ponts ParisTechPaul Doumer 1931 1932 Conservatoire national des arts et metiersAlbert Lebrun 1932 1940 Ecole Polytechnique Mines ParisTechPhilippe Petain 1940 1944 Ecole speciale militaire de Saint CyrLeon Blum 1946 1947 Ecole normale superieure Paris Charles de Gaulle 1959 1969 Ecole speciale militaire de Saint CyrAlain Poher Acting 1969 1974 Mines ParisTech Sciences PoGeorges Pompidou 1969 1974 Sciences Po Ecole normale superieure Paris Valery Giscard d Estaing 1974 1981 Ecole Polytechnique Ecole nationale d administrationFrancois Mitterrand 1981 1995 Sciences PoJacques Chirac 1995 2007 Sciences Po Ecole nationale d administrationNicolas Sarkozy 2007 2012 Sciences PoFrancois Hollande 2012 2017 HEC Paris Sciences Po Ecole nationale d administrationEmmanuel Macron 2017 present Sciences Po Ecole nationale d administrationMany winners of the Nobel prize attended a Grande ecole Nobel laureate Year Category Grande ecole s Marie Curie 1903 amp 1911 Physics amp Chemistry ESPCI ParisHenri Becquerel 1903 Physics Conservatoire national des arts et metiers Ecole PolytechniqueHenri Moissan 1906 Chemistry Ecole pratique des hautes etudesGabriel Lippmann 1908 Physics Ecole normale superieure Paris Paul Sabatier 1912 Chemistry Ecole normale superieure Paris Jean Baptiste Perrin 1926 Physics Ecole normale superieure Paris Henri Bergson 1927 Literature Ecole normale superieure Paris Frederic Joliot Curie 1935 Chemistry ESPCI ParisRoger Martin du Gard 1937 Literature Ecole Nationale des ChartesFrancois Mauriac 1952 Literature Ecole Nationale des ChartesJean Paul Sartre 1964 Literature Ecole normale superieure Paris Alfred Kastler 1966 Physics Ecole normale superieure Paris Louis Neel 1970 Physics Ecole normale superieure Paris Gerard Debreu 1983 Economics Ecole normale superieure Paris Maurice Allais 1988 Economics Ecole Polytechnique Mines ParisTechPierre Gilles de Gennes 1991 Physics Ecole normale superieure Paris Georges Charpak 1992 Physics Mines ParisTech ESPCI ParisClaude Cohen Tannoudji 1997 Physics Ecole normale superieure Paris Yves Chauvin 2005 Chemistry Ecole Superieure de Chimie Physique Electronique de LyonAlbert Fert 2007 Physics Ecole normale superieure Paris Serge Haroche 2012 Physics Ecole normale superieure Paris Jean Tirole 2014 Economics Paris Dauphine University Ecole des ponts ParisTech Ecole PolytechniqueEsther Duflo 2019 Economics Ecole normale superieure Paris School for Advanced Studies in the Social SciencesSee also editAcademic grading in France Commission des titres d ingenieur Conference des directeurs des ecoles francaises d ingenieurs CDEFI Conference des grandes ecoles CGE Education in France Grands etablissements List of universities in France List of public universities in France Superior Graduate Schools in ItalyReferences edit grande ecole French education Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 2022 04 29 C est quoi une grande ecole Le Monde fr in French 2011 02 11 Retrieved 2022 04 29 Le calendrier general des concours Portail de la Fonction publique www fonction publique gouv fr Retrieved 2022 04 29 C est quoi une classe preparatoire Cersa in French 2019 03 19 Retrieved 2022 04 29 Qu est ce qu une CPGE classe preparatoire aux grandes ecoles L Etudant in French Retrieved 2022 04 29 Lane Philippe Fraser Maurice 2011 07 08 Franco British Academic Partnerships The Next Chapter Liverpool University Press ISBN 978 1 78138 656 9 France s educational elite Daily Telegraph 17 November 2003 Archived from the original on 2022 01 12 Retrieved 5 February 2019 Pierre Bourdieu 1998 The State Nobility Elite Schools in the Field of Power Stanford UP pp 133 35 ISBN 9780804733465 What are Grandes Ecoles Institutes in France Michel Nusimovici Les ecoles de l an III 2010 HEC History hec edu Retrieved 5 February 2019 Les ecoles d ingenieurs preferees des bac S sur Parcoursup grandes ecoles studyrama com 24 May 2019 Retrieved 18 March 2021 Comparatif 2021 des ecoles d ingenieurs en France www letudiant fr Retrieved 18 March 2021 a b OECD 2007 06 27 OECD Economic Surveys France 2007 OECD Publishing ISBN 978 92 64 03329 0 Mazza Carmelo Quattrone Paolo Riccaboni Angelo 2008 01 01 European Universities in Transition Issues Models and Cases Edward Elgar Publishing ISBN 978 1 84844 141 5 11 12 Nobel laureates and 10 Fields medalists were educated at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris Archived 2011 06 15 at the Wayback Machine in French The Ecole Normale Superieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines in Lyon humanities was merged in 2010 with the Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon Sciences to create the current ENS Lyon 1 dead link L etudiant Journal L universite Paris Dauphine rejoint le cercle des grandes ecoles L etudiant in French Retrieved 6 November 2016 Universite Paris Dauphine Universite Paris Dauphine Ecoles Conference des Grandes Ecoles www cge asso fr Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 Retrieved 17 January 2022 ESA Lyon Bron CGE in French Retrieved 2020 12 13 Article 2 Arrete du 16 mai 2018 portant organisation et fonctionnement d un service a competence nationale denomme Ecole nationale de la securite et de l administration de la mer Legifrance www legifrance gouv fr Retrieved 2020 12 13 www defense gouv fr https www defense gouv fr commissariat nos ecoles ecole des commissaires des armees Retrieved 2020 12 13 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2013 03 16 Retrieved 2014 11 12 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Baccalaureat 2009 Tableaux statistiques sources Depp PDF L Express palmares 2018 des ecoles d ingenieurs in French Retrieved 2019 03 13 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Grande ecole amp oldid 1184936717, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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