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Paul Doumer

Joseph Athanase Doumer, commonly known as Paul Doumer (French pronunciation: [pɔl dumɛːʀ]; 22 March 1857 – 7 May 1932), was President of France from June 1931 until his assassination in May 1932.

Paul Doumer
Doumer in 1931
President of France
In office
13 June 1931 – 7 May 1932
Prime MinisterPierre Laval
André Tardieu
Preceded byGaston Doumergue
Succeeded byAlbert Lebrun
President of the Senate
In office
14 January 1927 – 9 June 1931
Preceded byJustin de Selves
Succeeded byAlbert Lebrun
Minister of Finance
In office
16 December 1925 – 9 March 1926
Prime MinisterAristide Briand
Preceded byLouis Loucheur
Succeeded byRaoul Péret
In office
16 January 1921 – 15 January 1922
Prime MinisterAristide Briand
Preceded byFrédéric François-Marsal
Succeeded byCharles de Lasteyrie
In office
1 November 1895 – 29 April 1896
Prime MinisterLéon Bourgeois
Preceded byAlexandre Ribot
Succeeded byGeorges Cochery
President of the Chamber of Deputies
In office
10 January 1905 – 31 May 1906
Preceded byHenri Brisson
Succeeded byHenri Brisson
Governor-General of French Indochina
In office
13 February 1897 – 14 March 1902
Preceded byArmand Rousseau
Succeeded byPaul Beau
Personal details
Born22 March 1857
Aurillac, France
Died7 May 1932(1932-05-07) (aged 75)
Paris, France
Manner of deathAssassination
Political partyIndependent
Alma materUniversity of Paris
Signature

Early life edit

Joseph Athanase Doumer was born in Aurillac, in the Cantal département, in France on 22 March 1857, into a family of modest means. Alumnus of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers,[1] he became a professor of mathematics at Mende in 1877.

In 1878 Doumer married Blanche Richel, whom he had met at college. They had eight children, four of whom were killed in the First World War (including the French air ace René Doumer).

Career edit

From 1879 until 1883 Doumer was professor at Remiremont, before leaving on health grounds. He then became chief editor of Courrier de l'Aisne, a French regional newspaper. Initiated into Freemasonry in 1879, at "L'Union Fraternelle" lodge, he became Grand Secretary of Grand Orient de France in 1892.[2][3][4]

 
Paul Doumer in a photograph by André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri

He made his debut in politics in 1885 as chef de cabinet to Charles Floquet, then president of the Chamber of Deputies (a post equivalent to the speaker of the House of Commons). In 1888, Doumer was elected Radical deputy for the department of Aisne. Defeated in the general elections of September 1889, he was elected again in 1890 by the arrondissement of Auxerre. He was briefly Minister of Finance of France (1895–1896) when he tried without success to introduce an income tax.[5]

Doumer was Governor-General of French Indochina from 1897 to 1902. Upon his arrival the colonies were losing millions of francs annually. Determined to put them on a paying basis, he levied taxes on opium, wine and the salt trade. The Vietnamese, Cambodians and Laotians who could not or would not pay these taxes, lost their houses and land, and often became day laborers. He established Indochina as a market for French products and a source of profitable investment by French businessmen.[6] Doumer set about outfitting Indochina, especially Hanoi, the capital, with modern infrastructure befitting property of France. Tree-lined avenues and a large number of French colonial buildings were constructed in Hanoi during his governance. The Long Bien Bridge and the Grand Palais in Hanoi were among large-scale projects built during his term; the bridge was originally named after him. The palace was destroyed by airstrikes toward the end of WWII. The bridge survived, and became a well-known landmark and target for US pilots during the Vietnam War.

With a view to annexing south Yunnan to French Indochina, Doumer successfully lobbied the French government to approve construction of the Indochina-Yunnan railway in 1898.[7]

After returning to France, Doumer was elected by Laon to the Chamber of Deputies as a Radical. He refused to support the ministry of Émile Combes, and formed a Radical dissident group, which grew in strength and eventually caused the fall of the ministry.[5] He then served as President of the Chamber from 1902 to 1905.

Doumer became Minister of Finance of France again in 1925 when Louis Loucheur resigned.[8] He then served as President of the French Senate from 1927 until the 1931 presidential election. He was elected President of the French Republic on 13 May 1931, defeating the better known Aristide Briand, and replacing Gaston Doumergue.[9]

Assassination edit

 
Assassination of Paul Doumer (Le Petit Journal, 15 May 1932).

On 6 May 1932, Paul Doumer was in Paris at the opening of a book fair at the Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild, talking to author Claude Farrère. Suddenly several shots were fired by Paul Gorguloff, a Russian émigré. Two of the shots hit Doumer, at the base of the skull and in the right armpit, and he fell to the ground. Claude Farrère wrestled with the assassin before the police arrived. Doumer was rushed to the hospital in Paris, where he died at 04:37 on 7 May. He is the only French president to die of a gunshot wound, whereas president Sadi Carnot had been assassinated through stabbing only 38 years before. Gorguloff was indicted for murder and executed by the guillotine four months later, after a swift trial.

André Maurois was an eyewitness to the assassination, having come to the book fair to autograph copies of his book. He later described the scene in his autobiography, "Call No Man Happy". As Maurois notes, because the President was assassinated at a meeting of writers, it was decided that writers - Maurois among them - should stand guard over the body while he lay in state at the Élysée.[10]

Writings edit

As an author he is known by his L'Indo-Chine française (1904), and Le Livre de mes fils (1906).[5]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Alumnus of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
  2. ^ Dictionnaire de la Franc-Maçonnerie, page 363 (Daniel Ligou, Presses Universitaires de France, 2006)
  3. ^ Dictionnaire universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie, page 245 (Marc de Jode, Monique Cara and Jean-Marc Cara, ed. Larousse , 2011)
  4. ^ Histoire de la Franc-Maçonnerie française (Pierre Chevallier, ed. Fayard, 1975)
  5. ^ a b c   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Doumer, Paul". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 450.
  6. ^ Ladenburg, Thomas. "The French in Indochina" (PDF). digitalhistory.uh.edu. University of Houston. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  7. ^ Rousseau, Jean-François (2014-06-01). "An Imperial Railway Failure: The Indochina—Yunnan Railway, 1898–1941". The Journal of Transport History. 35 (1): 1–17. doi:10.7227/TJTH.35.1.2. ISSN 0022-5266. S2CID 111066738.
  8. ^ "Paul Doumer Has Succeeded Louis Loucheur. Latter Forced to Resign as Minister of Finance. Other Names Mentioned". United Press. December 16, 1925. Retrieved 2010-11-13. Paul Doumer has been chosen by Aristide Briand, Prime Minister, to replace Louis Loncheur, whose resignation, as foreshadowed by ...
  9. ^ "Paul Doumer Becomes President Of France". United Press. June 14, 1931. Retrieved 2010-11-13. Paul Doumer, the oldest man ever elected to the position, succeeded Gaston Doumergue as president of the third French republic Saturday in ...
  10. ^ Andre Maurois, "Call No Man Happy", English translation by the Reprint Society, London, 1944, Ch. XIX, P. 221-222
  11. ^ Yves Laissus, "Cent ans d'histoire", 1907-2007 - Les Amis du Muséum, centennial special, September 2007, supplement to the quarterly publication Les Amis du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, n° 230, June 2007, ISSN 1161-9104 (in French).

External links edit

Government offices
Preceded by
Armand Rousseau
Governor-General of French Indochina
1897–1902
Succeeded by
Paul Beau
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Finance
1895–1896
Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the Chamber of Deputies
1905–1906
Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Finance
1921–1922
Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Finance
1925–1926
Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the Senate
1927–1931
Succeeded by
Preceded by President of France
1931–1932
Regnal titles
Preceded by Co-Prince of Andorra
1931–1932
Served alongside:
Justí Guitart i Vilardebó
Succeeded by

paul, doumer, joseph, athanase, doumer, commonly, known, french, pronunciation, pɔl, dumɛːʀ, march, 1857, 1932, president, france, from, june, 1931, until, assassination, 1932, doumer, 1931president, francein, office, june, 1931, 1932prime, ministerpierre, lav. Joseph Athanase Doumer commonly known as Paul Doumer French pronunciation pɔl dumɛːʀ 22 March 1857 7 May 1932 was President of France from June 1931 until his assassination in May 1932 Paul DoumerDoumer in 1931President of FranceIn office 13 June 1931 7 May 1932Prime MinisterPierre LavalAndre TardieuPreceded byGaston DoumergueSucceeded byAlbert LebrunPresident of the SenateIn office 14 January 1927 9 June 1931Preceded byJustin de SelvesSucceeded byAlbert LebrunMinister of FinanceIn office 16 December 1925 9 March 1926Prime MinisterAristide BriandPreceded byLouis LoucheurSucceeded byRaoul PeretIn office 16 January 1921 15 January 1922Prime MinisterAristide BriandPreceded byFrederic Francois MarsalSucceeded byCharles de LasteyrieIn office 1 November 1895 29 April 1896Prime MinisterLeon BourgeoisPreceded byAlexandre RibotSucceeded byGeorges CocheryPresident of the Chamber of DeputiesIn office 10 January 1905 31 May 1906Preceded byHenri BrissonSucceeded byHenri BrissonGovernor General of French IndochinaIn office 13 February 1897 14 March 1902Preceded byArmand RousseauSucceeded byPaul BeauPersonal detailsBorn22 March 1857Aurillac FranceDied7 May 1932 1932 05 07 aged 75 Paris FranceManner of deathAssassinationPolitical partyIndependentAlma materUniversity of ParisSignature Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Assassination 4 Writings 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksEarly life editJoseph Athanase Doumer was born in Aurillac in the Cantal departement in France on 22 March 1857 into a family of modest means Alumnus of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers 1 he became a professor of mathematics at Mende in 1877 In 1878 Doumer married Blanche Richel whom he had met at college They had eight children four of whom were killed in the First World War including the French air ace Rene Doumer Career editFrom 1879 until 1883 Doumer was professor at Remiremont before leaving on health grounds He then became chief editor of Courrier de l Aisne a French regional newspaper Initiated into Freemasonry in 1879 at L Union Fraternelle lodge he became Grand Secretary of Grand Orient de France in 1892 2 3 4 nbsp Paul Doumer in a photograph by Andre Adolphe Eugene DisderiHe made his debut in politics in 1885 as chef de cabinet to Charles Floquet then president of the Chamber of Deputies a post equivalent to the speaker of the House of Commons In 1888 Doumer was elected Radical deputy for the department of Aisne Defeated in the general elections of September 1889 he was elected again in 1890 by the arrondissement of Auxerre He was briefly Minister of Finance of France 1895 1896 when he tried without success to introduce an income tax 5 Doumer was Governor General of French Indochina from 1897 to 1902 Upon his arrival the colonies were losing millions of francs annually Determined to put them on a paying basis he levied taxes on opium wine and the salt trade The Vietnamese Cambodians and Laotians who could not or would not pay these taxes lost their houses and land and often became day laborers He established Indochina as a market for French products and a source of profitable investment by French businessmen 6 Doumer set about outfitting Indochina especially Hanoi the capital with modern infrastructure befitting property of France Tree lined avenues and a large number of French colonial buildings were constructed in Hanoi during his governance The Long Bien Bridge and the Grand Palais in Hanoi were among large scale projects built during his term the bridge was originally named after him The palace was destroyed by airstrikes toward the end of WWII The bridge survived and became a well known landmark and target for US pilots during the Vietnam War With a view to annexing south Yunnan to French Indochina Doumer successfully lobbied the French government to approve construction of the Indochina Yunnan railway in 1898 7 After returning to France Doumer was elected by Laon to the Chamber of Deputies as a Radical He refused to support the ministry of Emile Combes and formed a Radical dissident group which grew in strength and eventually caused the fall of the ministry 5 He then served as President of the Chamber from 1902 to 1905 Doumer became Minister of Finance of France again in 1925 when Louis Loucheur resigned 8 He then served as President of the French Senate from 1927 until the 1931 presidential election He was elected President of the French Republic on 13 May 1931 defeating the better known Aristide Briand and replacing Gaston Doumergue 9 Assassination edit nbsp Assassination of Paul Doumer Le Petit Journal 15 May 1932 On 6 May 1932 Paul Doumer was in Paris at the opening of a book fair at the Hotel Salomon de Rothschild talking to author Claude Farrere Suddenly several shots were fired by Paul Gorguloff a Russian emigre Two of the shots hit Doumer at the base of the skull and in the right armpit and he fell to the ground Claude Farrere wrestled with the assassin before the police arrived Doumer was rushed to the hospital in Paris where he died at 04 37 on 7 May He is the only French president to die of a gunshot wound whereas president Sadi Carnot had been assassinated through stabbing only 38 years before Gorguloff was indicted for murder and executed by the guillotine four months later after a swift trial Andre Maurois was an eyewitness to the assassination having come to the book fair to autograph copies of his book He later described the scene in his autobiography Call No Man Happy As Maurois notes because the President was assassinated at a meeting of writers it was decided that writers Maurois among them should stand guard over the body while he lay in state at the Elysee 10 Writings editAs an author he is known by his L Indo Chine francaise 1904 and Le Livre de mes fils 1906 5 See also editList of finance ministers of France Politics of France Friends of the Natural History Museum Paris of which he was one of the founders and the second president in office from 1922 to 1931 11 References edit Alumnus of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers Dictionnaire de la Franc Maconnerie page 363 Daniel Ligou Presses Universitaires de France 2006 Dictionnaire universelle de la Franc Maconnerie page 245 Marc de Jode Monique Cara and Jean Marc Cara ed Larousse 2011 Histoire de la Franc Maconnerie francaise Pierre Chevallier ed Fayard 1975 a b c nbsp One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Doumer Paul Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 8 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 450 Ladenburg Thomas The French in Indochina PDF digitalhistory uh edu University of Houston Retrieved 11 September 2015 Rousseau Jean Francois 2014 06 01 An Imperial Railway Failure The Indochina Yunnan Railway 1898 1941 The Journal of Transport History 35 1 1 17 doi 10 7227 TJTH 35 1 2 ISSN 0022 5266 S2CID 111066738 Paul Doumer Has Succeeded Louis Loucheur Latter Forced to Resign as Minister of Finance Other Names Mentioned United Press December 16 1925 Retrieved 2010 11 13 Paul Doumer has been chosen by Aristide Briand Prime Minister to replace Louis Loncheur whose resignation as foreshadowed by Paul Doumer Becomes President Of France United Press June 14 1931 Retrieved 2010 11 13 Paul Doumer the oldest man ever elected to the position succeeded Gaston Doumergue as president of the third French republic Saturday in Andre Maurois Call No Man Happy English translation by the Reprint Society London 1944 Ch XIX P 221 222 Yves Laissus Cent ans d histoire 1907 2007 Les Amis du Museum centennial special September 2007 supplement to the quarterly publication Les Amis du Museum national d histoire naturelle n 230 June 2007 ISSN 1161 9104 in French External links editNewspaper clippings about Paul Doumer in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBWGovernment officesPreceded byArmand Rousseau Governor General of French Indochina1897 1902 Succeeded byPaul BeauPolitical officesPreceded byAlexandre Ribot Minister of Finance1895 1896 Succeeded byGeorges CocheryPreceded byHenri Brisson President of the Chamber of Deputies1905 1906 Succeeded byHenri BrissonPreceded byFrederic Francois Marsal Minister of Finance1921 1922 Succeeded byCharles de LasteyriePreceded byLouis Loucheur Minister of Finance1925 1926 Succeeded byRaoul PeretPreceded byJustin de Selves President of the Senate1927 1931 Succeeded byAlbert LebrunPreceded byGaston Doumergue President of France1931 1932Regnal titlesPreceded byGaston Doumergue Co Prince of Andorra1931 1932 Served alongside Justi Guitart i Vilardebo Succeeded byAlbert Lebrun Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paul Doumer amp oldid 1186761577, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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