Marie François Sadi Carnot (French: [maʁi fʁɑ̃swa sadi kaʁno]; 11 August 1837 – 25 June 1894) was a French statesman, who served as the President of France from 1887 until his assassination in 1894.[1]
Marie François Sadi Carnot was the son of the statesman Hippolyte Carnot and was born in Limoges, Haute-Vienne. His third given name Sadi was in honour of his uncle Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, the engineer who formulated the second law of thermodynamics and is generally regarded as the founder of the subject, named after the famed Persian poet Sadi of Shiraz. Like his uncle, Marie François too came to be known as Sadi Carnot. In his scientific-mindedness and Republican leanings, he resembled his grandfather, Lazare Carnot, the military modernizer and member of the Directory of the French Revolution.
He was educated as a civil engineer and was a highly distinguished student at both the École Polytechnique and the École des Ponts et Chaussées. After his academic course, he obtained an appointment in the public service. His hereditary republicanism caused the government of national defence to entrust him in 1870 with the task of organizing resistance in the départements of the Eure, Calvados and Seine-Inférieure, and he was made prefect of Seine-Inférieure in January 1871. In the following month he was elected to the French National Assembly by the départementCôte-d'Or. He joined the Opportunist Republican parliamentary group, Gauche républicaine. In August 1878 he was appointed secretary to the minister of public works. He became minister in September 1880 and again in April 1885, moving almost immediately to the ministry of finance, which post he held under both the Ferry and the Freycinet administrations until December 1886.[2]
Presidency
Illustration of Carnot's assassination
When the Daniel Wilson scandals occasioned the downfall of Jules Grévy in December 1887, Carnot's reputation for integrity made him a candidate for the presidency, and he obtained the support of Georges Clemenceau and many others, so that he was elected by 616 votes out of 827. He assumed office at a critical period, when the republic was all but openly attacked by General Boulanger.[2]
President Carnot's ostensible part during this agitation was confined to augmenting his popularity by well-timed appearances on public occasions, which gained credit for the presidency and the republic. When, early in 1889, Boulanger was finally driven into exile, it fell to Carnot to appear as head of the state on two occasions of special interest, the celebration of the centenary of the French Revolution in 1889 and the opening of the Paris Exhibition of the same year.[3] The success of both was regarded as a popular ratification of the republic, and though continually harassed by the formation and dissolution of ephemeral ministries, by socialist outbreaks, and the beginnings of anti-Semitism, Carnot had only one serious crisis to surmount, the Panama scandals of 1892, which, if they greatly damaged the prestige of the state, increased the respect felt for its head, against whose integrity none could breathe a word.[2]
Carnot was reaching the zenith of his popularity, when, on 24 June 1894, after delivering a speech at a public banquet in Lyon in which he appeared to imply that he would not seek re-election, he was stabbed by an Italian anarchist named Sante Geronimo Caserio.[2] Carnot died shortly after midnight on 25 June.[4] The stabbing aroused widespread horror and grief, and the president was honoured with an elaborate funeral ceremony in the Panthéon on 1 July 1894.[5]
Caserio called the assassination a political act, and was executed on 16 August 1894.[6]
^Lacassagne, Alexandre (1843–1924) Auteur du texte; Poncet, A. Auteur du texte (10 April 1894). "L'assassinat du président Carnot / par A. Lacassagne,..." A. Storck. Retrieved 10 April 2018 – via gallica.bnf.fr.
^Le Président Carnot et ses Funérailles au Panthéon. Librarie le Soudier. 1895. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
^"Caserio at the Guillotine". The New York Times. 16 August 1894. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Carnot, Marie François Sadi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Sadi Carnot statesman news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message Marie Francois Sadi Carnot French maʁi fʁɑ swa sadi kaʁno 11 August 1837 25 June 1894 was a French statesman who served as the President of France from 1887 until his assassination in 1894 1 Sadi CarnotOfficial portrait c 1880sPresident of FranceIn office 3 December 1887 25 June 1894Prime MinisterMaurice RouvierPierre TirardCharles FloquetCharles de FreycinetEmile LoubetAlexandre RibotCharles DupuyJean Casimir PerierPreceded byJules GrevySucceeded byJean Casimir PerierMinister of FinanceIn office 16 April 1885 11 December 1886Prime MinisterHenri BrissonCharles de FreycinetPreceded byJean Jules ClamageranSucceeded byAlbert DauphinMinister of Public WorksIn office 6 April 1885 16 April 1885Prime MinisterHenri BrissonPreceded byDavid RaynalSucceeded byCharles DemoleIn office 23 September 1880 14 November 1881Prime MinisterJules FerryPreceded byHenri VarroySucceeded byDavid RaynalPersonal detailsBorn11 August 1837Limoges FranceDied25 June 1894 aged 56 Lyon FranceManner of deathAssassinationPolitical partyModerate Republican Contents 1 Early life 2 Presidency 3 Assassination 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksEarly life EditMarie Francois Sadi Carnot was the son of the statesman Hippolyte Carnot and was born in Limoges Haute Vienne His third given name Sadi was in honour of his uncle Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot the engineer who formulated the second law of thermodynamics and is generally regarded as the founder of the subject named after the famed Persian poet Sadi of Shiraz Like his uncle Marie Francois too came to be known as Sadi Carnot In his scientific mindedness and Republican leanings he resembled his grandfather Lazare Carnot the military modernizer and member of the Directory of the French Revolution He was educated as a civil engineer and was a highly distinguished student at both the Ecole Polytechnique and the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees After his academic course he obtained an appointment in the public service His hereditary republicanism caused the government of national defence to entrust him in 1870 with the task of organizing resistance in the departements of the Eure Calvados and Seine Inferieure and he was made prefect of Seine Inferieure in January 1871 In the following month he was elected to the French National Assembly by the departement Cote d Or He joined the Opportunist Republican parliamentary group Gauche republicaine In August 1878 he was appointed secretary to the minister of public works He became minister in September 1880 and again in April 1885 moving almost immediately to the ministry of finance which post he held under both the Ferry and the Freycinet administrations until December 1886 2 Presidency Edit Illustration of Carnot s assassination When the Daniel Wilson scandals occasioned the downfall of Jules Grevy in December 1887 Carnot s reputation for integrity made him a candidate for the presidency and he obtained the support of Georges Clemenceau and many others so that he was elected by 616 votes out of 827 He assumed office at a critical period when the republic was all but openly attacked by General Boulanger 2 President Carnot s ostensible part during this agitation was confined to augmenting his popularity by well timed appearances on public occasions which gained credit for the presidency and the republic When early in 1889 Boulanger was finally driven into exile it fell to Carnot to appear as head of the state on two occasions of special interest the celebration of the centenary of the French Revolution in 1889 and the opening of the Paris Exhibition of the same year 3 The success of both was regarded as a popular ratification of the republic and though continually harassed by the formation and dissolution of ephemeral ministries by socialist outbreaks and the beginnings of anti Semitism Carnot had only one serious crisis to surmount the Panama scandals of 1892 which if they greatly damaged the prestige of the state increased the respect felt for its head against whose integrity none could breathe a word 2 Carnot was in favour of the Franco Russian Alliance and received the Order of St Andrew from Alexander III Assassination EditMain article Assassination of Sadi Carnot Carnot was reaching the zenith of his popularity when on 24 June 1894 after delivering a speech at a public banquet in Lyon in which he appeared to imply that he would not seek re election he was stabbed by an Italian anarchist named Sante Geronimo Caserio 2 Carnot died shortly after midnight on 25 June 4 The stabbing aroused widespread horror and grief and the president was honoured with an elaborate funeral ceremony in the Pantheon on 1 July 1894 5 Caserio called the assassination a political act and was executed on 16 August 1894 6 Gallery Edit President Sadi Carnot with Emperor Pedro II of Brazil in Aix les Bains France Le Monde illustre 1888 Funeral of Sadi Carnot medal by Louis Oscar Roty Funeral ceremony at the Pantheon Monumental statue tribute to Sadi Carnot by Raoul Verlet in Angouleme France See also EditCarnot A city in the Central African Republic named in honour of him Politics of France Andre Cesar Vermare Sculptor of statue in Saint ChamondReferences Edit Harismendy Patrick 1995 Sadi Carnot l ingenieur de la Republique Paris Perrin a b c d Chisholm 1911 Ory Pascal 1989 l Expo Universelle Brussels Editions Complexe Lacassagne Alexandre 1843 1924 Auteur du texte Poncet A Auteur du texte 10 April 1894 L assassinat du president Carnot par A Lacassagne A Storck Retrieved 10 April 2018 via gallica bnf fr Le President Carnot et ses Funerailles au Pantheon Librarie le Soudier 1895 Retrieved 8 November 2013 Caserio at the Guillotine The New York Times 16 August 1894 Retrieved 24 June 2008 Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Carnot Marie Francois Sadi Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 5 11th ed Cambridge University Press External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sadi Carnot statesman Sadi Carnot at Structurae Sadi Carnot at Find a Grave Carnot biography Portraits of Sadi Carnot at the National Portrait Gallery LondonPolitical officesPreceded byHenri Varroy Minister of Public Works1880 1881 Succeeded byDavid RaynalPreceded byDavid Raynal Minister of Public Works1885 Succeeded byCharles DemolePreceded byJean Jules Clamageran Minister of Finance1885 1886 Succeeded byAlbert DauphinPreceded byJules Grevy President of France1887 1894 Succeeded byJean Casimir PerierRegnal titlesPreceded byJules Grevy Co Prince of Andorra1887 1894 Served alongside Salvador Casanas y Pages Succeeded byJean Casimir Perier Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w 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