Place name changes in Turkey

Place name changes in Turkey have been undertaken, periodically, in bulk from 1913 to the present by successive Turkish governments. Thousands of names within the Turkish Republic or its predecessor the Ottoman Empire have been changed from their popular or historic alternatives in favour of recognizably Turkish names, as part of Turkification policies. The governments have argued that such names are foreign or divisive, while critics of the changes have described them as chauvinistic. Names changed were usually of Armenian, Greek, Georgian, Laz, Bulgarian, Kurdish (Zazaki), Syriac^[1] or Arabic origin.

Enver Pasha issued an edict in 1916 that all place names originating from non-Muslim peoples would be changed

Turkey's efforts to join the European Union in the early 21st century have led to a decrease in the incidence of such changes from local government, and the central government even more so. In some cases legislation has restored the names of certain villages (primarily those housing Kurdish and Zaza minorities).^{[citation needed]} Place names that changed formally have frequently persisted in local dialects and languages throughout the ethnically diverse country.

This policy began during the final years of the Ottoman Empire and continued into its successor, the Turkish Republic. Under the Kemalist government, specialized governmental commissions were created for the purpose of changing names. Approximately 28,000 topographic names were changed, which included 12,211 village and town names, and 4,000 mountain, river, and other topographic names. Most name changes occurred in the eastern regions of the country where minority ethnicities form a large part or a majority of the population.

History

For changes throughout Turkey's recorded history before 1913 see individual geographical articles such as Istanbul.

Ottoman Empire

The Committee of Union and Progress took the reins of the Ottoman government through a coup d'état in 1913.^[2] At the height of World War I and during the final years of the Ottoman Empire, when the ethnic cleansing policies of non-Muslim Greek, Armenian, and Assyrian minorities were underway, Minister of War Enver Pasha issued an edict (ferman) on October 6, 1916, declaring:^{[3][4][5][6][7]}

It has been decided that provinces, districts, towns, villages, mountains, and rivers, which are named in languages belonging to non-Muslim nations such as Armenian, Greek or Bulgarian, will be renamed into Turkish. In order to benefit from this suitable moment, this aim should be achieved in due course.

General Directorate of State Archives of the Republic of Turkey, İstanbul Vilayet Mektupçuluğu, no. 000955, 23 Kânunuevvel 1331 (October 6, 1916) Ordinance of Enver Paşa

Enver Pasha did not change the geographical names belonging to Muslim minorities (i.e. Arabs and Kurds) due to the Ottoman government's role as a Caliphate.^[8] His decree inspired many Turkish intellectuals to write in support of such measures. One such intellectual, Hüseyin Avni Alparslan (1877–1921), a Turkish soldier and author of books about Turkish language and culture, was inspired by the efforts of Enver Pasha, writing in his book Trabzon İli Lâz mı? Türk mü? (Is the Trabzon province Laz or Turkish?) that:^[9]

If we want to be the owner of our country, then we should turn even the name of the smallest village into Turkish and not leave its Armenian, Greek or Arabic variants.

Only in this way can we paint our country with its colors.

It is not known how many geographical names were changed under the ordinance. The ultimate overarching objective behind it failed due to the collapse of the Ottoman government and trials of its leaders before Ottoman and European courts for massacres against ethnic minorities committed in 1915.^[6][10]

A decreased level of cultural repression has taken place in the Turkish Republic; however, non-mainstream Turkic origin place names have invariably been officially renamed over the course of time.^[5][8]

Republic of Turkey

Turkish nationalism and secularism were two of the six founding principles of the Turkish Republic.^[11] Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the leader of the early decades of the Republic, aimed to create a nation state (Turkish: Ulus) from the Turkish remnants of the Ottoman Empire. During the first three decades of the Republic, efforts to Turkify^[12][8][6] geographical names were a recurring theme.^{[13][14][15][16]} Imported maps containing references to historical regions such as Armenia, Kurdistan, or Lazistan (the official name of the province of Rize until 1921) were prohibited (as was the case with Der Grosse Weltatlas, a map published in Leipzig).^[17]

By 1927, all street and square names in Istanbul which were not of Turkish origin were changed.^[18][19]

In 1940 the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MoIA) issued a circular which called for original or foreign language place names to be substituted with Turkish place names.^[20] Journalist and writer Ayşe Hür has noted that after the death of Atatürk and during the Democratic period of the Turkish Republic in the late 1940s and 50s, "ugly, humiliating, insulting or derisive names, even if they were Turkish, were subjected to changes. Village names with lexical components meaning red (kızıl), bell (çan), church (kilise, e.g. Kirk Kilise) were changed. To do away with "separatist notions", the Arabic, Persian, Armenian, Kurdish, Georgian, Tatar, Circassian, and Laz village names were also changed."^[21]

The Special Commission for Name Change (Ad Değiştirme İhtisas Kurulu) was created in 1952 under the supervision of the Ministry of the Interior.^[20] It was invested with the power to change all names that were not within the jurisdiction of the municipalities like streets, parks or places. In the commission were representatives from the Turkish Language Society (Türk Dil Kurumu), from the faculties geography, language and history from the Ankara University, the Military General Staff and the ministries of Defense, Internal Affair and education. The committee was working until 1978 and 35% of the villages in Turkey got their names changed.^[20] The initiative proved successful, as approximately 28,000 topographic names were changed, including 12,211 village and town names and 4,000 mountain, river, and other topographic names.^{[22][23][24][25][26]} This figure also included names of streets, monuments, quarters, neighborhoods, and other components that make up certain municipalities.^[13][22][18] The committee was reinstated after the military coup of 1980 in 1983 and it changed the names of 280 villages. It was closed again in 1985 due to inefficiency.^[20] During the heightened tension between Kurdish rebels and the Turkish government, the focus of geographical name changing in the 1980s was on Kurdish villages, towns, rivers.etc.^[12][27]

In 1981, the Turkish government stated in the preface of Köylerimiz, a publication dedicated to names of Turkish villages, that:

Approximately 12,000 village names that are non-Turkish, understood to originate from non-Turkish roots, and identified as causing confusion have been examined and replaced with Turkish names, and put into effect by the Substitution Committee for Foreign Names functioning at the Directorate General for Provincial Governments in our Ministry.^[28]

At the culmination of the policy, no geographical or topographical names of non-Turkish origin remained.^[15] Some of the newer names resembled their native names, but with revised Turkish connotations (i.e. Aghtamar was changed to Akdamar).

Current status

Although geographical names have been formally changed in Turkey, their native names persist and continue in local dialects throughout the country.^[29] At times, Turkish politicians have also used the native names of cities during their speeches. In 2009, when addressing a crowd in the town of Güroymak, president Abdullah Gül used the native name Norşin.^[30] Also that year, when talking about his family origins, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan used the native Greek name of Potamya instead of Güneysu.^[30]

Efforts at restoring the former names of geographical terms have been recently introduced in Turkey.^[31] In September 2012, legislation was introduced to restore the names of (primarily Kurdish) villages to their former native names.^[32] According to the bill, the province of Tunceli would be named Dersim, Güroymak would be named Norşin, and Aydınlar would be named Tilo.^[32] But the Turkish Government authority was opposed to the name Dersim as the local municipality wanted to introduce the name Dersim for Tunceli.^[33]

Comparative analysis

Most of the geographical name changes occurred in the eastern provinces of the country and on the coast of the eastern Black Sea, where minority populations tend to live. Through independent study, etymologist Sevan Nişanyan estimates that, of the geographical location name changes, 4,200 were Greek, 4,000 Kurdish, 3,600 Armenian, 750 Arabic, 400 Assyrian, 300 Georgian, 200 Laz, and 50 others.^{[5][13][14][15][16]} The official statistics of The Special Commission for Name Change (Ad Degistirme Ihtisas Komisyonu) claim that the total number of villages, towns, cities, and settlements renamed is 12,211.^[22][24] The chart below lists the provinces and the number of villages or towns renamed.^[34][27]

 

Percentage of geographical name changes in Turkey from 1916 onwards

Province	Number	Province	Number	Province	Number	Province	Number	Province	Number
Erzurum	653	Kastamonu	295	Giresun	167	Amasya	99	Denizli	53
Mardin	647	Gaziantep	279	Zonguldak	156	Kütahya	93	Burdur	49
Diyarbakır	555	Tunceli	273	Bursa	136	Yozgat	90	Niğde	48
Van	415	Bingöl	247	Ordu	134	Afyon	88	Uşak	47
Sivas	406	Tokat	245	Hakkari	128	Kayseri	86	Isparta	46
Kars	398	Bitlis	236	Hatay	117	Manisa	83	Kırşehir	39
Siirt	392	Konya	236	Sakarya	117	Çankırı	76	Kırklareli	35
Trabzon	390	Adıyaman	224	Mersin	112	Eskişehir	70	Bilecik	32
Şanlıurfa	389	Malatya	217	Balıkesir	110	Muğla	70	Kocaeli	26
Elazığ	383	Ankara	193	Kahramanmaraş	105	Aydın	69	Nevşehir	24
Ağrı	374	Samsun	185	Rize	105	İzmir	68	Istanbul	21
Erzincan	366	Bolu	182	Çorum	103	Sinop	59	Edirne	20
Gümüşhane	343	Adana	169	Artvin	101	Çanakkale	53	Tekirdağ	19
Muş	297	Antalya	168

Notable geographical name changes

Armenian

Main article: Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey

Armenian geographic names were first changed under the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. In 1880, the word Armenia was banned from use in the press, schoolbooks, and governmental establishments, to be replaced with words like Anatolia or Kurdistan.^{[35][36][37][38][39]} Armenian name changing continued under the early Republican era up until the 21st century. It included the Turkification of last names, change of animal names,^[40] change of the names of Armenian historical figures (i.e. the name of the prominent Balyan family was concealed under the identity of a superficial Italian family called Baliani),^[41][42] and the change and distortion of Armenian historical events.^[43]

Most Armenian geographical names were in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman empire. Villages, settlements, or towns that contain the suffix -kert, meaning built or built by (i.e. Manavazkert (today Malazgirt), Norakert, Dikranagert, Noyakert), -shen, meaning village (i.e. Aratashen, Pemzashen, Norashen), and -van, meaning town (i.e. Charentsavan, Nakhichevan, Tatvan), signify an Armenian name.^[8] Throughout Ottoman history, Turkish and Kurdish tribesmen have settled into Armenian villages and changed the native Armenian names (i.e. the Armenian Norashen was changed to Norşin). This was especially true after the Armenian genocide, when much of eastern Turkey was depopulated of its Armenian population.^[8]

Sevan Nişanyan estimates that 3,600 Armenian geographical locations have been changed.^[5]

 

Armenian geographical names renamed in Turkey

Notable name changes of Armenian geographical locations:^[44][45]

Armenian name	Named changed to:	Notes
Govdun	Goydun	Armenian: "House of cows"
Aghtamar	Akdamar	Of unknown meaning^[46] Turkish: White vein
Akn	Eğin, later Kemaliye	Armenian: "Fountain"^[47]
Manavazkert	Malazgirt	Armenian: "City of Menua" (named after Urartian king Menua)
Vostan	Gevaş	Armenian: "Belongs to King"
Kayl Ket	Kelkit River	Armenian: "Wolf River".^[48] The village of Kelkit in the Gümüşhane Province also gets its name from the Kelkit River.
Norashen	Güroymak	Armenian: "New city". A proposal has been introduced to restore its former name. The Kurdish community of Güroymak claim it is a Kurdish native name called "Norşin".^[32]
Çermuk	Çermik	Armenian: "Hot springs"
Khachkar	Kaçkar	Armenian: Khachkar or cross-stone.^[49]^[50]
Everek	Develi	Derives from the Armenian word Averag meaning ruins.
Karpert	Harput, later Elazığ	Armenian: "Rock fortress"
Ani	Anı^[51]	Historical capital of Bagratuni Armenia. Turkish: "Memory"^[52]
Sevaverag	Siverek	Armenian: "Black ruins"
Chabakchur (Çabakçur)	Bingöl	Armenian: "rough waters". Turkish: "Thousand lakes". Çabakçur was used until 1944. Kurds refer to the city as Çolig.
Metskert	Mazgirt	Armenian: "Big city"
Pertak	Pertek	Armenian: "Small castle"

Assyrian

Most Assyrian name changes occurred in the southeast of Turkey near the Syrian border in the Tur Abdin region. The Tur Abdin (Syriac: ܛܘܼܪ ܥܒ݂ܕܝܼܢ) is a hilly region incorporating the eastern half of Mardin Province, and Şırnak Province west of the Tigris, on the border with Syria. The name 'Tur Abdin' is from the Syriac language meaning 'mountain of the servants (of God)'. Tur Abdin is of great importance to Syriac Orthodox Christians, for whom the region used to be a monastic and cultural heartland. The Assyrian/Syriac people^[53][54] of Tur Abdin call themselves Suroye and Suryoye, and traditionally speak an Eastern Aramaic dialect called Turoyo.^[55]

After the Assyrian genocide, the Assyrians of the region were either depopulated or massacred. Currently, there are 5, 000 Assyrians living in the region.^[56]

Nişanyan estimates that 400 Assyrian geographical locations have been changed.^[5]

 

Map showing native names of Assyrian villages in the Tur Abdin region

Notable name changes of Assyrian geographical locations:^[44][45]

Assyrian name	Named changed to:	Notes
Kafrô Taxtaytô	Elbeğendi	Eastern Aramaic: "Lower Village"^[57]
Barsomik	Tütenocak	Named after Nestorian Patriarch Bar Sawma
Merdô	Mardin	Eastern Aramaic: "Fortresses"^[58]^[59]
Iwardo	Gülgöze	Eastern Aramaric: "Fountain of flowers"
Arbo	Taşköy	Eastern Aramaic: "Goat"
Qartmîn	Yayvantepe	Eastern Aramaic: "Middle village"
Kfargawsô	Gercüş	Eastern Aramaic: "Sheltered village"
Kefshenne	Kayalı	Eastern Aramaic: "Stone of peace"
Beṯ Zabday	İdil	Named after Babai the Great who founded a monastery and school in the region.
Xisna d'Kêpha (Hisno d'Kifo)	Hasankeyf	Eastern Aramaic: "Rock fortress"
Zaz	İzbırak
Anḥel	Yemişli

Georgian and Laz

See also: Georgian Orthodox Church in Turkey

The historical region of Tao-Klarjeti, which includes the modern provinces of Artvin, Rize, Ardahan and the northern part of Erzurum, has long been the center of Georgian culture and religion. Lazistan and Tao-Klarjeti, then part of the Georgian Principality of Samtskhe, was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the middle of the 16th century. Due to linguistic differences, the new Ottoman administration in his records on Gurjistan Vilayet [tr] (Province of Georgia) adapted Georgian geographical names in Ottoman-Turkish style. Some geographical names were changed so drastically that it has become almost impossible to determine its original form. Geographical name changes by the Ottomans became intense in 1913. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1923, the new Turkish government continued old policy. The first attempts by Turkish republican officials to change Georgian geographical names began in 1925.^[60] The changes in geographical names periodically took place after 1959 and continued throughout of 20th century. Despite the fact that Georgians were making significant minority in the region, in 1927 the provincial council of Artvin banned Georgian language.^[61] The inhabitants however retained usage of old geographical names in colloquial speech.

Between 1914 to 1990, Turkish semi-autonomous bureaucratic regimes changed 33% geographical names in Rize and 39% in Artvin.^[62]

Nişanyan estimates that 500 Georgian and Laz geographical names have been changed to Turkish .^[5]

 

Georgian and Laz geographical names renamed in Turkey

Notable name changes of Georgian and Laz geographical locations:^[44]

Locations assigned completely new names

Georgian and Laz name	Named changed to:	Notes
Tsqarostavi	Öncül	Georgian: "Source of a Spring"
Dolisqana	Hamamlı	Georgian: "Wheat field"
Berta	Ortaköy	Georgian: "Site of monks"
Veli	Sevimli	Georgian: "Field"/"Meadow"
Taoskari	Çataksu	Georgian "Gate of Tao"
Akhalta	Yusufeli	Georgian: "Site of the new"
Makriali	Kemalpaşa
Vits'e	Fındıklı	Laz: "Branch"
Atina	Pazar
Muzareti	Çakırüzüm, Göle	Georgian: "A closed site"

Location names altered to sound Turkish

Georgian and Laz name	Named changed to:	Notes
Shavsheti	Şavşat	Georgian: "Land of the Shavsh (Georgian subethnic group)"
Artanuji	Ardanuç	Laz-Mingrelian: "Bay of Artani"
Oltisi	Oltu
K'ola	Göle	related to the name of Colchis

Greek

Many of the Greek names have maintained their origins from the Byzantine empire and Empire of Trebizond era.

With the establishment of the Ottoman empire, many Turkish name changes have continued to retain their Greek origins. For example, the modern name "İzmir" derives from the former Greek name Σμύρνη "Smyrna", through the first two syllables of the phrase "εις Σμύρνην" (pronounced "is Smirnin"), which means "to Smyrna" in Greek. A similar etymology also applies to other Turkish cities with former Greek names, such as İznik (from the phrase "is Nikaean", meaning "to Nicaea"), or even for the Greek island of Kos, called "İstanköy" in Turkish.^[44]

Nişanyan estimates that 4,200 Greek geographical locations have been changed, the most of any ethnic minority.^[5]

 

Greek geographical names renamed in Turkey

Notable name changes of Greek geographical locations:^[44][45]

Greek name	Named changed to:	Notes
Potamia	Güneysu	Greek: "River". On August 12, 2009, when talking about his family origins, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan used the native Greek name of Potamya instead of Güneysu.^[30]
Néa Phôkaia	Yenifoça
Hadrianoupolis	Edirne	Greek: "City of Hadrian". Founded by Emperor Hadrian in about 123 A.D. Became temporary Ottoman capital after Ottoman conquest in 1363.^[63]
Kallipolis	Gelibolu	Greek: "Beautiful city". The city was founded in the 5th century B.C.^[64]
Makri	Fethiye	Greek: "long". Following the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the Greeks of Makri were sent to Greece where they founded the town of Nea Makri (New Makri).^[65]
Kalamaki	Kalkan	Until the early 1920s, the majority of its inhabitants were Greeks. They left in 1923 because of the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey after the Greco-Turkish War and emigrated to Attica, where they founded the town of Kalamaki.^[66]
Konstantinoupolis	Istanbul	Greek: "City of Constantine". Founded by Emperor Constantine in 330 A.D. The name Istanbul has been in use since even before the 1453 Ottoman conquest. Different names of the city coexisted during the Ottoman times, until all names other than Istanbul became completely obsolete towards the late empire.^[67]
Neopolis	Kuşadası	It was known as Neopolis (New city) during the Byzantine era and later as Scala Nova or Scala Nuova under the Genoese and Venetians.^[68]
Nikaia	İznik	Named after the wife of Lysimachus. The Nicene Creed was named after the First Council of Nicaea, which met in the city in 325 A.D.
Nikomedeia	İzmit	Named after Nicomedes I of Bithynia, who re-founded the city in 264 B.C.
Sinasos	Mustafapaşa	In 1924, during the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey, the Greeks of the town left to Greece and founded Nea Sinasos, a town in the northern part of the island of Euboea.
Smyrna	İzmir	Ancient Greek city located at a central and strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Greeks left the city after the Great Fire of Smyrna in 1922 to Greece
The Princes' Islands Proti Prinkipo Antigoni Halki	Prens Adaları Kınalıada Büyükada Burgazada Heybeliada	During the Byzantine period, princes and other royalty were exiled on the islands, and later members of the Ottoman sultan's family were exiled there as well, giving the islands their present name.
Theotokia	Gölyazı	Greek city which was founded during the ancient times.

Kurdish

The Kurdish (and Zaza) geographical name changes were exempt under the Ottoman Empire due to the Islamic religious orientation of Kurds. During the Republican era and especially after the Dersim massacre, Kurdish geographical name changes became more common.^[8] During the Turkish Republican era, the words Kurdistan and Kurds were banned. The Turkish government had disguised the presence of the Kurds statistically by categorizing them as Mountain Turks.^[69][70] This classification was changed to the new euphemism of Eastern Turk in 1980.^[71]

Nişanyan estimates that 4,000 Kurdish (and Zaza) geographical locations have been changed.^[5]

 

Kurdish geographical names renamed in Turkey

Notable name changes of Kurdish geographical locations:^[44][45][72]

Kurdish and Zazaki name	Named changed to:	Notes
Qilaban	Uludere	Kurdish: "Castellan"
Dersîm	Tunceli province	In September 2012, legislation was promulgated to restore the name of the province of Tunceli to Dersim.^[32]
Qoser	Kızıltepe	Kurdish: "Red mountain"
Şax	Çatak	Kurdish: "Tree branch" or "Mountain"
Êlih	Batman
Karaz	Kocaköy
Pîran	Dicle	Zazaki and Krd.: "Wise men"
Hênî	Hani	Hênî: Zaz. Spring
Dara Hênî	Genç	Dar: Tree, Hênî: Spring
Ginc (Genc)	Kaleköy, Solhan	Inhabited by Zazas. The name comes from Middle Persian گنج "genc", which means treasure. This city should not be confused with the modern day city of Genç. Genc was the center of Bingöl Province between 1924–1927. In 1936 the city was moved to Dara Hênî where the Dara Hênî's name was ultimately changed to Genç.
Çolig	Bingöl	The meaning of the name is interpreted as somewhere that is in a deep valley.
Şemrex	Mazıdağı	Kurdish: "Road to Damascus (Şam)"
Norgeh	Pazaryolu	Kurdish: "Place of light"
Amed	Diyarbakır	Armenians also refer to the city as Dikranagerd (Armenian: built by King Tigran). "Amida" was the name used by the Romans and Byzantines.
Colemêrg	Hakkari	Hakkari was known as Çölemerik in accordance with government records in 1928. Armenians refer to the city as Gghmar which was noted in Tovma Artsruni's History of the House of Artsrunik written in the 10th century.
Serêkaniyê	Ceylanpınar	Kurdish: "Head of spring (a natural fountain)"
Riha	Şanlıurfa	The city was referred to as Edessa in a 4th-century Greek text. It was also referred to as El-Ruha in a 7th-century Arabic text. The city was changed to Urfa. In 1984 the Turkish National Assembly changed its name to Şanlıurfa meaning Glorious Urfa in honor of the city's dedication to the Turkish War of Independence.

See also

• List of renamed cities, towns and regions in Turkey
• Animal name changes in Turkey
• Replacement of loanwords in Turkish
• Geographical renaming
• Geographical regions of Turkey
• Denial of Kurds by Turkey

References

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55. Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of languages : the definitive reference to more than 400 languages (Rev. ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-231-11568-1. Retrieved 8 March 2013. An East Aramaic dialect, Turoyo (sometimes called 'modern Assyrian' or 'Neo-Syriac') is spoken by Christian communities of the Syrian Orthodox Church whose traditional homes are on the Tur Abdin plateau in Turkey.
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Bibliography

• Muvahhid Zeki (2010). Artvin Vilâyeti hakkında ma'lûmât-ı umûmîyye (in Turkish). İstanbul. ISBN 978-9944-197-52-6.

External links

• Osmanlı Yer Adları, Ankara 2017, a cross-listing of modern, Ottoman, and other historical place names in the Ottoman Empire (both within and outside modern Turkey)
• Index Anatolicus: Map of Geographical locations of Anatolia with descriptions, etymology, and cultural origins (Turkish)
• List of Istanbul street name changes (Turkish)