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Tigranes the Great

January 20, 2023

This article is about a king of Armenia in the 1st century BC. For other historical figures with the same name (including other kings of Armenia), see Tigranes.

Tigranes II, more commonly known as Tigranes the Great (Armenian: Տիգրան Մեծ, Tigran Mets;[5] Ancient Greek: Τιγράνης ὁ Μέγας Tigránes ho Mégas; Latin: Tigranes Magnus)[6] (140 – 55 BC) was King of Armenia under whom the country became, for a short time, the strongest state to Rome's east. He was a member of the Artaxiad Royal House. Under his reign, the Armenian kingdom expanded beyond its traditional boundaries, allowing Tigranes to claim the title Great King, and involving Armenia in many battles against opponents such as the Parthian and Seleucid empires, and the Roman Republic.

Tigranes the Great
King of Kings
Coin of Tigranes, Antioch mint. The star symbol between the two eagles on his crown may depict Halley's Comet.[1]
King of Armenia
Reign95–55 BC
PredecessorTigranes I
SuccessorArtavasdes II
Born140 BC
Died55 BC (aged 85)
Burial
Tigranocerta
(modern-day Diyarbakır, Turkey)
ConsortCleopatra of Pontus
IssueFour sons:
Zariadres
Unnamed
Tigranes
Artavasdes II
Three daughters:
Ariazate
unnamed
unnamed
DynastyArtaxiad
FatherArtavasdes I or Tigranes I
MotherAlan princess[2]
ReligionZoroastrianism[3][4]
The Kingdom of Armenia at its greatest extent under Tigranes the Great

Early years

In approximately 120 BC, the Parthian king Mithridates II (r. 124–91 BC) invaded Armenia and made its king Artavasdes I acknowledge Parthian suzerainty.[7] Artavasdes I was forced to give the Parthians Tigranes, who was either his son or nephew, as a hostage.[7][8] Tigranes lived in the Parthian court at Ctesiphon, where he was schooled in Parthian culture.[2] Tigranes remained a hostage at the Parthian court until c. 96/95 BC, when Mithridates II released him and appointed him as the king of Armenia.[9][10] Tigranes ceded an area called "seventy valleys" in the Caspiane to Mithridates II, either as a pledge or because Mithridates II demanded it.[11] Tigranes' daughter Ariazate had also married a son of Mithridates II, which has been suggested by the modern historian Edward Dąbrowa to have taken place shortly before he ascended the Armenian throne as a guarantee of his loyalty.[10] Tigranes would remain a Parthian vassal until the end of the 80's BC.[12]

When he came to power, the foundation upon which Tigranes was to build his Empire was already in place, a legacy of the founder of the Artaxiad Dynasty, Artaxias I, and subsequent kings. The mountains of Armenia, however, formed natural borders between the different regions of the country and as a result, the feudalistic nakharars had significant influence over the regions or provinces in which they were based. This did not suit Tigranes, who wanted to create a centralist empire. He thus proceeded by consolidating his power within Armenia before embarking on his campaign.[13]

He deposed Artanes, the last king of the Kingdom of Sophene and a descendant of Zariadres.[14]

Alliance with Pontus

During the First Mithridatic War (89–85 BC), Tigranes supported Mithridates VI of Pontus, but was careful not to become directly involved in the war.

He rapidly built up his power and established an alliance with Mithridates VI, marrying his daughter Cleopatra. Tigranes agreed to extend his influence in the East, while Mithridates set to conquer Roman land in Asia Minor and in Europe. By creating a stronger Hellenistic state, Mithridates was to contend with the well-established Roman foothold in Europe.[13] Mithridates executed a planned general attack on Romans and Italians in Asia Minor, tapping into local discontent with the Romans and their taxes and urging the peoples of Asia Minor to raise against foreign influence. The slaughter of 80,000 people in the province of Asia Minor was known as the Asiatic Vespers. The two kings' attempts to control Cappadocia and then the massacres resulted in guaranteed Roman intervention. The senate decided that Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who was then one of the consuls, would command the army against Mithridates.[15]

The renowned French historian René Grousset remarked that in their alliance Mithridates was somewhat subservient to Tigranes.[16]

Wars against the Parthians and Seleucids

 
Tigranes the Great's Armenian Empire: Countries, composing parts of the Empire
 
Artaxiad Armenia in 80 BC, with modern borders indicated

After the death of Mithridates II of Parthia his son Gotarzes I succeeded him.[17] He reigned during a period coined in scholarship as the "Parthian Dark Age," due to the lack of clear information on the events of this period in the empire, except a series of, apparently overlapping, reigns.[18][19] This system of split monarchy weakened Parthia, allowing Tigranes II of Armenia to annex Parthian territory in western Mesopotamia. This land would not be restored to Parthia until the reign of Sinatruces (r. c. 78–69 BC).[20]

The changes of fortune experienced by Tigranes were varied, for at first he was a hostage among the Parthians; and then through them he obtained the privilege of returning home, they receiving as reward therefore seventy valleys in Armenia; but when he had grown in power, he not only took these places back but also devastated their country, both that about Ninus (Nineveh), and that about Arbela; and he subjugated to himself the rulers of Atropene and Gordyaea (on the Upper Tigris), and along with these the rest of Mesopotamia, and also crossed the Euphrates and by main strength took Syria itself and Phoenicia —Strabo[21]

In 83 BC, after bloody strife for the throne of Syria, governed by the Seleucids, the Syrians decided to choose Tigranes as the protector of their kingdom and offered him the crown of Syria.[22] Magadates was appointed as his governor in Antioch.[23] He then conquered Phoenicia and Cilicia, effectively putting an end to the last remnants of the Seleucid Empire, though a few holdout cities appear to have recognized the shadowy boy-king Seleucus VII Philometor as the legitimate king during his reign. The southern border of his domain reached as far as Ptolemais (modern Akko). Many of the inhabitants of conquered cities were sent to his new metropolis of Tigranocerta.

At its height, his empire extended from the Pontic Alps (in modern north-eastern Turkey) to Mesopotamia, and from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean. A series of victories led him to assume the Achaemenid title of King of Kings, which even the Parthian kings did not assume, appearing on coins struck after 85 BC.[24] He was called "Tigranes the Great" by many Western historians and writers, such as Plutarch. The "King of Kings" never appeared in public without having four kings attending him. Cicero, referring to his success in the east, said that he "made the Republic of Rome tremble before the prowess of his arms."[25]

Tigranes' coins consist of tetradrachms and copper coins having on the obverse his portrait wearing a decorated Armenian tiara with ear-flaps. The reverse has a completely original design. There are the seated Tyche of Antioch and the river god Orontes at her feet.

Wars against Rome

 
The King of Kings Tigranes the Great with four vassal Kings surrounding him (19th century illustration)

Mithridates VI of Pontus had found refuge in Armenian land after confronting Rome, considering the fact that Tigranes was his ally and relative. The King of Kings eventually came into direct contact with Rome. The Roman commander, Lucullus, demanded the expulsion of Mithridates from Armenia – to comply with such a demand would be, in effect, to accept the status of vassal to Rome and this Tigranes refused.[26] Charles Rollin, in his Ancient History, says:

Tigranes, to whom Lucullus had sent an ambassador, though of no great power in the beginning of his reign, had enlarged it so much by a series of successes, of which there are few examples, that he was commonly surnamed "King of Kings." After having overthrown and almost ruined the family of the kings, successors of the great Seleucus; after having very often humbled the pride of the Parthians, transported whole cities of Greeks into Media, conquered all Syria and Palestine, and given laws to the Arabians called Scenites, he reigned with an authority respected by all the princes of Asia. The people paid him honors after the manners of the East, even to adoration.[27]

Lucullus' reaction was an attack that was so precipitate that he took Tigranes by surprise. According to Roman historians Mithrobazanes, one of Tigranes' generals, told Tigranes of the Roman approach. Tigranes was, according to Keaveney, so impressed by Mithrobazanes' courage that he appointed Mithrobazanes to command an army against Lucullus – Tigranes sent Mithrobarzanes with 2,000 to 3,000 cavalry to expel the invader. Mithrobarzanes charged the Romans while they were setting up their camp, but was met by a 3,500-strong sentry force and his horsemen were routed. He perished in the attempt.[28][29] After this defeat, Tigranes withdrew north to Armenia to regroup, leaving Lucullus free to besiege Tigranocerta.[30]

When Tigranes had gathered a large army, he returned to confront Lucullus. On October 6, 69 BC, Tigranes' much larger force was decisively defeated by the Roman army under Lucullus in the Battle of Tigranocerta. Tigranes' treatment of the inhabitants (the majority of the population had been forced to move to the city) led disgruntled city guards to open the gates of the city to the Romans. Learning of this, Tigranes hurriedly sent 6000 cavalrymen to the city in order to rescue his wives and some of his assets.[13] Tigranes escaped capture with a small escort.

On October 6, 68 BC, the Romans approached the old capital of Artaxata. Tigranes' and Mithridates' combined Armeno-Pontic army of 70,000 men formed up to face them but were resoundingly defeated. Once again, both Mithridates and Tigranes evaded capture by the victorious Romans. However, the Armenian historians claim that the Romans lost the battle of Artaxata and Lucullus' following withdrawal from the Kingdom of Armenia in reality was an escape due to the above-mentioned defeat. The Armenian-Roman wars are depicted in Alexandre Dumas' Voyage to the Caucasus.

The long campaigning and hardships that Lucullus' troops had endured for years, combined with a perceived lack of reward in the form of plunder,[13] led to successive mutinies among the legions in 68–67. Frustrated by the rough terrain of Northern Armenia and seeing the worsening morale of his troops, Lucullus moved back south and put Nisibis under siege. Tigranes concluded (wrongly) that Nisibis would hold out and sought to regain those parts of Armenia that the Romans had captured.[31] Despite his continuous success in battle, Lucullus could still not capture either one of the monarchs. With Lucullus' troops now refusing to obey his commands, but agreeing to defend positions from attack, the Senate sent Pompey to recall Lucullus to Rome and take over his command.

Pompey and submission to Rome

 
Statue of Tigranes the Great in Yerevan

In 67 BC[32] Pompey was given the task of defeating Mithridates and Tigranes.[33] Pompey first concentrated on attacking Mithridates while distracting Tigranes by engineering a Parthian attack on Gordyene.[34] Phraates III, the Parthian king, was soon persuaded to take things a little further than an annexation of Gordyene when a son of Tigranes (also named Tigranes) went to join the Parthians and persuaded Phraates to invade Armenia in an attempt to replace the elder Tigranes with the Tigranes the Younger.[35] Tigranes decided not to meet the invasion in the field but instead ensured that his capital, Artaxata, was well defended and withdrew to the hill country. Phraates soon realized that Artaxata would not fall without a protracted siege, the time for which he could not spare due to his fear of plots at home. Once Phraates left, Tigranes came back down from the hills and drove his son from Armenia. The son then fled to Pompey.[36]

In 66 BC, Pompey advanced into Armenia with Tigranes the Younger, and Tigranes, now almost 75 years old, surrendered. Pompey allowed him to retain his kingdom shorn of his conquests as he planned to have Armenia as a buffer state[37][38] and he took 6,000 talents/180 tonnes of silver. His unfaithful son was sent back to Rome as a prisoner.[39]

Tigranes continued to rule Armenia as a formal ally of Rome until his death in 55/54,[38] at age 85.

Offspring

Tigranes had four sons and three daughters.[40][41] The eldest son, Zariadres, according to Appian and Valerius Maximus rebelled against Tigranes and was killed during a battle (possibly late 90s BCE).[42][43] Appian also mentions an unnamed younger son who was executed for conspiring against Tigranes: he disregarded his father's health and wore Tigranes's crown (Tigranes having been injured during a hunting accident).[44] His third son, Tigranes the Younger, who showed great care for his injured father and was rewarded for his loyalty,[44] has already been mentioned. He is also alleged to have led a military campaign in 82 BCE.[44] Tigranes was succeeded by his fourth and youngest son, Artavasdes II.

One daughter of Tigranes according to Cassius Dio married Mithridates I of Atropatene.[40][45] Another daughter married Parthian prince Pacorus, son of Orodes II.[41][46] Parchments of Avroman also mention his third daughter, Ariazate "Automa", who married Gotarzes I of Parthia.[3][46]

Although Cleopatra of Pontus is usually considered to be their mother (Appian writes that she gave birth to three sons),[44] historian Gagik Sargsyan considered only Artavasdes II and one of the unnamed daughters to be her children.[47] According to him, the rest had a different mother and were born before Tigranes became king.[48] The reasoning behind it is that if Tigranes the Younger did indeed lead a campaign in 82 BCE, then he and hence his two older brothers (and possibly two sisters) would be too old to be Cleopatra's children.[48] Another argument supporting this claim would be the situation with Ariazate. As she was probably the mother of Orodes I (r. 80–75 BC),[49] then Ariazate could not have been the daughter of Cleopatra who married Tigranes only in 94 BCE at the age of 15 or 16.[50] Sargsyan also proposed a possible candidate as Tigranes's first wife and the children's mother: Artaxiad princess Zaruhi, a daughter of Tigranes's paternal uncle Zariadres and granddaughter of Artaxias I.[50] He also considered likely that the reason for the rebellion of Tigranes's son Zariadres was the birth of Artavasdes who was declared the heir by virtue of being born to a king and not a prince.[51]

Imperial ideology

Tigranes is a typical example of the mixed culture of his period. The ceremonial of his court was of Achaemenid origin, and also incorporated Parthian aspects.[3] He had Greek rhetoricians and philosophers in his court, possibly as a result of the influence of his queen, Cleopatra.[3] Greek was also possibly spoken in the court.[3] Following the example of the Parthians, Tigranes adopted the title of Philhellene ("friend of the Greeks").[3] The layout of his capital Tigranocerta was a blend of Greek and Iranian architecture.[3]

Like the majority Armenia's inhabitants, Tigranes was a follower of Zoroastrianism.[a][3][52] On his crown, a star of divinity and two birds of prey are displayed, both Iranian aspects.[3][53] The bird of prey was associated with the khvarenah, i.e. kingly glory.[53] It was possibly also a symbol of the bird of the deity Verethragna.[53]

Legacy and recognition

 
A coin of Tigranes depicted on a 500 Armenian dram banknote, in circulation from 1993 to 2005.[54]

Over the course of his conquests, Tigranes founded four cities that bore his name, including the capital of Tigranocerta (Tigranakert).[55]

Historical

Tigranes is mentioned in Macrobii, a Roman essay detailing the famous long livers of the day, which is attributed to Lucian.[56]

In The Art of War (1521), Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli attributes Tigranes' military failure to his excessive reliance on his cavalry.[57]

According to one count, 24 operas have been composed about Tigranes by European composers,[58] including by prominent Italian and German composers, such as Alessandro Scarlatti (Tigrane, 1715), Antonio Vivaldi (La virtu trionfante dell'amore e dell'odio ovvero il Tigrane, 1724),[59] Niccolò Piccinni (Tigrane, 1761), Tomaso Albinoni, Giovanni Bononcini, Francesco Gasparini, Pietro Alessandro Guglielmi, Johann Adolph Hasse, Giovanni Battista Lampugnani, Vincenzo Righini, Antonio Tozzi, and others.[60]

Modern

According to Razmik Panossian, Tigranes' short-lived empire has been a source of pride for modern Armenian nationalists.[61] Nevertheless, his empire was a multi-ethnic one.[62]

The phrase "sea to sea Armenia" (Armenian: ծովից ծով Հայաստան, tsovits tsov Hayastan) is a popular expression used by Armenians to refer to the kingdom of Tigranes which extended from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.[63][64]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The largest expansion took place during the reign of Tigran (II) the Great, who ruled between 95 and 55 bce and whose empire at one time stretched from the Mediterranean to the Caspian Sea...The court ceremonial was Achaemenid, containing also Parthian elements. However, perhaps due to the influence of the queen, Cleopatra of Pontus, there were Greek rhetoricians and philosophers at court..[..]..At court Greek may have been spoken; Tigran's heir Artawazd II wrote his plays and other literary works, which were still known in the second century ce...Tigran's religion was probably Mazdaism, a variety of Zoroastrianism."[3]

References

  1. ^ Gurzadyan, V. G.; Vardanyan, R. (August 2004). "Halley's comet of 87 BC on the coins of Armenian king Tigranes?". Astronomy & Geophysics. 45 (4): 4.06. arXiv:physics/0405073. Bibcode:2004A&G....45d...6G. doi:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.45406.x. S2CID 119357985.
  2. ^ a b Mayor 2009, p. 136.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Romeny 2010, p. 264.
  4. ^ Curtis 2016, p. 185; de Jong 2015, pp. 119–120, 123–125; Chaumont 1986, pp. 418–438
  5. ^ Western Armenian pronunciation: Dikran Medz
  6. ^ Ubbo Emmius (1620). Appendix Genealogica: illustrando operi chronologico adjecta. Excudebat Ioannes Sassivs. p. D5.
  7. ^ a b Olbrycht 2009, p. 165.
  8. ^ Garsoian 2005.
  9. ^ Olbrycht 2009, p. 168.
  10. ^ a b Dąbrowa 2018, p. 78.
  11. ^ Olbrycht 2009, pp. 165, 182 (see note 57).
  12. ^ Olbrycht 2009, p. 169.
  13. ^ a b c d Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). Պատմութիւն Հայոց [History of Armenia, Volume I] (in Armenian). Athens: Council of National Education Publishing. pp. 67–76.
  14. ^ Strabo. Geographica, 11.14.15.
  15. ^ Appian. The Civil Wars, 1.55.
  16. ^ René Grousset (1946), Histoire de l'Arménie (in French), Paris, p. 85, Dans l'alliance qui fut alors conclus entre les deux souverains, Mithridates faisait un peu figure client de Tigran.
  17. ^ Assar 2006, p. 62; Shayegan 2011, p. 225; Rezakhani 2013, p. 770
  18. ^ Shayegan 2011, pp. 188–189.
  19. ^ Sellwood 1976, p. 2.
  20. ^ Brosius 2006, pp. 91–92
  21. ^ Strabo. Geographica 11.14.15, [1].
  22. ^ Litovchenko 2015, p. 179–188.
  23. ^ The House Of Seleucus V2 by Edwyn Robert Bevan.
  24. ^ Theo Maarten van Lint (2009). "The Formation of Armenian Identity in the First Millennium". Church History and Religious Culture. 89 (1/3): 264.
  25. ^ Boyajian, Zabelle C. (1916). An Anthology of Legends and Poems of Armenia. Aram Raffi; Viscount Bryce. London: J.M. Dent & sons, Ltd. p. 117.
  26. ^ Greenhalgh 1981, p. 74.
  27. ^ Rollins, Charles (1844). Ancient History, vol. 4: History of the Macedonians, the Seleucidae in Syria, and Parthians. New York: R. Carter. p. 461.
  28. ^ Philip Matyszak, Mithridates the Great, pp 127-128; Lee Frantatuono, Lucullus, pp 83-84; Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, XII.84.
  29. ^ Keaveney 1992, pp. 106–107.
  30. ^ Keaveney 1992, p. 107.
  31. ^ Keaveney 1992, p. 119.
  32. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Military History, R E Dupuy and T N Dupuy
  33. ^ Greenhalgh 1981, p. 105.
  34. ^ Greenhalgh 1981, p. 105, 114.
  35. ^ Greenhalgh 1981, p. 114.
  36. ^ Greenhalgh 1981, p. 115.
  37. ^ Scullard, H.H. (1959). From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68. New York: F.A. Praeger. p. 106.
  38. ^ a b Fuller, J.F.C. (1965). Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-306-80422-9.
  39. ^ Chaumont, M. L. (2001–2002). "Tigrane le Jeune, fils de Tigrane le Grand". Revue des Études Arméniennes (in French). 28: 225–247.
  40. ^ a b Sargsyan 1991, p. 51.
  41. ^ a b Redgate 2000, p. 77.
  42. ^ Sargsyan 1991, p. 49, 52.
  43. ^ Valerius Maximus. Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX, Liber IX, ext.3.
  44. ^ a b c d Sargsyan 1991, p. 49.
  45. ^ Cassius Dio. The Roman History, XXXVI, 14.
  46. ^ a b Minns 1915, p. 42.
  47. ^ Sargsyan 1991, p. 51, 52.
  48. ^ a b Sargsyan 1991, p. 50.
  49. ^ Assar 2006, p. 67, 74.
  50. ^ a b Sargsyan 1991, p. 53.
  51. ^ Sargsyan 1991, p. 52.
  52. ^ Curtis 2016, p. 185; de Jong 2015, pp. 119–120, 123–125
  53. ^ a b c Curtis 2016, pp. 182, 185.
  54. ^ "Banknotes out of Circulation - 500 dram". cba.am. Central Bank of Armenia. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. The tetradrachm of the King Tigran the Great, mountain of Ararat
  55. ^ Karapetian, Samvel (2001). Armenian Cultural Monuments in the Region of Karabakh. Yerevan: "Gitutiun" Publishing House of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia. p. 213. ISBN 9785808004689. The data of records referring to these four towns, all of which were called Tigranakert and differed only by provinces, were often confused, if the name of the province; Aldznik, Goghtn, Utik or Artsakh...
  56. ^ Lucian. Macrobii, 15.
  57. ^ Payaslian, Simon (2007). The History of Armenia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4039-7467-9.
  58. ^ Kharmandarian, M. S. (1975). "OA Portal in Armenia" Опера «Тигран» Алессандро Скарлатти. Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Russian) (3): 59–69.
  59. ^ "Vivaldi as opera composer". Long Beach Opera. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  60. ^ Towers, John (1910). Dictionary-catalogue of Operas and Operettas which Have Been Performed on the Public Stage: Libretti. Acme Publishing Company. pp. 625–6.
  61. ^ Panossian, Razmik (2006). The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780231139267.
  62. ^ Kohl, Philip L. (2012). "Homelands in the Present and in the Past: Political Implications of a Dangerous Concept". In Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (eds.). The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions. Cambridge University Press. p. 149. ISBN 9781139789387.
  63. ^ Verluise, Pierre (1995). Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. xxiv. ISBN 9780814325278.
  64. ^ Coe, Barbara (2005). Changing Seasons: Letters from Armenia. Victoria, B.C.: Trafford. p. 215. ISBN 9781412070225.

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  • de Jong, Albert (2015). "Armenian and Georgian Zoroastrianism". In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw; Tessmann, Anna (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • Shayegan, Rahim M. (2011), Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-76641-8
Russian
  • Hakobyan, Hayk (1983). "Тигранакертская битва в новом освещении (The battle of Tigranocerta under new light)". Herald of the Social Sciences. № 9: 65–79. ISSN 0320-8117.
  • Litovchenko, Sergey (2015). "Царствование Тиграна II Великого в Сирии: проблемы хронологии (The reign of Tigranes the Great in Syria: chronology problems)". Ancient World and Archaeology. 17: 176–191. ISSN 0320-961X.
  • Litovchenko, Sergey (2011). "Царство Софена в восточной политике Помпея (The kingdom of Sophene in the eastern policy of Pompey)". Drevnosti. 10: 34–40. OCLC 36974593.
  • Litovchenko, Sergey (2007). Малая Армения и каппадокийские события 90-х гг. І в. до н. э. (Lesser Armenia and Cappadocian events in the 90s BC.). Laurea: K 80-letiju Professora Vladimira Ivanoviča Kadeeva. pp. 48–56. ISBN 9789663423876.
  • Manandyan, Hakob (1943). Тигран Второй и Рим (Tigran II and Rome). Yerevan: Armfan.
  • Manaseryan, R.L. (1982). "Процессы образования державы Тиграна II (The formation of the empire of Tigranes II)". Journal of Ancient History. 2: 122–139. ISSN 0321-0391.
  • Manaseryan, R.L. (1985). "Борьба Тиграна против экспансии Рима в каппадокии 93-91 гг. до. н.э. (The struggle of Tigranes II against Roman expansion in Cappadocia)". Journal of Ancient History. 3: 109–118. ISSN 0321-0391.
  • Manaseryan, R.L. (1992). "Международные отношения на Переднем Востоке в 80-70-х годах до н.э. (Тигран II и войска с берегов Аракса) International relations in the Near East. in the years 80-70 BC (Tigranes II and the troops from the banks of the Araxes)". Journal of Ancient History. 1: 152–160. ISSN 0321-0391.
  • Sargsyan, Gagik (1991). "СВИДЕТЕЛЬСТВО ПОЗДНЕВАВИЛОНСКОЙ КЛИНОПИСНОЙ ХРОНИКИ ОБ АРМЕНИИ ВРЕМЕНИ ТИГРАНА II (Evidence Regarding Armenia during Tigran II' s Period in a Late Babylonian cuneiform chronicle)" (PDF). Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Russian). 2: 45–54. ISSN 0135-0536.
  • Vardanyan, Ruben (2011). "Борьба за титул "царя царей" в контексте восточной политики Рима I века до н. э. (по нумизматическим, эпиграфическим и нарративным источникам) ։ The Fight for the "King of Kings" Title in the Context of Rome's Eastern Policy in the 1st Century B. C. ( on numismatic, epigraphic and narrative sources)". Patma-Banasirakan Handes (1): 230–252. ISSN 0135-0536.
French
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German
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Armenian
  • Manaseryan, Ruben (2007). Տիգրան Մեծ՝ Հայկական Պայքարը Հռոմի և Պարթևաստանի Դեմ, մ.թ.ա. 94–64 թթ [Tigran the Great: The Armenian Struggle Against Rome and Parthia, 94–64 B.C.] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Lusakan Publishing.

Further reading

Tigranes the Great
Born: 140 BC Died: 55 BC
Preceded by King of Armenia
95 BC – 55 BC 		Succeeded by
Preceded by King of Syria
83 BC – 69 BC 		Succeeded by

January 20, 2023
tigranes, great, this, article, about, king, armenia, century, other, historical, figures, with, same, name, including, other, kings, armenia, tigranes, tigranes, more, commonly, known, armenian, Տիգրան, Մեծ, tigran, mets, ancient, greek, Τιγράνης, Μέγας, tigr. This article is about a king of Armenia in the 1st century BC For other historical figures with the same name including other kings of Armenia see Tigranes Tigranes II more commonly known as Tigranes the Great Armenian Տիգրան Մեծ Tigran Mets 5 Ancient Greek Tigranhs ὁ Megas Tigranes ho Megas Latin Tigranes Magnus 6 140 55 BC was King of Armenia under whom the country became for a short time the strongest state to Rome s east He was a member of the Artaxiad Royal House Under his reign the Armenian kingdom expanded beyond its traditional boundaries allowing Tigranes to claim the title Great King and involving Armenia in many battles against opponents such as the Parthian and Seleucid empires and the Roman Republic Tigranes the GreatKing of KingsCoin of Tigranes Antioch mint The star symbol between the two eagles on his crown may depict Halley s Comet 1 King of ArmeniaReign95 55 BCPredecessorTigranes ISuccessorArtavasdes IIBorn140 BCDied55 BC aged 85 BurialTigranocerta modern day Diyarbakir Turkey ConsortCleopatra of PontusIssueFour sons ZariadresUnnamedTigranesArtavasdes IIThree daughters AriazateunnamedunnamedDynastyArtaxiadFatherArtavasdes I or Tigranes IMotherAlan princess 2 ReligionZoroastrianism 3 4 The Kingdom of Armenia at its greatest extent under Tigranes the Great Contents 1 Early years 2 Alliance with Pontus 3 Wars against the Parthians and Seleucids 4 Wars against Rome 5 Pompey and submission to Rome 6 Offspring 7 Imperial ideology 8 Legacy and recognition 8 1 Historical 8 2 Modern 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11 1 Bibliography 12 Further readingEarly years EditIn approximately 120 BC the Parthian king Mithridates II r 124 91 BC invaded Armenia and made its king Artavasdes I acknowledge Parthian suzerainty 7 Artavasdes I was forced to give the Parthians Tigranes who was either his son or nephew as a hostage 7 8 Tigranes lived in the Parthian court at Ctesiphon where he was schooled in Parthian culture 2 Tigranes remained a hostage at the Parthian court until c 96 95 BC when Mithridates II released him and appointed him as the king of Armenia 9 10 Tigranes ceded an area called seventy valleys in the Caspiane to Mithridates II either as a pledge or because Mithridates II demanded it 11 Tigranes daughter Ariazate had also married a son of Mithridates II which has been suggested by the modern historian Edward Dabrowa to have taken place shortly before he ascended the Armenian throne as a guarantee of his loyalty 10 Tigranes would remain a Parthian vassal until the end of the 80 s BC 12 When he came to power the foundation upon which Tigranes was to build his Empire was already in place a legacy of the founder of the Artaxiad Dynasty Artaxias I and subsequent kings The mountains of Armenia however formed natural borders between the different regions of the country and as a result the feudalistic nakharars had significant influence over the regions or provinces in which they were based This did not suit Tigranes who wanted to create a centralist empire He thus proceeded by consolidating his power within Armenia before embarking on his campaign 13 He deposed Artanes the last king of the Kingdom of Sophene and a descendant of Zariadres 14 Alliance with Pontus EditDuring the First Mithridatic War 89 85 BC Tigranes supported Mithridates VI of Pontus but was careful not to become directly involved in the war He rapidly built up his power and established an alliance with Mithridates VI marrying his daughter Cleopatra Tigranes agreed to extend his influence in the East while Mithridates set to conquer Roman land in Asia Minor and in Europe By creating a stronger Hellenistic state Mithridates was to contend with the well established Roman foothold in Europe 13 Mithridates executed a planned general attack on Romans and Italians in Asia Minor tapping into local discontent with the Romans and their taxes and urging the peoples of Asia Minor to raise against foreign influence The slaughter of 80 000 people in the province of Asia Minor was known as the Asiatic Vespers The two kings attempts to control Cappadocia and then the massacres resulted in guaranteed Roman intervention The senate decided that Lucius Cornelius Sulla who was then one of the consuls would command the army against Mithridates 15 The renowned French historian Rene Grousset remarked that in their alliance Mithridates was somewhat subservient to Tigranes 16 Wars against the Parthians and Seleucids Edit Tigranes the Great s Armenian Empire Countries composing parts of the Empire Artaxiad Armenia in 80 BC with modern borders indicated After the death of Mithridates II of Parthia his son Gotarzes I succeeded him 17 He reigned during a period coined in scholarship as the Parthian Dark Age due to the lack of clear information on the events of this period in the empire except a series of apparently overlapping reigns 18 19 This system of split monarchy weakened Parthia allowing Tigranes II of Armenia to annex Parthian territory in western Mesopotamia This land would not be restored to Parthia until the reign of Sinatruces r c 78 69 BC 20 The changes of fortune experienced by Tigranes were varied for at first he was a hostage among the Parthians and then through them he obtained the privilege of returning home they receiving as reward therefore seventy valleys in Armenia but when he had grown in power he not only took these places back but also devastated their country both that about Ninus Nineveh and that about Arbela and he subjugated to himself the rulers of Atropene and Gordyaea on the Upper Tigris and along with these the rest of Mesopotamia and also crossed the Euphrates and by main strength took Syria itself and Phoenicia Strabo 21 In 83 BC after bloody strife for the throne of Syria governed by the Seleucids the Syrians decided to choose Tigranes as the protector of their kingdom and offered him the crown of Syria 22 Magadates was appointed as his governor in Antioch 23 He then conquered Phoenicia and Cilicia effectively putting an end to the last remnants of the Seleucid Empire though a few holdout cities appear to have recognized the shadowy boy king Seleucus VII Philometor as the legitimate king during his reign The southern border of his domain reached as far as Ptolemais modern Akko Many of the inhabitants of conquered cities were sent to his new metropolis of Tigranocerta At its height his empire extended from the Pontic Alps in modern north eastern Turkey to Mesopotamia and from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean A series of victories led him to assume the Achaemenid title of King of Kings which even the Parthian kings did not assume appearing on coins struck after 85 BC 24 He was called Tigranes the Great by many Western historians and writers such as Plutarch The King of Kings never appeared in public without having four kings attending him Cicero referring to his success in the east said that he made the Republic of Rome tremble before the prowess of his arms 25 Tigranes coins consist of tetradrachms and copper coins having on the obverse his portrait wearing a decorated Armenian tiara with ear flaps The reverse has a completely original design There are the seated Tyche of Antioch and the river god Orontes at her feet Wars against Rome Edit The King of Kings Tigranes the Great with four vassal Kings surrounding him 19th century illustration Mithridates VI of Pontus had found refuge in Armenian land after confronting Rome considering the fact that Tigranes was his ally and relative The King of Kings eventually came into direct contact with Rome The Roman commander Lucullus demanded the expulsion of Mithridates from Armenia to comply with such a demand would be in effect to accept the status of vassal to Rome and this Tigranes refused 26 Charles Rollin in his Ancient History says Tigranes to whom Lucullus had sent an ambassador though of no great power in the beginning of his reign had enlarged it so much by a series of successes of which there are few examples that he was commonly surnamed King of Kings After having overthrown and almost ruined the family of the kings successors of the great Seleucus after having very often humbled the pride of the Parthians transported whole cities of Greeks into Media conquered all Syria and Palestine and given laws to the Arabians called Scenites he reigned with an authority respected by all the princes of Asia The people paid him honors after the manners of the East even to adoration 27 Lucullus reaction was an attack that was so precipitate that he took Tigranes by surprise According to Roman historians Mithrobazanes one of Tigranes generals told Tigranes of the Roman approach Tigranes was according to Keaveney so impressed by Mithrobazanes courage that he appointed Mithrobazanes to command an army against Lucullus Tigranes sent Mithrobarzanes with 2 000 to 3 000 cavalry to expel the invader Mithrobarzanes charged the Romans while they were setting up their camp but was met by a 3 500 strong sentry force and his horsemen were routed He perished in the attempt 28 29 After this defeat Tigranes withdrew north to Armenia to regroup leaving Lucullus free to besiege Tigranocerta 30 When Tigranes had gathered a large army he returned to confront Lucullus On October 6 69 BC Tigranes much larger force was decisively defeated by the Roman army under Lucullus in the Battle of Tigranocerta Tigranes treatment of the inhabitants the majority of the population had been forced to move to the city led disgruntled city guards to open the gates of the city to the Romans Learning of this Tigranes hurriedly sent 6000 cavalrymen to the city in order to rescue his wives and some of his assets 13 Tigranes escaped capture with a small escort On October 6 68 BC the Romans approached the old capital of Artaxata Tigranes and Mithridates combined Armeno Pontic army of 70 000 men formed up to face them but were resoundingly defeated Once again both Mithridates and Tigranes evaded capture by the victorious Romans However the Armenian historians claim that the Romans lost the battle of Artaxata and Lucullus following withdrawal from the Kingdom of Armenia in reality was an escape due to the above mentioned defeat The Armenian Roman wars are depicted in Alexandre Dumas Voyage to the Caucasus The long campaigning and hardships that Lucullus troops had endured for years combined with a perceived lack of reward in the form of plunder 13 led to successive mutinies among the legions in 68 67 Frustrated by the rough terrain of Northern Armenia and seeing the worsening morale of his troops Lucullus moved back south and put Nisibis under siege Tigranes concluded wrongly that Nisibis would hold out and sought to regain those parts of Armenia that the Romans had captured 31 Despite his continuous success in battle Lucullus could still not capture either one of the monarchs With Lucullus troops now refusing to obey his commands but agreeing to defend positions from attack the Senate sent Pompey to recall Lucullus to Rome and take over his command Pompey and submission to Rome Edit Statue of Tigranes the Great in Yerevan In 67 BC 32 Pompey was given the task of defeating Mithridates and Tigranes 33 Pompey first concentrated on attacking Mithridates while distracting Tigranes by engineering a Parthian attack on Gordyene 34 Phraates III the Parthian king was soon persuaded to take things a little further than an annexation of Gordyene when a son of Tigranes also named Tigranes went to join the Parthians and persuaded Phraates to invade Armenia in an attempt to replace the elder Tigranes with the Tigranes the Younger 35 Tigranes decided not to meet the invasion in the field but instead ensured that his capital Artaxata was well defended and withdrew to the hill country Phraates soon realized that Artaxata would not fall without a protracted siege the time for which he could not spare due to his fear of plots at home Once Phraates left Tigranes came back down from the hills and drove his son from Armenia The son then fled to Pompey 36 In 66 BC Pompey advanced into Armenia with Tigranes the Younger and Tigranes now almost 75 years old surrendered Pompey allowed him to retain his kingdom shorn of his conquests as he planned to have Armenia as a buffer state 37 38 and he took 6 000 talents 180 tonnes of silver His unfaithful son was sent back to Rome as a prisoner 39 Tigranes continued to rule Armenia as a formal ally of Rome until his death in 55 54 38 at age 85 Offspring EditTigranes had four sons and three daughters 40 41 The eldest son Zariadres according to Appian and Valerius Maximus rebelled against Tigranes and was killed during a battle possibly late 90s BCE 42 43 Appian also mentions an unnamed younger son who was executed for conspiring against Tigranes he disregarded his father s health and wore Tigranes s crown Tigranes having been injured during a hunting accident 44 His third son Tigranes the Younger who showed great care for his injured father and was rewarded for his loyalty 44 has already been mentioned He is also alleged to have led a military campaign in 82 BCE 44 Tigranes was succeeded by his fourth and youngest son Artavasdes II One daughter of Tigranes according to Cassius Dio married Mithridates I of Atropatene 40 45 Another daughter married Parthian prince Pacorus son of Orodes II 41 46 Parchments of Avroman also mention his third daughter Ariazate Automa who married Gotarzes I of Parthia 3 46 Although Cleopatra of Pontus is usually considered to be their mother Appian writes that she gave birth to three sons 44 historian Gagik Sargsyan considered only Artavasdes II and one of the unnamed daughters to be her children 47 According to him the rest had a different mother and were born before Tigranes became king 48 The reasoning behind it is that if Tigranes the Younger did indeed lead a campaign in 82 BCE then he and hence his two older brothers and possibly two sisters would be too old to be Cleopatra s children 48 Another argument supporting this claim would be the situation with Ariazate As she was probably the mother of Orodes I r 80 75 BC 49 then Ariazate could not have been the daughter of Cleopatra who married Tigranes only in 94 BCE at the age of 15 or 16 50 Sargsyan also proposed a possible candidate as Tigranes s first wife and the children s mother Artaxiad princess Zaruhi a daughter of Tigranes s paternal uncle Zariadres and granddaughter of Artaxias I 50 He also considered likely that the reason for the rebellion of Tigranes s son Zariadres was the birth of Artavasdes who was declared the heir by virtue of being born to a king and not a prince 51 Imperial ideology EditTigranes is a typical example of the mixed culture of his period The ceremonial of his court was of Achaemenid origin and also incorporated Parthian aspects 3 He had Greek rhetoricians and philosophers in his court possibly as a result of the influence of his queen Cleopatra 3 Greek was also possibly spoken in the court 3 Following the example of the Parthians Tigranes adopted the title of Philhellene friend of the Greeks 3 The layout of his capital Tigranocerta was a blend of Greek and Iranian architecture 3 Like the majority Armenia s inhabitants Tigranes was a follower of Zoroastrianism a 3 52 On his crown a star of divinity and two birds of prey are displayed both Iranian aspects 3 53 The bird of prey was associated with the khvarenah i e kingly glory 53 It was possibly also a symbol of the bird of the deity Verethragna 53 Legacy and recognition Edit A coin of Tigranes depicted on a 500 Armenian dram banknote in circulation from 1993 to 2005 54 Over the course of his conquests Tigranes founded four cities that bore his name including the capital of Tigranocerta Tigranakert 55 Historical Edit Tigranes is mentioned in Macrobii a Roman essay detailing the famous long livers of the day which is attributed to Lucian 56 In The Art of War 1521 Italian political philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli attributes Tigranes military failure to his excessive reliance on his cavalry 57 According to one count 24 operas have been composed about Tigranes by European composers 58 including by prominent Italian and German composers such as Alessandro Scarlatti Tigrane 1715 Antonio Vivaldi La virtu trionfante dell amore e dell odio ovvero il Tigrane 1724 59 Niccolo Piccinni Tigrane 1761 Tomaso Albinoni Giovanni Bononcini Francesco Gasparini Pietro Alessandro Guglielmi Johann Adolph Hasse Giovanni Battista Lampugnani Vincenzo Righini Antonio Tozzi and others 60 Modern Edit According to Razmik Panossian Tigranes short lived empire has been a source of pride for modern Armenian nationalists 61 Nevertheless his empire was a multi ethnic one 62 The phrase sea to sea Armenia Armenian ծովից ծով Հայաստան tsovits tsov Hayastan is a popular expression used by Armenians to refer to the kingdom of Tigranes which extended from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea 63 64 See also EditHistory of ArmeniaNotes Edit The largest expansion took place during the reign of Tigran II the Great who ruled between 95 and 55 bce and whose empire at one time stretched from the Mediterranean to the Caspian Sea The court ceremonial was Achaemenid containing also Parthian elements However perhaps due to the influence of the queen Cleopatra of Pontus there were Greek rhetoricians and philosophers at court At court Greek may have been spoken Tigran s heir Artawazd II wrote his plays and other literary works which were still known in the second century ce Tigran s religion was probably Mazdaism a variety of Zoroastrianism 3 References Edit Gurzadyan V G Vardanyan R August 2004 Halley s comet of 87 BC on the coins of Armenian king Tigranes Astronomy amp Geophysics 45 4 4 06 arXiv physics 0405073 Bibcode 2004A amp G 45d 6G doi 10 1046 j 1468 4004 2003 45406 x S2CID 119357985 a b Mayor 2009 p 136 a b c d e f g h i j Romeny 2010 p 264 Curtis 2016 p 185 de Jong 2015 pp 119 120 123 125 Chaumont 1986 pp 418 438 Western Armenian pronunciation Dikran Medz Ubbo Emmius 1620 Appendix Genealogica illustrando operi chronologico adjecta Excudebat Ioannes Sassivs p D5 a b Olbrycht 2009 p 165 Garsoian 2005 Olbrycht 2009 p 168 a b Dabrowa 2018 p 78 Olbrycht 2009 pp 165 182 see note 57 Olbrycht 2009 p 169 a b c d Kurdoghlian Mihran 1996 Պատմութիւն Հայոց History of Armenia Volume I in Armenian Athens Council of National Education Publishing pp 67 76 Strabo Geographica 11 14 15 Appian The Civil Wars 1 55 Rene Grousset 1946 Histoire de l Armenie in French Paris p 85 Dans l alliance qui fut alors conclus entre les deux souverains Mithridates faisait un peu figure client de Tigran Assar 2006 p 62 Shayegan 2011 p 225 Rezakhani 2013 p 770 Shayegan 2011 pp 188 189 Sellwood 1976 p 2 Brosius 2006 pp 91 92 Strabo Geographica 11 14 15 1 Litovchenko 2015 p 179 188 The House Of Seleucus V2 by Edwyn Robert Bevan Theo Maarten van Lint 2009 The Formation of Armenian Identity in the First Millennium Church History and Religious Culture 89 1 3 264 Boyajian Zabelle C 1916 An Anthology of Legends and Poems of Armenia Aram Raffi Viscount Bryce London J M Dent amp sons Ltd p 117 Greenhalgh 1981 p 74 Rollins Charles 1844 Ancient History vol 4 History of the Macedonians the Seleucidae in Syria and Parthians New York R Carter p 461 Philip Matyszak Mithridates the Great pp 127 128 Lee Frantatuono Lucullus pp 83 84 Plutarch Life of Lucullus XII 84 Keaveney 1992 pp 106 107 Keaveney 1992 p 107 Keaveney 1992 p 119 The Encyclopaedia of Military History R E Dupuy and T N Dupuy Greenhalgh 1981 p 105 Greenhalgh 1981 p 105 114 Greenhalgh 1981 p 114 Greenhalgh 1981 p 115 Scullard H H 1959 From the Gracchi to Nero A History of Rome from 133 B C to A D 68 New York F A Praeger p 106 a b Fuller J F C 1965 Julius Caesar Man Soldier and Tyrant London Eyre amp Spottiswoode p 45 ISBN 978 0 306 80422 9 Chaumont M L 2001 2002 Tigrane le Jeune fils de Tigrane le Grand Revue des Etudes Armeniennes in French 28 225 247 a b Sargsyan 1991 p 51 a b Redgate 2000 p 77 Sargsyan 1991 p 49 52 Valerius Maximus Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX Liber IX ext 3 a b c d Sargsyan 1991 p 49 Cassius Dio The Roman History XXXVI 14 a b Minns 1915 p 42 Sargsyan 1991 p 51 52 a b Sargsyan 1991 p 50 Assar 2006 p 67 74 a b Sargsyan 1991 p 53 Sargsyan 1991 p 52 Curtis 2016 p 185 de Jong 2015 pp 119 120 123 125 a b c Curtis 2016 pp 182 185 Banknotes out of Circulation 500 dram cba am Central Bank of Armenia Archived from the original on 19 February 2022 The tetradrachm of the King Tigran the Great mountain of Ararat Karapetian Samvel 2001 Armenian Cultural Monuments in the Region of Karabakh Yerevan Gitutiun Publishing House of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia p 213 ISBN 9785808004689 The data of records referring to these four towns all of which were called Tigranakert and differed only by provinces were often confused if the name of the province Aldznik Goghtn Utik or Artsakh Lucian Macrobii 15 Payaslian Simon 2007 The History of Armenia New York Palgrave Macmillan p 22 ISBN 978 1 4039 7467 9 Kharmandarian M S 1975 OA Portal in Armenia Opera Tigran Alessandro Skarlatti Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri in Russian 3 59 69 Vivaldi as opera composer Long Beach Opera Retrieved 31 August 2013 Towers John 1910 Dictionary catalogue of Operas and Operettas which Have Been Performed on the Public Stage Libretti Acme Publishing Company pp 625 6 Panossian Razmik 2006 The Armenians From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars New York Columbia University Press p 42 ISBN 9780231139267 Kohl Philip L 2012 Homelands in the Present and in the Past Political Implications of a Dangerous Concept In Hartley Charles W Yazicioglu G Bike Smith Adam T eds The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia Regimes and Revolutions Cambridge University Press p 149 ISBN 9781139789387 Verluise Pierre 1995 Armenia in Crisis The 1988 Earthquake Detroit Wayne State University Press p xxiv ISBN 9780814325278 Coe Barbara 2005 Changing Seasons Letters from Armenia Victoria B C Trafford p 215 ISBN 9781412070225 Bibliography Edit EnglishAssar Gholamreza F 2006 A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 91 55 BC Parthica Incontri di Culture Nel Mondo Antico Vol 8 Papers Presented to David Sellwood Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali ISBN 978 8 881 47453 0 ISSN 1128 6342 Brosius Maria 2006 The Persians An Introduction London amp New York Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 32089 4 Dabrowa Edward 2018 Arsacid Dynastic Marriages Electrum 25 73 83 doi 10 4467 20800909EL 18 005 8925 Olbrycht Marek Jan 2009 Mithridates VI Eupator and Iran In Hojte Jakob Munk ed Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom Black Sea Studies Vol 9 Aarhus University Press pp 163 190 ISBN 978 8779344433 ISSN 1903 4873 Chaumont M L 1986 Armenia and Iran ii The pre Islamic period Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol II Fasc 4 pp 418 438 Garsoian Nina 2004 Armeno Iranian Relations in the pre Islamic period Encyclopaedia Iranica Garsoian Nina 2005 Tigran II Encyclopaedia Iranica Romeny R B ter Haar 2010 Religious Origins of Nations The Christian Communities of the Middle East Brill ISBN 9789004173750 Seager Robin 2008 Pompey the Great A Political Biography John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 9780470775226 Keaveney Arthur 1992 Lucullus A Life London Routledge ISBN 9781134968558 Greenhalgh P A L 1981 Pompey the Roman Alexander Volume 1 University of Missouri Press ISBN 9780826203359 Walton Dobbins K 1974 Mithradates II and his Successors A Study of the Parthian Crisis 90 70 B C Antichthon 8 63 79 doi 10 1017 S0066477400000447 ISSN 0066 4774 S2CID 151370496 Traina Giusto 2013 Tigranu the Crown Prince of Armenia Evidence from the Babylonian Astronomical Diaries Klio 95 2 447 454 doi 10 1524 klio 2013 95 2 447 ISSN 2192 7669 S2CID 159478619 Downey Glanville 1962 A History of Antioch in Syria Princeton University Press ISBN 9781400876716 Sullivan Richard 1990 Near Eastern royalty and Rome 100 30 BC University of Toronto Press ISBN 9780802026828 Brunner C J 1983 ADRAPANA Encyclopaedia Iranica Clive Foss 1986 The Coinage of Tigranes the Great Problems Suggestions and a New Find The Numismatic Chronicle 146 19 66 ISSN 2054 9156 JSTOR 42667454 Christoph F Konrad 1983 Reges Armenii Patricios Resalutare Non Solent American Journal of Philology 104 3 278 281 doi 10 2307 294542 ISSN 0002 9475 JSTOR 294542 Keaveney Arthur 1981 Roman Treaties with Parthia circa 95 circa 64 B C American Journal of Philology 102 2 195 212 doi 10 2307 294311 ISSN 0002 9475 JSTOR 294311 Boccaccini Gabriele 2012 Tigranes the Great as Nebuchadnezzar in the Book of Judith In Xeravits Geza G ed A Pious Seductress Studies in the Book of Judith Berlin Walter de Gruyter pp 55 69 ISBN 9783110279986 Dumitru Adrian 2016 Kleopatra Selene A Look at the Moon and Her Bright Side In Coskun Altay McAuley Alex eds Seleukid Royal Women Creation Representation and Distortion of Hellenistic Queenship in the Seleukid Empire Historia Einzelschriften Vol 240 Franz Steiner Verlag pp 253 272 ISBN 978 3 515 11295 6 ISSN 0071 7665 Boyce Mary 1984 Zoroastrians Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Psychology Press pp 1 252 ISBN 9780415239028 Curtis Vesta Sarkhosh 2016 Ancient Iranian Motifs and Zoroastrian Iconography In Williams Markus Stewart Sarah Hintze Almut eds The Zoroastrian Flame Exploring Religion History and Tradition I B Tauris pp 179 203 ISBN 9780857728159 de Jong Albert 2015 Armenian and Georgian Zoroastrianism In Stausberg Michael Vevaina Yuhan Sohrab Dinshaw Tessmann Anna eds The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism John Wiley amp Sons Ltd Russell James R 1987 Zoroastrianism in Armenia Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0674968509 Minns Ellis H 1915 Parchments of the Parthian Period from Avroman in Kurdistan The Journal of Hellenic Studies 35 22 65 doi 10 2307 624522 ISSN 0075 4269 JSTOR 624522 S2CID 164177124 Redgate Anne Elizabeth 2000 The Armenians Wiley Blackwell ISBN 9780631143727 Mayor Adrienne 2009 The Poison King The Life and Legend of Mithradates Rome s Deadliest Enemy Princeton University Press pp 1 448 ISBN 9780691150260 Manandyan Hakob 2007 1943 in Russian Tigranes II and Rome A New Interpretation Based on Primary Sources Translated by George Bournoutian Costa Mesa CA Mazda Publishers Rezakhani Khodadad 2013 Arsacid Elymaean and Persid Coinage In Potts Daniel T ed The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0199733309 Sellwood David 1976 The Drachms of the Parthian Dark Age The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Cambridge University Press 1 1 2 25 doi 10 1017 S0035869X00132988 JSTOR 25203669 S2CID 161619682 registration required Shayegan Rahim M 2011 Arsacids and Sasanians Political Ideology in Post Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 76641 8RussianHakobyan Hayk 1983 Tigranakertskaya bitva v novom osveshenii The battle of Tigranocerta under new light Herald of the Social Sciences 9 65 79 ISSN 0320 8117 Litovchenko Sergey 2015 Carstvovanie Tigrana II Velikogo v Sirii problemy hronologii The reign of Tigranes the Great in Syria chronology problems Ancient World and Archaeology 17 176 191 ISSN 0320 961X Litovchenko Sergey 2011 Carstvo Sofena v vostochnoj politike Pompeya The kingdom of Sophene in the eastern policy of Pompey Drevnosti 10 34 40 OCLC 36974593 Litovchenko Sergey 2007 Malaya Armeniya i kappadokijskie sobytiya 90 h gg I v do n e Lesser Armenia and Cappadocian events in the 90s BC Laurea K 80 letiju Professora Vladimira Ivanovica Kadeeva pp 48 56 ISBN 9789663423876 Manandyan Hakob 1943 Tigran Vtoroj i Rim Tigran II and Rome Yerevan Armfan Manaseryan R L 1982 Processy obrazovaniya derzhavy Tigrana II The formation of the empire of Tigranes II Journal of Ancient History 2 122 139 ISSN 0321 0391 Manaseryan R L 1985 Borba Tigrana protiv ekspansii Rima v kappadokii 93 91 gg do n e The struggle of Tigranes II against Roman expansion in Cappadocia Journal of Ancient History 3 109 118 ISSN 0321 0391 Manaseryan R L 1992 Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya na Perednem Vostoke v 80 70 h godah do n e Tigran II i vojska s beregov Araksa International relations in the Near East in the years 80 70 BC Tigranes II and the troops from the banks of the Araxes Journal of Ancient History 1 152 160 ISSN 0321 0391 Sargsyan Gagik 1991 SVIDETELSTVO POZDNEVAVILONSKOJ KLINOPISNOJ HRONIKI OB ARMENII VREMENI TIGRANA II Evidence Regarding Armenia during Tigran II s Period in a Late Babylonian cuneiform chronicle PDF Patma Banasirakan Handes in Russian 2 45 54 ISSN 0135 0536 Vardanyan Ruben 2011 Borba za titul carya carej v kontekste vostochnoj politiki Rima I veka do n e po numizmaticheskim epigraficheskim i narrativnym istochnikam The Fight for the King of Kings Title in the Context of Rome s Eastern Policy in the 1st Century B C on numismatic epigraphic and narrative sources Patma Banasirakan Handes 1 230 252 ISSN 0135 0536 FrenchDuyrat Frederique 2012 Tigrane en Syrie un prince sans images Cahiers des etudes anciennes 49 167 209 ISSN 0317 5065 Seyrig Henri 1955 Tresor monetaire de Nisibe Revue numismatique 85 128 ISSN 0317 5065 Sartre Maurice 2014 Syrie romaine 70 av J C 73 apr J C Pallas Revue d etudes antiques 98 96 253 269 doi 10 4000 pallas 1284 ISSN 0031 0387 Therese Frankfort 1963 La Sophene Et Rome Latomus 22 2 181 190 ISSN 0023 8856 GermanEngels David 2014 Uberlegungen zur Funktion der Titel Grosskonig und Konig der Konige In Cojocaru Victor Coskun Altay Dana Mădălina eds Interconnectivity in the Mediterranean and Pontic World during the Hellenistic and the Roman Periods Romania Cluj Napoca pp 333 362 ISBN 9786065435261 Schottky Martin 1989 Media Atropatene und Gross Armenien in hellenistischer Zeit Bonn Habelt ISBN 9783774923942 ArmenianManaseryan Ruben 2007 Տիգրան Մեծ Հայկական Պայքարը Հռոմի և Պարթևաստանի Դեմ մ թ ա 94 64 թթ Tigran the Great The Armenian Struggle Against Rome and Parthia 94 64 B C in Armenian Yerevan Lusakan Publishing Further reading EditTigranes the GreatArtaxiad DynastyBorn 140 BC Died 55 BCPreceded byTigranes I King of Armenia95 BC 55 BC Succeeded byArtavasdes IIPreceded byPhilip IAntiochus XII King of Syria83 BC 69 BC Succeeded byAntiochus XIII Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tigranes the Great amp oldid 1126123142, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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