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Wikipedia

Gender bender

August 22, 2023

This article is about human gender. For the hardware component, see Gender changer. For the X-Files episode, see Gender Bender (The X-Files). For the Taboo episode, see Gender Benders.

A gender bender is a person who dresses up and presents themselves in a way that defies societal expectations of their gender, especially as the opposite sex.[1] Bending expected gender roles may also be called a genderfuck.[2]

"Sister Trystina T. Rhume" of the genderbend group Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence. Photo from San Francisco, 2012.

The concept of gender bending may have political origins, stemming from movements in the 1960s and 1970s, a guiding principle of which is the idea that the personal is political.[3] Some individuals may choose to engage in gender bending as a form of self-expression or to challenge societal norms; in his 1974 article, Genderfuck and Its Delights,[4] Christopher Lonc explained his motivation for performing genderfuck: "I want to criticize and poke fun at the roles of women and of men too. I want to try [to] show how not-normal I can be. I want to ridicule and destroy the whole cosmology of restrictive sex roles and sexual identification."[5]

The term genderfuck has long been part of the gay vernacular, and started to appear in written documents in the 1970s. Sheidlower cites the definition of the term gender fuck in L Humphreys' 1972 work Out of the Closets: Sociology of Homosexual Liberation as "a form of extended guerilla theatre". Also quoted is the August 1972 issue of Rolling Stone magazine, in reference to the glam rock style: "The new 'macho' transvestism, called vulgarly 'gender-fuck', a curious satire of female impersonation – dresses, pumps, full make-up and beards – is represented by, among others, three men in WAC uniforms and big moustaches".[6]

Gender binary

Gender bending is commonly used as a rebellion against socially constructed expectations of gender and gender roles, which can vary widely between cultures, though commonly include some variation of the gender binary – the idea that only two genders exist: men and women. In many cultures, it is only acceptable for an individual to embody one of these two gender roles, which often mimic the social expectations of the sexual categories of "male" and "female". Within this cultural expectation, people designated as male are expected to be masculine, while those designated female are expected to be feminine.[7] The belief in and subscription to polar gender roles is known as "gender binarism".

In many cultures, for a person to be seen as belonging to a particular gender category, the individual must not only have a particular anatomical (including genital) makeup, but must conform to that culture's ideas of appropriate sex role stereotypes. These roles are highly influenced by culture and peers.[8] This sex role stereotype includes sexual orientation. To this end, those who go against expected conduct, for example gays and lesbians, may be seen as "less than" or "other".[9]

In Western cultures, gender roles have changed over many centuries, though mainstream Western culture still tends to expect stereotypical "feminine" behaviors from females, and "masculine" sex role stereotypes from males. A study by Princeton University outlined these common, prescriptive gender stereotypes:

  • "Masculine" – acts as a leader, aggressive, ambitious, analytical, assertive, athletic, competitive, defends own beliefs, dominant, forceful, has leadership abilities, independent, individualistic, makes decisions easily, self-reliant, self-sufficient, strong-personality, willing to take a stand, and willing to take risks.
  • "Feminine" sex role stereotypes, as defined by this same study included: affectionate, cheerful, childlike, compassionate, does not use harsh language, eager to soothe hurt feelings, flatterable, gentle, gullible, loves children, loyal, sensitive to the needs of others, shy, soft-spoken, sympathetic, tender, understanding, warm, and yielding.[10]

In Christian and Jewish cultures, gender roles and gender presentation have formed part of scriptural texts and religious teachings for thousands of years: "The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man put on a woman's garment; for all that do so are abomination unto the Lord thy God" (KJV, Deut. 22:5). Crossing these lines has been interpreted by some Christians as a moral transgression.[11] Jewish law, or halacha, recognizes intersex and non-conforming sexes in addition to male and female.[12][13] Rabbinical literature recognizes six different sexes, defined according to the development and presentation of primary and secondary sex characteristics at birth and later in life.[14] Jewish literature describes what today would be referred to as intersex such as the concept of a Tumtum being a person of ambiguous gender and/or sex as is the concept of the androgynos, being a person characterized with elements of both sexes. One aspect of gender and Jewish studies is considering how the ambiguity recognized in Rabbinical literature has been erased and constructed into a binary and how this translates into Jewish practices.[15]

Subsidiary cultures

Other cultures – often indigenous peoples, or subcultures that exist within Western cultures – may conceptualize gender as having more than two options, and even see their people as potentially fulfilling more than one gender role. Some indigenous peoples of North America have historically had more than two gender roles as part of their social structure,[16] while others, who may or may not have embraced this diversity historically, may accept modern two spirit people as part of their communities now.[17] Other cultures may see people as being capable of embodying more than one gender role at different times,[16] or of being "in the middle", "embracing both male and female spirit".[18] One such example is the Bugis people of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. People of the Bugis society have a total of five genders. These genders include what would traditionally be seen as cisgender man and woman, as well as transgender men and women, and the androgynous Bissu shamans.[19]

Gender bending in practice

Often, parody and exaggeration are used to transgress gender roles, usually to expose them as artificial.[20] For example, a person who engages in gender bending may purposefully exaggerate conventional notions of femininity, or masculinity. Gender bending can also be achieved through cross-dressing and androgyny, both of which challenge and contribute to dismantling the gender binary by separating expression or performance of gender from perceptions of biological or physiological sex. Thus, gender bending protests gender essentialism. This concept is protested not only through non-normative appearance, but by challenging normative gender roles, characteristics, or behaviors as well – for example, a female-bodied individual who is purposefully assertive and nondomestic in order to challenge the notion of essential femininity. Gender bending is based in gender performativity: the concept of gender as a performance. It can be achieved through physical presentation (e.g. clothing, hair, makeup, and secondary sex characteristics), as well as behavior. Because much of gender performance is expressed through clothing, in societies where a gender binary can be observed, there is an established, widespread notion that some clothes are "masculine" and should be worn only by male-bodied individuals, and others are "feminine" and should be worn only by female-bodied individuals. Hawkes, sociologist and author, addresses this "dress code" and the opportunity for a resistance: "The universality of [dress] codes and their meanings allows for the [subversion of] the mainstream 'messages' they convey and through this to illuminate the existence of alternative [gender] identities."[21]

Cross-dressing and androgyny

Cross-dressing would be a form of gender bending because the purpose is to "fuck with gender" roles and presentation. Androgyny is not specifically gender bending, but it can be considered as such if someone is being androgynous on purpose.[citation needed] The origin of the word "androgynous" is from the Greek androgynos: "male and female in one; womanish man; common to men and women".[22] Androgyny as a form of gender expression may present as a blended unification of masculine and feminine traits, with the goal of making one's sex indiscernible, or as a dichotomous mix juxtaposing male and female phenotypes, with the goal of transgressing gender norms.[23]

There have been many famous people who have cross-dressed and many famous people now who are androgynous. The rock star Prince was very well known for his cross-dressing or androgynous look. Eddie Izzard started to freely talk about her cross-dressing as early as 1992.[24]

Shakespeare used cross-dressing in his performances. Over the centuries some readers have posited that Shakespeare's sonnets are autobiographical, and point to them as evidence of his love for a young man.[citation needed] Shakespeare had characters in his writings that were considered cross-dressers. The four of the five main female characters in his plays were seen as women who cross-dress as men or boys: Cleopatra in Antony and Cleopatra, Portia in The Merchant of Venice, Rosalind in As You Like It, Viola in Twelfth Night.[citation needed]

Drag

Drag shows are stage performances where people perform in drag. Drag costuming and makeup may in some cases simply involve an actor portraying a character of a sex or gender different from their own, or the performance itself may be a parody or critique of gender and gender roles. Often "feminine" or "masculine" gender stereotypes of the person's culture are exaggerated for comic or satirical effect. Performers may call themselves drag kings or drag queens. Drag revues typically involve elaborate, glamorous costumes and musical performances. The entertainers may sing, dance, or lip sync.[25]

A faux drag performer is a person who performs as the gender they identify as in day-to-day life, albeit in a usually exaggerated form. For instance a cisgender woman who performs as a drag queen is a faux queen.[26]

Rupp et al. noted in 2010 that "In order to understand the differences and similarities between gay male drag queens and female-bodied and transgender drag kings and bio queens, we consider how the personal gender and sexual identities of drag performers affect and are affected by their gender performances in drag."[27][further explanation needed]

Literature

Literature, in particular erotica, is another method that has been used to explore genderfuck scenarios. The basis of the literary genre of genderfuck is that it is unimportant whether someone is a man or a woman during the sex act, an idea which challenges for example the Catholic theology of sexuality. Doris Libetseder points to Carol Queen's short story The Leather Daddy and the Femme, where a lesbian femme uses a strap-on dildo to have sex with a gay leather daddy as a fitting example of the genderfuck genre.[28]

Software

It was noted as early as May 2019 that the software product Snapchat had photograph filters that make it easy to perform a gender bender on the subjects of photographs, especially those taken on handheld devices like smartphones.[29]

Non-political gender bending

Gender bending is not always a purposeful political standpoint. According to Butler, gender is something that is performed; it only holds cultural significance to the extent that this is ascribed to it. Despite the gender binary roles society imposes, there are many ways for individuals to express gender variation and not all of them are intentionally political radicalism.[30] Further, in 1995 Tamsin Wilton argued that:

Gender-fuck is not intrinsically radical – otherwise gender-benders such as Boy George, Prince, Annie Lennox, David Bowie etc. would not get away with it to the extent that they do. A politically aware gender-fuck – such as that of RuPaul or (to a limited extent) Madonna – gets much closer to radicalism, but it is only by incorporating a critique of gender as an axis of power that playing about with gender signifiers can be more than wickedly entertaining.[31]

Judith Butler and gender as performance

Judith Butler a theorist who believes the idea that gender is something that is performed by individuals. Her concept of "gender performativity" is the idea that people choose to perform gender in a context in which we are given very few socially acceptable choices, but can be explained as being similar to what actors do in front of the camera. Due to the importance we place on the belief that men need to act like men and women need to behave like women, it is often believed that gender is an innate attribute and not a social construct. In her article Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory, Butler explains that if gender is something that sexed bodies assimilate to in order to follow the societal codes of what is appropriate behavior, then those actions can be conceptualized in different ways to allow more flexibility for individuals. In the same article, she asserts that in American culture, there is a gender binary along with strict social repercussions against those that act against the "normal" script. This script is policed by harassment, parental pressures to fill expectations, and peer influence. All of these are ways to guarantee that the culture will repeat itself from generation to generation.[30]

Judith Butler's theory about gender roles and their social implications and need for reconstruction is developed in her book, Gender Trouble (1990) in which she argues that the limited acceptance of variation in gender roles does great harm to individual expression. With the limited options for both men and women, there is little room for their combined forces, because men are constantly focused on becoming the financial supporters of their families which leaves women with the sole option of being the maternal expert she is expected to be. This idea excludes the masculine women or feminine men from being acceptable parental figures for their children because it may lead to a child growing up and conceptualizing the world differently.[30]

Gender and child raising

According to Susan Witt's 1997 study, children generally come to their first conclusions about being male or female from their parents since typically they are the first people the child relates to and the nature of the relationship is intense. Besides parents giving children gender specific clothing, toys, and expectations, there are often many subtle messages about what is acceptable or not regarding gender. Witt's study showed that children that grow up with more androgynous gendered parents are more focused on achievements and typically have a better sense of self.[32] Conversely, in cases of gender nonconformity, when a child exhibits gender performances that are atypical of their prescribed gender role, Kerry Robinson and Cristyn Davies report that a parental figure may respond with hostility.[33] According to Roberts et al. in Pediatrics, people who do not conform to the gender binary are often subject to abuse from society, from within the family and within their community. Types of abuse range from physical and sexual to psychological abuse.[34]

Examples

The Cockettes

The Cockettes were a psychedelic drag queen troupe, founded in San Francisco in the late 1960s. According to the journal Maledicta in 1987: "Real transvestites and transsexuals are... embarrassed... [by]... The genderfuck Cockettes and such (in dresses and beards)."[6]

Marc Bolan

Credited as one of the innovators of the early 70's glam rock era, lead singer and guitarist Marc Bolan of rock band T. Rex was dubbed 'feminine looking'. He was known for his volumized curly hair, vibrant wardrobe and experimentation with glittery make-up and eyeliner. As well as this, he wore platform boots and feather boas during his performances.[35]

David Bowie and Lou Reed

Exploiting his androgynous appearance, rock star David Bowie wore a dress on the UK cover of his 1970 album, The Man Who Sold the World, and often wore dresses, makeup and leotards both onstage and while doing interviews. In a time when very few people were out, he announced he and his wife were both bisexual.[36][37] In 1972 Bowie co-produced Lou Reed's album Transformer, which includes several gender bending songs, notably the classic, "Walk on the Wild Side".

New York Dolls

The New York Dolls are a protopunk band, formed in 1971 and who were very influential in the early New York City punk rock scene. They broke up in 1977 but reformed in 2004. While they often performed in dresses, long hair and glitter/glam makeup, at least one reviewers called their genderfuck "quite subtle".[6]

Rocky Horror (Picture) Show

Dr. Frank-N-Furter from the 1973 musical, The Rocky Horror Show, and later the cult film / midnight movie, Rocky Horror Picture Show, is a male bodied person but wears lingerie, clothing, and accessories considered feminine in the English and American culture of the era. The character also wears heavy make-up influenced by 1940s female film stars like Joan Crawford. In one of the songs featured in the musical Dr. Frank-N-Furter sings, "I'm just a sweet transvestite from Transsexual, Transylvania."

Prince

Prince wrote many songs that dealt with ambiguity – of gender, of sexuality, and of race.[38] A charismatic entertainer and prolific songwriter, his songs with bisexual content have also been recorded by artists such as Cyndi Lauper, who in "When You Were Mine", sang about sharing a lover with another man, who was in bed with them, "sleeping in between the two of us".

Grace Jones

According to SheWired, Grace Jones laughs at outside attempts to define her gender identity.[39] Jones herself has said of her gender ambiguity that she feels her masculine side is "a bit stronger".[40] NPR cites her as an influence on Madonna and Lady Gaga.[41]

Annie Lennox

Singer-songwriter and political activist Annie Lennox began her career as lead singer with The Tourists in the late 1970s. In the 1980s she fronted synthpop band the Eurythmics but has focused on solo work since the 1990s with the exception of an album and tour with Eurythmics in 1999. The Spin Alternative Record Guide described her in 1995 as "Gender-fuck goddess Annie Lennox".[6]

Phranc

The American singer-songwriter and artist Phranc began her career in 1978 with punk band Nervous Gender. In 1985 Village Voice wrote: "Part of Phranc's appeal is the genderfuck of her sweet feminine voice coming from such a masculine frame."[6] She later worked with queercore band Team Dresch.

Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence

The charity, protest and street performance organization Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence was formed by gay men in 1979, originally using nuns' attire and high camp to draw attention to social conflicts in the Castro, San Francisco. Currently they fundraise for AIDS and other LGBT causes and promote and educate on safer sex issues. The Cambridge Guide to American Theater identified them as one of the "more anarchic uses of "gender-fuck"... [which]... "parodied traditional drag".[42]

Boy George

Boy George of the 1980s band Culture Club, has cultivated an androgynous style, and was part of the English New Romantic movement which emerged in the early 1980s. He famously stated, "I can do anything. In GQ, I appeared as a man."[citation needed]

RuPaul

American drag queen, singer, actor, and host/star of RuPaul's Drag Race, RuPaul got his start by performing in genderfuck, performance art, music videos and punk bands in Atlanta in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[citation needed]

It's Pat

Pat, a character from the television show Saturday Night Live, served as the basis for the movie It's Pat. The sketches and film feature an androgynous main character, Pat. People are unable to determine Pat's sex, including one male who cannot determine their gender after having sex with Pat while stranded on a deserted island.[citation needed]

Marilyn Manson

At least one writer says Marilyn Manson's gender-bending rock act "shows trans identities can resonate with the public in a way that cannot be ghettoised".[43] Manson's gender-bending has been compared to that of Alice Cooper[44] and Bowie.[45]

Eddie Izzard

Eddie Izzard started to freely talk about her transvestism in venues like Edinburgh Festival as early as 1992. Her stance is that cross-dressing is neither part of her performance nor a sexual fetish. She remarks in her show Unrepeatable, "Women wear what they want and so do I." According to Izzard, "Most transvestites fancy women." She identifies as "a straight transvestite or a male lesbian". She has also described herself as "a lesbian trapped in a man's body",[46] transgender, and "a complete boy plus half girl".[47]

Lady Gaga

Lady Gaga is very specific in what she wears and even states that, "But in a sense, I portray myself in a very androgynous way, and I love androgyny."[48]

In visual arts media

Some films including gender-fuck characters or drag characters are:

Anime:

Television:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Definition of GENDER BENDER". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  2. ^ Jonathon Green (2005). Cassell's Dictionary of Slang (2nd ed.). Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 575. ISBN 978-0-304-36636-1.
  3. ^ Glick, Elisa (2000). "Sex Positive: Feminism, Queer Theory, and the Politics of Transgression". Feminist Review. 64 (1): 19–45. doi:10.1080/014177800338936. S2CID 145181041.
  4. ^ Christopher Lonc. Genderfuck and Its Delights. Gay Sunshine 21 (Spring 1974)
  5. ^ Quoted in Bergman, David, ed. (1993). Camp Grounds: Style and Homosexuality. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-87023-878-7. OCLC 28294779.
  6. ^ a b c d e Sheidlower, Jesse (2009). The F-Word. Oxford University Press. pp. 189–190. ISBN 978-0199751556.
  7. ^ Butler, Judith (2006). Gender Trouble: Tenth Anniversary Edition. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 10–11. ISBN 0415389550.
  8. ^ Adler, Patricia A.; Kless, Steven J.; Adler, Peter (1992-01-01). "Socialization to Gender Roles: Popularity among Elementary School Boys and Girls". Sociology of Education. 65 (3): 169–187. doi:10.2307/2112807. JSTOR 2112807.
  9. ^ Card, C (1994). Adventures in Lesbian Philosophy. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253208998. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  10. ^ Prentice, D; Carranza, E. (PDF). psych.princeton.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  11. ^ Garber, M (1997). Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415919517. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  12. ^ "More than Just Male and Female: The Six Genders in Ancient Jewish Thought." Freidson, Sarah. Sefaria, 10 June 2016. [1]
  13. ^ Irshai, Ronit (2010). "Toward a Gender Critical Approach to the Philosophy of Jewish Law (Halakhah)". Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion. 26 (2): 55–77. doi:10.2979/fsr.2010.26.2.55. ISSN 8755-4178. JSTOR 10.2979/fsr.2010.26.2.55. S2CID 144382373.
  14. ^ Adler, Rachel (2016-09-01). "Queer Jews Talking Their Way in". European Judaism. 49 (2): 6–13. doi:10.3167/ej.2016.490203. ISSN 0014-3006.
  15. ^ Irshai, Ronit (2019-04-03). "The construction of gender in halakhic Responsa by the Reform movement: transgender people as a case study". Journal of Modern Jewish Studies. 18 (2): 160–176. doi:10.1080/14725886.2019.1595496. ISSN 1472-5886. S2CID 151081605.
  16. ^ a b Estrada, Gabriel (2011). "Two Spirits, Nádleeh, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze". American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 35 (4): 167–190. doi:10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30.
  17. ^ Pember, Mary Annette (Oct 13, 2016). "'Two Spirit' Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes". Rewire. Retrieved Oct 17, 2016.
  18. ^ Cleveland International Film Festival, selections; Kumu Hina: A Place in the Middle 2016-06-27 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Graham, Sharyn (2004). "It's Like One of Those Puzzles: Conceptualising Gender among Bugis". Journal of Gender Studies. 13 (2): 107–116. doi:10.1080/0958923042000217800. S2CID 143529152.
  20. ^ Wilkinson, Sue and Celia Kitzinger (1996). "The Queer Backlash". In Bell, Diane; Renate Klein, eds. (1996). Radically Speaking: Feminism Reclaimed. London: Zed Books. pp. 375–382. Quoted in Weedon, Chris (1999). Feminism, Theory, and the Politics of Difference. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 74–75. ISBN 0-631-19824-5.
  21. ^ Hawkes, Gail L. (1995). "Dressing‐up — cross‐dressing and sexual dissonance". Journal of Gender Studies. 4 (3): 261–270. doi:10.1080/09589236.1995.9960612.
  22. ^ "Androgynous". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  23. ^ Stitt, Alex (2020). ACT For Gender Identity: The Comprehensive Guide. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-1785927997. OCLC 1089850112.
  24. ^ "Yes, Eddie Izzard is using 'she' and 'her' pronouns. And it's her right to define however she wants". PinkNews. 2020-12-30. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
  25. ^ Bird, Jacob Mallinson (2020). "Haptic Aurality: On Touching the Voice in Drag Lip-Sync Performance". Sound Studies. 6 (1): 45–64. doi:10.1080/20551940.2019.1640512. S2CID 201507478. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  26. ^ "Faux Queens' bend gender-bending". CNN. Reuters. 2000-11-22. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  27. ^ Rupp, Leila; Taylor, Verta; Shapiro, Eve (June 8, 2010). "Drag Queens and Drag Kings: The Difference Gender Makes". Sexualities. 13 (275): 278. doi:10.1177/1363460709352725. S2CID 145721360.
  28. ^ Leibetseder, Doris (2013). Queer Tracks: Subversive Strategies in Rock and Pop Music. Ash gate Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1409472032.
  29. ^ Conner, Katie (7 June 2019). "Want to try that gender-face-swap thing everyone's doing? Here's how". CBS Interactive. CNet.
  30. ^ a b c Butler, Judith. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  31. ^ Wilton, Tamsin (1995). Lesbian Studies: Setting an Agenda. Routledge. pp. 109. ISBN 0415086566.
  32. ^ Witt, Susan D. (1997). . Adolescence. University of Akron School of Home Economics and Family Ecology. 32 (126): 253–259. PMID 9179321. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  33. ^ Robinson, Kerry; Davies, Cristyn. "Tomboys and Sissy Girls: young girls' negotiations of femininity and masculinity". International Journal of Equity and Innovation in Early Childhood. 5 (7): 17–31. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  34. ^ Roberts, A. L.; Rosario, M.; Corliss, H. L.; Koenen, K. C.; Austin, S. B. (2012). "Childhood Gender Nonconformity: A Risk Indicator for Childhood Abuse and Posttraumatic Stress in Youth". Pediatrics. 129 (3): 410–417. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1804. PMC 3289524. PMID 22351893.
  35. ^ Sweeting, Adam (30 August 2007). "Marc Bolan: Why the prettiest star still shines". telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12.
  36. ^ Nicholas Pegg (2 December 2011). The Complete David Bowie. Titan Books. pp. 260–65. ISBN 9780857687197.
  37. ^ Sandford, Christopher (1997) [First published 1996]. Bowie: Loving the Alien. Time Warner. pp. 73–74. ISBN 0-306-80854-4.
  38. ^ Kaufman, Scott Barry. "From George and Lennox to Gaga and Lambert: Androgyny, Creativity, and Pop Culture". Psychology Today. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  39. ^ Berrick, Genevieve (28 September 2015). "Grace Jones Proves Herself a Gender-Bending Icon Once Again at the Hollywood Bowl". SheWired. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  40. ^ Foreman, Katya (2 October 2015). "Grace Jones: Style, power and in-your-face sexuality". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  41. ^ "Grace Jones: 'I'm A Bit Split Personality'". NPR. 5 October 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  42. ^ Wilmeth, Don B. (2007). Cambridge Guide to American Theater. Cambridge University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0521835381.
  43. ^ Andrews, Charlotte Richardson (9 May 2012). "Sexuality and gender have always been blurred in rock'n'roll". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  44. ^ Aspray, Benjamin (18 January 2015). "Marilyn Manson: The Pale Emperor". Slant Magazine.
  45. ^ Considine, J. D. (15 September 1998). . The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  46. ^ "Comic Izzard promoting life story". BBC News. 17 May 2004. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  47. ^ Rampton, James (23 May 2004). "Eddie Izzard: The tough transvestite who can take care of himself". The Independent. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
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External links

  •   Quotations related to Gender bender at Wikiquote
  •   Media related to Genderfuck at Wikimedia Commons

August 22, 2023
gender, bender, this, article, about, human, gender, hardware, component, gender, changer, files, episode, gender, bender, files, taboo, episode, gender, benders, gender, bender, person, dresses, presents, themselves, that, defies, societal, expectations, thei. This article is about human gender For the hardware component see Gender changer For the X Files episode see Gender Bender The X Files For the Taboo episode see Gender Benders A gender bender is a person who dresses up and presents themselves in a way that defies societal expectations of their gender especially as the opposite sex 1 Bending expected gender roles may also be called a genderfuck 2 Sister Trystina T Rhume of the genderbend group Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence Photo from San Francisco 2012 The concept of gender bending may have political origins stemming from movements in the 1960s and 1970s a guiding principle of which is the idea that the personal is political 3 Some individuals may choose to engage in gender bending as a form of self expression or to challenge societal norms in his 1974 article Genderfuck and Its Delights 4 Christopher Lonc explained his motivation for performing genderfuck I want to criticize and poke fun at the roles of women and of men too I want to try to show how not normal I can be I want to ridicule and destroy the whole cosmology of restrictive sex roles and sexual identification 5 The term genderfuck has long been part of the gay vernacular and started to appear in written documents in the 1970s Sheidlower cites the definition of the term gender fuck in L Humphreys 1972 work Out of the Closets Sociology of Homosexual Liberation as a form of extended guerilla theatre Also quoted is the August 1972 issue of Rolling Stone magazine in reference to the glam rock style The new macho transvestism called vulgarly gender fuck a curious satire of female impersonation dresses pumps full make up and beards is represented by among others three men in WAC uniforms and big moustaches 6 Contents 1 Gender binary 1 1 Subsidiary cultures 2 Gender bending in practice 2 1 Cross dressing and androgyny 2 2 Drag 2 3 Literature 2 4 Software 2 5 Non political gender bending 3 Judith Butler and gender as performance 4 Gender and child raising 5 Examples 5 1 The Cockettes 5 2 Marc Bolan 5 3 David Bowie and Lou Reed 5 4 New York Dolls 5 5 Rocky Horror Picture Show 5 6 Prince 5 7 Grace Jones 5 8 Annie Lennox 5 9 Phranc 5 10 Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence 5 11 Boy George 5 12 RuPaul 5 13 It s Pat 5 14 Marilyn Manson 5 15 Eddie Izzard 5 16 Lady Gaga 6 In visual arts media 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksGender binary EditThis section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article s subject Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing indiscriminate details Non important content should likely be moved to another article or removed October 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Gender bending is commonly used as a rebellion against socially constructed expectations of gender and gender roles which can vary widely between cultures though commonly include some variation of the gender binary the idea that only two genders exist men and women In many cultures it is only acceptable for an individual to embody one of these two gender roles which often mimic the social expectations of the sexual categories of male and female Within this cultural expectation people designated as male are expected to be masculine while those designated female are expected to be feminine 7 The belief in and subscription to polar gender roles is known as gender binarism In many cultures for a person to be seen as belonging to a particular gender category the individual must not only have a particular anatomical including genital makeup but must conform to that culture s ideas of appropriate sex role stereotypes These roles are highly influenced by culture and peers 8 This sex role stereotype includes sexual orientation To this end those who go against expected conduct for example gays and lesbians may be seen as less than or other 9 In Western cultures gender roles have changed over many centuries though mainstream Western culture still tends to expect stereotypical feminine behaviors from females and masculine sex role stereotypes from males A study by Princeton University outlined these common prescriptive gender stereotypes Masculine acts as a leader aggressive ambitious analytical assertive athletic competitive defends own beliefs dominant forceful has leadership abilities independent individualistic makes decisions easily self reliant self sufficient strong personality willing to take a stand and willing to take risks Feminine sex role stereotypes as defined by this same study included affectionate cheerful childlike compassionate does not use harsh language eager to soothe hurt feelings flatterable gentle gullible loves children loyal sensitive to the needs of others shy soft spoken sympathetic tender understanding warm and yielding 10 In Christian and Jewish cultures gender roles and gender presentation have formed part of scriptural texts and religious teachings for thousands of years The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man neither shall a man put on a woman s garment for all that do so are abomination unto the Lord thy God KJV Deut 22 5 Crossing these lines has been interpreted by some Christians as a moral transgression 11 Jewish law or halacha recognizes intersex and non conforming sexes in addition to male and female 12 13 Rabbinical literature recognizes six different sexes defined according to the development and presentation of primary and secondary sex characteristics at birth and later in life 14 Jewish literature describes what today would be referred to as intersex such as the concept of a Tumtum being a person of ambiguous gender and or sex as is the concept of the androgynos being a person characterized with elements of both sexes One aspect of gender and Jewish studies is considering how the ambiguity recognized in Rabbinical literature has been erased and constructed into a binary and how this translates into Jewish practices 15 Subsidiary cultures Edit Other cultures often indigenous peoples or subcultures that exist within Western cultures may conceptualize gender as having more than two options and even see their people as potentially fulfilling more than one gender role Some indigenous peoples of North America have historically had more than two gender roles as part of their social structure 16 while others who may or may not have embraced this diversity historically may accept modern two spirit people as part of their communities now 17 Other cultures may see people as being capable of embodying more than one gender role at different times 16 or of being in the middle embracing both male and female spirit 18 One such example is the Bugis people of South Sulawesi Indonesia People of the Bugis society have a total of five genders These genders include what would traditionally be seen as cisgender man and woman as well as transgender men and women and the androgynous Bissu shamans 19 Gender bending in practice EditOften parody and exaggeration are used to transgress gender roles usually to expose them as artificial 20 For example a person who engages in gender bending may purposefully exaggerate conventional notions of femininity or masculinity Gender bending can also be achieved through cross dressing and androgyny both of which challenge and contribute to dismantling the gender binary by separating expression or performance of gender from perceptions of biological or physiological sex Thus gender bending protests gender essentialism This concept is protested not only through non normative appearance but by challenging normative gender roles characteristics or behaviors as well for example a female bodied individual who is purposefully assertive and nondomestic in order to challenge the notion of essential femininity Gender bending is based in gender performativity the concept of gender as a performance It can be achieved through physical presentation e g clothing hair makeup and secondary sex characteristics as well as behavior Because much of gender performance is expressed through clothing in societies where a gender binary can be observed there is an established widespread notion that some clothes are masculine and should be worn only by male bodied individuals and others are feminine and should be worn only by female bodied individuals Hawkes sociologist and author addresses this dress code and the opportunity for a resistance The universality of dress codes and their meanings allows for the subversion of the mainstream messages they convey and through this to illuminate the existence of alternative gender identities 21 Cross dressing and androgyny Edit Cross dressing would be a form of gender bending because the purpose is to fuck with gender roles and presentation Androgyny is not specifically gender bending but it can be considered as such if someone is being androgynous on purpose citation needed The origin of the word androgynous is from the Greek androgynos male and female in one womanish man common to men and women 22 Androgyny as a form of gender expression may present as a blended unification of masculine and feminine traits with the goal of making one s sex indiscernible or as a dichotomous mix juxtaposing male and female phenotypes with the goal of transgressing gender norms 23 There have been many famous people who have cross dressed and many famous people now who are androgynous The rock star Prince was very well known for his cross dressing or androgynous look Eddie Izzard started to freely talk about her cross dressing as early as 1992 24 Shakespeare used cross dressing in his performances Over the centuries some readers have posited that Shakespeare s sonnets are autobiographical and point to them as evidence of his love for a young man citation needed Shakespeare had characters in his writings that were considered cross dressers The four of the five main female characters in his plays were seen as women who cross dress as men or boys Cleopatra in Antony and Cleopatra Portia in The Merchant of Venice Rosalind in As You Like It Viola in Twelfth Night citation needed Drag Edit Drag shows are stage performances where people perform in drag Drag costuming and makeup may in some cases simply involve an actor portraying a character of a sex or gender different from their own or the performance itself may be a parody or critique of gender and gender roles Often feminine or masculine gender stereotypes of the person s culture are exaggerated for comic or satirical effect Performers may call themselves drag kings or drag queens Drag revues typically involve elaborate glamorous costumes and musical performances The entertainers may sing dance or lip sync 25 A faux drag performer is a person who performs as the gender they identify as in day to day life albeit in a usually exaggerated form For instance a cisgender woman who performs as a drag queen is a faux queen 26 Rupp et al noted in 2010 that In order to understand the differences and similarities between gay male drag queens and female bodied and transgender drag kings and bio queens we consider how the personal gender and sexual identities of drag performers affect and are affected by their gender performances in drag 27 further explanation needed Literature Edit Literature in particular erotica is another method that has been used to explore genderfuck scenarios The basis of the literary genre of genderfuck is that it is unimportant whether someone is a man or a woman during the sex act an idea which challenges for example the Catholic theology of sexuality Doris Libetseder points to Carol Queen s short story The Leather Daddy and the Femme where a lesbian femme uses a strap on dildo to have sex with a gay leather daddy as a fitting example of the genderfuck genre 28 Software Edit It was noted as early as May 2019 that the software product Snapchat had photograph filters that make it easy to perform a gender bender on the subjects of photographs especially those taken on handheld devices like smartphones 29 Non political gender bending EditGender bending is not always a purposeful political standpoint According to Butler gender is something that is performed it only holds cultural significance to the extent that this is ascribed to it Despite the gender binary roles society imposes there are many ways for individuals to express gender variation and not all of them are intentionally political radicalism 30 Further in 1995 Tamsin Wilton argued that Gender fuck is not intrinsically radical otherwise gender benders such as Boy George Prince Annie Lennox David Bowie etc would not get away with it to the extent that they do A politically aware gender fuck such as that of RuPaul or to a limited extent Madonna gets much closer to radicalism but it is only by incorporating a critique of gender as an axis of power that playing about with gender signifiers can be more than wickedly entertaining 31 Judith Butler and gender as performance EditThis section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article s subject Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing indiscriminate details Non important content should likely be moved to another article or removed October 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Judith Butler a theorist who believes the idea that gender is something that is performed by individuals Her concept of gender performativity is the idea that people choose to perform gender in a context in which we are given very few socially acceptable choices but can be explained as being similar to what actors do in front of the camera Due to the importance we place on the belief that men need to act like men and women need to behave like women it is often believed that gender is an innate attribute and not a social construct In her article Performative Acts and Gender Constitution An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory Butler explains that if gender is something that sexed bodies assimilate to in order to follow the societal codes of what is appropriate behavior then those actions can be conceptualized in different ways to allow more flexibility for individuals In the same article she asserts that in American culture there is a gender binary along with strict social repercussions against those that act against the normal script This script is policed by harassment parental pressures to fill expectations and peer influence All of these are ways to guarantee that the culture will repeat itself from generation to generation 30 Judith Butler s theory about gender roles and their social implications and need for reconstruction is developed in her book Gender Trouble 1990 in which she argues that the limited acceptance of variation in gender roles does great harm to individual expression With the limited options for both men and women there is little room for their combined forces because men are constantly focused on becoming the financial supporters of their families which leaves women with the sole option of being the maternal expert she is expected to be This idea excludes the masculine women or feminine men from being acceptable parental figures for their children because it may lead to a child growing up and conceptualizing the world differently 30 Gender and child raising EditAccording to Susan Witt s 1997 study children generally come to their first conclusions about being male or female from their parents since typically they are the first people the child relates to and the nature of the relationship is intense Besides parents giving children gender specific clothing toys and expectations there are often many subtle messages about what is acceptable or not regarding gender Witt s study showed that children that grow up with more androgynous gendered parents are more focused on achievements and typically have a better sense of self 32 Conversely in cases of gender nonconformity when a child exhibits gender performances that are atypical of their prescribed gender role Kerry Robinson and Cristyn Davies report that a parental figure may respond with hostility 33 According to Roberts et al in Pediatrics people who do not conform to the gender binary are often subject to abuse from society from within the family and within their community Types of abuse range from physical and sexual to psychological abuse 34 Examples EditThis section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed February 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Cockettes Edit The Cockettes were a psychedelic drag queen troupe founded in San Francisco in the late 1960s According to the journal Maledicta in 1987 Real transvestites and transsexuals are embarrassed by The genderfuck Cockettes and such in dresses and beards 6 Marc Bolan Edit Credited as one of the innovators of the early 70 s glam rock era lead singer and guitarist Marc Bolan of rock band T Rex was dubbed feminine looking He was known for his volumized curly hair vibrant wardrobe and experimentation with glittery make up and eyeliner As well as this he wore platform boots and feather boas during his performances 35 David Bowie and Lou Reed Edit Exploiting his androgynous appearance rock star David Bowie wore a dress on the UK cover of his 1970 album The Man Who Sold the World and often wore dresses makeup and leotards both onstage and while doing interviews In a time when very few people were out he announced he and his wife were both bisexual 36 37 In 1972 Bowie co produced Lou Reed s album Transformer which includes several gender bending songs notably the classic Walk on the Wild Side New York Dolls Edit The New York Dolls are a protopunk band formed in 1971 and who were very influential in the early New York City punk rock scene They broke up in 1977 but reformed in 2004 While they often performed in dresses long hair and glitter glam makeup at least one reviewers called their genderfuck quite subtle 6 Rocky Horror Picture Show Edit Dr Frank N Furter from the 1973 musical The Rocky Horror Show and later the cult film midnight movie Rocky Horror Picture Show is a male bodied person but wears lingerie clothing and accessories considered feminine in the English and American culture of the era The character also wears heavy make up influenced by 1940s female film stars like Joan Crawford In one of the songs featured in the musical Dr Frank N Furter sings I m just a sweet transvestite from Transsexual Transylvania Prince Edit Prince wrote many songs that dealt with ambiguity of gender of sexuality and of race 38 A charismatic entertainer and prolific songwriter his songs with bisexual content have also been recorded by artists such as Cyndi Lauper who in When You Were Mine sang about sharing a lover with another man who was in bed with them sleeping in between the two of us Grace Jones Edit According to SheWired Grace Jones laughs at outside attempts to define her gender identity 39 Jones herself has said of her gender ambiguity that she feels her masculine side is a bit stronger 40 NPR cites her as an influence on Madonna and Lady Gaga 41 Annie Lennox Edit Singer songwriter and political activist Annie Lennox began her career as lead singer with The Tourists in the late 1970s In the 1980s she fronted synthpop band the Eurythmics but has focused on solo work since the 1990s with the exception of an album and tour with Eurythmics in 1999 The Spin Alternative Record Guide described her in 1995 as Gender fuck goddess Annie Lennox 6 Phranc Edit The American singer songwriter and artist Phranc began her career in 1978 with punk band Nervous Gender In 1985 Village Voice wrote Part of Phranc s appeal is the genderfuck of her sweet feminine voice coming from such a masculine frame 6 She later worked with queercore band Team Dresch Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence Edit The charity protest and street performance organization Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence was formed by gay men in 1979 originally using nuns attire and high camp to draw attention to social conflicts in the Castro San Francisco Currently they fundraise for AIDS and other LGBT causes and promote and educate on safer sex issues The Cambridge Guide to American Theater identified them as one of the more anarchic uses of gender fuck which parodied traditional drag 42 Boy George Edit Boy George of the 1980s band Culture Club has cultivated an androgynous style and was part of the English New Romantic movement which emerged in the early 1980s He famously stated I can do anything In GQ I appeared as a man citation needed RuPaul Edit American drag queen singer actor and host star of RuPaul s Drag Race RuPaul got his start by performing in genderfuck performance art music videos and punk bands in Atlanta in the late 1980s and early 1990s citation needed It s Pat Edit Pat a character from the television show Saturday Night Live served as the basis for the movie It s Pat The sketches and film feature an androgynous main character Pat People are unable to determine Pat s sex including one male who cannot determine their gender after having sex with Pat while stranded on a deserted island citation needed Marilyn Manson Edit At least one writer says Marilyn Manson s gender bending rock act shows trans identities can resonate with the public in a way that cannot be ghettoised 43 Manson s gender bending has been compared to that of Alice Cooper 44 and Bowie 45 Eddie Izzard Edit Eddie Izzard started to freely talk about her transvestism in venues like Edinburgh Festival as early as 1992 Her stance is that cross dressing is neither part of her performance nor a sexual fetish She remarks in her show Unrepeatable Women wear what they want and so do I According to Izzard Most transvestites fancy women She identifies as a straight transvestite or a male lesbian She has also described herself as a lesbian trapped in a man s body 46 transgender and a complete boy plus half girl 47 Lady Gaga Edit Lady Gaga is very specific in what she wears and even states that But in a sense I portray myself in a very androgynous way and I love androgyny 48 In visual arts media EditThis article may contain indiscriminate excessive or irrelevant examples Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples See Wikipedia s guide to writing better articles for further suggestions October 2022 Some films including gender fuck characters or drag characters are Twelfth Night 1910 film 1910 A Busy Day 1914 A Woman 1915 Different from the Others 1919 Little Old New York 1923 The Isle of Love 1923 That s My Wife 1929 Twice Two 1933 Viktor und Viktoria 1933 as well as its remake Victor Victoria 1982 Georges et Georgette 1934 Glen or Glenda 1953 Some Like It Hot 1959 La Dolce Vita 1960 Psycho 1960 Women of the World 1963 Flesh 1968 Mondo Trasho 1969 Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex But Were Afraid to Ask 1972 Pink Flamingos 1972 Female Trouble 1974 The Rocky Horror Picture Show 1974 La Cage aux Folles 1978 as well as its remake The Birdcage 1996 Polyester 1981 Tootsie 1982 Hairspray 1988 as well as the 2007 remake Paris Is Burning 1991 Silence of the Lambs 1991 Mrs Doubtfire 1993 Ed Wood 1994 The Adventures of Priscilla Queen of the Desert 1994 To Wong Foo 1995 Boys Don t Cry 1999 Party Monster 2003 Transamerica 2005 J Edgar 2011 Anime I My Me Strawberry Eggs 2001 Ouran High School Host Club 2006 Himegoto 2014 Television SheZow 2012 See also EditColoniality of gender Androgyny Cross dressing Gender fluidity Queer heterosexuality Role reversal VersatileReferences Edit Definition of GENDER BENDER www merriam webster com Retrieved 2021 10 13 Jonathon Green 2005 Cassell s Dictionary of Slang 2nd ed Sterling Publishing Company Inc p 575 ISBN 978 0 304 36636 1 Glick Elisa 2000 Sex Positive Feminism Queer Theory and the Politics of Transgression Feminist Review 64 1 19 45 doi 10 1080 014177800338936 S2CID 145181041 Christopher Lonc Genderfuck and Its Delights Gay Sunshine 21 Spring 1974 Quoted in Bergman David ed 1993 Camp Grounds Style and Homosexuality Amherst University of Massachusetts Press p 7 ISBN 0 87023 878 7 OCLC 28294779 a b c d e Sheidlower Jesse 2009 The F Word Oxford University Press pp 189 190 ISBN 978 0199751556 Butler Judith 2006 Gender Trouble Tenth Anniversary Edition New York NY Routledge pp 10 11 ISBN 0415389550 Adler Patricia A Kless Steven J Adler Peter 1992 01 01 Socialization to Gender Roles Popularity among Elementary School Boys and Girls Sociology of Education 65 3 169 187 doi 10 2307 2112807 JSTOR 2112807 Card C 1994 Adventures in Lesbian Philosophy Indiana University Press ISBN 0253208998 Retrieved 24 November 2014 Prentice D Carranza E What Women And Men Should Be Shouldn t Be Are Allowed To Be And Don t Have To Be The Contents of Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes PDF psych princeton edu Archived from the original PDF on 28 June 2014 Retrieved 24 November 2014 Garber M 1997 Vested Interests Cross Dressing and Cultural Anxiety Psychology Press ISBN 9780415919517 Retrieved 24 November 2014 More than Just Male and Female The Six Genders in Ancient Jewish Thought Freidson Sarah Sefaria 10 June 2016 1 Irshai Ronit 2010 Toward a Gender Critical Approach to the Philosophy of Jewish Law Halakhah Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 26 2 55 77 doi 10 2979 fsr 2010 26 2 55 ISSN 8755 4178 JSTOR 10 2979 fsr 2010 26 2 55 S2CID 144382373 Adler Rachel 2016 09 01 Queer Jews Talking Their Way in European Judaism 49 2 6 13 doi 10 3167 ej 2016 490203 ISSN 0014 3006 Irshai Ronit 2019 04 03 The construction of gender in halakhic Responsa by the Reform movement transgender people as a case study Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 18 2 160 176 doi 10 1080 14725886 2019 1595496 ISSN 1472 5886 S2CID 151081605 a b Estrada Gabriel 2011 Two Spirits Nadleeh and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze American Indian Culture and Research Journal 35 4 167 190 doi 10 17953 aicr 35 4 x500172017344j30 Pember Mary Annette Oct 13 2016 Two Spirit Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes Rewire Retrieved Oct 17 2016 Cleveland International Film Festival selections Kumu Hina A Place in the Middle Archived 2016 06 27 at the Wayback Machine Graham Sharyn 2004 It s Like One of Those Puzzles Conceptualising Gender among Bugis Journal of Gender Studies 13 2 107 116 doi 10 1080 0958923042000217800 S2CID 143529152 Wilkinson Sue and Celia Kitzinger 1996 The Queer Backlash In Bell Diane Renate Klein eds 1996 Radically Speaking Feminism Reclaimed London Zed Books pp 375 382 Quoted in Weedon Chris 1999 Feminism Theory and the Politics of Difference Cambridge MA Blackwell Publishers pp 74 75 ISBN 0 631 19824 5 Hawkes Gail L 1995 Dressing up cross dressing and sexual dissonance Journal of Gender Studies 4 3 261 270 doi 10 1080 09589236 1995 9960612 Androgynous Online Etymology Dictionary Retrieved December 21 2014 Stitt Alex 2020 ACT For Gender Identity The Comprehensive Guide London Jessica Kingsley Publishers pp 42 43 ISBN 978 1785927997 OCLC 1089850112 Yes Eddie Izzard is using she and her pronouns And it s her right to define however she wants PinkNews 2020 12 30 Retrieved 2021 12 10 Bird Jacob Mallinson 2020 Haptic Aurality On Touching the Voice in Drag Lip Sync Performance Sound Studies 6 1 45 64 doi 10 1080 20551940 2019 1640512 S2CID 201507478 Retrieved 2021 10 15 Faux Queens bend gender bending CNN Reuters 2000 11 22 Retrieved 2021 10 15 Rupp Leila Taylor Verta Shapiro Eve June 8 2010 Drag Queens and Drag Kings The Difference Gender Makes Sexualities 13 275 278 doi 10 1177 1363460709352725 S2CID 145721360 Leibetseder Doris 2013 Queer Tracks Subversive Strategies in Rock and Pop Music Ash gate Publishing Ltd ISBN 978 1409472032 Conner Katie 7 June 2019 Want to try that gender face swap thing everyone s doing Here s how CBS Interactive CNet a b c Butler Judith Performative Acts and Gender Construction An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory PDF Archived from the original PDF on 12 January 2012 Retrieved 1 June 2012 Wilton Tamsin 1995 Lesbian Studies Setting an Agenda Routledge pp 109 ISBN 0415086566 Witt Susan D 1997 Parental Influence on Children s Socialization to Gender Roles Adolescence University of Akron School of Home Economics and Family Ecology 32 126 253 259 PMID 9179321 Archived from the original on 20 May 2012 Retrieved 26 May 2012 Robinson Kerry Davies Cristyn Tomboys and Sissy Girls young girls negotiations of femininity and masculinity International Journal of Equity and Innovation in Early Childhood 5 7 17 31 Retrieved 26 May 2012 Roberts A L Rosario M Corliss H L Koenen K C Austin S B 2012 Childhood Gender Nonconformity A Risk Indicator for Childhood Abuse and Posttraumatic Stress in Youth Pediatrics 129 3 410 417 doi 10 1542 peds 2011 1804 PMC 3289524 PMID 22351893 Sweeting Adam 30 August 2007 Marc Bolan Why the prettiest star still shines telegraph co uk Archived from the original on 2022 01 12 Nicholas Pegg 2 December 2011 The Complete David Bowie Titan Books pp 260 65 ISBN 9780857687197 Sandford Christopher 1997 First published 1996 Bowie Loving the Alien Time Warner pp 73 74 ISBN 0 306 80854 4 Kaufman Scott Barry From George and Lennox to Gaga and Lambert Androgyny Creativity and Pop Culture Psychology Today Retrieved 7 June 2012 Berrick Genevieve 28 September 2015 Grace Jones Proves Herself a Gender Bending Icon Once Again at the Hollywood Bowl SheWired Retrieved 17 November 2015 Foreman Katya 2 October 2015 Grace Jones Style power and in your face sexuality BBC News Retrieved 17 November 2015 Grace Jones I m A Bit Split Personality NPR 5 October 2015 Retrieved 17 November 2015 Wilmeth Don B 2007 Cambridge Guide to American Theater Cambridge University Press p 254 ISBN 978 0521835381 Andrews Charlotte Richardson 9 May 2012 Sexuality and gender have always been blurred in rock n roll The Guardian Retrieved 18 November 2015 Aspray Benjamin 18 January 2015 Marilyn Manson The Pale Emperor Slant Magazine Considine J D 15 September 1998 Manson A cry against nature Review Animals is a gender bending genre borrowing creepy mix Sorry Mom it s also quite good The Baltimore Sun Archived from the original on 19 November 2015 Retrieved 18 November 2015 Comic Izzard promoting life story BBC News 17 May 2004 Retrieved 14 November 2021 Rampton James 23 May 2004 Eddie Izzard The tough transvestite who can take care of himself The Independent Retrieved 14 November 2021 Walters Barbara 2009 12 30 Lady Gaga I Love Androgyny ABC News Retrieved 2010 05 03 External links Edit Quotations related to Gender bender at Wikiquote Media related to Genderfuck at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gender bender amp oldid 1170339668, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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