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Velir

July 29, 2023

The Velir [1][2][3][4][5] were a royal house of minor dynastic kings and aristocratic chieftains in Tamilakam in the early historic period of South India.[6] They had close relations with Chera, Chola and Pandya rulers through ruling and coronation rights.[7][8][9] Medieval inscriptions claim that they belong to the Yadu dynasty.[10][11][12]

Velir
A statue of the Sangam period Velir king
CountryIndia
Current regionSouth India
TitlesSatyaputra
Connected familiesAy
Athiyamān
Irunkōvēl
Ilanji Vel
Malayamān
Nanan
Vēl Pāri
Vel Avi Pekan

Origin

 
A 12th-century statue of Agastya.

The Purananuru, one of the Eight Anthologies of Sangam literature, praises King Irunkōvēl, a 49th generation descendant of the Vēlir clan whose ancestors appeared from the pitcher (தடவு) of a Northern sage (Agastya), and said to have ruled Thuvarai (Dvārakā) with a fort containing tall huge walls made of bronze.[13] According to a commentary on Tholkappiyam, the earliest long work of Tamil literature, eighteen clans of the Velirs came from the city of Tuvarapati under the leadership of the sage Agastya.[6][14][15] The legend goes that all the gods and sages went to the Himalayas to attend the marriage of Siva with Parvati due to which the earth started tilting to one side. Agastya was then requested to proceed south to restore the balance. On his way south, Agastya married Lopamudra and is said to have brought with him sage Jamadagni's son Trnadhumagni or Tholkappiyar, the author of Tamil grammar, and eighteen members of the Vrishni family along with eighteen crore Velir and Aruvalar.[16] It has been suggested by some like Thapar and Champakalakshmi, that the ancestors of the Velir may have been related to the Yadava of Dvaraka and the inhabitants of the post Harappan Chacolithic Black and Red ware sites. According to Thapar, the Yadava may have belonged to a non Indo-Aryan language group.[14] They eventually reached Tamraparni, and as the Velir-Perumakan group, cultivated its ancient society as a political, sociocultural and economic structure in South India and Sri Lanka.[17]

The Irunkōvēl kings trace their lineage to the clan of Krishna; one of the inscriptions at Kodumbalur belonging to one of the kings in the Irunkovel line, namely Tennavan Irunkōvēl, declares that he belonged to the Kshatriya dynasty which is descended from Yadu (legendary king).[12][18] The Moovar Koil record of Irukkuvel chief Boothi Vikramakesari lauds his father, Samarabirama, as Yadu-vamsa-ketu (Banner of the Yadu race).[12][19] Historians consider the Ay velirs originated from the pastoralists of Ayars and they gained preeminence at an early stage in Tamil history.[20][21][22]

History

The Velir were prominent in the Sangam period of Tamil polity, economy, and society. They are traced to the Yadavas (Yadu descent) of Dvaraka and linked up with all important dynasties of South India including the Chalukyas, Hoysalas, and Andhras.[23] In Sangam literature, they are portrayed as independent chieftains who ruled in bordering areas of three major ruling dynasties, had considerable collective power and marriage alliances with Three Crowned Kings.[24] "Karmandala sathakam" a 12th-century work states that the Velirs (The eighteen groups of Vellalars) who ruled Karmandalam (Regions of Southern Karnataka and North Tamil Nadu) were branched-off from:[25]

While most of the rulers are substantiated by epigraphs and literatures, some of their history of ruling some dynasties is not recorded.

Also, some of the medieval dynasties of the western half of the peninsula claim to be descended from Yadhavas lineage and the Ay chiefs of Ay dynasty of the ninth century A.D. claim to be the Vrishni-kula as also the Mushika kings who link themselves with Haihaya origins.[30] The Periya Puranam describes about a Haiheya clan king Eyarkon Kalikama Nayanar, he was a Vellalar saint and Commander-in-chief of the Chola army.[31][32] The Ay velir chieftains, who settled down in Ay county (near Kanyakumari), were quite prominent in Tamil Nadu during the sangam age.[33]

The Chalukyas and Kadambas belonging to Manavya gotra as being the descendants of the original ancestress Hariti.[34] The Karmandala Satakam states that the Velirs of karmandalam belong to the same "Manavya" Gotra.[25] The Chalukya kings were called Velpularasar and Velkulattarasar by some communities, that is kings over Vel country (pula means region or country).[35][36] Later day references to them in Choļa inscriptions puts the Chalukyas under the Velir community ruling in Deccan.[29]

 
Tamilakam in the Sangam Period.

The Ay Vels were one such Velir group that ruled the territory in and around Venad during the Sangam period. The word Venad is derived from Vel -nadu, that is the country ruled by Vel chieftains.[37] We know of a queen of Vikramaditya Varaguna, an Ay king of 9th century who is referred to as Murugan Chenthi and as Aykula Mahadevi from inscriptions. Her father, an Ay chief called Chathan Murugan is described as a Vennir Vellala that is a Vellala by birth,[38] in the Huzur plates of king Karunandakkan, the predecessor of Vikramaditya Varaguna.[39]

The Irunkōvēl lines of Velir kings are considered to be of the same stock as the Hoysalas as in one of the Sangam poems, the ancestor of the Irungovel chieftain is said to have ruled the fortified city of Tuvarai. This city is identified with the Hoysala capital Dwarasamudra by some historians.[40] Also, the legend of the chief killing a tiger (Pulikadimal) has a striking resemblance to the origin legend of the Hoysalas where "sala" kills the tiger to save a sage.[41] As per historian Arokiaswami, the Hoysala title "Ballala" is only a variant of the Tamil word "Vellala".[42] The Hoysala king Veera Ballala III is even now locally known as the "Vellala Maharaja" in Thiruvannamalai, the town that served as their capital in 14th century.[43]

The Irungovel chieftains were related to the Cholas through matrimony.[44][45] These princes assumed both the Chola and Irungovel titles like for example there was one Adavallan Gangaikonda Cholan alias Irungolan during the time of Kulottunga I and then there was a certain Sendamangalam Udaiyan Araiyan Edirili Cholan alias Irungolan during the reign of Kulottunga III.[46]

Sangam literature

The Purananuru, one of the Eight Anthologies of Sangam literature, praises King Irunkōvēl, a 49th generation descendant of the Vēlir clan whose ancestors appeared from the pitcher (தடவு) of a Northern sage (Agastya), and said to have ruled Thuvarai (Dvārakā) with a fort containing tall huge walls made of bronze.[13]

Velir chiefs

 
Moovar Koil Temple Complex built by Irunkovel chieftain Boothi Vikramakesari

Athiyamān Nedumān Añci and his son Ezhini, were Athiyamān chieftains, based in Tagadur (present day village located in Dharmapuri district). They were contemporaries of Auvaiyar. The Sangam poem "Thagadur yathirai", now lost, was written about his battle with the Chera king. Another Velir was Irunkōvēl who ruled over Konaadu, the area in and around Pudukottai, with their capital in Kodumbalur.[47] Nannan was another Velir chieftain who hailed from Tulu Nadu.[48] Yet another Velir chief was Pekan of the Vel Avi family who ruled over Pothini, the modern Palani near Madurai.[citation needed] Other ancient Velir chiefs of repute include Alumbil Vel, Alandur Vel, Ilanji Vel and Nangur Vel.[49]

See also

References

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  14. ^ a b Pivot politics: changing cultural identities in early state formation processes By M. van Bakel page 165: "The Velir were an instrusive group in South India... It is now suggested that (...) may have been associated with the Yadava of Dvaraka..."[1]
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July 29, 2023
velir, were, royal, house, minor, dynastic, kings, aristocratic, chieftains, tamilakam, early, historic, period, south, india, they, close, relations, with, chera, chola, pandya, rulers, through, ruling, coronation, rights, medieval, inscriptions, claim, that,. The Velir 1 2 3 4 5 were a royal house of minor dynastic kings and aristocratic chieftains in Tamilakam in the early historic period of South India 6 They had close relations with Chera Chola and Pandya rulers through ruling and coronation rights 7 8 9 Medieval inscriptions claim that they belong to the Yadu dynasty 10 11 12 VelirA statue of the Sangam period Velir kingCountryIndiaCurrent regionSouth IndiaTitlesSatyaputraConnected familiesAyAthiyamanIrunkōvelIlanji Vel MalayamanNananVel PariVel Avi Pekan Contents 1 Origin 2 History 2 1 Sangam literature 2 2 Velir chiefs 3 See also 4 ReferencesOrigin Edit A 12th century statue of Agastya The Purananuru one of the Eight Anthologies of Sangam literature praises King Irunkōvel a 49th generation descendant of the Velir clan whose ancestors appeared from the pitcher தடவ of a Northern sage Agastya and said to have ruled Thuvarai Dvaraka with a fort containing tall huge walls made of bronze 13 According to a commentary on Tholkappiyam the earliest long work of Tamil literature eighteen clans of the Velirs came from the city of Tuvarapati under the leadership of the sage Agastya 6 14 15 The legend goes that all the gods and sages went to the Himalayas to attend the marriage of Siva with Parvati due to which the earth started tilting to one side Agastya was then requested to proceed south to restore the balance On his way south Agastya married Lopamudra and is said to have brought with him sage Jamadagni s son Trnadhumagni or Tholkappiyar the author of Tamil grammar and eighteen members of the Vrishni family along with eighteen crore Velir and Aruvalar 16 It has been suggested by some like Thapar and Champakalakshmi that the ancestors of the Velir may have been related to the Yadava of Dvaraka and the inhabitants of the post Harappan Chacolithic Black and Red ware sites According to Thapar the Yadava may have belonged to a non Indo Aryan language group 14 They eventually reached Tamraparni and as the Velir Perumakan group cultivated its ancient society as a political sociocultural and economic structure in South India and Sri Lanka 17 The Irunkōvel kings trace their lineage to the clan of Krishna one of the inscriptions at Kodumbalur belonging to one of the kings in the Irunkovel line namely Tennavan Irunkōvel declares that he belonged to the Kshatriya dynasty which is descended from Yadu legendary king 12 18 The Moovar Koil record of Irukkuvel chief Boothi Vikramakesari lauds his father Samarabirama as Yadu vamsa ketu Banner of the Yadu race 12 19 Historians consider the Ay velirs originated from the pastoralists of Ayars and they gained preeminence at an early stage in Tamil history 20 21 22 History EditThe Velir were prominent in the Sangam period of Tamil polity economy and society They are traced to the Yadavas Yadu descent of Dvaraka and linked up with all important dynasties of South India including the Chalukyas Hoysalas and Andhras 23 In Sangam literature they are portrayed as independent chieftains who ruled in bordering areas of three major ruling dynasties had considerable collective power and marriage alliances with Three Crowned Kings 24 Karmandala sathakam a 12th century work states that the Velirs The eighteen groups of Vellalars who ruled Karmandalam Regions of Southern Karnataka and North Tamil Nadu were branched off from 25 Haihayas Kadambas Nulambas Vaidhumbas Dhandakas Satavahanas Kalachuris Pallavas Andhras 26 Kunthalas Dhayanas Yadhavas 27 Hoysalas 28 Rashtrakutas Chalukyas 29 Banas Moryas Thondayars While most of the rulers are substantiated by epigraphs and literatures some of their history of ruling some dynasties is not recorded Also some of the medieval dynasties of the western half of the peninsula claim to be descended from Yadhavas lineage and the Ay chiefs of Ay dynasty of the ninth century A D claim to be the Vrishni kula as also the Mushika kings who link themselves with Haihaya origins 30 The Periya Puranam describes about a Haiheya clan king Eyarkon Kalikama Nayanar he was a Vellalar saint and Commander in chief of the Chola army 31 32 The Ay velir chieftains who settled down in Ay county near Kanyakumari were quite prominent in Tamil Nadu during the sangam age 33 The Chalukyas and Kadambas belonging to Manavya gotra as being the descendants of the original ancestress Hariti 34 The Karmandala Satakam states that the Velirs of karmandalam belong to the same Manavya Gotra 25 The Chalukya kings were called Velpularasar and Velkulattarasar by some communities that is kings over Vel country pula means region or country 35 36 Later day references to them in Chola inscriptions puts the Chalukyas under the Velir community ruling in Deccan 29 Tamilakam in the Sangam Period The Ay Vels were one such Velir group that ruled the territory in and around Venad during the Sangam period The word Venad is derived from Vel nadu that is the country ruled by Vel chieftains 37 We know of a queen of Vikramaditya Varaguna an Ay king of 9th century who is referred to as Murugan Chenthi and as Aykula Mahadevi from inscriptions Her father an Ay chief called Chathan Murugan is described as a Vennir Vellala that is a Vellala by birth 38 in the Huzur plates of king Karunandakkan the predecessor of Vikramaditya Varaguna 39 The Irunkōvel lines of Velir kings are considered to be of the same stock as the Hoysalas as in one of the Sangam poems the ancestor of the Irungovel chieftain is said to have ruled the fortified city of Tuvarai This city is identified with the Hoysala capital Dwarasamudra by some historians 40 Also the legend of the chief killing a tiger Pulikadimal has a striking resemblance to the origin legend of the Hoysalas where sala kills the tiger to save a sage 41 As per historian Arokiaswami the Hoysala title Ballala is only a variant of the Tamil word Vellala 42 The Hoysala king Veera Ballala III is even now locally known as the Vellala Maharaja in Thiruvannamalai the town that served as their capital in 14th century 43 The Irungovel chieftains were related to the Cholas through matrimony 44 45 These princes assumed both the Chola and Irungovel titles like for example there was one Adavallan Gangaikonda Cholan alias Irungolan during the time of Kulottunga I and then there was a certain Sendamangalam Udaiyan Araiyan Edirili Cholan alias Irungolan during the reign of Kulottunga III 46 Sangam literature Edit The Purananuru one of the Eight Anthologies of Sangam literature praises King Irunkōvel a 49th generation descendant of the Velir clan whose ancestors appeared from the pitcher தடவ of a Northern sage Agastya and said to have ruled Thuvarai Dvaraka with a fort containing tall huge walls made of bronze 13 Velir chiefs Edit Moovar Koil Temple Complex built by Irunkovel chieftain Boothi VikramakesariAthiyaman Neduman Anci and his son Ezhini were Athiyaman chieftains based in Tagadur present day village located in Dharmapuri district They were contemporaries of Auvaiyar The Sangam poem Thagadur yathirai now lost was written about his battle with the Chera king Another Velir was Irunkōvel who ruled over Konaadu the area in and around Pudukottai with their capital in Kodumbalur 47 Nannan was another Velir chieftain who hailed from Tulu Nadu 48 Yet another Velir chief was Pekan of the Vel Avi family who ruled over Pothini the modern Palani near Madurai citation needed Other ancient Velir chiefs of repute include Alumbil Vel Alandur Vel Ilanji Vel and Nangur Vel 49 See also EditHistory of Tamil Nadu Ay dynasty AgastyaReferences Edit Pruthi R Sharma B R 1995 Buddhism Jainism and Women Encyclopaedia of women society and culture series Anmol Publications p 99 ISBN 978 81 7488 085 7 Sivaratnam C 1964 An Outline of the Cultural History and Principles of Hinduism Stangard Printers p 36 Retrieved 12 December 2022 Chakravarti A 1953 Tirukkural in Lithuanian Diocesan Press p 25 Orr L C 2000 Donors Devotees and Daughters of God Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu South Asia Research Oxford University Press p 209 ISBN 978 0 19 535672 4 Retrieved 12 December 2022 Iyer L A K 1968 Social History of Kerala The Dravidians Monographs on man in India Book Centre Publications p 4 Retrieved 12 December 2022 a b Mahadevan Iravatham 2009 Meluhha and Agastya Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script PDF Chennai India p 16 The story of the southern migration of the Veḷir from Dvaraka under the leadership of Agastya is narrated by Naccinarkkiniyar in his commentary on Tolkappiyam payiram Poruḷ 34 According to this legend the gods congregated on Mount Meru as a result of which the earth tilted lowering Meru and raising the southern quarter The gods thereupon decided that Agastya was the best person to remedy this situation and requested him to proceed to the South Agastya agreed and on his way visited Tuvarapati Dvaraka and led the descendants of neṭu muṭi an n al Viṣṇu or Krṣṇa including eighteen kings eighteen families of the Veḷir and the Aruvaḷar to the south where they settled down clearing the forests and cultivating the land de Laet S J Herrmann J 1996 History of Humanity From the seventh century B C to the seventh century A D History of Humanity Routledge p 382 ISBN 978 92 3 102812 0 Retrieved 12 December 2022 Singh K S Thirumalai R Manoharan S Anthropological Survey of India 1997 Tamil Nadu People of India Affiliated East West Press for Anthropological Survey of India p 1647 ISBN 978 81 85938 88 2 Retrieved 12 December 2022 Cuppiramaṇiyan C V Tirunavukkaracu K T International Institute of Tamil Studies 1983 Historical Heritage of the Tamils Publication International Institute of Tamil Studies International Institute of Tamil Studies p 269 Retrieved 12 December 2022 Padmaja T 2001 Temples of Kr ṣṇa in South India History Art and Traditions in Tamilnaḍu Institute of Asian Studies pp 33 34 ISBN 9788170173984 van Bakel M Hagesteijn R van de Velde P 1994 Pivot politics changing cultural identities in early state formation processes Het Spinhuis p 175 ISBN 978 90 5589 007 1 Retrieved 22 December 2022 a b c Ayyar K R S Government Museum Chennai India 2002 Inscriptions in the Pudukkottai State Inscriptions in the Pudukkottai State Commissioner of Museums Government of Tamilnadu p 15 Retrieved 20 December 2022 a b Hart G L Heifetz H 2002 The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil the Purananuru Translations from the Asian Classics Columbia University Press p 127 ISBN 978 0 231 51252 7 Retrieved 16 May 2023 a b Pivot politics changing cultural identities in early state formation processes By M van Bakel page 165 The Velir were an instrusive group in South India It is now suggested that may have been associated with the Yadava of Dvaraka 1 Romila Thapar Ancient Indian Social History Some Interpretations Orient Blackswan 1978 India 341 pages p 224 Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar Insights into Hinduism Ajanta Publications 1979 p 376 Thapar Romila Champakalakshmi Radha Gopal Sarvepalli 1996 Tradition Dissent and 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anthropology Hindustan Publishing Corporation p 49 ISBN 978 81 7075 023 9 Retrieved 20 December 2022 a b Vijayalakshmi Usha R 2010 Karmandala Satakam Politico Socio Cultural Analysis of Medieval Tamil Literature on the Vellala Community of South Karnataka Karmandala Satakam Politico Socio Cultural Analysis of Medieval Tamil Literature on the Vellala Community of South Karnataka 71 430 JSTOR 44147510 Biodiversity Heritage Library 1909 Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Colombo Apothecaries Company p 21 Retrieved 22 December 2022 Nakacami I ed 1997 Studies in South Indian History and Culture V R Ramachandra Dikshitar Centenary Committee p 192 Retrieved 22 December 2022 Ali B S 1972 The Hoysaḷa Dynasty in Latin Prasaranga University of Mysore p 48 Retrieved 21 December 2022 a b Praci jyoti Digest of Indological Studies volumes 16 17 1984 p 115 Thapar R 1978 Ancient Indian Social History Some Interpretations Orient Longman p 224 ISBN 978 81 250 0808 8 Retrieved 21 December 2022 Dehejia Vidya 1988 Slaves of the Lord The Path of the Tamil Saints Munshiram Manoharlal p 178 ISBN 978 8 12150 044 9 The Religion And Philosophy Of Tevaram With Special Reference To Nampi Arurar In Four Volumes Rangaswamy M A Dorai 30 June 2015 Retrieved 22 December 2022 Padmaja T 2002 Temples of Kr ṣṇa in South India History Art and Traditions in Tamilnaḍu Temples of Kr ṣṇa in South India History Art and Traditions in Tamilnaḍu in Latin Abhinav Publications p 127 ISBN 978 81 7017 398 4 Retrieved 22 December 2022 Krishnarao B V 1939 The Origin and the Original Home of the Calukyas Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Indian History Congress 3 386 410 ISSN 2249 1937 JSTOR 44252388 Retrieved 22 December 2022 Raj Kumar 2008 Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient Medieval and Modern Gyan Publishing House p 179 K A Nilakanta Sastri 1937 The Colas Thompson amp Co Ltd Printers Madras p 11 R Leela Devi History of Kerala Vidyarthi Mithram Press amp Book Depot p 117 Burton Stein 1994 Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India Oxford University Press p 350 Raj Kumar 2008 Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient Medieval and Modern Kalpaz Publications p 181 T A Society Tiruchchirappalli India 1986 The Tamilian Antiquary Volume 1 Issue 5 Asian Educational Services p 28 M Arokiaswami The Early History of the Vellar Basin with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History Amudha Nilayam p 28 M Arokiaswami The Early History of the Vellar Basin with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History Amudha Nilayam p 29 F H Gravely 2002 The Gopuras of Thiruvannamalai Commissioner of Museums Government of Tamil Nadu p 2 Indu Banga Urban History Association of India Nehru Memorial Museum and Library 1991 The City in Indian History Urban Demography Society and Politics South Asia Publications p 61 ISBN 978 0 945921 17 2 Retrieved 20 December 2022 Tirumalai R 1994 Collected Papers Studies in South Indian Epigraphy and History of Land Organisation Development and Accounts and Select Chola and Pandyan Townships T N D A pub Department of Archaeology Government of Tamilnadu p 177 Retrieved 20 December 2022 Balasubrahmanyam S R Venkataraman B Ramachandran B 1979 Later Chola Temples Kulottunga I to Rajendra III A D 1070 1280 in Javanese Mudgala Trust p 80 Retrieved 20 December 2022 Tirumalai R 1981 Studies in the History of Ancient Townships in Pudukkottai Institute of Epigraphy State Department of Archaeology Government of Tamil Nadu p 1 Rohan Peter Utsav Manihara 2001 Culture of Creativity Footprints of Indian Civilization Volume 3 of Panorama of Indian Culture Dominant Publishers and Distributors p 10 ISBN 8178880253 Seneviratne Sudharshan 1994 The Twilight of the Perumakan South Indian Polity Restructured and Incorporated In van Bakel Martin Hagesteijn Renee van de Velde Piet eds Pivot Politics Changing Cultural Identities in Early State Formation Processes Amsterdam Het Spinhuis p 172 ISBN 978 90 5589 007 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Velir amp oldid 1161543563, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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