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Wikipedia

Garnet

February 15, 2024

For other uses, see Garnet (disambiguation).

Garnets ( /ˈɡɑːrnɪt/) are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives.

Garnet
General
CategoryNesosilicate
Formula
(repeating unit)		The general formula X3Y2(SiO4)3
IMA symbolGrt[1]
Crystal systemIsometric
Crystal class
Space groupIa3d
Identification
Colorvirtually all colors, blue is rare
Crystal habitRhombic dodecahedron or cubic
CleavageIndistinct
Fractureconchoidal to uneven
Mohs scale hardness6.5–7.5
Lustervitreous to resinous
StreakWhite
DiaphaneityCan form with any diaphaneity, translucent is common
Specific gravity3.1–4.3
Polish lustervitreous to subadamantine[2]
Optical propertiesSingle refractive, often anomalous double refractive[2]
Refractive index1.72–1.94
BirefringenceNone
PleochroismNone
Ultraviolet fluorescencevariable
Other characteristicsvariable magnetic attraction
Major varieties
PyropeMg3Al2Si3O12
AlmandineFe3Al2Si3O12
SpessartineMn3Al2Si3O12
AndraditeCa3Fe2Si3O12
GrossularCa3Al2Si3O12
UvaroviteCa3Cr2Si3O12

All species of garnets possess similar physical properties and crystal forms, but differ in chemical composition. The different species are pyrope, almandine, spessartine, grossular (varieties of which are hessonite or cinnamon-stone and tsavorite), uvarovite and andradite. The garnets make up two solid solution series: pyrope-almandine-spessartine (pyralspite), with the composition range [Mg,Fe,Mn]3Al2(SiO4)3; and uvarovite-grossular-andradite (ugrandite), with the composition range Ca3[Cr,Al,Fe]2(SiO4)3.

Etymology edit

The word garnet comes from the 14th-century Middle English word gernet, meaning 'dark red'. It is borrowed from Old French grenate from Latin granatus, from granum ('grain, seed').[3] This is possibly a reference to mela granatum or even pomum granatum ('pomegranate',[4] Punica granatum), a plant whose fruits contain abundant and vivid red seed covers (arils), which are similar in shape, size, and color to some garnet crystals.[5] Hessonite garnet is also named 'gomed' in Indian literature and is one of the 9 jewels in Vedic astrology that compose the Navaratna.[6]

Physical properties edit

Properties edit

 
A sample showing the deep red color garnet can exhibit.

Garnet species are found in every colour, with reddish shades most common. Blue garnets are the rarest and were first reported in the 1990s.[7][8][9][10]

Garnet species' light transmission properties can range from the gemstone-quality transparent specimens to the opaque varieties used for industrial purposes as abrasives. The mineral's lustre is categorized as vitreous (glass-like) or resinous (amber-like).[3]

Crystal structure edit

Garnets are nesosilicates having the general formula X3Y2(SiO
4)3. The X site is usually occupied by divalent cations (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn)2+ and the Y site by trivalent cations (Al3+, Fe3+, Cr3+) in an octahedral/tetrahedral framework with [SiO4]4− occupying the tetrahedra.[11] Garnets are most often found in the dodecahedral crystal habit, but are also commonly found in the trapezohedron habit as well as the hexoctahedral habit.[3] They crystallize in the cubic system, having three axes that are all of equal length and perpendicular to each other, but are never actually cubic because, despite being isometric, the {100} and {111} families of planes are depleted.[3] Garnets do not have any cleavage planes, so when they fracture under stress, sharp, irregular (conchoidal) pieces are formed.[12]

  •  
    Crystal structure of pyrope garnet. White spheres are oxygen; black, silicon; blue, aluminium; and red, magnesium.
  •  
    Same view, with ion sizes reduced to better show all ions
  •  
    Silicon ion size exaggerated to emphasize silica tetrahedra

Hardness edit

Because the chemical composition of garnet varies, the atomic bonds in some species are stronger than in others. As a result, this mineral group shows a range of hardness on the Mohs scale of about 6.0 to 7.5.[13] The harder species like almandine are often used for abrasive purposes.[14]

Magnetics used in garnet series identification edit

For gem identification purposes, a pick-up response to a strong neodymium magnet separates garnet from all other natural transparent gemstones commonly used in the jewelry trade. Magnetic susceptibility measurements in conjunction with refractive index can be used to distinguish garnet species and varieties, and determine the composition of garnets in terms of percentages of end-member species within an individual gem.[15]

Garnet group end member species edit

Pyralspite garnets – aluminium in Y site edit

Almandine edit

 
Almandine in metamorphic rock

Almandine, sometimes incorrectly called almandite, is the modern gem known as carbuncle (though originally almost any red gemstone was known by this name).[16] The term "carbuncle" is derived from the Latin meaning "live coal" or burning charcoal. The name Almandine is a corruption of Alabanda, a region in Asia Minor where these stones were cut in ancient times. Chemically, almandine is an iron-aluminium garnet with the formula Fe3Al2(SiO4)3; the deep red transparent stones are often called precious garnet and are used as gemstones (being the most common of the gem garnets).[17] Almandine occurs in metamorphic rocks like mica schists, associated with minerals such as staurolite, kyanite, andalusite, and others.[18] Almandine has nicknames of Oriental garnet,[19] almandine ruby, and carbuncle.[16]

Pyrope edit

Pyrope (from the Greek pyrōpós meaning "firelike")[3] is red in color and chemically an aluminium silicate with the formula Mg3Al2(SiO4)3, though the magnesium can be replaced in part by calcium and ferrous iron. The color of pyrope varies from deep red to black. Pyrope and spessartine gemstones have been recovered from the Sloan diamondiferous kimberlites in Colorado, from the Bishop Conglomerate and in a Tertiary age lamprophyre at Cedar Mountain in Wyoming.[20]

A variety of pyrope from Macon County, North Carolina is a violet-red shade and has been called rhodolite, Greek for "rose". In chemical composition it may be considered as essentially an isomorphous mixture of pyrope and almandine, in the proportion of two parts pyrope to one part almandine.[21] Pyrope has tradenames some of which are misnomers; Cape ruby, Arizona ruby, California ruby, Rocky Mountain ruby, and Bohemian ruby from the Czech Republic.[16]

Pyrope is an indicator mineral for high-pressure rocks. Mantle-derived rocks (peridotites and eclogites) commonly contain a pyrope variety.[22]

Spessartine edit

 
Spessartine (the reddish mineral)

Spessartine or spessartite is manganese aluminium garnet, Mn3Al2(SiO4)3. Its name is derived from Spessart in Bavaria.[3] It occurs most often in skarns,[3] granite pegmatite and allied rock types,[23] and in certain low grade metamorphic phyllites. Spessartine of an orange-yellow is found in Madagascar.[24] Violet-red spessartines are found in rhyolites in Colorado[21] and Maine.[citation needed]

Pyrope–spessartine (blue garnet or color-change garnet) edit

Blue pyrope–spessartine garnets were discovered in the late 1990s in Bekily, Madagascar. This type has also been found in parts of the United States, Russia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Turkey. It changes color from blue-green to purple depending on the color temperature of viewing light, as a result of the relatively high amounts of vanadium (about 1 wt.% V2O3).[9]

Other varieties of color-changing garnets exist. In daylight, their color ranges from shades of green, beige, brown, gray, and blue, but in incandescent light, they appear a reddish or purplish/pink color.[25]

This is the rarest type of garnet. Because of its color-changing quality, this kind of garnet resembles alexandrite.[26]

Ugrandite group – calcium in X site edit

Andradite edit

Andradite is a calcium-iron garnet, Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3, is of variable composition and may be red, yellow, brown, green or black.[3] The recognized varieties are demantoid (green), melanite (black),[3] and topazolite (yellow or green). Andradite is found in skarns[3] and in deep-seated igneous rocks like syenite[27] as well as serpentines[28] and greenschists.[29] Demantoid is one of the most prized of garnet varieties.[30]

Grossular edit

 
Grossular garnet from Quebec, collected by Dr John Hunter in the 18th century, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow
 
Grossular garnets on display at the U.S. National Museum of Natural History. The green gem at right is a type of grossular known as tsavorite.

Grossular is a calcium-aluminium garnet with the formula Ca3Al2(SiO4)3, though the calcium may in part be replaced by ferrous iron and the aluminium by ferric iron. The name grossular is derived from the botanical name for the gooseberry, grossularia, in reference to the green garnet of this composition that is found in Siberia. Other shades include cinnamon brown (cinnamon stone variety), red, and yellow.[3] Because of its inferior hardness to zircon, which the yellow crystals resemble, they have also been called hessonite from the Greek meaning inferior.[31] Grossular is found in skarns,[3] contact metamorphosed limestones with vesuvianite, diopside, wollastonite and wernerite.

Grossular garnet from Kenya and Tanzania has been called tsavorite. Tsavorite was first described in the 1960s in the Tsavo area of Kenya, from which the gem takes its name.[32][33]

Uvarovite edit

Uvarovite is a calcium chromium garnet with the formula Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3. This is a rather rare garnet, bright green in color, usually found as small crystals associated with chromite in peridotite, serpentinite, and kimberlites. It is found in crystalline marbles and schists in the Ural mountains of Russia and Outokumpu, Finland. Uvarovite is named for Count Uvaro, a Russian imperial statesman.[3]

Less common species edit

  • Calcium in X site
    • Goldmanite: Ca3(V3+,Al,Fe3+)2(SiO4)3
    • Kimzeyite: Ca3(Zr, Ti)2[(Si,Al,Fe3+)O4]3
    • Morimotoite: Ca3Ti4+Fe2+(SiO4)3
    • Schorlomite: Ca3Ti4+2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2
  • Hydroxide bearing – calcium in X site
    • Hydrogrossular: Ca3Al2(SiO4)3−x(OH)4x
      • Hibschite: Ca3Al2(SiO4)3−x(OH)4x (where x is between 0.2 and 1.5)
      • Katoite: Ca3Al2(SiO4)3−x(OH)4x (where x is greater than 1.5)
  • Magnesium or manganese in X site

Knorringite edit

Knorringite is a magnesium-chromium garnet species with the formula Mg3Cr2(SiO4)3. Pure endmember knorringite never occurs in nature. Pyrope rich in the knorringite component is only formed under high pressure and is often found in kimberlites. It is used as an indicator mineral in the search for diamonds.[34]

Garnet structural group edit

  • Formula: X3Z2(TO4)3 (X = Ca, Fe, etc., Z = Al, Cr, etc., T = Si, As, V, Fe, Al)
    • All are cubic or strongly pseudocubic.
IMA/CNMNC
Nickel-Strunz
Mineral class		 Mineral name Formula Crystal system Point group Space group
04 Oxide Bitikleite-(SnAl) Ca3SnSb(AlO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
04 Oxide Bitikleite-(SnFe) Ca3(SnSb5+)(Fe3+O4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
04 Oxide Bitikleite-(ZrFe) Ca3SbZr(Fe3+O4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
04 Tellurate Yafsoanite Ca3Zn3(Te6+O6)2 isometric m3m
or 432		 Ia3d
or I4132
08 Arsenate Berzeliite NaCa2Mg2(AsO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
08 Vanadate Palenzonaite NaCa2Mn2+2(VO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
08 Vanadate Schäferite NaCa2Mg2(VO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
Mineral name Formula Crystal system Point group Space group
Almandine Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
Andradite Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
Calderite Mn+23Fe+32(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
Goldmanite Ca3V3+2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
Grossular Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
Henritermierite Ca3Mn3+2(SiO4)2(OH)4 tetragonal 4/mmm I41/acd
Hibschite Ca3Al2(SiO4)(3−x)(OH)4x (x= 0.2–1.5) isometric m3m Ia3d
Katoite Ca3Al2(SiO4)(3−x)(OH)4x (x= 1.5–3) isometric m3m Ia3d
Kerimasite Ca3Zr2(Fe+3O4)2(SiO4) isometric m3m Ia3d
Kimzeyite Ca3Zr2(Al+3O4)2(SiO4) isometric m3m Ia3d
Knorringite Mg3Cr2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
Majorite Mg3(Fe2+Si)(SiO4)3 tetragonal 4/m
or 4/mmm		 I41/a
or I41/acd
Menzerite-(Y) Y2CaMg2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
Momoiite Mn2+3V3+2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
Morimotoite Ca3(Fe2+Ti4+)(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
Pyrope Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
Schorlomite Ca3Ti4+2(Fe3+O4)2(SiO4) isometric m3m Ia3d
Spessartine Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
Toturite Ca3Sn2(Fe3+O4)2(SiO4) isometric m3m Ia3d
Uvarovite Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d
  • References: Mindat.org; mineral name, chemical formula and space group (American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database) of the IMA Database of Mineral Properties/ RRUFF Project, Univ. of Arizona, was preferred most of the time. Minor components in formulae have been left out to highlight the dominant chemical endmember that defines each species.

Synthetic garnets edit

Also known as rare-earth garnets.

The crystallographic structure of garnets has been expanded from the prototype to include chemicals with the general formula A3B2(CO4)3. Besides silicon, a large number of elements have been put on the C site, including germanium, gallium, aluminum, vanadium and iron.[35]

Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG), Y3Al2(AlO4)3, is used for synthetic gemstones. Due to its fairly high refractive index, YAG was used as a diamond simulant in the 1970s until the methods of producing the more advanced simulant cubic zirconia in commercial quantities were developed. When doped with neodymium (Nd3+), erbium or gadolinium YAG may be used as the lasing medium in Nd:YAG lasers,[36] Er:YAG lasers and Gd:YAG lasers respectively. These doped YAG lasers are used in medical procedures including laser skin resurfacing, dentistry, and ophthalmology.[37][38][39]

Interesting magnetic properties arise when the appropriate elements are used. In yttrium iron garnet (YIG), Y3Fe2(FeO4)3, the five iron(III) ions occupy two octahedral and three tetrahedral sites, with the yttrium(III) ions coordinated by eight oxygen ions in an irregular cube. The iron ions in the two coordination sites exhibit different spins, resulting in magnetic behavior. YIG is a ferrimagnetic material having a Curie temperature of 550 K. Yttrium iron garnet can be made into YIG spheres, which serve as magnetically tunable filters and resonators for microwave frequencies.[40]

Lutetium aluminium garnet (LuAG), Al5Lu3O12, is an inorganic compound with a unique crystal structure primarily known for its use in high-efficiency laser devices. LuAG is also useful in the synthesis of transparent ceramics.[41] LuAG is particularly favored over other crystals for its high density and thermal conductivity; it has a relatively small lattice constant in comparison to the other rare-earth garnets, which results in a higher density producing a crystal field with narrower linewidths and greater energy level splitting in absorption and emission.[42]

Terbium gallium garnet (TGG), Tb3Ga5O12, is a Faraday rotator material with excellent transparency properties and is very resistant to laser damage. TGG can be used in optical isolators for laser systems, in optical circulators for fiber optic systems, in optical modulators, and in current and magnetic field sensors.[43]

Another example is gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG), Gd3Ga2(GaO4)3 which is synthesized for use as a substrate for liquid-phase epitaxy of magnetic garnet films for bubble memory and magneto-optical applications.[citation needed]

Geological importance edit

 
Main garnet producing countries
 
Garnet var. Spessartine, Putian City, Putian Prefecture, Fujian Province, China

The mineral garnet is commonly found in metamorphic and to a lesser extent, igneous rocks. Most natural garnets are compositionally zoned and contain inclusions.[44] Its crystal lattice structure is stable at high pressures and temperatures and is thus found in green-schist facies metamorphic rocks including gneiss, hornblende schist, and mica schist.[45] The composition that is stable at the pressure and temperature conditions of Earth's mantle is pyrope, which is often found in peridotites and kimberlites, as well as the serpentines that form from them.[45] Garnets are unique in that they can record the pressures and temperatures of peak metamorphism and are used as geobarometers and geothermometers in the study of geothermobarometry which determines "P-T Paths", Pressure-Temperature Paths. Garnets are used as an index mineral in the delineation of isograds in metamorphic rocks.[45] Compositional zoning and inclusions can mark the change from growth of the crystals at low temperatures to higher temperatures.[46] Garnets that are not compositionally zoned more than likely experienced ultra high temperatures (above 700 °C) that led to diffusion of major elements within the crystal lattice, effectively homogenizing the crystal[46] or they were never zoned. Garnets can also form metamorphic textures that can help interpret structural histories.[46]

In addition to being used to devolve conditions of metamorphism, garnets can be used to date certain geologic events. Garnet has been developed as a U-Pb geochronometer, to date the age of crystallization[47] as well as a thermochronometer in the (U-Th)/He system[48] to date timing of cooling below a closure temperature.

Garnets can be chemically altered and most often alter to serpentine, talc, and chlorite.[45]

Uses edit

 
c. 7th century AD, Anglo-Saxon seax hilt fitting – gold with gemstone inlay of garnet cloisonné. From the Staffordshire Hoard, found in 2009, and not fully cleaned
 
Pendant in uvarovite, a rare bright-green garnet

Gemstones edit

Red garnets were the most commonly used gemstones in the Late Antique Roman world, and the Migration Period art of the "barbarian" peoples who took over the territory of the Western Roman Empire. They were especially used inlaid in gold cells in the cloisonné technique, a style often just called garnet cloisonné, found from Anglo-Saxon England, as at Sutton Hoo, to the Black Sea. Thousands of Tamraparniyan gold, silver and red garnet shipments were made in the old world, including to Rome, Greece, the Middle East, Serica and Anglo Saxons; recent findings such as the Staffordshire Hoard and the pendant of the Winfarthing Woman skeleton of Norfolk confirm an established gem trade route with South India and Tamraparni (ancient Sri Lanka), known from antiquity for its production of gemstones.[49][50][51]

Pure crystals of garnet are still used as gemstones. The gemstone varieties occur in shades of green, red, yellow, and orange.[52] In the US it is known as the birthstone for January.[2] The garnet family is one of the most complex in the gem world. It is not a single species, but is composed of multiple species and varieties.[53] It is the state mineral of Connecticut,[54] New York's gemstone,[55] and star garnet (garnet with rutile asterisms) is the state gemstone of Idaho.[56]

Industrial uses edit

Garnet sand is a good abrasive, and a common replacement for silica sand in sand blasting. Alluvial garnet grains which are rounder are more suitable for such blasting treatments. Mixed with very high pressure water, garnet is used to cut steel and other materials in water jets. For water jet cutting, garnet extracted from hard rock is suitable since it is more angular in form, therefore more efficient in cutting.[57]

Garnet paper is favored by cabinetmakers for finishing bare wood.[58]

Garnet sand is also used for water filtration media.

As an abrasive, garnet can be broadly divided into two categories; blasting grade and water jet grade. The garnet, as it is mined and collected, is crushed to finer grains; all pieces which are larger than 60 mesh (250 micrometers) are normally used for sand blasting. The pieces between 60 mesh (250 micrometers) and 200 mesh (74 micrometers) are normally used for water jet cutting. The remaining garnet pieces that are finer than 200 mesh (74 micrometers) are used for glass polishing and lapping. Regardless of the application, the larger grain sizes are used for faster work and the smaller ones are used for finer finishes.[citation needed]

There are different kinds of abrasive garnets which can be divided based on their origin. The largest source of abrasive garnet today is garnet-rich beach sand which is quite abundant on Indian and Australian coasts and the main producers today are Australia and India.[59]

This material is particularly popular due to its consistent supplies, huge quantities and clean material. The common problems with this material are the presence of ilmenite and chloride compounds. Since the material has been naturally crushed and ground on the beaches for past centuries, the material is normally available in fine sizes only. Most of the garnet at the Tuticorin beach in south India is 80 mesh, and ranges from 56 mesh to 100 mesh size.[citation needed]

River garnet is particularly abundant in Australia. The river sand garnet occurs as a placer deposit.[60]

Rock garnet is perhaps the garnet type used for the longest period of time. This type of garnet is produced in America, China and western India. These crystals are crushed in mills and then purified by wind blowing, magnetic separation, sieving and, if required, washing. Being freshly crushed, this garnet has the sharpest edges and therefore performs far better than other kinds of garnet. Both the river and the beach garnet suffer from the tumbling effect of hundreds of thousands of years which rounds off the edges. Gore Mountain Garnet from Warren County, New York, USA, is a significant source of rock garnet for use as an industrial abrasive.[3]

Cultural significance edit

Garnet is the birthstone of January.[61][62] It is also the birthstone of Aquarius and Capricorn in tropical astrology.[63][64] In Persia this birth gem was considered a talisman from nature's forces like storm and lightning. It was widely accepted that garnet could signal approaching danger by turning pale.[citation needed]

United States edit

Garnet is New York State's official gemstone,[65] Connecticut has almandine garnet as its state gemstone,[66] Idaho has star garnet as its state gemstone,[67] and Vermont has grossular garnet as its state gemstone.[68]

Since 2003 New York State has ranked first in industrial garnet-production in the United States. Since there are just a few companies that account for all U.S. industrial garnet production, published detailed production statistics for New York State are not available. However, generally speaking, Barton Mines in Warren County is the largest U.S. garnet producer.[69]

Collections edit

The New York State Museum in Albany, NY houses specimens from significant sites across the state, including 93 mineral species from the Balmat-Edwards mining district in St. Lawrence, super garnets from the Barton Mine in the Adirondack Mountains, and Herkimer diamonds from Herkimer County, New York[70]

Oldest garnet mine edit

The largest garnet mine in the world is located Near North Creek New York and is operated by Barton Mines Corporation who supplies about 90% of the world's garnet.[71] Barton Mines Corporation is the first and oldest industrial garnet mining operation in the world and the second oldest continuous mining operation in the United States under the same management and mining the same product throughout its history. The Gore Mountain Mine of the Barton Mines Corporation was first mined under the direction of H. H. Barton Sr. in 1878 to produce garnet as the primary product.[71]

Largest garnet crystal edit

The open-pit Barton Garnet Mine, located at Gore Mountain in the Adirondack Highlands, yields the world's largest single crystals of garnet; diameters range from 5 to 35 cm and commonly average 10–18 cm.[72]

Gore Mountain garnets are unique in many respects, and considerable effort has been made to determine the timing of garnet growth. The first dating was that of Basu et al. (1989), who used plagioclase-hornblende-garnet to produce a Sm/Nd isochron that yielded an age of 1059 ± 19 Ma. Mezger et al. (1992) conducted their own Sm/Nd investigation using hornblende and the drilled core of a 50 cm garnet to produce an isochron age of 1051 ± 4 Ma. Connelly (2006) utilized seven different fractions of a Gore Mountain garnet to obtain a Lu-Hf isochron age of 1046.6 ± 6 Ma. It is therefore concluded with confidence that the garnets formed at 1049 ± 5 Ma, the average of the three determinations. This is also the local age of peak metamorphism in the 1090–1040 Ma Ottawan phase of the Grenvillian orogeny and serves as a critical data point in ascertaining the evolution of the megacrystic garnet deposits.[72]

See also edit

References edit

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  2. ^ a b c Gemological Institute of America, GIA Gem Reference Guide 1995, ISBN 0-87311-019-6
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  4. ^ pomegranate. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2011-12-25.
  5. ^ garnet. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2011-12-25.
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  10. ^ Baxter, Ethan F.; Caddick, Mark J.; Ague, Jay J. (1 December 2013). "Garnet: Common Mineral, Uncommonly Useful". Elements. 9 (6): 415–419. Bibcode:2013Eleme...9..415B. doi:10.2113/gselements.9.6.415.
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Garnet (category)

February 15, 2024
garnet, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, lead, section, short, adequately, summarize, points, please, consider, expanding, lead, provide, accessible, overview, important, aspects, article, january, 2024, ɑːr, group, silicate, minerals, that, have, b. For other uses see Garnet disambiguation This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article January 2024 Garnets ˈ ɡ ɑːr n ɪ t are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives GarnetGeneralCategoryNesosilicateFormula repeating unit The general formula X3Y2 SiO4 3IMA symbolGrt 1 Crystal systemIsometricCrystal class4 m 3 2 m displaystyle 4 m bar 3 2 m Space groupIa3dIdentificationColorvirtually all colors blue is rareCrystal habitRhombic dodecahedron or cubicCleavageIndistinctFractureconchoidal to unevenMohs scale hardness6 5 7 5Lustervitreous to resinousStreakWhiteDiaphaneityCan form with any diaphaneity translucent is commonSpecific gravity3 1 4 3Polish lustervitreous to subadamantine 2 Optical propertiesSingle refractive often anomalous double refractive 2 Refractive index1 72 1 94BirefringenceNonePleochroismNoneUltraviolet fluorescencevariableOther characteristicsvariable magnetic attractionMajor varietiesPyropeMg3Al2Si3O12AlmandineFe3Al2Si3O12SpessartineMn3Al2Si3O12AndraditeCa3Fe2Si3O12GrossularCa3Al2Si3O12UvaroviteCa3Cr2Si3O12All species of garnets possess similar physical properties and crystal forms but differ in chemical composition The different species are pyrope almandine spessartine grossular varieties of which are hessonite or cinnamon stone and tsavorite uvarovite and andradite The garnets make up two solid solution series pyrope almandine spessartine pyralspite with the composition range Mg Fe Mn 3Al2 SiO4 3 and uvarovite grossular andradite ugrandite with the composition range Ca3 Cr Al Fe 2 SiO4 3 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Physical properties 2 1 Properties 2 2 Crystal structure 2 3 Hardness 2 4 Magnetics used in garnet series identification 3 Garnet group end member species 3 1 Pyralspite garnets aluminium in Y site 3 1 1 Almandine 3 1 2 Pyrope 3 1 3 Spessartine 3 1 4 Pyrope spessartine blue garnet or color change garnet 3 2 Ugrandite group calcium in X site 3 2 1 Andradite 3 2 2 Grossular 3 2 3 Uvarovite 3 3 Less common species 3 3 1 Knorringite 4 Garnet structural group 5 Synthetic garnets 6 Geological importance 7 Uses 7 1 Gemstones 7 2 Industrial uses 8 Cultural significance 8 1 United States 8 2 Collections 8 3 Oldest garnet mine 8 4 Largest garnet crystal 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksEtymology editThe word garnet comes from the 14th century Middle English word gernet meaning dark red It is borrowed from Old French grenate from Latin granatus from granum grain seed 3 This is possibly a reference to mela granatum or even pomum granatum pomegranate 4 Punica granatum a plant whose fruits contain abundant and vivid red seed covers arils which are similar in shape size and color to some garnet crystals 5 Hessonite garnet is also named gomed in Indian literature and is one of the 9 jewels in Vedic astrology that compose the Navaratna 6 Physical properties editProperties edit nbsp A sample showing the deep red color garnet can exhibit Garnet species are found in every colour with reddish shades most common Blue garnets are the rarest and were first reported in the 1990s 7 8 9 10 Garnet species light transmission properties can range from the gemstone quality transparent specimens to the opaque varieties used for industrial purposes as abrasives The mineral s lustre is categorized as vitreous glass like or resinous amber like 3 Crystal structure edit Garnets are nesosilicates having the general formula X3Y2 SiO4 3 The X site is usually occupied by divalent cations Ca Mg Fe Mn 2 and the Y site by trivalent cations Al3 Fe3 Cr3 in an octahedral tetrahedral framework with SiO4 4 occupying the tetrahedra 11 Garnets are most often found in the dodecahedral crystal habit but are also commonly found in the trapezohedron habit as well as the hexoctahedral habit 3 They crystallize in the cubic system having three axes that are all of equal length and perpendicular to each other but are never actually cubic because despite being isometric the 100 and 111 families of planes are depleted 3 Garnets do not have any cleavage planes so when they fracture under stress sharp irregular conchoidal pieces are formed 12 nbsp Crystal structure of pyrope garnet White spheres are oxygen black silicon blue aluminium and red magnesium nbsp Same view with ion sizes reduced to better show all ions nbsp Silicon ion size exaggerated to emphasize silica tetrahedraHardness edit Because the chemical composition of garnet varies the atomic bonds in some species are stronger than in others As a result this mineral group shows a range of hardness on the Mohs scale of about 6 0 to 7 5 13 The harder species like almandine are often used for abrasive purposes 14 Magnetics used in garnet series identification edit For gem identification purposes a pick up response to a strong neodymium magnet separates garnet from all other natural transparent gemstones commonly used in the jewelry trade Magnetic susceptibility measurements in conjunction with refractive index can be used to distinguish garnet species and varieties and determine the composition of garnets in terms of percentages of end member species within an individual gem 15 Garnet group end member species editPyralspite garnets aluminium in Y site edit Almandine Fe3Al2 SiO4 3 Pyrope Mg3Al2 SiO4 3 Spessartine Mn3Al2 SiO4 3Almandine edit nbsp Almandine in metamorphic rockAlmandine sometimes incorrectly called almandite is the modern gem known as carbuncle though originally almost any red gemstone was known by this name 16 The term carbuncle is derived from the Latin meaning live coal or burning charcoal The name Almandine is a corruption of Alabanda a region in Asia Minor where these stones were cut in ancient times Chemically almandine is an iron aluminium garnet with the formula Fe3Al2 SiO4 3 the deep red transparent stones are often called precious garnet and are used as gemstones being the most common of the gem garnets 17 Almandine occurs in metamorphic rocks like mica schists associated with minerals such as staurolite kyanite andalusite and others 18 Almandine has nicknames of Oriental garnet 19 almandine ruby and carbuncle 16 Pyrope edit Pyrope from the Greek pyrōpos meaning firelike 3 is red in color and chemically an aluminium silicate with the formula Mg3Al2 SiO4 3 though the magnesium can be replaced in part by calcium and ferrous iron The color of pyrope varies from deep red to black Pyrope and spessartine gemstones have been recovered from the Sloan diamondiferous kimberlites in Colorado from the Bishop Conglomerate and in a Tertiary age lamprophyre at Cedar Mountain in Wyoming 20 A variety of pyrope from Macon County North Carolina is a violet red shade and has been called rhodolite Greek for rose In chemical composition it may be considered as essentially an isomorphous mixture of pyrope and almandine in the proportion of two parts pyrope to one part almandine 21 Pyrope has tradenames some of which are misnomers Cape ruby Arizona ruby California ruby Rocky Mountain ruby and Bohemian ruby from the Czech Republic 16 Pyrope is an indicator mineral for high pressure rocks Mantle derived rocks peridotites and eclogites commonly contain a pyrope variety 22 Spessartine edit nbsp Spessartine the reddish mineral Spessartine or spessartite is manganese aluminium garnet Mn3Al2 SiO4 3 Its name is derived from Spessart in Bavaria 3 It occurs most often in skarns 3 granite pegmatite and allied rock types 23 and in certain low grade metamorphic phyllites Spessartine of an orange yellow is found in Madagascar 24 Violet red spessartines are found in rhyolites in Colorado 21 and Maine citation needed Pyrope spessartine blue garnet or color change garnet edit Blue pyrope spessartine garnets were discovered in the late 1990s in Bekily Madagascar This type has also been found in parts of the United States Russia Kenya Tanzania and Turkey It changes color from blue green to purple depending on the color temperature of viewing light as a result of the relatively high amounts of vanadium about 1 wt V2O3 9 Other varieties of color changing garnets exist In daylight their color ranges from shades of green beige brown gray and blue but in incandescent light they appear a reddish or purplish pink color 25 This is the rarest type of garnet Because of its color changing quality this kind of garnet resembles alexandrite 26 Ugrandite group calcium in X site edit Andradite Ca3Fe2 SiO4 3 Grossular Ca3Al2 SiO4 3 Uvarovite Ca3Cr2 SiO4 3Andradite edit Andradite is a calcium iron garnet Ca3Fe2 SiO4 3 is of variable composition and may be red yellow brown green or black 3 The recognized varieties are demantoid green melanite black 3 and topazolite yellow or green Andradite is found in skarns 3 and in deep seated igneous rocks like syenite 27 as well as serpentines 28 and greenschists 29 Demantoid is one of the most prized of garnet varieties 30 Grossular edit nbsp Grossular garnet from Quebec collected by Dr John Hunter in the 18th century Hunterian Museum Glasgow nbsp Grossular garnets on display at the U S National Museum of Natural History The green gem at right is a type of grossular known as tsavorite Grossular is a calcium aluminium garnet with the formula Ca3Al2 SiO4 3 though the calcium may in part be replaced by ferrous iron and the aluminium by ferric iron The name grossular is derived from the botanical name for the gooseberry grossularia in reference to the green garnet of this composition that is found in Siberia Other shades include cinnamon brown cinnamon stone variety red and yellow 3 Because of its inferior hardness to zircon which the yellow crystals resemble they have also been called hessonite from the Greek meaning inferior 31 Grossular is found in skarns 3 contact metamorphosed limestones with vesuvianite diopside wollastonite and wernerite Grossular garnet from Kenya and Tanzania has been called tsavorite Tsavorite was first described in the 1960s in the Tsavo area of Kenya from which the gem takes its name 32 33 Uvarovite edit Uvarovite is a calcium chromium garnet with the formula Ca3Cr2 SiO4 3 This is a rather rare garnet bright green in color usually found as small crystals associated with chromite in peridotite serpentinite and kimberlites It is found in crystalline marbles and schists in the Ural mountains of Russia and Outokumpu Finland Uvarovite is named for Count Uvaro a Russian imperial statesman 3 Less common species edit Calcium in X site Goldmanite Ca3 V3 Al Fe3 2 SiO4 3 Kimzeyite Ca3 Zr Ti 2 Si Al Fe3 O4 3 Morimotoite Ca3Ti4 Fe2 SiO4 3 Schorlomite Ca3Ti4 2 SiO4 Fe3 O4 2 Hydroxide bearing calcium in X site Hydrogrossular Ca3Al2 SiO4 3 x OH 4x Hibschite Ca3Al2 SiO4 3 x OH 4x where x is between 0 2 and 1 5 Katoite Ca3Al2 SiO4 3 x OH 4x where x is greater than 1 5 Magnesium or manganese in X site Knorringite Mg3Cr2 SiO4 3 Majorite Mg3 Fe2 Si SiO4 3 Calderite Mn3Fe3 2 SiO4 3Knorringite edit Knorringite is a magnesium chromium garnet species with the formula Mg3Cr2 SiO4 3 Pure endmember knorringite never occurs in nature Pyrope rich in the knorringite component is only formed under high pressure and is often found in kimberlites It is used as an indicator mineral in the search for diamonds 34 Garnet structural group editFormula X3Z2 TO4 3 X Ca Fe etc Z Al Cr etc T Si As V Fe Al All are cubic or strongly pseudocubic IMA CNMNC Nickel Strunz Mineral class Mineral name Formula Crystal system Point group Space group04 Oxide Bitikleite SnAl Ca3SnSb AlO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 d04 Oxide Bitikleite SnFe Ca3 SnSb5 Fe3 O4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 d04 Oxide Bitikleite ZrFe Ca3SbZr Fe3 O4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 d04 Tellurate Yafsoanite Ca3Zn3 Te6 O6 2 isometric m3 m or 432 Ia3 d or I413208 Arsenate Berzeliite NaCa2Mg2 AsO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 d08 Vanadate Palenzonaite NaCa2Mn2 2 VO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 d08 Vanadate Schaferite NaCa2Mg2 VO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 dIMA CNMNC Nickel Strunz Mineral subclass 09 A Nesosilicate Nickel Strunz classification 09 AD 25Mineral name Formula Crystal system Point group Space groupAlmandine Fe2 3Al2 SiO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 dAndradite Ca3Fe3 2 SiO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 dCalderite Mn 23Fe 32 SiO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 dGoldmanite Ca3V3 2 SiO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 dGrossular Ca3Al2 SiO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 dHenritermierite Ca3Mn3 2 SiO4 2 OH 4 tetragonal 4 mmm I41 acdHibschite Ca3Al2 SiO4 3 x OH 4x x 0 2 1 5 isometric m3 m Ia3 dKatoite Ca3Al2 SiO4 3 x OH 4x x 1 5 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 dKerimasite Ca3Zr2 Fe 3O4 2 SiO4 isometric m3 m Ia3 dKimzeyite Ca3Zr2 Al 3O4 2 SiO4 isometric m3 m Ia3 dKnorringite Mg3Cr2 SiO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 dMajorite Mg3 Fe2 Si SiO4 3 tetragonal 4 m or 4 mmm I41 a or I41 acdMenzerite Y Y2CaMg2 SiO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 dMomoiite Mn2 3V3 2 SiO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 dMorimotoite Ca3 Fe2 Ti4 SiO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 dPyrope Mg3Al2 SiO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 dSchorlomite Ca3Ti4 2 Fe3 O4 2 SiO4 isometric m3 m Ia3 dSpessartine Mn2 3Al2 SiO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 dToturite Ca3Sn2 Fe3 O4 2 SiO4 isometric m3 m Ia3 dUvarovite Ca3Cr2 SiO4 3 isometric m3 m Ia3 dReferences Mindat org mineral name chemical formula and space group American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database of the IMA Database of Mineral Properties RRUFF Project Univ of Arizona was preferred most of the time Minor components in formulae have been left out to highlight the dominant chemical endmember that defines each species Synthetic garnets editAlso known as rare earth garnets The crystallographic structure of garnets has been expanded from the prototype to include chemicals with the general formula A3B2 CO4 3 Besides silicon a large number of elements have been put on the C site including germanium gallium aluminum vanadium and iron 35 Yttrium aluminium garnet YAG Y3Al2 AlO4 3 is used for synthetic gemstones Due to its fairly high refractive index YAG was used as a diamond simulant in the 1970s until the methods of producing the more advanced simulant cubic zirconia in commercial quantities were developed When doped with neodymium Nd3 erbium or gadolinium YAG may be used as the lasing medium in Nd YAG lasers 36 Er YAG lasers and Gd YAG lasers respectively These doped YAG lasers are used in medical procedures including laser skin resurfacing dentistry and ophthalmology 37 38 39 Interesting magnetic properties arise when the appropriate elements are used In yttrium iron garnet YIG Y3Fe2 FeO4 3 the five iron III ions occupy two octahedral and three tetrahedral sites with the yttrium III ions coordinated by eight oxygen ions in an irregular cube The iron ions in the two coordination sites exhibit different spins resulting in magnetic behavior YIG is a ferrimagnetic material having a Curie temperature of 550 K Yttrium iron garnet can be made into YIG spheres which serve as magnetically tunable filters and resonators for microwave frequencies 40 Lutetium aluminium garnet LuAG Al5Lu3O12 is an inorganic compound with a unique crystal structure primarily known for its use in high efficiency laser devices LuAG is also useful in the synthesis of transparent ceramics 41 LuAG is particularly favored over other crystals for its high density and thermal conductivity it has a relatively small lattice constant in comparison to the other rare earth garnets which results in a higher density producing a crystal field with narrower linewidths and greater energy level splitting in absorption and emission 42 Terbium gallium garnet TGG Tb3Ga5O12 is a Faraday rotator material with excellent transparency properties and is very resistant to laser damage TGG can be used in optical isolators for laser systems in optical circulators for fiber optic systems in optical modulators and in current and magnetic field sensors 43 Another example is gadolinium gallium garnet GGG Gd3Ga2 GaO4 3 which is synthesized for use as a substrate for liquid phase epitaxy of magnetic garnet films for bubble memory and magneto optical applications citation needed Geological importance edit nbsp Main garnet producing countries nbsp Garnet var Spessartine Putian City Putian Prefecture Fujian Province ChinaThe mineral garnet is commonly found in metamorphic and to a lesser extent igneous rocks Most natural garnets are compositionally zoned and contain inclusions 44 Its crystal lattice structure is stable at high pressures and temperatures and is thus found in green schist facies metamorphic rocks including gneiss hornblende schist and mica schist 45 The composition that is stable at the pressure and temperature conditions of Earth s mantle is pyrope which is often found in peridotites and kimberlites as well as the serpentines that form from them 45 Garnets are unique in that they can record the pressures and temperatures of peak metamorphism and are used as geobarometers and geothermometers in the study of geothermobarometry which determines P T Paths Pressure Temperature Paths Garnets are used as an index mineral in the delineation of isograds in metamorphic rocks 45 Compositional zoning and inclusions can mark the change from growth of the crystals at low temperatures to higher temperatures 46 Garnets that are not compositionally zoned more than likely experienced ultra high temperatures above 700 C that led to diffusion of major elements within the crystal lattice effectively homogenizing the crystal 46 or they were never zoned Garnets can also form metamorphic textures that can help interpret structural histories 46 In addition to being used to devolve conditions of metamorphism garnets can be used to date certain geologic events Garnet has been developed as a U Pb geochronometer to date the age of crystallization 47 as well as a thermochronometer in the U Th He system 48 to date timing of cooling below a closure temperature Garnets can be chemically altered and most often alter to serpentine talc and chlorite 45 Uses edit nbsp c 7th century AD Anglo Saxon seax hilt fitting gold with gemstone inlay of garnet cloisonne From the Staffordshire Hoard found in 2009 and not fully cleaned nbsp Pendant in uvarovite a rare bright green garnetGemstones edit Red garnets were the most commonly used gemstones in the Late Antique Roman world and the Migration Period art of the barbarian peoples who took over the territory of the Western Roman Empire They were especially used inlaid in gold cells in the cloisonne technique a style often just called garnet cloisonne found from Anglo Saxon England as at Sutton Hoo to the Black Sea Thousands of Tamraparniyan gold silver and red garnet shipments were made in the old world including to Rome Greece the Middle East Serica and Anglo Saxons recent findings such as the Staffordshire Hoard and the pendant of the Winfarthing Woman skeleton of Norfolk confirm an established gem trade route with South India and Tamraparni ancient Sri Lanka known from antiquity for its production of gemstones 49 50 51 Pure crystals of garnet are still used as gemstones The gemstone varieties occur in shades of green red yellow and orange 52 In the US it is known as the birthstone for January 2 The garnet family is one of the most complex in the gem world It is not a single species but is composed of multiple species and varieties 53 It is the state mineral of Connecticut 54 New York s gemstone 55 and star garnet garnet with rutile asterisms is the state gemstone of Idaho 56 Industrial uses edit Garnet sand is a good abrasive and a common replacement for silica sand in sand blasting Alluvial garnet grains which are rounder are more suitable for such blasting treatments Mixed with very high pressure water garnet is used to cut steel and other materials in water jets For water jet cutting garnet extracted from hard rock is suitable since it is more angular in form therefore more efficient in cutting 57 Garnet paper is favored by cabinetmakers for finishing bare wood 58 Garnet sand is also used for water filtration media As an abrasive garnet can be broadly divided into two categories blasting grade and water jet grade The garnet as it is mined and collected is crushed to finer grains all pieces which are larger than 60 mesh 250 micrometers are normally used for sand blasting The pieces between 60 mesh 250 micrometers and 200 mesh 74 micrometers are normally used for water jet cutting The remaining garnet pieces that are finer than 200 mesh 74 micrometers are used for glass polishing and lapping Regardless of the application the larger grain sizes are used for faster work and the smaller ones are used for finer finishes citation needed There are different kinds of abrasive garnets which can be divided based on their origin The largest source of abrasive garnet today is garnet rich beach sand which is quite abundant on Indian and Australian coasts and the main producers today are Australia and India 59 This material is particularly popular due to its consistent supplies huge quantities and clean material The common problems with this material are the presence of ilmenite and chloride compounds Since the material has been naturally crushed and ground on the beaches for past centuries the material is normally available in fine sizes only Most of the garnet at the Tuticorin beach in south India is 80 mesh and ranges from 56 mesh to 100 mesh size citation needed River garnet is particularly abundant in Australia The river sand garnet occurs as a placer deposit 60 Rock garnet is perhaps the garnet type used for the longest period of time This type of garnet is produced in America China and western India These crystals are crushed in mills and then purified by wind blowing magnetic separation sieving and if required washing Being freshly crushed this garnet has the sharpest edges and therefore performs far better than other kinds of garnet Both the river and the beach garnet suffer from the tumbling effect of hundreds of thousands of years which rounds off the edges Gore Mountain Garnet from Warren County New York USA is a significant source of rock garnet for use as an industrial abrasive 3 Cultural significance editGarnet is the birthstone of January 61 62 It is also the birthstone of Aquarius and Capricorn in tropical astrology 63 64 In Persia this birth gem was considered a talisman from nature s forces like storm and lightning It was widely accepted that garnet could signal approaching danger by turning pale citation needed United States edit Garnet is New York State s official gemstone 65 Connecticut has almandine garnet as its state gemstone 66 Idaho has star garnet as its state gemstone 67 and Vermont has grossular garnet as its state gemstone 68 Since 2003 New York State has ranked first in industrial garnet production in the United States Since there are just a few companies that account for all U S industrial garnet production published detailed production statistics for New York State are not available However generally speaking Barton Mines in Warren County is the largest U S garnet producer 69 Collections edit The New York State Museum in Albany NY houses specimens from significant sites across the state including 93 mineral species from the Balmat Edwards mining district in St Lawrence super garnets from the Barton Mine in the Adirondack Mountains and Herkimer diamonds from Herkimer County New York 70 Oldest garnet mine edit The largest garnet mine in the world is located Near North Creek New York and is operated by Barton Mines Corporation who supplies about 90 of the world s garnet 71 Barton Mines Corporation is the first and oldest industrial garnet mining operation in the world and the second oldest continuous mining operation in the United States under the same management and mining the same product throughout its history The Gore Mountain Mine of the Barton Mines Corporation was first mined under the direction of H H Barton Sr in 1878 to produce garnet as the primary product 71 Largest garnet crystal edit The open pit Barton Garnet Mine located at Gore Mountain in the Adirondack Highlands yields the world s largest single crystals of garnet diameters range from 5 to 35 cm and commonly average 10 18 cm 72 Gore Mountain garnets are unique in many respects and considerable effort has been made to determine the timing of garnet growth The first dating was that of Basu et al 1989 who used plagioclase hornblende garnet to produce a Sm Nd isochron that yielded an age of 1059 19 Ma Mezger et al 1992 conducted their own Sm Nd investigation using hornblende and the drilled core of a 50 cm garnet to produce an isochron age of 1051 4 Ma Connelly 2006 utilized seven different fractions of a Gore Mountain garnet to obtain a Lu Hf isochron age of 1046 6 6 Ma It is therefore concluded with confidence that the garnets formed at 1049 5 Ma the average of the three determinations This is also the local age of peak metamorphism in the 1090 1040 Ma Ottawan phase of the Grenvillian orogeny and serves as a critical data point in ascertaining the evolution of the megacrystic garnet deposits 72 See also edit nbsp Minerals portalAbrasive blastingReferences edit Warr L N 2021 IMA CNMNC approved mineral symbols Mineralogical Magazine 85 3 291 320 Bibcode 2021MinM 85 291W doi 10 1180 mgm 2021 43 S2CID 235729616 a b c Gemological Institute of America GIA Gem Reference Guide 1995 ISBN 0 87311 019 6 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Klein Cornelis Hurlbut Cornelius S Jr 1993 Manual of mineralogy after James D Dana 21st ed New York Wiley pp 451 454 ISBN 047157452X pomegranate Online Etymology Dictionary Retrieved on 2011 12 25 garnet Online Etymology Dictionary Retrieved on 2011 12 25 Brown Richard 1995 Ancient astrological gemstones amp talismans the complete science of planetary gemology Bangkok A G T Co p 47 ISBN 974 89022 4 2 OCLC 33190408 Klein amp Hurlbut 1993 p 600 Galoisy L 1 December 2013 Garnet From Stone to Star Elements 9 6 453 456 Bibcode 2013Eleme 9 453G doi 10 2113 gselements 9 6 453 a b Schmetzer Karl Bernhardt Heinz Jurgen Winter 1999 Garnets from Madagascar with a color change from blue green to purple PDF Gems amp Gemology 35 4 196 201 doi 10 5741 GEMS 35 4 196 Archived PDF from the original on 2022 10 09 Retrieved 7 December 2020 Baxter Ethan F Caddick Mark J Ague Jay J 1 December 2013 Garnet Common Mineral Uncommonly Useful Elements 9 6 415 419 Bibcode 2013Eleme 9 415B doi 10 2113 gselements 9 6 415 Smyth Joe Mineral Structure Data Garnet University of Colorado Retrieved 2007 01 12 Nesse William D 2000 Introduction to mineralogy New York Oxford University Press p 311 ISBN 9780195106916 Deer W A Howie R A Zussman J 2013 Garnet Group An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland ISBN 9780903056434 Perec Andrzej 1 October 2017 Disintegration and recycling possibility of selected abrasives for water jet cutting DYNA 84 203 249 256 doi 10 15446 dyna v84n203 62592 D B Hoover B Williams C Williams and C Mitchell Magnetic susceptibility a better approach to defining garnets Archived 2011 10 05 at the Wayback Machine The Journal of Gemmology 2008 Volume 31 No 3 4 pp 91 103 a b c Lytvynov L A 2011 On the words used as names for ruby and sapphire PDF Functional Materials 18 2 274 277 Retrieved 7 December 2020 Jensen David E November 1975 The Garnet Group Rocks amp Minerals 50 10 584 587 Bibcode 1975RoMin 50 584J doi 10 1080 00357529 1975 11767172 Nesse 2000 pp 312 320 Almandine Dictionary of Gems and Gemology 2009 pp 19 20 doi 10 1007 978 3 540 72816 0 532 ISBN 978 3 540 72795 8 Hausel W Dan 2000 Gemstones and Other Unique Rocks and Minerals of Wyoming Field Guide for Collectors Laramie Wyoming Wyoming Geological Survey pp 268 p a b Schlegel Dorothy M 1957 Gem stones of the United States U S Geological Survey Bulletin 1042 G doi 10 3133 b1042G Klein amp Hurlbut 1993 pp 453 587 588 Nesse 2000 p 312 Schmetzer Karl Bernhardt Heinz Jurgen 2002 Gem quality spessartine grossular garnet of intermediate composition from Madagascar Journal of Gemmology 28 4 235 239 doi 10 15506 JoG 2002 28 4 235 Color Change Garnet Value Price and Jewelry Information Gem Society International Gem Society Retrieved 2022 10 13 Krambrock K Guimaraes F S Pinheiro M V B Paniago R Righi A Persiano A I C Karfunkel J Hoover D B July 2013 Purplish red almandine garnets with alexandrite like effect causes of colors and color enhancing treatments Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 40 7 555 562 Bibcode 2013PCM 40 555K doi 10 1007 s00269 013 0592 6 S2CID 95448333 Saha Abhishek Ray Jyotisankar Ganguly Sohini Chatterjee Nilanjan 10 July 2011 Occurrence of melanite garnet in syenite and ijolite melteigite rocks of Samchampi Samteran alkaline complex Mikir Hills Northeastern India Current Science 101 1 95 100 JSTOR 24077869 Plumper Oliver Beinlich Andreas Bach Wolfgang Janots Emilie Austrheim Hakon September 2014 Garnets within geode like serpentinite veins Implications for element transport hydrogen production and life supporting environment formation Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 141 454 471 Bibcode 2014GeCoA 141 454P doi 10 1016 j gca 2014 07 002 Coombs D S Kawachi Y Houghton B F Hyden G Pringle I J Williams J G August 1977 Andradite and andradite grossular solid solutions in very low grade regionally metamorphosed rocks in Southern New Zealand Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 63 3 229 246 Bibcode 1977CoMP 63 229C doi 10 1007 BF00375574 S2CID 129908263 Phillips Wm Revell Talantsev Anatoly S Summer 1996 Russian demantoid czar of the garnet family PDF Gems amp Gemology 32 2 100 111 doi 10 5741 GEMS 32 2 100 Archived PDF from the original on 2022 10 09 Retrieved 7 December 2020 Modreski Peter J 1 February 1993 Featured Mineral Group at the 1993 Tucson Show Garnet Rocks amp Minerals 68 1 20 33 Bibcode 1993RoMin 68 20M doi 10 1080 00357529 1993 9926521 Mindat org Tsavorite Feneyrol J Giuliani G Ohnenstetter D Fallick A E Martelat J E Monie P Dubessy J Rollion Bard C Le Goff E Malisa E Rakotondrazafy A F M Pardieu V Kahn T Ichang i D Venance E Voarintsoa N R Ranatsenho M M Simonet C Omito E Nyamai C Saul M September 2013 New aspects and perspectives on tsavorite deposits Ore Geology Reviews 53 1 25 Bibcode 2013OGRv 53 1F doi 10 1016 j oregeorev 2013 01 016 Nixon Peter H Hornung George 1968 A new chromium garnet end member knorringite from Kimberlite American Mineralogist 53 11 12 1833 1840 Retrieved 7 December 2020 S Geller Crystal chemistry of the garnets Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 125 125 pp 1 47 1967 doi 10 1524 zkri 1967 125 125 1 Yariv Amnon 1989 Quantum Electronics 3rd ed Wiley pp 208 211 ISBN 978 0 471 60997 1 Teikemeier G Goldberg DJ 1997 Skin resurfacing with the erbium YAG laser Dermatologic Surgery Philadelphia Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins 23 8 685 687 doi 10 1111 j 1524 4725 1997 tb00389 x PMID 9256915 S2CID 31557815 Bornstein E 2004 Proper use of Er YAG lasers and contact sapphire tips when cutting teeth and bone scientific principles and clinical application Dentistry Today 23 83 86 89 PMID 15354712 Kokavec Jan Wu Zhichao Sherwin Justin C Ang Alan JS Ang Ghee Soon 2017 06 01 Nd YAG laser vitreolysis versus pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous floaters The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017 6 CD011676 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD011676 pub2 ISSN 1469 493X PMC 6481890 PMID 28570745 What is YIG and How Does It Work So Well www microlambdawireless com Retrieved 2023 07 17 Moore Cheryl 2015 Towards a Greater Understanding of Hydrothermally Grown Garnets and Sesquioxide Crystals for Laser Applications Clemson University Tiger Prints Bibcode 2015PhDT 308M Lutetium Aluminum Garnet LuAG Lu3Al5O12 scientificmaterials com Retrieved 2016 04 29 Majeed Hassaan Shaheen Amrozia Anwar Muhammad Sabieh 2013 Complete Stokes polarimetry of magneto optical Faraday effect in a terbium gallium garnet crystal at cryogenic temperatures Optics Express Washington D C The Optical Society 21 21 25148 25158 Bibcode 2013OExpr 2125148M doi 10 1364 OE 21 025148 PMID 24150356 Nesse William D 2013 Introduction to Optical Mineralogy International Fourth ed New York Oxford University Press pp 252 255 ISBN 978 0 19 984628 3 a b c d Klein C Hurlbut C D 1985 Manual of Mineralogy New York John Wiley and Sons pp 375 378 ISBN 0 471 80580 7 a b c P T t Paths Teaching Phase Equilibria Retrieved 2020 03 19 Seman S Stockli D F McLean N M 2017 06 05 U Pb geochronology of grossular andradite garnet Chemical Geology 460 106 116 Bibcode 2017ChGeo 460 106S doi 10 1016 j chemgeo 2017 04 020 ISSN 0009 2541 Blackburn Terrence J Stockli Daniel F Carlson Richard W Berendsen Pieter 2008 10 30 U Th He dating of kimberlites A case study from north eastern Kansas Earth and Planetary Science Letters 275 1 111 120 Bibcode 2008E amp PSL 275 111B doi 10 1016 j epsl 2008 08 006 ISSN 0012 821X Staffordshire Hoard Festival 2019 The Potteries Museum amp Art Gallery Retrieved 18 June 2019 A trail of garnet and gold Sri Lanka to Anglo Saxon England The Historical Association 22 June 2017 Retrieved 18 June 2019 Acquisitions of the month June 2018 Apollo Magazine 5 July 2018 Retrieved 18 June 2019 Geological Sciences at University of Texas Austin Geo utexas edu Retrieved on 2011 12 25 Garnet Value Price and Jewelry Information International Gem Society Retrieved 2021 11 16 State of Connecticut Sites º Seals º Symbols Archived 2008 07 31 at the Wayback Machine Connecticut State Register amp Manual retrieved on December 20 2008 New York State Gem Archived 2007 12 08 at the Wayback Machine State Symbols USA retrieved on October 12 2007 Idaho state symbols idaho gov Rapple R Randolph Selecting the right waterjet abrasive The Fabricator Retrieved 17 July 2023 Joyce Ernest 1987 1970 Peters Alan ed The Technique of Furniture Making 4th ed London Batsford ISBN 071344407X Briggs J 2007 The Abrasives Industry in Europe and North America Materials Technology Publications ISBN 978 1 871677 52 2 Industrial Mineral Opportunities in New South Wales Tips amp Tools Birthstones The National Association of Goldsmiths Archived from the original on 2007 05 28 Retrieved 2014 06 16 Kunz George F 1913 The curious lore of precious stones Lippincott pp 275 306 pp 319 320 Knuth Bruce G 2007 Gems in Myth Legend and Lore Revised edition Parachute Jewelers Press p 294 Kunz 1913 pp 345 347 Minerals of New York State State of New York Retrieved 2022 02 25 State of Connecticut Sites Seals and Symbols State of Connecticut Retrieved 2009 11 12 Idaho Symbols State of Idaho Archived from the original on 2010 06 30 Retrieved 2009 11 12 Vermont Emblems State of Vermont Archived from the original on 2009 10 29 Retrieved 2009 11 12 New York State Gem Joseph L Ferguson Retrieved 2022 04 06 Minerals of New York State State of New York a b The Garnet Story Lake George Guide 21 October 2010 a b McLelland James M Selleck Bruce W 2011 Megacrystic Gore Mountain type garnets in the Adirondack Highlands Age origin and tectonic implications Geosphere Geological Society of America 7 5 1194 1208 Bibcode 2011Geosp 7 1194M doi 10 1130 GES00683 1 Further reading editHurlbut Cornelius S Klein Cornelis 1985 Manual of Mineralogy 20th ed Wiley ISBN 0 471 80580 7 Color Encyclopedia of Gemstones ISBN 0 442 20333 0External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Garnet category http www gemstonemagnetism com contains a comprehensive section about garnets and garnet magnetism USGS Garnet locations USA http gemstone org education gem by gem 154 garnet http www mindat org min 10272 html Blog post on garnets on the Law Library of Congress s blog https www birthstone guide garnet birthstone meaning Garnet birthstone stories Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Garnet amp oldid 1206588679, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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