fbpx
Wikipedia

Silicate mineral

February 07, 2024

Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups. They are the largest and most important class of minerals and make up approximately 90 percent of Earth's crust.[1][2][3]

Lithium aluminium silicate mineral spodumene

In mineralogy, silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) is usually considered a silicate mineral rather than an oxide mineral. Silica is found in nature as the mineral quartz, and its polymorphs.

On Earth, a wide variety of silicate minerals occur in an even wider range of combinations as a result of the processes that have been forming and re-working the crust for billions of years. These processes include partial melting, crystallization, fractionation, metamorphism, weathering, and diagenesis.

Diatomaceous earth, a biogenic form of silica as viewed under a microscope. The imaged region measures approximately 1.13 by 0.69 mm.

Living organisms also contribute to this geologic cycle. For example, a type of plankton known as diatoms construct their exoskeletons ("frustules") from silica extracted from seawater. The frustules of dead diatoms are a major constituent of deep ocean sediment, and of diatomaceous earth.[citation needed]

General structure edit

A silicate mineral is generally an inorganic compound consisting of subunits with the formula [SiO2+n]2n−. Although depicted as such, the description of silicates as anions is a simplification. Balancing the charges of the silicate anions are metal cations, Mx+. Typical cations are Mg2+, Fe2+, and Na+. The Si-O-M linkage between the silicates and the metals are strong, polar-covalent bonds. Silicate anions ([SiO2+n]2n−) are invariably colorless, or when crushed to a fine powder, white. The colors of silicate minerals arise from the metal component, commonly iron.

In most silicate minerals, silicon is tetrahedral, being surrounded by four oxides. The coordination number of the oxides is variable except when it bridges two silicon centers, in which case the oxide has a coordination number of two.

Some silicon centers may be replaced by atoms of other elements, still bound to the four corner oxygen corners. If the substituted atom is not normally tetravalent, it usually contributes extra charge to the anion, which then requires extra cations. For example, in the mineral orthoclase [KAlSi
3O
8]
n, the anion is a tridimensional network of tetrahedra in which all oxygen corners are shared. If all tetrahedra had silicon centers, the anion would be just neutral silica [SiO
2]
n. Replacement of one in every four silicon atoms by an aluminum atom results in the anion [AlSi
3O−
8]
n, whose charge is neutralized by the potassium cations K+
.

Main groups edit

In mineralogy, silicate minerals are classified into seven major groups according to the structure of their silicate anion:[4][5]

Major group Structure Chemical formula Example
Nesosilicates isolated silicon tetrahedra [SiO4]4− olivine, garnet, zircon...
Sorosilicates double tetrahedra [Si2O7]6− epidote, melilite group
Cyclosilicates rings [SinO3n]2n− beryl group, tourmaline group
Inosilicates single chain [SinO3n]2n− pyroxene group
Inosilicates double chain [Si4nO11n]6n− amphibole group
Phyllosilicates sheets [Si2nO5n]2n− micas and clays
Tectosilicates 3D framework [AlxSiyO(2x+2y)]x− quartz, feldspars, zeolites

Tectosilicates can only have additional cations if some of the silicon is replaced by an atom of lower valence such as aluminum. Al for Si substitution is common.

Nesosilicates or orthosilicates edit

 
Orthosilicate anion SiO4−
4. The grey ball represents the silicon atom, and the red balls are the oxygen atoms.
 
Nesosilicate specimens at the Museum of Geology in South Dakota
Main category: Nesosilicates

Nesosilicates (from Greek νῆσος nēsos 'island'), or orthosilicates, have the orthosilicate ion, present as isolated (insular) [SiO4]4− tetrahedra connected only by interstitial cations. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.A –examples include:

 
Kyanite crystals (unknown scale)

Sorosilicates edit

 
Pyrosilicate anion Si
2O6−
7
 
Sorosilicate exhibit at Museum of Geology in South Dakota
Main category: Sorosilicates

Sorosilicates (from Greek σωρός sōros 'heap, mound') have isolated pyrosilicate anions Si
2O6−
7, consisting of double tetrahedra with a shared oxygen vertex—a silicon:oxygen ratio of 2:7. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.B. Examples include:

Cyclosilicates edit

Main category: Cyclosilicates
 
Cyclosilicate specimens at the Museum of Geology, South Dakota
 
Pezzottaite
 
Bazzite

Cyclosilicates (from Greek κύκλος kýklos 'circle'), or ring silicates, have three or more tetrahedra linked in a ring. The general formula is (SixO3x)2x−, where one or more silicon atoms can be replaced by other 4-coordinated atom(s). The silicon:oxygen ratio is 1:3. Double rings have the formula (Si2xO5x)2x− or a 2:5 ratio. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.C. Possible ring sizes include:

Some example minerals are:

  • 3-member single ring
  • 4-member single ring
  • 6-member single ring
  • 9-member single ring
    • Eudialyte – Na
      15      Ca
      6      (Fe,Mn)
      3      Zr
      3      SiO(O,OH,H
      2      O)
      3      (Si
      3      O
      9      )
      2      (Si
      9      O
      27      )
      2      (OH,Cl)
      2
  • 6-member double ring

The ring in axinite contains two B and four Si tetrahedra and is highly distorted compared to the other 6-member ring cyclosilicates.

Inosilicates edit

Main category: Inosilicates

Inosilicates (from Greek ἴς is [genitive: ἰνός inos] 'fibre'), or chain silicates, have interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedra with either SiO3, 1:3 ratio, for single chains or Si4O11, 4:11 ratio, for double chains. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.D – examples include:

Single chain inosilicates edit

Double chain inosilicates edit

  •  
    Inosilicate, pyroxene family, with 2-periodic single chain (Si2O6), diopside
  •  
    Inosilicate, clinoamphibole, with 2-periodic double chains (Si4O11), tremolite
  •  
    Inosilicate, unbranched 3-periodic single chain of wollastonite
  •  
    Inosilicate with 5-periodic single chain, rhodonite
  •  
    Inosilicate with cyclic branched 8-periodic chain, pellyite

Phyllosilicates edit

Main category: Phyllosilicates

Phyllosilicates (from Greek φύλλον phýllon 'leaf'), or sheet silicates, form parallel sheets of silicate tetrahedra with Si2O5 or a 2:5 ratio. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.E. All phyllosilicate minerals are hydrated, with either water or hydroxyl groups attached.

 
Kaolinite

Examples include:

  •  
    Phyllosilicate, mica group, muscovite (red: Si, blue: O)
  •  
    Phyllosilicate, single net of tetrahedra with 4-membered rings, apophyllite-(KF)-apophyllite-(KOH) series
  •  
    Phyllosilicate, single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings, pyrosmalite-(Fe)-pyrosmalite-(Mn) series
  •  
    Phyllosilicate, single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings, zeophyllite
  •  
    Phyllosilicate, double nets with 4- and 6-membered rings, carletonite

Tectosilicates edit

Main category: Tectosilicates
 
Silica family (SiO2 3D network), β-quartz
 
Aluminosilicate family, the 3D model of synthetic zeolite ZSM-5
 
Quartz
 
Lunar ferroan anorthosite (plagioclase feldspar) collected by Apollo 16 astronauts from the Lunar Highlands near Descartes Crater

Tectosilicates, or "framework silicates," have a three-dimensional framework of silicate tetrahedra with SiO2 in a 1:2 ratio. This group comprises nearly 75% of the crust of the Earth.[6] Tectosilicates, with the exception of the quartz group, are aluminosilicates. The Nickel–Strunz classifications are 09.F and 09.G, 04.DA (Quartz/ silica family). Examples include:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Mineral - Silicates". britannica.com. from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  2. ^ Deer, W.A.; Howie, R.A.; Zussman, J. (1992). An introduction to the rock-forming minerals (2nd ed.). London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-30094-0.
  3. ^ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985). Manual of Mineralogy (20th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-47180580-7.
  4. ^ Deer, W.A.; Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1992). An introduction to the rock forming minerals (2nd edition ed.). London: Longman ISBN 0-582-30094-0
  5. ^ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis ||1985). Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley, (20th edition ed.). ISBN 0-471-80580-7
  6. ^ Deer, W.A.; Howie, R.A.; Wise, W.S.; Zussman, J. (2004). Rock-forming minerals. Volume 4B. Framework silicates: silica minerals. Feldspathoids and the zeolites (2nd ed.). London: Geological Society of London. p. 982 pp.

External links edit

 
The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of: Silicate minerals
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Silicate minerals.
  • Mindat.org, Dana classification
  • Webmineral : Dana's New Silicate Classification

February 07, 2024
silicate, mineral, rock, forming, minerals, made, silicate, groups, they, largest, most, important, class, minerals, make, approximately, percent, earth, crust, lithium, aluminium, silicate, mineral, spodumenein, mineralogy, silica, silicon, dioxide, sio2, usu. Silicate minerals are rock forming minerals made up of silicate groups They are the largest and most important class of minerals and make up approximately 90 percent of Earth s crust 1 2 3 Lithium aluminium silicate mineral spodumeneIn mineralogy silica silicon dioxide SiO2 is usually considered a silicate mineral rather than an oxide mineral Silica is found in nature as the mineral quartz and its polymorphs On Earth a wide variety of silicate minerals occur in an even wider range of combinations as a result of the processes that have been forming and re working the crust for billions of years These processes include partial melting crystallization fractionation metamorphism weathering and diagenesis Diatomaceous earth a biogenic form of silica as viewed under a microscope The imaged region measures approximately 1 13 by 0 69 mm Living organisms also contribute to this geologic cycle For example a type of plankton known as diatoms construct their exoskeletons frustules from silica extracted from seawater The frustules of dead diatoms are a major constituent of deep ocean sediment and of diatomaceous earth citation needed Contents 1 General structure 2 Main groups 3 Nesosilicates or orthosilicates 4 Sorosilicates 5 Cyclosilicates 6 Inosilicates 6 1 Single chain inosilicates 6 2 Double chain inosilicates 7 Phyllosilicates 8 Tectosilicates 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksGeneral structure editA silicate mineral is generally an inorganic compound consisting of subunits with the formula SiO2 n 2n Although depicted as such the description of silicates as anions is a simplification Balancing the charges of the silicate anions are metal cations Mx Typical cations are Mg2 Fe2 and Na The Si O M linkage between the silicates and the metals are strong polar covalent bonds Silicate anions SiO2 n 2n are invariably colorless or when crushed to a fine powder white The colors of silicate minerals arise from the metal component commonly iron In most silicate minerals silicon is tetrahedral being surrounded by four oxides The coordination number of the oxides is variable except when it bridges two silicon centers in which case the oxide has a coordination number of two Some silicon centers may be replaced by atoms of other elements still bound to the four corner oxygen corners If the substituted atom is not normally tetravalent it usually contributes extra charge to the anion which then requires extra cations For example in the mineral orthoclase KAlSi3 O8 n the anion is a tridimensional network of tetrahedra in which all oxygen corners are shared If all tetrahedra had silicon centers the anion would be just neutral silica SiO2 n Replacement of one in every four silicon atoms by an aluminum atom results in the anion AlSi3 O 8 n whose charge is neutralized by the potassium cations K Main groups editIn mineralogy silicate minerals are classified into seven major groups according to the structure of their silicate anion 4 5 Major group Structure Chemical formula ExampleNesosilicates isolated silicon tetrahedra SiO4 4 olivine garnet zircon Sorosilicates double tetrahedra Si2O7 6 epidote melilite groupCyclosilicates rings SinO3n 2n beryl group tourmaline groupInosilicates single chain SinO3n 2n pyroxene groupInosilicates double chain Si4nO11n 6n amphibole groupPhyllosilicates sheets Si2nO5n 2n micas and claysTectosilicates 3D framework AlxSiyO 2x 2y x quartz feldspars zeolitesTectosilicates can only have additional cations if some of the silicon is replaced by an atom of lower valence such as aluminum Al for Si substitution is common Nesosilicates or orthosilicates edit nbsp Orthosilicate anion SiO4 4 The grey ball represents the silicon atom and the red balls are the oxygen atoms nbsp Nesosilicate specimens at the Museum of Geology in South DakotaMain category Nesosilicates Nesosilicates from Greek nῆsos nesos island or orthosilicates have the orthosilicate ion present as isolated insular SiO4 4 tetrahedra connected only by interstitial cations The Nickel Strunz classification is 09 A examples include Phenakite group Phenakite Be2SiO4 Willemite Zn2SiO4 Olivine group Forsterite Mg2SiO4 Fayalite Fe2SiO4 Tephroite Mn2SiO4 Garnet group Pyrope Mg3Al2 SiO4 3 Almandine Fe3Al2 SiO4 3 Spessartine Mn3Al2 SiO4 3 Grossular Ca3Al2 SiO4 3 Andradite Ca3Fe2 SiO4 3 Uvarovite Ca3Cr2 SiO4 3 Hydrogrossular Ca3 Al2 Si2 O8 SiO4 3 m OH 4m Zircon group Zircon ZrSiO4 Thorite Th U SiO4 Hafnon Hf Zr SiO4 nbsp Kyanite crystals unknown scale Al2SiO5 group Andalusite Al2SiO5 Kyanite Al2SiO5 Sillimanite Al2SiO5 Dumortierite Al6 5 7 BO3 SiO4 3 O OH 3 Topaz Al2SiO4 F OH 2 Staurolite Fe2Al9 SiO4 4 O OH 2 Humite group Mg Fe 7 SiO4 3 F OH 2 Norbergite Mg3 SiO4 F OH 2 Chondrodite Mg5 SiO4 2 F OH 2 Humite Mg7 SiO4 3 F OH 2 Clinohumite Mg9 SiO4 4 F OH 2 Datolite CaBSiO4 OH Titanite CaTiSiO5 Chloritoid Fe Mg Mn 2Al4Si2O10 OH 4 Mullite aka Porcelainite Al6Si2O13Sorosilicates edit nbsp Pyrosilicate anion Si2 O6 7 nbsp Sorosilicate exhibit at Museum of Geology in South DakotaMain category Sorosilicates Sorosilicates from Greek swros sōros heap mound have isolated pyrosilicate anions Si2 O6 7 consisting of double tetrahedra with a shared oxygen vertex a silicon oxygen ratio of 2 7 The Nickel Strunz classification is 09 B Examples include Thortveitite Sc Y 2 Si2O7 Hemimorphite calamine Zn4 Si2O7 OH 2 H2O Lawsonite CaAl2 Si2O7 OH 2 H2O Axinite Ca Fe Mn 3Al2 BO3 Si4O12 OH Ilvaite CaFeII2FeIIIO Si2O7 OH Epidote group has both SiO4 4 and Si2O7 6 groups Epidote Ca2 Al Fe 3O SiO4 Si2O7 OH Zoisite Ca2Al3O SiO4 Si2O7 OH Tanzanite Ca2Al3O SiO4 Si2O7 OH Clinozoisite Ca2Al3O SiO4 Si2O7 OH Allanite Ca Ce La Y Ca Al2 FeII FeIII O SiO4 Si2O7 OH Dollaseite Ce CaCeMg2AlSi3O11F OH Vesuvianite idocrase Ca10 Mg Fe 2Al4 SiO4 5 Si2O7 2 OH 4Cyclosilicates editMain category Cyclosilicates nbsp Cyclosilicate specimens at the Museum of Geology South Dakota nbsp Pezzottaite nbsp BazziteCyclosilicates from Greek kyklos kyklos circle or ring silicates have three or more tetrahedra linked in a ring The general formula is SixO3x 2x where one or more silicon atoms can be replaced by other 4 coordinated atom s The silicon oxygen ratio is 1 3 Double rings have the formula Si2xO5x 2x or a 2 5 ratio The Nickel Strunz classification is 09 C Possible ring sizes include nbsp 6 units Si6O18 beryl red Si blue O nbsp 3 units Si3O9 benitoite nbsp 4 units Si4O12 papagoite nbsp 9 units Si9O27 eudialyte nbsp 12 units double ring Si12O30 milariteSome example minerals are 3 member single ring Benitoite BaTi Si3O9 4 member single ring Papagoite CaCuAlSi2 O6 OH 3 6 member single ring Beryl Be3Al2 Si6O18 Bazzite Be3Sc2 Si6O18 Sugilite KNa2 Fe Mn Al 2Li3Si12O30 Tourmaline Na Ca Al Li Mg 3 Al Fe Mn 6 Si6 O18 BO3 3 OH 4 Pezzottaite Cs Be2Li Al2Si6O18 Osumilite K Na Fe Mg 2 Al Fe 3 Si Al 12O30 Cordierite Mg Fe 2Al4Si5O18 Sekaninaite Fe 2 Mg 2Al4Si5O18 9 member single ring Eudialyte Na15 Ca6 Fe Mn 3 Zr3 SiO O OH H2 O 3 Si3 O9 2 Si9 O27 2 OH Cl 2 6 member double ring Milarite K2Ca4Al2Be4 Si24O60 H2OThe ring in axinite contains two B and four Si tetrahedra and is highly distorted compared to the other 6 member ring cyclosilicates Inosilicates editMain category Inosilicates Inosilicates from Greek ἴs is genitive ἰnos inos fibre or chain silicates have interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedra with either SiO3 1 3 ratio for single chains or Si4O11 4 11 ratio for double chains The Nickel Strunz classification is 09 D examples include Single chain inosilicates edit Pyroxene group Enstatite orthoferrosilite series Enstatite MgSiO3 Ferrosilite FeSiO3 Pigeonite Ca0 25 Mg Fe 1 75Si2O6 Diopside hedenbergite series Diopside CaMgSi2O6 Hedenbergite CaFeSi2O6 Augite Ca Na Mg Fe Al Si Al 2O6 Sodium pyroxene series Jadeite NaAlSi2O6 Aegirine or acmite NaFeIIISi2O6 Spodumene LiAlSi2O6 Pyroxferroite Fe Ca SiO3 Pyroxenoid group Wollastonite CaSiO3 Rhodonite MnSiO3 Pectolite NaCa2 Si3O8 OH Double chain inosilicates edit Amphibole group Anthophyllite Mg Fe 7Si8O22 OH 2 Cummingtonite series Cummingtonite Fe2Mg5Si8O22 OH 2 Grunerite Fe7Si8O22 OH 2 Tremolite series Tremolite Ca2Mg5Si8O22 OH 2 Actinolite Ca2 Mg Fe 5Si8O22 OH 2 Hornblende Ca Na 2 3 Mg Fe Al 5 Si6 Al Si 2 O22 OH 2 Sodium amphibole group Glaucophane Na2Mg3Al2Si8O22 OH 2 Riebeckite asbestos Na2FeII3FeIII2Si8O22 OH 2 Arfvedsonite Na3 Fe Mg 4FeSi8O22 OH 2 nbsp Inosilicate pyroxene family with 2 periodic single chain Si2O6 diopside nbsp Inosilicate clinoamphibole with 2 periodic double chains Si4O11 tremolite nbsp Inosilicate unbranched 3 periodic single chain of wollastonite nbsp Inosilicate with 5 periodic single chain rhodonite nbsp Inosilicate with cyclic branched 8 periodic chain pellyitePhyllosilicates editMain category Phyllosilicates Phyllosilicates from Greek fyllon phyllon leaf or sheet silicates form parallel sheets of silicate tetrahedra with Si2O5 or a 2 5 ratio The Nickel Strunz classification is 09 E All phyllosilicate minerals are hydrated with either water or hydroxyl groups attached nbsp KaoliniteExamples include Serpentine subgroup Antigorite Mg3Si2O5 OH 4 Chrysotile Mg3Si2O5 OH 4 Lizardite Mg3Si2O5 OH 4 Clay minerals group 1 1 clay minerals TO Halloysite Al2Si2O5 OH 4 Kaolinite Al2Si2O5 OH 4 2 1 clay minerals TOT Pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10 OH 2 Talc Mg3Si4O10 OH 2 Illite K H3O Al Mg Fe 2 Si Al 4O10 OH 2 H2O Montmorillonite smectite Na Ca 0 33 Al Mg 2Si4O10 OH 2 nH2O Chlorite Mg Fe 3 Si Al 4O10 OH 2 Mg Fe 3 OH 6 Vermiculite Mg Fe Al 3 Al Si 4O10 OH 2 4H2O Other clay minerals Sepiolite Mg4Si6O15 OH 2 6H2O Palygorskite or attapulgite Mg Al 2Si4O10 OH 4 H2O Mica group Biotite K Mg Fe 3 AlSi3 O10 OH 2 Fuchsite K Al Cr 2 AlSi3 O10 OH 2 Muscovite KAl2 AlSi3 O10 OH 2 Phlogopite KMg3 AlSi3 O10 OH 2 Lepidolite K Li Al 2 3 AlSi3 O10 OH 2 Margarite CaAl2 Al2Si2 O10 OH 2 Glauconite K Na Al Mg Fe 2 Si Al 4O10 OH 2 nbsp Phyllosilicate mica group muscovite red Si blue O nbsp Phyllosilicate single net of tetrahedra with 4 membered rings apophyllite KF apophyllite KOH series nbsp Phyllosilicate single tetrahedral nets of 6 membered rings pyrosmalite Fe pyrosmalite Mn series nbsp Phyllosilicate single tetrahedral nets of 6 membered rings zeophyllite nbsp Phyllosilicate double nets with 4 and 6 membered rings carletoniteTectosilicates editMain category Tectosilicates nbsp Silica family SiO2 3D network b quartz nbsp Aluminosilicate family the 3D model of synthetic zeolite ZSM 5 nbsp Quartz nbsp Lunar ferroan anorthosite plagioclase feldspar collected by Apollo 16 astronauts from the Lunar Highlands near Descartes CraterTectosilicates or framework silicates have a three dimensional framework of silicate tetrahedra with SiO2 in a 1 2 ratio This group comprises nearly 75 of the crust of the Earth 6 Tectosilicates with the exception of the quartz group are aluminosilicates The Nickel Strunz classifications are 09 F and 09 G 04 DA Quartz silica family Examples include 3D Silicates quartz family Quartz SiO2 Tridymite SiO2 Cristobalite SiO2 Coesite SiO2 Stishovite SiO2 Moganite SiO2 Chalcedony SiO2 Tectosilicates feldspar group Alkali feldspars potassium feldspars Microcline KAlSi3O8 Orthoclase KAlSi3O8 Anorthoclase Na K AlSi3O8 Sanidine KAlSi3O8 Plagioclase feldspars Albite NaAlSi3O8 Oligoclase Na Ca Si Al 4O8 Na Ca 4 1 Andesine Na Ca Si Al 4O8 Na Ca 3 2 Labradorite Ca Na Si Al 4O8 Na Ca 2 3 Bytownite Ca Na Si Al 4O8 Na Ca 1 4 Anorthite CaAl2Si2O8 Tectosilicates feldspathoid family Nosean Na8Al6Si6O24 SO4 Cancrinite Na6Ca2 CO3 Al6Si6O24 2 H2O Leucite KAlSi2O6 Nepheline Na K AlSiO4 Sodalite Na8 AlSiO4 6Cl2 Hauyne Na Ca 4 8 Al6 Si6 O S 24 SO4 Cl 1 2 Lazurite Na Ca 8 AlSiO4 6 SO4 S Cl 2 Tectosilicates scapolite group Marialite Na4 AlSi3O8 3 Cl2 CO3 SO4 Meionite Ca4 Al2Si2O8 3 Cl2CO3 SO4 Tectosilicates zeolite family Natrolite Na2Al2Si3O10 2H2O Erionite Na2 K2 Ca 2Al4Si14O36 15H2O Chabazite CaAl2Si4O12 6H2O Heulandite CaAl2Si7O18 6H2O Stilbite NaCa2Al5Si13O36 17H2O Scolecite CaAl2Si3O10 3H2O Mordenite Ca Na2 K2 Al2Si10O24 7H2O Analcime NaAlSi2O6 H2OSee also edit nbsp Earth sciences portalClassification of non silicate minerals List of IMA recognized minerals and groupings Classification of silicate minerals List of IMA recognized minerals and groupings Silicate mineral paint Paint coats with mineral binding agentsReferences edit Mineral Silicates britannica com Archived from the original on 25 October 2017 Retrieved 8 May 2018 Deer W A Howie R A Zussman J 1992 An introduction to the rock forming minerals 2nd ed London Longman ISBN 0 582 30094 0 Hurlbut Cornelius S Klein Cornelis 1985 Manual of Mineralogy 20th ed Wiley ISBN 0 47180580 7 Deer W A Howie R A amp Zussman J 1992 An introduction to the rock forming minerals 2nd edition ed London Longman ISBN 0 582 30094 0 Hurlbut Cornelius S Klein Cornelis 1985 Manual of Mineralogy Wiley 20th edition ed ISBN 0 471 80580 7 Deer W A Howie R A Wise W S Zussman J 2004 Rock forming minerals Volume 4B Framework silicates silica minerals Feldspathoids and the zeolites 2nd ed London Geological Society of London p 982 pp External links edit nbsp The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of Silicate minerals nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Silicate minerals Mindat org Dana classification Webmineral Dana s New Silicate Classification Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Silicate mineral amp oldid 1203836094 Nesosilicates or orthosilicates, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.