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Mackay, Queensland

Mackay (/məˈk/[3][4][5]) is a city in the Mackay Region on the eastern or Coral Sea coast of Queensland, Australia.[6][7] It is located about 970 kilometres (603 mi) north of Brisbane, on the Pioneer River. Mackay is described as being in either Central Queensland or North Queensland, as these regions are not precisely defined. More generally, the area is known as the Mackay–Whitsunday Region. Nicknames of Mackay include the Sugar capital and Macktown.[8][9]

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Mackay
Queensland
From left to right;
Evening at Mackay Harbour
, Spanish Mission architecture along Wood street, View over Mackay CBD
Marina walk precinct, Street art down Fifth Lane
Mackay
Coordinates21°08′28″S 149°11′09″E / 21.1411°S 149.1858°E / -21.1411; 149.1858 (Mackay (town centre))Coordinates: 21°08′28″S 149°11′09″E / 21.1411°S 149.1858°E / -21.1411; 149.1858 (Mackay (town centre))}
Population123,183 (2021)
 • Density591.66/km2 (1,532.4/sq mi)
Established1862[1]
Postcode(s)4740
Elevation11.0 m (36 ft)
Area208.2 km2 (80.4 sq mi)[2] (2011 urban)
Time zoneAEST (UTC+10)
Location
LGA(s)Mackay Region
State electorate(s)
Federal division(s)Dawson
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
27.1 °C
81 °F
17.8 °C
64 °F
1,606.9 mm
63.3 in

Founded in 1862 the settlement was originally known as Alexandra, in honour of Princess Alexandra of Denmark. Because nothing was registered with the colonial Government the city was later renamed Mackay after John Mackay. With the passing of the "Sugar and Coffee Regulations Act" by the Queensland Government in August 1864 sugar became the industry of choice for the Mackay region. John Spiller planted the first sugar crop on the 1st June 1865. Sugar became the economic foundation of the city. [10] These plantations used South Sea Islanders that had been blackbirded as indentured labourers or slaves. [11] The trades ending in 1904 roughly coincided with the immigration of Mediterranean migrants from Italy and Malta beginning in 1891 to work the sugarcane plantations, and by the 1930s one third of Australia’s Italian migrants lived in North Queensland.[12][13][14] The city was nearly destroyed in the 1918 cyclone, and the following reconstruction used primarily Art Deco and Spanish Mission architectural styles for which the city is famous.

Name

The city was named after John Mackay. In 1860, he was the leader of an expedition into the Pioneer Valley. John Mackay's journal as his expedition party entered the Pioneer Valley on 20th May, 1860 describes "a large river about one hundred yards broad, with good provision of water. McCrossan proposed it should be called the Mackay River, and the party agreed to it." He returned in 1862 with a herd of cattle and established the first settlement at Greenmount By October 1862 a settlement was established on the banks of the "Mackay" river close to the mouth. But the unregistered name of the Mackay River didn't last long. Commodore Burnett of the HMS "Pioneer" was surveying the Queensland coastline and as there was already a "Mackay" River in Rockingham Bay, he decided on the 27th December 1862 to rename the river "Pioneer". In May 1863 Thomas Henry Fitzgerald completed the first survey of the township and proposed it would be called Alexandra after Princess Alexandra of Denmark, who married Prince Edward (later King Edward VII). The locals were incensed and lobbied for the township name to be changed to be Mackay.[6][15] Fitzgerald finally used the name Alexandra for his sugar cane plantation in 1866. It is also the name of a Mackay suburb of Alexandra today.[16]

There has always been much contention over the pronunciation of the name Mackay. Correspondence received by Mackay City Library in 2007, from descendants of John Mackay, confirms that the correct pronunciation is /məˈk/, from the Gaelic name "MacAoidh" which is pronounced "ɑɪ" not "eɪ".[7]

History

 
Anti-slavery drawing during the 1877 elections in Mackay by Charles Rawson.

The area which is now Mackay City was originally inhabited by the local Yuibera people.[17]

 
Road through Te Kowai Sugar Plantation ca. 1880. To the right; South Sea Islanders till the soil.

Yuwibara (also known as Yuibera, Yuri, Juipera, Yuwiburra) is an Australian Indigenous language spoken on Yuwibara country. It is closely related to the Biri languages/dialects. The Yuwibara language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Mackay Region.[18]

Captain James Cook, sailed past the Mackay coast on 1 June 1770 and named several local landmarks, including Cape Palmerston, Slade Point and Cape Hillsborough. It was during this trip that the Endeavour's botanist, Sir Joseph Banks, briefly recorded seeing Indigenous Australians.

In 1860, John Mackay led an overland expedition to the region to obtain land. Finding most of the inland areas already having been selected by other British colonists, Mackay turned toward the coast and entered what he called the May Plains but is now known as the Pioneer Valley. Mackay was the first European to visit the region that is now named after him.[6] He selected three large areas of land which he named Greenmount, Cape Palmerston and Shamrock Vale. In 1862 he returned with James Starr and 1200 head of livestock to establish these cattle stations but soon got into financial difficulty and sold them off.[19]

In 1863, Mackay was declared a port of entry for settlers. Amongst the first boatload of arrivals was hotelier and future mayor Korah Halcomb Wills. Mackay was initially named Alexandra but the government soon changed it to Mackay to honour its founder. The first sale of town allotments was in 1864.[19][20]

During the 1860s, the local Aboriginal population, as Henry Ling Roth puts it, "did what they could to defend their country and their lives."[19] The local detachment of the Native Police under Robert Arthur Johnstone started patrolling the area in 1867, and encountered several Aboriginal camps on the north side of the Pioneer River, one of which contained more than 200 people. A newspaper report of the time says that Johnstone dealt with these people "in the usual and only effectual mode for restraining their savage propensities."[21] The usual mode of the Native Police was terror, violence and massacre.[22] In 1868 a large group of Aboriginal people killed 7 cattle at Greenmount. Johnstone and his troopers were sent out after them but it is unclear if he succeeded in "administering a lesson to the blackskins."[23] Colonist, George Bridgman, provided some sanctuary to the remnants of the tribes and in 1871 an Aboriginal Reserve was gazetted near Rosella.[24] This reserve shut in 1885.[25]

 
South Sea Islanders at a garden party near Mackay, ca. 1900.

In 1865, John Spiller, an Englishman who was connected with sugar plantations in colonial Java, planted the first sugarcane crop in the Mackay region. John Ewen Davidson and T. H. Fitzgerald built the first production sugar mill in 1868.[19] Most of the labour on the sugar plantations was provided by South Sea Islanders. The first 70 of these workers arrived in Mackay on 12 May 1867 aboard the Prima Donna.[26] and were sent to work at Fitzgerald's Alexandra Plantation.[27]

 
Workers clear a cyclone damaged house at Mackay, 1918

By the mid-1880s there were over 30 sugar plantations and 26 sugar mills in the Mackay region. Over one third of the 6000 inhabitants were South Sea Islander labourers. On Boxing Day 1883, a race riot occurred between members of these workers and some of the European population at the Mackay racecourse. Hundreds of people on both sides threw bottles at each other until around 50 Anglo-Australian horsemen wielding stirrup irons galloped into the group of Islanders, knocking them down with their improvised weapons and riding over them. Officially two Islanders were killed but it was believed a greater number later died of injuries. One white man involved, George Goyner, was found guilty of assault and sentenced to two months in prison. Around thirty Islanders were also imprisoned.[28]

In 1918, Mackay was hit by a major tropical cyclone causing severe damage and loss of life with hurricane-force winds and a large storm surge.[29] The resulting death toll was further increased by an outbreak of bubonic plague. Communication links into Mackay were destroyed. The outside world did not learn of the Mackay cyclone until five days after impact, leading to some speculation the city had been completely destroyed. The disaster remains one of the most destructive cyclones to strike a populated centre in Australia.[30]

 
Migrants from Malta and Gozo working as canecutters in Mackay, ca. 1919

The foundation stone of the Mackay War Memorial was laid on the river bank on 18 November 1928 by the mayor George Albert Milton.[31] It was unveiled on 1 May 1929 by the mayor.[32][33] Due to flooding, the memorial was relocated to Jubilee Park in 1945. Due to the construction of the Civic Centre, it was relocated to another part of the park in March 1973.[34]

The largest loss of life in an Australian aircraft accident was a B17 aircraft, with 40 of 41 people on board perishing, on 14 June 1943, after departing from Mackay Aerodrome, and crashing in the Bakers Creek area.[35]

 
The Holy Trinity Church built in 1926 and designed by architect Lange Leopold Powell, utilising Romanesque, Spanish Mission and Mediterranean architectural styles.

The Rats of Tobruk Memorial commemorates those who died at and since the Battle of Tobruk. The memorial was dedicated on 4 March 2001.[36]

On 18 February 1958, Mackay was hit with massive flooding caused by heavy rainfall upstream with 878 mm of rain falling at Finch Hatton in 24 hours. The flood peaked at 9.14 metres (29.99 ft).[37] The water flowed down the valley and flooded Mackay within hours. Residents were rescued off rooftops by boats and taken to emergency accommodation. The flood broke Australian records.[38]

In 1970 Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh, and Princess Anne toured Australia including Queensland. The Queensland tour began on Sunday 12 April when the royal yacht Britannia entered Moreton Bay at Caloundra, sailing into Newstead Wharf. After visiting Brisbane, Longreach and Mount Isa the Royal Family travelled to Mackay. The visit to Mackay in the evening followed a late afternoon flight from Mount Isa on the 16 April. The Royal Family were taken to the Anglican Parish Hall at the intersection of Sydney and Gordon Streets for a civic reception, held in honour of their arrival.[39]

On 15 February 2008, almost exactly 50 years from the last major flood, Mackay was devastated by severe flooding caused by over 600 mm of rain in 6 hours with around 2000 homes affected.[40]

Mackay was battered by Tropical Cyclone Ului, a category three cyclone which crossed the coast at nearby Airlie Beach, around 1:30 am on Sunday 21 March 2010. Over 60,000 homes lost power and some phone services also failed during the storm, but no deaths were reported.[41]

The Dudley Denny City Library opened in 2016.[42]

In 2016 census, the city of Mackay had a population of 78,685.[43]

Heritage listings

 
Town Hall, built in 1912, now serves as a tourist information centre.

Mackay has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Geography

Mackay is situated on the 21st parallel south adjacent to the Coral sea coast and about both banks of the Pioneer River. The Clarke Range lies to the west of the city. The city is expanding to accommodate for growth with most of the expansion happening in the Beachside, Southern, Central and Pioneer Valley suburbs. Suburbs to the north of the city such as Midge Point are also fast growing with residential estates in demand.

There is disagreement about how to describe the location of Mackay, with debate ongoing as to whether the city is located in North Queensland or Central Queensland.[62][63] There is no uniform agreement among either state or federal government agencies on the definition of North Queensland, with government services for Mackay being provided through both Townsville (North Queensland) and Rockhampton (Central Queensland).[62] In its news coverage, the national Australian Broadcasting Corporation consistently describes Mackay as being in North Queensland.[64][65][66] The ABC's local radio station in Mackay is also called ABC Tropical North.[67] However, Queensland Health designates Mackay as a health district distinct from both Central Queensland and Townsville health districts[68] and the Mackay-based rescue helicopter, part of the Queensland Health Aeromedical Retrieval Service, is called CQ Rescue.[69]


Climate

 
Mackay sunrise and sunset times

Mackay has a humid subtropical climate (Cwa) under the Köppen climate classification.[70] Average maximum temperatures range from 30.9 °C (87.6 °F) in January to 23.0 °C (73.4 °F) in July, while minimums range from 11.4 to 23.3 °C (52.5 to 73.9 °F).

Winters are sunny and fairly dry, with minimum temperatures usually around 12.1 °C (53.8 °F), but rarely any lower than 5.4 °C (41.7 °F). Days are pleasant and warm; however, occasional cloudy days may keep the temperature below 20.4 °C (68.7 °F) all day. Frost is extremely rare in Mackay; however, it has been recorded to the west of the city during some winters. Mackay gets around 110.0 clear days annually.

Spring is usually dry, but significantly hotter and more humid than winter, with temperatures beginning to top 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) on a regular basis by November. Occasional thunderstorms may cause heavy downpours, but the very heavy rain will not arrive until later in summer.

December is the start of the wet season, which lasts until March or April. High humidity, almost daily rainfall and very warm nights are typical of this time of year. Monsoonal low pressure systems and tropical cyclones occasionally affect Mackay, and cause very heavy, prolonged periods of rain, with totals of up to 200 mm (7.9 in) often being recorded in 24 hours during these systems.

Extreme temperatures in Mackay have ranged from 39.7 to −0.4 °C (103.5 to 31.3 °F). The highest rainfall ever recorded in 1 day was 627.4 mm (24.7 in) on 22 January 1918,[71] which is among the heaviest 24-hour fall of any Australian city.[citation needed]

Climate data for Mackay Airport, Queensland, Australia (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1950-present); 5 m AMSL
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.9
(98.4)
37.3
(99.1)
35.4
(95.7)
32.9
(91.2)
31.4
(88.5)
32.0
(89.6)
30.1
(86.2)
32.1
(89.8)
35.4
(95.7)
38.5
(101.3)
39.7
(103.5)
38.2
(100.8)
39.7
(103.5)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 32.7
(90.9)
32.2
(90.0)
31.2
(88.2)
29.4
(84.9)
27.2
(81.0)
25.5
(77.9)
25.0
(77.0)
26.5
(79.7)
29.0
(84.2)
31.2
(88.2)
32.0
(89.6)
33.3
(91.9)
33.3
(91.9)
Average high °C (°F) 30.8
(87.4)
30.4
(86.7)
29.5
(85.1)
27.9
(82.2)
25.5
(77.9)
23.4
(74.1)
23.0
(73.4)
24.2
(75.6)
26.6
(79.9)
28.7
(83.7)
29.9
(85.8)
31.0
(87.8)
27.6
(81.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.1
(80.8)
26.9
(80.4)
25.9
(78.6)
23.8
(74.8)
20.7
(69.3)
18.3
(64.9)
17.2
(63.0)
18.1
(64.6)
20.8
(69.4)
23.6
(74.5)
25.3
(77.5)
26.7
(80.1)
22.9
(73.2)
Average low °C (°F) 23.3
(73.9)
23.3
(73.9)
22.2
(72.0)
19.6
(67.3)
15.8
(60.4)
13.1
(55.6)
11.4
(52.5)
11.9
(53.4)
14.9
(58.8)
18.4
(65.1)
20.6
(69.1)
22.4
(72.3)
18.1
(64.5)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 20.8
(69.4)
21.2
(70.2)
19.5
(67.1)
16.5
(61.7)
10.4
(50.7)
6.8
(44.2)
5.4
(41.7)
6.7
(44.1)
10.0
(50.0)
14.0
(57.2)
17.2
(63.0)
19.4
(66.9)
5.4
(41.7)
Record low °C (°F) 16.5
(61.7)
18.0
(64.4)
14.2
(57.6)
7.8
(46.0)
3.8
(38.8)
1.7
(35.1)
−0.4
(31.3)
2.0
(35.6)
4.7
(40.5)
9.5
(49.1)
12.8
(55.0)
15.6
(60.1)
−0.4
(31.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 233.6
(9.20)
294.2
(11.58)
245.2
(9.65)
140.9
(5.55)
73.1
(2.88)
59.7
(2.35)
28.2
(1.11)
27.7
(1.09)
25.7
(1.01)
28.2
(1.11)
73.8
(2.91)
147.7
(5.81)
1,378
(54.25)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.5 13.6 12.3 9.8 7.6 6.3 3.4 2.7 2.4 3.6 6.0 9.2 88.4
Average relative humidity (%) 69.5 73.5 71.5 73.5 71.5 72.0 68.5 66.5 62.0 60.5 61.0 63.5 67.8
Average dew point °C (°F) 22.2
(72.0)
22.9
(73.2)
21.6
(70.9)
20.1
(68.2)
17.0
(62.6)
14.6
(58.3)
13.3
(55.9)
14.0
(57.2)
15.8
(60.4)
17.7
(63.9)
19.1
(66.4)
20.9
(69.6)
18.3
(64.9)
Source 1: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1991-2020 normals)[72]
Source 2: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1950-present extremes)[73]

Economy

As of the 2007–08, Mackay contributed $15.4 billion to the Australian economy, or 7.1% of Queensland's gross state product (GSP).[74] This is largely on the back of its export-oriented industries of sugar and mining.

Mackay is famous for its history as one of Australia's largest sugarcane farming regions. However, in recent years, the mining industry has become the mainstay of the local economy.[citation needed]

Mining

 
A panorama of Hay Point Coal Terminal

Mackay is widely recognised as the gateway to the Bowen Basin coal mining reserves of Central Queensland. It is the single largest coal reserve in Australia, with 34 operational coal mines extracting more than 100 million tonnes annually.[75] While much of this is used in Australia, Japan and China are the largest export recipients.

Sugar

 
The bulk sugar terminal

Mackay was known as the "sugar capital" of Australia, producing a sizeable portion of Australia's domestic supplies and exports. However, the industry experienced a decline in the 2000s.[76]

The industry in Mackay has its roots back in the 19th century. Historically, plantations were small and had their own mills to crush the cane during harvest. Over the years as the industry grew and developed, co-operatives were formed to consolidate the harvesting, crushing and distribution of the sugar in selected zones. Throughout the 20th century, the privately owned mills in the Mackay district closed one by one until only three remained – Marian, Racecourse Mill, and Farleigh. Today, Pleystowe is the oldest surviving mill in the district (but closed in 2008).[77]

The Marian Sugar Cane Mill is situated in Marian, 25 km west of Mackay. At the Farleigh Mill, there are mill tours accessed via the internet. Racecourse Mill also does tours, and therefore accessible via the internet. Mackay Sugar operates three of these remaining mills, including Racecourse, which became site of the region's first sugar refinery (which is owned by CSR Limited) in the 1990s. Growers in the region have a total cane production area of approximately 86,000 hectares. The growers are capable (in good seasons) of supplying up to 6.5 million tonnes of cane to the factories for processing. On average, Mackay Sugar produces about 850,000 tonnes of raw sugar and 180,000 tonnes of the by-product molasses annually.[78]

The sugar industry in Mackay has faced steep challenges since 2000, since it is largely dependent on high world sugar prices to remain viable. However, efforts are going into diversifying the use of sugar cane for different purposes. These include a planned energy co-generation plant that could deliver up to 30 per cent of Mackay's annual electricity supply.[79]

Tourism

Compared to many of its neighbouring cities and regions in Queensland, Mackay's tourism industry is small and still developing. This is despite being close to notable attractions including Eungella National Park, the Great Barrier Reef, and the Whitsunday Islands.

Latest figures indicate about 685,000 domestic and international visitors come to the region annually. More telling, however, is that domestic and international visitor night stays have increased to 2.7 million annually, an increase of nearly 1 million since 2000.[80]

Several new hotels have opened in the region since 2000, further indication of a growing industry. These include The Clarion International, Quest Serviced Apartments and the Ibis Mackay Airport.

Marine

 
Mackay Marina viewed from the Premier Suite of the Clarion Hotel at Mackay Marina

Like tourism, the marine industry in Mackay is small but has a lot of potential. Mackay is well situated to become a major service centre for the marine industry, being in immediate proximity to the Whitsundays, and located halfway between Brisbane and Cairns.

Currently the Mackay Marina is the largest base in the district for the maintenance, refit and related services for all marine craft, particularly Super Yachts. The Mackay Whitsunday Super Yacht Cluster, a group of regional companies focusing on providing integrated repair, refit and provisioning for the increasing number of visiting super yachts, was established in 2001 to support and promote the development of this sector.

Retail

 
The new entrance to Caneland Central following expansion

Mackay has three main shopping centres. Caneland Central is the largest of these, with more than 130 speciality stores. Myer is among the new anchor tenants. This expansion was opened on 13 October 2011.[81][82]

 
New entrance to Caneland Central Shopping Centre in Mackay

Mount Pleasant Shopping Centre is the second major shopping centre in the Mackay region. It hosts department stores, supermarkets and other speciality outlets. Outside the main centre, a number of bulky-good outlets also operate, along with a six-screen Birch Carroll and Coyle cinema complex.[83]

The Mackay City Heart, located in the older city centre, is also another thriving part of the city. It is the home of many of the region's banks, law, accounting and other professional service firms.[citation needed]

Local attractions

Bluewater Trail

 
Mackay Regional Botanical Gardens. Source: https://www.mackayregionalbotanicgardens.com.au/
 
Mackay Bluewater Lagoon

The Bluewater Trail project, managed by the Mackay Regional Council, covers more than 20 kilometres (12 mi) of dedicated pedestrian paths and bikeways. The primary purpose of the Bluewater trail is to facilitate pedestrian and cyclist-friendly activities that can be enjoyed anytime during the day or night.[84] Now completed the track links several new attractions and tourism infrastructure pieces around the city including the Bluewater Lagoon, the Bluewater Quay and the Mackay Regional Botanic Gardens.[85] It also incorporates the Sandfly Creek walkway through East Mackay, and the Catherine Freeman Walk which connects West Mackay to the city under the Ron Camm Bridge.

Located in the south of Mackay, the Mackay Regional Botanic Gardens are the start of the Bluewater Trail. The gardens opened and replaced Queen's Park as Mackay's botanic gardens in 2003[86] containing an array of rare plants native to the Mackay area and Central Queensland. Before 2003, the area was commonly called The Lagoons, and is centred on the shores of a billabong that years ago formed part of the Pioneer River further to the north.

Heading east past the Mackay Base Hospital and along the Catherine Freeman Walk, the Bluewater Lagoon emerges. Comprising three tiered lagoons, the lagoon is a free family-friendly leisure facility overlooking the Pioneer River in the heart of Mackay's city centre. A waterfall connects the two main lagoon areas, which vary in depth up to 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in).[87] Similar to the well-known Streets Beach at the South Bank Parklands in Brisbane, the lagoon is a popular summertime attraction for locals and visitors.

 
Views from the Bluewater Trail over the Pioneer River to Mount Pleasant

Further east along the trail is Bluewater Quay. As part of Queensland's 150th anniversary celebrations, $12 million has been invested[88] into the transformation of River Street, to the immediate east of the Forgan Bridge. The street now has various public amenities including access to a new viewing platform, upgraded fishing jetty, stage areas, cafes and space for weekend markets. Being 250 metres (820 ft) long, the quay is built around the historic Leichhardt Tree (which falls under the Nauclea evergreen variety), a common meeting point for new migrants to Mackay who arrived at the old Port district along River Street.

The Bluewater Trail project has been very successful, gained significant recognition and received several awards:[89]

  • In 2010, it received national recognition, collecting two awards at the National Heart Foundation Local Government Awards. The Bluewater Trail was named the National overall winner and won its category (Planning for Active Living) at the Heart Foundation Local Government Awards.
  • In 2010 and 2011, the trail was recognised in the Community Champions Award by the Queensland Spinal Injuries Association (QSIA). It was awarded for providing equitable and accessible facilities in the category of Best Recreation/Leisure Venue or Precinct.
  • The Bluewater Trail has also gained considerable interest from other organisations and programs and has been used as an ‘inspirational example’ as part of the following two case studies in 2011:
  1. ‘Active Healthy Communities’ - a resource package for local government to create supportive environments for physical activity and healthy eating coordinated by Queensland Government (Queensland Health) in partnership with the Heart Foundation and Local Government Association of Queensland Ltd (LGAQ).
  2. ‘Healthy Community / Healthy Workplace projects or initiatives’ – case studies aiming to build the capacity of Queensland councils by raising awareness of the relevance, role and opportunities for creating healthy communities coordinated by Local Government Association of Queensland Ltd (LGAQ).
  • In 2012 Mackay Regional Council Manager Recreation Services Mr Onno Van Es won the 2012 Local Government Association Queensland (LGAQ) Healthy Leaders Award (Senior Manager Category). "Onno was the visionary and leader behind two award winning council projects, the Bluewater Lagoon and the Bluewater Trail, that offer residents the chance to get outdoors and live a healthy lifestyle."[90] He was recognised for "nurturing healthy partnerships across government jurisdictions and securing significant resources for healthy community infrastructure, shaping the environment through the creation of the award winning $30 million Bluewater Trail and $12.7 million Bluewater Lagoon projects and their activation through the delivery of healthy lifestyle programs."[91]

Festival of Arts

The Mackay region is home to the Mackay Festival of Arts held annually throughout July. Now more than 20 years old, it is the largest regional arts festival in Queensland.[92] The festival features wine and cheese tasting sessions, live jazz and other music, stand-up routines, art exhibitions, dance and other performances.

Artspace Mackay

Artspace Mackay, which opened in a new award-winning building designed by Cox Rayner Architects[93] in February 2003, contains the Mackay Regional Council (MRC) Art Collection.[94] This includes more than 1,200 artworks, and "one of the biggest holdings of artists' books in Australia outside of the capital cities".[95]

City Centre

 
Commonwealth Bank
 
St. Paul's Uniting Church
 
St. Patrick Church and its parsonage
 
Chaseley House in Sydney Street

The City Centre is noted for its art-deco inspired architecture, with many buildings throughout the main streets of the central business district featuring distinctive designs from the early 20th century.[96] Some of the most famous buildings are the former Main Post Office[97] dating from 1940 with its clock tower, the Masonic Temple built in 1936, the Pioneer Shia Council built in 1935, Taylors Hotel (1936) and the Ambassador Hotel (1937).[98] The Commonwealth Bank which was built as early as 1880 and the Old Court house dating from 1885 are two of the oldest buildings in town.[99] The Technical College which was built 1911-12 is a part of the University. One of the most famous houses built in an art-deco style is Chaseley House in Sydney Street.[100] The Town Hall dating from 1916 is one of the buildings which survived the cyclone of 1918 undamaged. St. Paul's Uniting Church which was completed in 1898 is the oldest church in town. One of the largest churches is St. Patrick Church whose parsonage built in 1915 is one of the oldest residential buildings in Mackay. The precinct was upgraded in the 1990s through a unique community arts project. The overall theme depicts the environmental beauty of the Mackay region and consists of bronzed plaques, sculptures and terrazzo/mosaic tiles.[101] Of particular interest is a sculptured free-form seat in the shape of a bommie, or bombora, and covered in myriad colours depicting the Great Barrier Reef through to the rainforests of Eungella National Park. Many boutique stores, restaurants, bars and nightclubs are established throughout the precinct.

Mackay Marina Village

Mackay Marina Village is a coastal precinct located adjacent to the Mackay Harbour. The marina itself has nearly 500 berths.[102] It is also home to a sizeable residential village of luxury apartments, in addition to the Clarion Mackay Marina luxury hotel.

Gateway to the Pioneer Valley

 
View from the Eungella 'Sky Window' looking east down the Pioneer Valley

The scenic Pioneer Valley spreads out to the west of Mackay, with the Pioneer River meandering through it 120 kilometres (75 mi) to the mouth at the port of Mackay. Nearly all of the sugar cane grown in the Mackay region comes from the Pioneer Valley, and it is synonymous with the rich soils and irrigation[citation needed] with which the sugar industry in Mackay has thrived over the past century.

Among the natural assets of the Pioneer Valley are the walking tracks and swimming holes of Finch Hatton Gorge. The Eungella National Park, located at the very top of the range, is the longest and oldest stretch of subtropical rainforest in Australia, covering more than 51,700 hectares. It is one of the few places where platypus can be seen swimming in the wild, while more than 225 species of bird have been recorded in the surrounding forests.[103]

Islands and beaches

Mackay has 31 beaches within driving distance. Closest to the city are Illawong, Far and Town beaches. The patrolled Harbour Beach, adjacent to the Mackay Marina, is the most popular, being suitable for swimming. Lambert's Beach is also close to the city. Further north of the city are popular beaches at Bucasia, Dolphin Heads, Blacks Beach, Shoal Point and Eimeo – collectively these areas are known as the Northern Beaches. The Northern Beaches are popular with visitors, but are increasingly being developed as residential areas for Mackay's growing population.

The islands immediately off Mackay are renowned for their azure blue waters, and are popular with fishermen. St Bees Island in particular is a well-known fishing spot. Brampton Island, to the north-east of the city, is a resort destination, with body therapy, water sports and snorkelling on offer.[104] Flights to Brampton are available from Mackay Airport, as are boats from the marina. Carlisle, Scawfell and Keswick are other notable islands. Each is a national park surrounded by coral reefs. During the peak season from June to the end of August, whales can be heard and seen around these islands.

River Sessions Festival

Held annually in June, River Sessions is Mackay and Central Queensland's premier youth and contemporary music festival. The festival features the best rock, hip-hop, alternative, folk, pop and dance music acts from around Australia.[105]

Transport

Two major highways, the A1 (Bruce Highway), and State Route 70 (Peak Downs Highway), pass through Mackay. The A1 connects the city to Townsville, Proserpine and Cairns in the north, and Rockhampton and Brisbane in the south. The Peak Downs Highway connects it to Moranbah, Clermont and Emerald in the south-west. In September 2020 the city was fully bypassed with users of the Bruce Highway able to use the new Mackay Ring Road to avoid the city.

The North Coast railway line meets the western line in the city's south. Trains from Brisbane pass through Mackay railway station and continue through to Proserpine, Townsville and Cairns, including the regular Spirit of Queensland service between Brisbane and Cairns. Minerals from the western line (Moranbah and other coal mining centres) are transported to Hay Point and Dalrymple Bay Coal Terminals for trans-shipment to other destinations. Mackay Harbour deals mainly with sugar exports and visiting cruise ships.

The city is served by Mackay Airport, from which QantasLink, Bonza, Virgin Australia, and Jetstar offer flights to Brisbane and Melbourne, as well as to regional destinations such as Geelong, Cairns, Townsville, Rockhampton and Gladstone. MacAir Airlines previously provided a limited service into and out of Mackay for mining companies before it went into receivership in 2009.

Mackay Transit Coaches operates from North Mackay to South Mackay. The area with the best service coverage is Mackay's central business district.

Health and education

The Mackay Base Hospital in West Mackay, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the city centre, is the main hospital for Central Queensland and has recently undergone extensive upgrades. The Mater Hospital, and the Mackay Specialist Day Hospital are in the city's north. The Pioneer Valley Hospital, which had initially ceased operating, has been converted into an injury rehabilitation center.

The Queensland Department of Education has 11 primary schools and 5 high schools in Mackay. The high schools are Pioneer State High School, Mackay State High School, Mackay North State High School, Mackay Northern Beaches State High School and Mirani State High School. One of the primary schools, Eungella State School was opened on 31 January 1928.[106] Another, Mackay North State School, opened on 23 March 1915.[106] The school celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2015.[107]

The private system encompasses six and a half primary schools, Whitsunday Anglican School, two P-12 colleges, one P-10 college, one 7–10 college and St Patrick's College,[108] which is the state's only 11–12 college.

The Mackay campus of Central Queensland University is in the outer suburb of Ooralea, while the local campus of James Cook University is in South Mackay. The city is also home to a TAFE (a technical/vocational college), which is in the south of the inner city.

The Mackay Regional Council operates the Dudley Denny City Library at 134 Victoria Street,[109] and the Gordon White Library in the outer suburb of Mount Pleasant.

Government

 
Mackay Regional Council Building, Gordon Street, Mackay

Mackay is governed locally by the Mackay Regional Council. The original Mackay City Council was formed in 1869. In 1994 the surrounding Pioneer Shire Council was amalgamated into the Mackay City Council. A further amalgamation in 2008 of the Sarina Shire Council and the Mirani Shire Council formed the present Mackay Regional Council The mayor is Greg Williamson.[110] There are three State Government seats in the Mackay Regional Council footprint. Julieanne Gilbert is the member for the state seat of Mackay.[111] Stephen Andrew is the State Member for Mirani and Amanda Camm is the State Member for Whitsunday. Andrew Willcox is the Federal Member for the Division of Dawson,[112] which includes most of Mackay. Michelle Landry is the Federal Member for the Division of Capricornia which includes Sarina Mirani and some south Mackay suburbs.


Sport

Rugby league is the most popular sport in Mackay.[citation needed] The Mackay Cutters rugby league team were established in 2008 in the Queensland Cup and act as a feeder team to the North Queensland Cowboys (NRL). The 2nd placed Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs hosted a 'home' game at Mackay against the ladder leading Melbourne Storm at BB Print Stadium in Round 16 of the 2012 NRL season for a record Mackay sporting ground attendance. They hosted another match in 2013.

The Mackay & District Rugby League features eight clubs from in and around the city, competing for the local premiership. Five of these clubs are based in Mackay itself: Brothers, Carlton, Magpies, Souths and Wests.

In soccer, Magpies Crusaders United represents the Mackay region in the National Premier Leagues Queensland (NPLQ).

In Basketball, Mackay Meteorettes (women) and Mackay Meteors (men) represent the region in the NBL1 North.

Mackay also has a local Australian rules football league AFL Mackay and premiership AFLW matches are played at the Great Barrier Reef Arena.[113]

Mackay also has a local roller derby league: Mackay City Roller Maidens. The Mackay Cricket Association organises competition among its 6 member clubs: Magpies, Pioneer Valley, Brothers Mackay, Northern Suburbs, Southern Suburbs, and Walkerston. In the 1920s the Olympic Theatre in Mackay was a popular venue for professional boxing and saw stars like Colin Bell and Tom Heeney fight there. Such teams in junior and senior are: Mackay City Hawks, Northern Beaches Magpies, Moranbah Bulldogs, Eastern Swans, Sarina Demons and Mackay Saints.[114]

Mackay also has a local rugby union competition.

Media

Mackay is served by several local radio stations including 4MK, Star 101.9, H!T FM, Triple M, ABC Tropical North, 4CRM and My105.9FM. The ABC's national radio services are also available in Mackay.

The city receives broadcasts from five television networks – Seven Queensland, WIN Television (an affiliate of Nine Network), Channel 10, ABC TV and SBS. All networks also provide their additional digital multi-channel television stations to Mackay.

Of the three commercial networks, Seven Queensland airs a half-hour local news bulletin for Mackay and the Whitsundays each weeknight at 6pm, produced from a newsroom in the city and broadcast from studios in Maroochydore.

WIN previously produced a local WIN News bulletin for the area between April 2009[115] and May 2015.[116] Southern Cross Nine aired a regional Queensland edition of Nine News from Brisbane, with local opt-outs for Mackay, from July 2017[117] to February 2019.[118]

The only daily local newspaper in the city is the Daily Mercury.

Community groups

The Mackay branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the CWA Hall at 43 Gordon Street.[119]

Indigenous language

Yumplatok (also known as Torres Strait Creole and Broken) is a contemporary Torres Strait Island language originating in the Torres Strait. The contact with missionaries and others since the 1800s has led to the development of a pidgin language, which transitioned into a creole language and now has its own distinctive sound system, grammar, vocabulary, usage and meaning. Torres Strait Creole is spoken by most Torres Strait Islanders and is a mixture of Standard Australian English and traditional languages. It is an English-based creole; however, each island has its own version of creole. Torres Strait Creole is also spoken on the Australian mainland, including Northern Peninsula Area Region and coastal communities such as Cairns, Townsville, Mackay, Rockhampton and Brisbane.[120]

People from Mackay

In popular culture

Mackay is mentioned in "Gladstone Pier", the song by Redgum from the 1984 album Frontline.

Sister cities

Mackay has the following sister cities:[126]

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External links

  • University of Queensland: Queensland Places: Mackay
  • Mackay Region website
  • Mackay Regional Council
  • Mackay Port Authority
  • Mackay Post Office Discover Queensland Buildings website

mackay, queensland, this, article, about, city, whole, central, suburb, same, name, mackay, suburb, queensland, mackay, city, mackay, region, eastern, coral, coast, queensland, australia, located, about, kilometres, north, brisbane, pioneer, river, mackay, des. This article is about the city as a whole For its central suburb of the same name see Mackay suburb Queensland Mackay m e ˈ k aɪ 3 4 5 is a city in the Mackay Region on the eastern or Coral Sea coast of Queensland Australia 6 7 It is located about 970 kilometres 603 mi north of Brisbane on the Pioneer River Mackay is described as being in either Central Queensland or North Queensland as these regions are not precisely defined More generally the area is known as the Mackay Whitsunday Region Nicknames of Mackay include the Sugar capital and Macktown 8 9 Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as KML Mackay QueenslandFrom left to right Evening at Mackay Harbour Spanish Mission architecture along Wood street View over Mackay CBD Marina walk precinct Street art down Fifth LaneMackayCoordinates21 08 28 S 149 11 09 E 21 1411 S 149 1858 E 21 1411 149 1858 Mackay town centre Coordinates 21 08 28 S 149 11 09 E 21 1411 S 149 1858 E 21 1411 149 1858 Mackay town centre Population123 183 2021 Density591 66 km2 1 532 4 sq mi Established1862 1 Postcode s 4740Elevation11 0 m 36 ft Area208 2 km2 80 4 sq mi 2 2011 urban Time zoneAEST UTC 10 Location972 km 604 mi NW of Brisbane390 km 242 mi SE of Townsville365 km 227 mi NNW of RockhamptonLGA s Mackay RegionState electorate s Mackay central and eastern suburbs Whitsunday north western suburbs Mirani south western suburbs Federal division s DawsonMean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall27 1 C 81 F 17 8 C 64 F 1 606 9 mm 63 3 inFounded in 1862 the settlement was originally known as Alexandra in honour of Princess Alexandra of Denmark Because nothing was registered with the colonial Government the city was later renamed Mackay after John Mackay With the passing of the Sugar and Coffee Regulations Act by the Queensland Government in August 1864 sugar became the industry of choice for the Mackay region John Spiller planted the first sugar crop on the 1st June 1865 Sugar became the economic foundation of the city 10 These plantations used South Sea Islanders that had been blackbirded as indentured labourers or slaves 11 The trades ending in 1904 roughly coincided with the immigration of Mediterranean migrants from Italy and Malta beginning in 1891 to work the sugarcane plantations and by the 1930s one third of Australia s Italian migrants lived in North Queensland 12 13 14 The city was nearly destroyed in the 1918 cyclone and the following reconstruction used primarily Art Deco and Spanish Mission architectural styles for which the city is famous Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Heritage listings 4 Geography 4 1 Climate 5 Economy 5 1 Mining 5 2 Sugar 5 3 Tourism 5 4 Marine 5 5 Retail 6 Local attractions 6 1 Bluewater Trail 6 2 Festival of Arts 6 3 Artspace Mackay 6 4 City Centre 6 5 Mackay Marina Village 6 6 Gateway to the Pioneer Valley 6 7 Islands and beaches 6 8 River Sessions Festival 7 Transport 8 Health and education 9 Government 10 Sport 11 Media 12 Community groups 13 Indigenous language 14 People from Mackay 15 In popular culture 16 Sister cities 17 References 18 External linksName EditThe city was named after John Mackay In 1860 he was the leader of an expedition into the Pioneer Valley John Mackay s journal as his expedition party entered the Pioneer Valley on 20th May 1860 describes a large river about one hundred yards broad with good provision of water McCrossan proposed it should be called the Mackay River and the party agreed to it He returned in 1862 with a herd of cattle and established the first settlement at Greenmount By October 1862 a settlement was established on the banks of the Mackay river close to the mouth But the unregistered name of the Mackay River didn t last long Commodore Burnett of the HMS Pioneer was surveying the Queensland coastline and as there was already a Mackay River in Rockingham Bay he decided on the 27th December 1862 to rename the river Pioneer In May 1863 Thomas Henry Fitzgerald completed the first survey of the township and proposed it would be called Alexandra after Princess Alexandra of Denmark who married Prince Edward later King Edward VII The locals were incensed and lobbied for the township name to be changed to be Mackay 6 15 Fitzgerald finally used the name Alexandra for his sugar cane plantation in 1866 It is also the name of a Mackay suburb of Alexandra today 16 There has always been much contention over the pronunciation of the name Mackay Correspondence received by Mackay City Library in 2007 from descendants of John Mackay confirms that the correct pronunciation is m e ˈ k aɪ from the Gaelic name MacAoidh which is pronounced ɑɪ not eɪ 7 History Edit Anti slavery drawing during the 1877 elections in Mackay by Charles Rawson The area which is now Mackay City was originally inhabited by the local Yuibera people 17 Road through Te Kowai Sugar Plantation ca 1880 To the right South Sea Islanders till the soil Yuwibara also known as Yuibera Yuri Juipera Yuwiburra is an Australian Indigenous language spoken on Yuwibara country It is closely related to the Biri languages dialects The Yuwibara language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Mackay Region 18 Captain James Cook sailed past the Mackay coast on 1 June 1770 and named several local landmarks including Cape Palmerston Slade Point and Cape Hillsborough It was during this trip that the Endeavour s botanist Sir Joseph Banks briefly recorded seeing Indigenous Australians In 1860 John Mackay led an overland expedition to the region to obtain land Finding most of the inland areas already having been selected by other British colonists Mackay turned toward the coast and entered what he called the May Plains but is now known as the Pioneer Valley Mackay was the first European to visit the region that is now named after him 6 He selected three large areas of land which he named Greenmount Cape Palmerston and Shamrock Vale In 1862 he returned with James Starr and 1200 head of livestock to establish these cattle stations but soon got into financial difficulty and sold them off 19 In 1863 Mackay was declared a port of entry for settlers Amongst the first boatload of arrivals was hotelier and future mayor Korah Halcomb Wills Mackay was initially named Alexandra but the government soon changed it to Mackay to honour its founder The first sale of town allotments was in 1864 19 20 During the 1860s the local Aboriginal population as Henry Ling Roth puts it did what they could to defend their country and their lives 19 The local detachment of the Native Police under Robert Arthur Johnstone started patrolling the area in 1867 and encountered several Aboriginal camps on the north side of the Pioneer River one of which contained more than 200 people A newspaper report of the time says that Johnstone dealt with these people in the usual and only effectual mode for restraining their savage propensities 21 The usual mode of the Native Police was terror violence and massacre 22 In 1868 a large group of Aboriginal people killed 7 cattle at Greenmount Johnstone and his troopers were sent out after them but it is unclear if he succeeded in administering a lesson to the blackskins 23 Colonist George Bridgman provided some sanctuary to the remnants of the tribes and in 1871 an Aboriginal Reserve was gazetted near Rosella 24 This reserve shut in 1885 25 South Sea Islanders at a garden party near Mackay ca 1900 In 1865 John Spiller an Englishman who was connected with sugar plantations in colonial Java planted the first sugarcane crop in the Mackay region John Ewen Davidson and T H Fitzgerald built the first production sugar mill in 1868 19 Most of the labour on the sugar plantations was provided by South Sea Islanders The first 70 of these workers arrived in Mackay on 12 May 1867 aboard the Prima Donna 26 and were sent to work at Fitzgerald s Alexandra Plantation 27 Workers clear a cyclone damaged house at Mackay 1918 By the mid 1880s there were over 30 sugar plantations and 26 sugar mills in the Mackay region Over one third of the 6000 inhabitants were South Sea Islander labourers On Boxing Day 1883 a race riot occurred between members of these workers and some of the European population at the Mackay racecourse Hundreds of people on both sides threw bottles at each other until around 50 Anglo Australian horsemen wielding stirrup irons galloped into the group of Islanders knocking them down with their improvised weapons and riding over them Officially two Islanders were killed but it was believed a greater number later died of injuries One white man involved George Goyner was found guilty of assault and sentenced to two months in prison Around thirty Islanders were also imprisoned 28 In 1918 Mackay was hit by a major tropical cyclone causing severe damage and loss of life with hurricane force winds and a large storm surge 29 The resulting death toll was further increased by an outbreak of bubonic plague Communication links into Mackay were destroyed The outside world did not learn of the Mackay cyclone until five days after impact leading to some speculation the city had been completely destroyed The disaster remains one of the most destructive cyclones to strike a populated centre in Australia 30 Migrants from Malta and Gozo working as canecutters in Mackay ca 1919 The foundation stone of the Mackay War Memorial was laid on the river bank on 18 November 1928 by the mayor George Albert Milton 31 It was unveiled on 1 May 1929 by the mayor 32 33 Due to flooding the memorial was relocated to Jubilee Park in 1945 Due to the construction of the Civic Centre it was relocated to another part of the park in March 1973 34 The largest loss of life in an Australian aircraft accident was a B17 aircraft with 40 of 41 people on board perishing on 14 June 1943 after departing from Mackay Aerodrome and crashing in the Bakers Creek area 35 The Holy Trinity Church built in 1926 and designed by architect Lange Leopold Powell utilising Romanesque Spanish Mission and Mediterranean architectural styles The Rats of Tobruk Memorial commemorates those who died at and since the Battle of Tobruk The memorial was dedicated on 4 March 2001 36 On 18 February 1958 Mackay was hit with massive flooding caused by heavy rainfall upstream with 878 mm of rain falling at Finch Hatton in 24 hours The flood peaked at 9 14 metres 29 99 ft 37 The water flowed down the valley and flooded Mackay within hours Residents were rescued off rooftops by boats and taken to emergency accommodation The flood broke Australian records 38 In 1970 Queen Elizabeth II the Duke of Edinburgh and Princess Anne toured Australia including Queensland The Queensland tour began on Sunday 12 April when the royal yacht Britannia entered Moreton Bay at Caloundra sailing into Newstead Wharf After visiting Brisbane Longreach and Mount Isa the Royal Family travelled to Mackay The visit to Mackay in the evening followed a late afternoon flight from Mount Isa on the 16 April The Royal Family were taken to the Anglican Parish Hall at the intersection of Sydney and Gordon Streets for a civic reception held in honour of their arrival 39 On 15 February 2008 almost exactly 50 years from the last major flood Mackay was devastated by severe flooding caused by over 600 mm of rain in 6 hours with around 2000 homes affected 40 Mackay was battered by Tropical Cyclone Ului a category three cyclone which crossed the coast at nearby Airlie Beach around 1 30 am on Sunday 21 March 2010 Over 60 000 homes lost power and some phone services also failed during the storm but no deaths were reported 41 The Dudley Denny City Library opened in 2016 42 In 2016 census the city of Mackay had a population of 78 685 43 Heritage listings Edit Town Hall built in 1912 now serves as a tourist information centre Mackay has a number of heritage listed sites including Alfred Street Mackay Technical College 44 Alfred Street World War I Cenotaph 45 251 Alfred Street Mackay Central State School 46 Cemetery Road Mackay General Cemetery 47 Cowleys Road Selwyn House Mackay 48 38 East Gordon Street East Gordon Street Sewerage Works 49 39 Gordon Street Holy Trinity Church 50 Habana Road Richmond Mill Ruins 51 21 MacAlister Street St Pauls Uniting Church 52 10 River Street WH Paxton amp Co buildings 53 31 River Street Mackay Customs House 54 239 Nebo Road Sugar Research Institute 55 63 Sydney Street Mackay Town Hall 56 Victoria Street Mackay Court House and Police Station 57 63 Victoria Street Commonwealth Bank Building 58 79 Victoria Street Queensland National Bank 59 1 Wood Street Pioneer Shire Council Building 60 57 Wood Street Mackay Masonic Temple 61 Geography Edit The Pioneer River Mackay is situated on the 21st parallel south adjacent to the Coral sea coast and about both banks of the Pioneer River The Clarke Range lies to the west of the city The city is expanding to accommodate for growth with most of the expansion happening in the Beachside Southern Central and Pioneer Valley suburbs Suburbs to the north of the city such as Midge Point are also fast growing with residential estates in demand Further information List of Mackay suburbs There is disagreement about how to describe the location of Mackay with debate ongoing as to whether the city is located in North Queensland or Central Queensland 62 63 There is no uniform agreement among either state or federal government agencies on the definition of North Queensland with government services for Mackay being provided through both Townsville North Queensland and Rockhampton Central Queensland 62 In its news coverage the national Australian Broadcasting Corporation consistently describes Mackay as being in North Queensland 64 65 66 The ABC s local radio station in Mackay is also called ABC Tropical North 67 However Queensland Health designates Mackay as a health district distinct from both Central Queensland and Townsville health districts 68 and the Mackay based rescue helicopter part of the Queensland Health Aeromedical Retrieval Service is called CQ Rescue 69 Climate Edit Mackay sunrise and sunset times Mackay has a humid subtropical climate Cwa under the Koppen climate classification 70 Average maximum temperatures range from 30 9 C 87 6 F in January to 23 0 C 73 4 F in July while minimums range from 11 4 to 23 3 C 52 5 to 73 9 F Winters are sunny and fairly dry with minimum temperatures usually around 12 1 C 53 8 F but rarely any lower than 5 4 C 41 7 F Days are pleasant and warm however occasional cloudy days may keep the temperature below 20 4 C 68 7 F all day Frost is extremely rare in Mackay however it has been recorded to the west of the city during some winters Mackay gets around 110 0 clear days annually Spring is usually dry but significantly hotter and more humid than winter with temperatures beginning to top 30 0 C 86 0 F on a regular basis by November Occasional thunderstorms may cause heavy downpours but the very heavy rain will not arrive until later in summer December is the start of the wet season which lasts until March or April High humidity almost daily rainfall and very warm nights are typical of this time of year Monsoonal low pressure systems and tropical cyclones occasionally affect Mackay and cause very heavy prolonged periods of rain with totals of up to 200 mm 7 9 in often being recorded in 24 hours during these systems Extreme temperatures in Mackay have ranged from 39 7 to 0 4 C 103 5 to 31 3 F The highest rainfall ever recorded in 1 day was 627 4 mm 24 7 in on 22 January 1918 71 which is among the heaviest 24 hour fall of any Australian city citation needed Climate data for Mackay Airport Queensland Australia 1991 2020 normals extremes 1950 present 5 m AMSLMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 36 9 98 4 37 3 99 1 35 4 95 7 32 9 91 2 31 4 88 5 32 0 89 6 30 1 86 2 32 1 89 8 35 4 95 7 38 5 101 3 39 7 103 5 38 2 100 8 39 7 103 5 Mean maximum C F 32 7 90 9 32 2 90 0 31 2 88 2 29 4 84 9 27 2 81 0 25 5 77 9 25 0 77 0 26 5 79 7 29 0 84 2 31 2 88 2 32 0 89 6 33 3 91 9 33 3 91 9 Average high C F 30 8 87 4 30 4 86 7 29 5 85 1 27 9 82 2 25 5 77 9 23 4 74 1 23 0 73 4 24 2 75 6 26 6 79 9 28 7 83 7 29 9 85 8 31 0 87 8 27 6 81 6 Daily mean C F 27 1 80 8 26 9 80 4 25 9 78 6 23 8 74 8 20 7 69 3 18 3 64 9 17 2 63 0 18 1 64 6 20 8 69 4 23 6 74 5 25 3 77 5 26 7 80 1 22 9 73 2 Average low C F 23 3 73 9 23 3 73 9 22 2 72 0 19 6 67 3 15 8 60 4 13 1 55 6 11 4 52 5 11 9 53 4 14 9 58 8 18 4 65 1 20 6 69 1 22 4 72 3 18 1 64 5 Mean minimum C F 20 8 69 4 21 2 70 2 19 5 67 1 16 5 61 7 10 4 50 7 6 8 44 2 5 4 41 7 6 7 44 1 10 0 50 0 14 0 57 2 17 2 63 0 19 4 66 9 5 4 41 7 Record low C F 16 5 61 7 18 0 64 4 14 2 57 6 7 8 46 0 3 8 38 8 1 7 35 1 0 4 31 3 2 0 35 6 4 7 40 5 9 5 49 1 12 8 55 0 15 6 60 1 0 4 31 3 Average precipitation mm inches 233 6 9 20 294 2 11 58 245 2 9 65 140 9 5 55 73 1 2 88 59 7 2 35 28 2 1 11 27 7 1 09 25 7 1 01 28 2 1 11 73 8 2 91 147 7 5 81 1 378 54 25 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 11 5 13 6 12 3 9 8 7 6 6 3 3 4 2 7 2 4 3 6 6 0 9 2 88 4Average relative humidity 69 5 73 5 71 5 73 5 71 5 72 0 68 5 66 5 62 0 60 5 61 0 63 5 67 8Average dew point C F 22 2 72 0 22 9 73 2 21 6 70 9 20 1 68 2 17 0 62 6 14 6 58 3 13 3 55 9 14 0 57 2 15 8 60 4 17 7 63 9 19 1 66 4 20 9 69 6 18 3 64 9 Source 1 Australian Bureau of Meteorology 1991 2020 normals 72 Source 2 Australian Bureau of Meteorology 1950 present extremes 73 Economy EditAs of the 2007 08 Mackay contributed 15 4 billion to the Australian economy or 7 1 of Queensland s gross state product GSP 74 This is largely on the back of its export oriented industries of sugar and mining Mackay is famous for its history as one of Australia s largest sugarcane farming regions However in recent years the mining industry has become the mainstay of the local economy citation needed Mining Edit A panorama of Hay Point Coal TerminalMackay is widely recognised as the gateway to the Bowen Basin coal mining reserves of Central Queensland It is the single largest coal reserve in Australia with 34 operational coal mines extracting more than 100 million tonnes annually 75 While much of this is used in Australia Japan and China are the largest export recipients Sugar Edit The bulk sugar terminalMackay was known as the sugar capital of Australia producing a sizeable portion of Australia s domestic supplies and exports However the industry experienced a decline in the 2000s 76 The industry in Mackay has its roots back in the 19th century Historically plantations were small and had their own mills to crush the cane during harvest Over the years as the industry grew and developed co operatives were formed to consolidate the harvesting crushing and distribution of the sugar in selected zones Throughout the 20th century the privately owned mills in the Mackay district closed one by one until only three remained Marian Racecourse Mill and Farleigh Today Pleystowe is the oldest surviving mill in the district but closed in 2008 77 The Marian Sugar Cane Mill is situated in Marian 25 km west of Mackay At the Farleigh Mill there are mill tours accessed via the internet Racecourse Mill also does tours and therefore accessible via the internet Mackay Sugar operates three of these remaining mills including Racecourse which became site of the region s first sugar refinery which is owned by CSR Limited in the 1990s Growers in the region have a total cane production area of approximately 86 000 hectares The growers are capable in good seasons of supplying up to 6 5 million tonnes of cane to the factories for processing On average Mackay Sugar produces about 850 000 tonnes of raw sugar and 180 000 tonnes of the by product molasses annually 78 The sugar industry in Mackay has faced steep challenges since 2000 since it is largely dependent on high world sugar prices to remain viable However efforts are going into diversifying the use of sugar cane for different purposes These include a planned energy co generation plant that could deliver up to 30 per cent of Mackay s annual electricity supply 79 Tourism Edit Compared to many of its neighbouring cities and regions in Queensland Mackay s tourism industry is small and still developing This is despite being close to notable attractions including Eungella National Park the Great Barrier Reef and the Whitsunday Islands Latest figures indicate about 685 000 domestic and international visitors come to the region annually More telling however is that domestic and international visitor night stays have increased to 2 7 million annually an increase of nearly 1 million since 2000 80 Several new hotels have opened in the region since 2000 further indication of a growing industry These include The Clarion International Quest Serviced Apartments and the Ibis Mackay Airport Marine Edit Mackay Marina viewed from the Premier Suite of the Clarion Hotel at Mackay Marina Like tourism the marine industry in Mackay is small but has a lot of potential Mackay is well situated to become a major service centre for the marine industry being in immediate proximity to the Whitsundays and located halfway between Brisbane and Cairns Currently the Mackay Marina is the largest base in the district for the maintenance refit and related services for all marine craft particularly Super Yachts The Mackay Whitsunday Super Yacht Cluster a group of regional companies focusing on providing integrated repair refit and provisioning for the increasing number of visiting super yachts was established in 2001 to support and promote the development of this sector Retail Edit The new entrance to Caneland Central following expansionMackay has three main shopping centres Caneland Central is the largest of these with more than 130 speciality stores Myer is among the new anchor tenants This expansion was opened on 13 October 2011 81 82 New entrance to Caneland Central Shopping Centre in Mackay Mount Pleasant Shopping Centre is the second major shopping centre in the Mackay region It hosts department stores supermarkets and other speciality outlets Outside the main centre a number of bulky good outlets also operate along with a six screen Birch Carroll and Coyle cinema complex 83 The Mackay City Heart located in the older city centre is also another thriving part of the city It is the home of many of the region s banks law accounting and other professional service firms citation needed Local attractions EditBluewater Trail Edit Mackay Bluewater Trail encouraging walking and cycling Source http www activehealthycommunities com au case study physical activity case study mackay bluewater trail Artwork along the Mackay Bluewater Trail Source https www tripadvisor com au Attraction Review g255338 d3633310 Reviews Bluewater Trail Mackay Queensland html Mackay Bluewater Quay Source https www queensland com fr fr journey city culture trail Mackay Regional Botanical Gardens Source https www mackayregionalbotanicgardens com au Mackay Bluewater Lagoon The Bluewater Trail project managed by the Mackay Regional Council covers more than 20 kilometres 12 mi of dedicated pedestrian paths and bikeways The primary purpose of the Bluewater trail is to facilitate pedestrian and cyclist friendly activities that can be enjoyed anytime during the day or night 84 Now completed the track links several new attractions and tourism infrastructure pieces around the city including the Bluewater Lagoon the Bluewater Quay and the Mackay Regional Botanic Gardens 85 It also incorporates the Sandfly Creek walkway through East Mackay and the Catherine Freeman Walk which connects West Mackay to the city under the Ron Camm Bridge Located in the south of Mackay the Mackay Regional Botanic Gardens are the start of the Bluewater Trail The gardens opened and replaced Queen s Park as Mackay s botanic gardens in 2003 86 containing an array of rare plants native to the Mackay area and Central Queensland Before 2003 the area was commonly called The Lagoons and is centred on the shores of a billabong that years ago formed part of the Pioneer River further to the north Heading east past the Mackay Base Hospital and along the Catherine Freeman Walk the Bluewater Lagoon emerges Comprising three tiered lagoons the lagoon is a free family friendly leisure facility overlooking the Pioneer River in the heart of Mackay s city centre A waterfall connects the two main lagoon areas which vary in depth up to 1 8 metres 5 ft 11 in 87 Similar to the well known Streets Beach at the South Bank Parklands in Brisbane the lagoon is a popular summertime attraction for locals and visitors Views from the Bluewater Trail over the Pioneer River to Mount Pleasant Further east along the trail is Bluewater Quay As part of Queensland s 150th anniversary celebrations 12 million has been invested 88 into the transformation of River Street to the immediate east of the Forgan Bridge The street now has various public amenities including access to a new viewing platform upgraded fishing jetty stage areas cafes and space for weekend markets Being 250 metres 820 ft long the quay is built around the historic Leichhardt Tree which falls under the Nauclea evergreen variety a common meeting point for new migrants to Mackay who arrived at the old Port district along River Street The Bluewater Trail project has been very successful gained significant recognition and received several awards 89 In 2010 it received national recognition collecting two awards at the National Heart Foundation Local Government Awards The Bluewater Trail was named the National overall winner and won its category Planning for Active Living at the Heart Foundation Local Government Awards In 2010 and 2011 the trail was recognised in the Community Champions Award by the Queensland Spinal Injuries Association QSIA It was awarded for providing equitable and accessible facilities in the category of Best Recreation Leisure Venue or Precinct The Bluewater Trail has also gained considerable interest from other organisations and programs and has been used as an inspirational example as part of the following two case studies in 2011 Active Healthy Communities a resource package for local government to create supportive environments for physical activity and healthy eating coordinated by Queensland Government Queensland Health in partnership with the Heart Foundation and Local Government Association of Queensland Ltd LGAQ Healthy Community Healthy Workplace projects or initiatives case studies aiming to build the capacity of Queensland councils by raising awareness of the relevance role and opportunities for creating healthy communities coordinated by Local Government Association of Queensland Ltd LGAQ In 2012 Mackay Regional Council Manager Recreation Services Mr Onno Van Es won the 2012 Local Government Association Queensland LGAQ Healthy Leaders Award Senior Manager Category Onno was the visionary and leader behind two award winning council projects the Bluewater Lagoon and the Bluewater Trail that offer residents the chance to get outdoors and live a healthy lifestyle 90 He was recognised for nurturing healthy partnerships across government jurisdictions and securing significant resources for healthy community infrastructure shaping the environment through the creation of the award winning 30 million Bluewater Trail and 12 7 million Bluewater Lagoon projects and their activation through the delivery of healthy lifestyle programs 91 Festival of Arts Edit The Mackay region is home to the Mackay Festival of Arts held annually throughout July Now more than 20 years old it is the largest regional arts festival in Queensland 92 The festival features wine and cheese tasting sessions live jazz and other music stand up routines art exhibitions dance and other performances Artspace Mackay Edit Artspace Mackay which opened in a new award winning building designed by Cox Rayner Architects 93 in February 2003 contains the Mackay Regional Council MRC Art Collection 94 This includes more than 1 200 artworks and one of the biggest holdings of artists books in Australia outside of the capital cities 95 City Centre Edit Commonwealth Bank St Paul s Uniting Church St Patrick Church and its parsonage Chaseley House in Sydney Street The City Centre is noted for its art deco inspired architecture with many buildings throughout the main streets of the central business district featuring distinctive designs from the early 20th century 96 Some of the most famous buildings are the former Main Post Office 97 dating from 1940 with its clock tower the Masonic Temple built in 1936 the Pioneer Shia Council built in 1935 Taylors Hotel 1936 and the Ambassador Hotel 1937 98 The Commonwealth Bank which was built as early as 1880 and the Old Court house dating from 1885 are two of the oldest buildings in town 99 The Technical College which was built 1911 12 is a part of the University One of the most famous houses built in an art deco style is Chaseley House in Sydney Street 100 The Town Hall dating from 1916 is one of the buildings which survived the cyclone of 1918 undamaged St Paul s Uniting Church which was completed in 1898 is the oldest church in town One of the largest churches is St Patrick Church whose parsonage built in 1915 is one of the oldest residential buildings in Mackay The precinct was upgraded in the 1990s through a unique community arts project The overall theme depicts the environmental beauty of the Mackay region and consists of bronzed plaques sculptures and terrazzo mosaic tiles 101 Of particular interest is a sculptured free form seat in the shape of a bommie or bombora and covered in myriad colours depicting the Great Barrier Reef through to the rainforests of Eungella National Park Many boutique stores restaurants bars and nightclubs are established throughout the precinct Mackay Marina Village Edit Mackay Marina Village is a coastal precinct located adjacent to the Mackay Harbour The marina itself has nearly 500 berths 102 It is also home to a sizeable residential village of luxury apartments in addition to the Clarion Mackay Marina luxury hotel Gateway to the Pioneer Valley Edit View from the Eungella Sky Window looking east down the Pioneer Valley The scenic Pioneer Valley spreads out to the west of Mackay with the Pioneer River meandering through it 120 kilometres 75 mi to the mouth at the port of Mackay Nearly all of the sugar cane grown in the Mackay region comes from the Pioneer Valley and it is synonymous with the rich soils and irrigation citation needed with which the sugar industry in Mackay has thrived over the past century Among the natural assets of the Pioneer Valley are the walking tracks and swimming holes of Finch Hatton Gorge The Eungella National Park located at the very top of the range is the longest and oldest stretch of subtropical rainforest in Australia covering more than 51 700 hectares It is one of the few places where platypus can be seen swimming in the wild while more than 225 species of bird have been recorded in the surrounding forests 103 Islands and beaches Edit Mackay has 31 beaches within driving distance Closest to the city are Illawong Far and Town beaches The patrolled Harbour Beach adjacent to the Mackay Marina is the most popular being suitable for swimming Lambert s Beach is also close to the city Further north of the city are popular beaches at Bucasia Dolphin Heads Blacks Beach Shoal Point and Eimeo collectively these areas are known as the Northern Beaches The Northern Beaches are popular with visitors but are increasingly being developed as residential areas for Mackay s growing population The islands immediately off Mackay are renowned for their azure blue waters and are popular with fishermen St Bees Island in particular is a well known fishing spot Brampton Island to the north east of the city is a resort destination with body therapy water sports and snorkelling on offer 104 Flights to Brampton are available from Mackay Airport as are boats from the marina Carlisle Scawfell and Keswick are other notable islands Each is a national park surrounded by coral reefs During the peak season from June to the end of August whales can be heard and seen around these islands River Sessions Festival Edit Held annually in June River Sessions is Mackay and Central Queensland s premier youth and contemporary music festival The festival features the best rock hip hop alternative folk pop and dance music acts from around Australia 105 Transport EditTwo major highways the A1 Bruce Highway and State Route 70 Peak Downs Highway pass through Mackay The A1 connects the city to Townsville Proserpine and Cairns in the north and Rockhampton and Brisbane in the south The Peak Downs Highway connects it to Moranbah Clermont and Emerald in the south west In September 2020 the city was fully bypassed with users of the Bruce Highway able to use the new Mackay Ring Road to avoid the city The North Coast railway line meets the western line in the city s south Trains from Brisbane pass through Mackay railway station and continue through to Proserpine Townsville and Cairns including the regular Spirit of Queensland service between Brisbane and Cairns Minerals from the western line Moranbah and other coal mining centres are transported to Hay Point and Dalrymple Bay Coal Terminals for trans shipment to other destinations Mackay Harbour deals mainly with sugar exports and visiting cruise ships The city is served by Mackay Airport from which QantasLink Bonza Virgin Australia and Jetstar offer flights to Brisbane and Melbourne as well as to regional destinations such as Geelong Cairns Townsville Rockhampton and Gladstone MacAir Airlines previously provided a limited service into and out of Mackay for mining companies before it went into receivership in 2009 Mackay Transit Coaches operates from North Mackay to South Mackay The area with the best service coverage is Mackay s central business district Health and education EditThe Mackay Base Hospital in West Mackay about 4 kilometres 2 5 mi from the city centre is the main hospital for Central Queensland and has recently undergone extensive upgrades The Mater Hospital and the Mackay Specialist Day Hospital are in the city s north The Pioneer Valley Hospital which had initially ceased operating has been converted into an injury rehabilitation center The Queensland Department of Education has 11 primary schools and 5 high schools in Mackay The high schools are Pioneer State High School Mackay State High School Mackay North State High School Mackay Northern Beaches State High School and Mirani State High School One of the primary schools Eungella State School was opened on 31 January 1928 106 Another Mackay North State School opened on 23 March 1915 106 The school celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2015 107 The private system encompasses six and a half primary schools Whitsunday Anglican School two P 12 colleges one P 10 college one 7 10 college and St Patrick s College 108 which is the state s only 11 12 college The Mackay campus of Central Queensland University is in the outer suburb of Ooralea while the local campus of James Cook University is in South Mackay The city is also home to a TAFE a technical vocational college which is in the south of the inner city The Mackay Regional Council operates the Dudley Denny City Library at 134 Victoria Street 109 and the Gordon White Library in the outer suburb of Mount Pleasant Government Edit Mackay Regional Council Building Gordon Street Mackay Mackay is governed locally by the Mackay Regional Council The original Mackay City Council was formed in 1869 In 1994 the surrounding Pioneer Shire Council was amalgamated into the Mackay City Council A further amalgamation in 2008 of the Sarina Shire Council and the Mirani Shire Council formed the present Mackay Regional Council The mayor is Greg Williamson 110 There are three State Government seats in the Mackay Regional Council footprint Julieanne Gilbert is the member for the state seat of Mackay 111 Stephen Andrew is the State Member for Mirani and Amanda Camm is the State Member for Whitsunday Andrew Willcox is the Federal Member for the Division of Dawson 112 which includes most of Mackay Michelle Landry is the Federal Member for the Division of Capricornia which includes Sarina Mirani and some south Mackay suburbs Sport EditRugby league is the most popular sport in Mackay citation needed The Mackay Cutters rugby league team were established in 2008 in the Queensland Cup and act as a feeder team to the North Queensland Cowboys NRL The 2nd placed Canterbury Bankstown Bulldogs hosted a home game at Mackay against the ladder leading Melbourne Storm at BB Print Stadium in Round 16 of the 2012 NRL season for a record Mackay sporting ground attendance They hosted another match in 2013 The Mackay amp District Rugby League features eight clubs from in and around the city competing for the local premiership Five of these clubs are based in Mackay itself Brothers Carlton Magpies Souths and Wests In soccer Magpies Crusaders United represents the Mackay region in the National Premier Leagues Queensland NPLQ In Basketball Mackay Meteorettes women and Mackay Meteors men represent the region in the NBL1 North Mackay also has a local Australian rules football league AFL Mackay and premiership AFLW matches are played at the Great Barrier Reef Arena 113 Mackay also has a local roller derby league Mackay City Roller Maidens The Mackay Cricket Association organises competition among its 6 member clubs Magpies Pioneer Valley Brothers Mackay Northern Suburbs Southern Suburbs and Walkerston In the 1920s the Olympic Theatre in Mackay was a popular venue for professional boxing and saw stars like Colin Bell and Tom Heeney fight there Such teams in junior and senior are Mackay City Hawks Northern Beaches Magpies Moranbah Bulldogs Eastern Swans Sarina Demons and Mackay Saints 114 Mackay also has a local rugby union competition Media EditMackay is served by several local radio stations including 4MK Star 101 9 H T FM Triple M ABC Tropical North 4CRM and My105 9FM The ABC s national radio services are also available in Mackay The city receives broadcasts from five television networks Seven Queensland WIN Television an affiliate of Nine Network Channel 10 ABC TV and SBS All networks also provide their additional digital multi channel television stations to Mackay Of the three commercial networks Seven Queensland airs a half hour local news bulletin for Mackay and the Whitsundays each weeknight at 6pm produced from a newsroom in the city and broadcast from studios in Maroochydore WIN previously produced a local WIN News bulletin for the area between April 2009 115 and May 2015 116 Southern Cross Nine aired a regional Queensland edition of Nine News from Brisbane with local opt outs for Mackay from July 2017 117 to February 2019 118 The only daily local newspaper in the city is the Daily Mercury Community groups EditThe Mackay branch of the Queensland Country Women s Association meets at the CWA Hall at 43 Gordon Street 119 Indigenous language EditYumplatok also known as Torres Strait Creole and Broken is a contemporary Torres Strait Island language originating in the Torres Strait The contact with missionaries and others since the 1800s has led to the development of a pidgin language which transitioned into a creole language and now has its own distinctive sound system grammar vocabulary usage and meaning Torres Strait Creole is spoken by most Torres Strait Islanders and is a mixture of Standard Australian English and traditional languages It is an English based creole however each island has its own version of creole Torres Strait Creole is also spoken on the Australian mainland including Northern Peninsula Area Region and coastal communities such as Cairns Townsville Mackay Rockhampton and Brisbane 120 People from Mackay EditAshley Alberts Rugby League player Drew Anthony performing arts director choreographer David Armitage Australian rules footballer Teneal Attard Olympic field hockey player Ben Barba Rugby League player Lauren Bella Australian rules footballer Anthony Bennett artist Todd Blanchfield NBL player Sandy Brondello Olympic basketballer Alayna Burns racing cyclist 121 Ram Chandra snake showman and supported the development of antivenene Daly Cherry Evans Rugby League player Mark Christensen Rugby League player Graeme Connors country music singer songwriter Brett Dallas Rugby league player Delvene Delaney model TV presenter and actress Desmond Robert Dunn author Kirstin Dwyer Hockey player Cathy Freeman Olympic sprinter Nick Frost Olympic swimmer Declan Fraser racing driver Shane Knuth politician Dane Gagai Rugby League player Jodi Gordon TV actress and model Mick Gordon video game composer and sound designer Tom Gorman Rugby League player 1901 1978 122 Tia Gostelow a musician Lloyd Graham former Queensland Rugby Union player Josh Hoffman Rugby League player Geoff Huegill Olympic swimmer Karen Jacobsen Entertainer The original female Australian voice of the Siri application on Apple iPhones iPods and iPads Benita Johnson Olympic distance runner Aiden Krause Australian Basketball championships winner of 2015 123 Susan Lamb former Federal Member for Longman in the Australian House of Representatives Linda Mackenzie Olympic swimmer Melinda McLeod world BMX champion Bob McTavish surfboard designer George T D Moore jockey and horse trainer Dane Nielson Rugby League player Keith Payne Victoria Cross recipient Kalyn Ponga Rugby League Player Nicole Pratt tennis player Grant Rovelli Rugby League player Wendell Sailor Rugby League Player Brett Seymour Rugby League player William Forgan Smith 24th Premier of Queensland Clint Steindl NBL and Australian basketball player Grant Sullivan cricketer Isaiah Tass Rugby League player Jillian Whiting former National Nine News presenter 124 Korah Halcomb Wills former mayor of Mackay kidnapper butcher 125 In popular culture EditMackay is mentioned in Gladstone Pier the song by Redgum from the 1984 album Frontline Sister cities EditMackay has the following sister cities 126 Kailua Kona Hawaii United States since 4 January 1966 Matsuura Japan since 22 July 1989 Honiara Solomon Islands since 5 July 1995 Yantai China since 15 November 2012 127 References Edit Mackay Queensland Britannica Retrieved 7 February 2023 2011 Census Community Profiles Mackay ABS Census Australian Bureau of Statistics Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 Retrieved 15 September 2016 Hall Glen 2009 Mac Eye or Mac A Mackay Historical Society and Museum Retrieved 15 July 2022 Australian World Map Mackay Cedar Macquarie Dictionary Macmillan Publishers Australia Retrieved 15 July 2022 Reichard Jonathan 1 September 2017 Do you know how to pronounce these place names The Courier Mail Brisbane Queensland Newspapers Retrieved 15 July 2022 a b c Mackay city entry 20426 Queensland Place Names Queensland Government Retrieved 13 March 2014 a b Hall Glen MAC EYE or MAC A Mackay History portal Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 Retrieved 21 January 2018 Mackay Travel guide for Mackay eGuide Archived 15 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine Mackayeguide com Retrieved on 18 August 2011 Mackay nicknames we stubbornly refuse to give up Courier Mail 6 February 2017 Retrieved 13 February 2023 Sugar A Short History of Mackay 12 August 2004 Archived from the original on 16 June 2016 Retrieved 11 February 2023 Kroeger Brooke 31 August 2012 Undercover Reporting The Truth About Deception Northwestern University Press p 33 ISBN 9780810163515 Archived from the original on 27 July 2020 Retrieved 9 January 2020 The Italian Experiment North Queensland History 7 September 2015 Retrieved 11 February 2023 1891 Italian Labour for the Canefields Australian Food Timeline 11 February 2023 Retrieved 11 February 2023 Italy born PDF homeaffairs gov au 11 February 2023 Retrieved 11 February 2023 Pioneer River entry 26973 Queensland Place Names Queensland Government Retrieved 4 January 2016 Alexandra entry 46752 Queensland Place Names Queensland Government Retrieved 4 January 2016 A Short History of Mackay and District The First Residents www mackayhistory org Archived from the original on 16 June 2016 Retrieved 27 January 2016 This Wikipedia article incorporates CC BY 4 0 licensed text from Yuwibara Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map State Library of Queensland Retrieved 23 January 2020 a b c d Roth H Ling 1908 The discovery and settlement of Port Mackay Queensland with numerous illustrations charts and maps and some notes on the natural history of the district Halifax Eng F King amp sons Ltd archived from the original on 2 November 2020 retrieved 31 October 2020 THE PIONEER RIVER Queensland Times Ipswich Herald And General Advertiser Vol II no 179 Queensland Australia 16 June 1863 p 3 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 31 October 2020 via National Library of Australia None Mackay Mercury And South Kennedy Advertiser No 56 Queensland Australia 24 April 1867 p 2 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 10 June 2018 via National Library of Australia Richards Jonathan 2008 The Secret War A True History of Queensland s Native Police University of Queensland Press MACKAY Rockhampton Bulletin And Central Queensland Advertiser No 952 Queensland Australia 22 August 1868 p 3 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 11 June 2018 via National Library of Australia Evans R L 1 May 1971 Queensland s first Aboriginal reserve Part 1 the promise of reform Oxley Memorial Library Advisory Committee for the Library Board of Queensland archived from the original on 12 January 2022 retrieved 31 October 2020 Evans R L 1 November 1971 Queensland s first Aboriginal reserve Part 2 the failure of reform Oxley Memorial Library Advisory Committee for the Library Board of Queensland archived from the original on 12 January 2022 retrieved 31 October 2020 MACKAY Warwick Argus And Tenterfield Chronicle Vol III no 56 Queensland Australia 17 May 1867 p 2 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 3 November 2020 via National Library of Australia Telegraphic Maryborough Chronicle Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser Vol VII no 464 Queensland Australia 6 April 1867 p 2 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 3 November 2020 via National Library of Australia Finger Jarvis 2012 A cavalcade of Queensland s crimes and criminals scoundrels scallwags amp psychopaths the colonial years and beyond 1859 1920 Boolarong Press ISBN 978 1 922109 05 7 THE CYCLONE AT MACKAY Morning Bulletin No 16 6 4 Queensland Australia 29 January 1918 p 6 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 24 August 2020 via National Library of Australia 100 years ago a cyclone without a name killed 30 people and almost levelled a young city Australian Broadcasting Corporation 20 January 2018 Retrieved 20 January 2018 MACKAY WAR MEMORIAL Townsville Daily Bulletin Qld National Library of Australia 19 November 1928 p 6 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 6 April 2014 MACKAY NOTES Townsville Daily Bulletin Qld National Library of Australia 25 April 1929 p 11 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 6 April 2014 MACKAY NOTES Townsville Daily Bulletin Qld National Library of Australia 2 May 1929 p 3 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 6 April 2014 Mackay Cenotaph Monument Australia Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 Retrieved 5 April 2014 K H Kennedy 1 December 2002 Mackay Revisited Mackay Regional Council Archived from the original on 20 October 2018 Retrieved 20 October 2018 Rats of Tobruk Memorial Monument Australia Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 Retrieved 5 April 2014 Flood Warning System for the Pioneer River Archived 26 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine Bom gov au Retrieved on 18 August 2011 Brunt A T Notes on the Mackay Storm of February 1958 PDF Australian Bureau of Meteorology Archived PDF from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 19 March 2018 This Wikipedia article incorporates text from The state of Queensland welcomes royalty in 1970 Part 2 The Coastal Tour 6 May 2022 published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence accessed on 18 May 2022 AMSAaboard Summer Edition 2008 Archived 3 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Amsa gov au Retrieved on 18 August 2011 North Queensland assesses cyclone damage ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived 23 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine Abc net au 21 March 2010 Retrieved on 18 August 2011 Public Libraries Statistical Bulletin 2016 17 PDF Public Libraries Connect State Library of Queensland November 2017 p 14 Archived PDF from the original on 30 January 2018 Retrieved 30 January 2018 Australian Bureau of Statistics 27 June 2017 2016 Community Profiles Mackay UCL 2016 Census of Population and Housing Retrieved 23 December 2021 Mackay Technical College former entry 602056 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 World War I Cenotaph and Jubilee Park entry 600667 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 Mackay Central State School entry 601911 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 Mackay General Cemetery entry 602766 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 Selwyn House entry 601080 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 East Gordon Street Sewerage Works entry 602727 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 Holy Trinity Church Complex entry 601111 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 Richmond Mill Ruins entry 601281 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 St Pauls Uniting Church entry 600668 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 WH Paxton amp Co Offices and Warehouse former entry 602554 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 Mackay Customs House entry 600669 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 Sugar Research Institute amp Residence entry 602642 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 Mackay Town Hall former entry 601107 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 Mackay Court House and Police Station entry 600673 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 Commonwealth Bank of Australia entry 600671 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 Queensland National Bank and bank residence former entry 600672 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 Pioneer Shire Council Building former entry 602603 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 Mackay Masonic Temple entry 602731 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 10 July 2013 a b Michael Peter 27 August 2017 North Queensland where the bloody hell are ya Daily Mercury News Corp Australia Archived from the original on 11 September 2021 Retrieved 11 September 2021 Petith Heidi 16 February 2021 The verdict is in Mackay is definitely in Queensland Daily Mercury News Corp Australia Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 11 September 2021 Qld Premier tours flood ravaged Mackay ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation 16 February 2008 Archived from the original on 4 January 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2022 Man s body found outside Mackay home in north Queensland ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation 15 November 2016 Archived from the original on 4 January 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2022 Parsons Angel 4 January 2022 How Ellie came to terms with her transgender identity at age 7 ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 4 January 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2022 Worldon John 18 March 2008 ABC radio in the Tropical North ABC Local Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 11 September 2021 Retrieved 11 September 2021 Mackay Hospital and Health Service map Queensland Health Queensland Government Archived from the original on 4 January 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2022 Your rescue helicopter CQ Rescue Central Queensland Helicopter Rescue Service Ltd Archived from the original on 4 January 2022 Linacre Edward Geerts Bart 1997 Climates and Weather Explained London Routledge p 379 ISBN 0 415 12519 7 Archived from the original on 24 June 2016 Climate statistics for Australian locations www bom gov au Archived from the original on 26 March 2017 Retrieved 19 March 2018 Mackay Aero QLD Climate 1991 2020 normals Australian Bureau of Meteorology Retrieved 21 May 2022 Mackay Aero QLD Climate 1950 present extremes Australian Bureau of Meteorology Retrieved 21 May 2022 http www abs gov au Archived 23 February 2011 at Wikiwix Mackay Regional SD profile 2008 Bowen Basin Research Exchange Central Queensland University clarification needed Frost Pamela 18 January 2014 Are we still the sugar capital of Australia Daily Mercury Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 Retrieved 25 January 2014 Sugar A short history of Mackay Mackay Historical Society and Museum Incorporated Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 Retrieved 25 January 2014 SALE OF REFINERY INTEREST www interfinancial com au Archived from the original on 13 February 2010 Retrieved 5 September 2013 Stephen Robertson 18 June 2009 Bligh sweetens Mackay s clean energy future with 9 million investment Queensland Government Cabinet news release Archived from the original on 25 October 2009 Tourism Research Australia National and International visitor survey year ended December 2010 Caneland Central opens doors Daily Mercury 13 October 2011 Archived from the original on 23 November 2011 Retrieved 10 June 2016 Myer Project Hits Hurdle The Daily Mercury 17 April 2009 Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 Mount Pleasant Shopping Centre mountpleasantsc com au Archived from the original on 10 September 2016 Retrieved 7 September 2016 Council Mackay Regional 25 August 2011 Objectives www mackay qld gov au Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 4 May 2020 Anthony Albanese 8 May 2009 Nearly 3 million for Bluewater Trail at Mackay NEARLY Commonwealth Department of Infrastructure Transport Regional Development and Local Government Archived from the original on 22 May 2009 Botanic Gardens Conservation International Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 Bluewater Lagoon Mackay City Council Archived from the original on 16 December 2011 Retrieved 6 December 2011 Mackay Regional Council Major Projects description Archived 13 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Council Mackay Regional 25 August 2011 Awards amp recognition www mackay qld gov au Archived from the original on 7 April 2020 Retrieved 4 May 2020 Mackay Regional Council Annual Report 2012 2013 PDF Archived PDF from the original on 11 April 2019 Retrieved 4 May 2020 Van Es wins Queensland Healthy Leaders Award Australasian Leisure Management Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 4 May 2020 Mackay Festival of Arts Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine australianexplorer com Architecture PDF Artspace Mackay Retrieved 27 September 2021 History Artspace Mackay 18 August 2008 Archived from the original on 27 September 2021 Retrieved 27 September 2021 Collection Artspace Mackay 18 August 2008 Archived from the original on 27 September 2021 Retrieved 27 September 2021 Art Deco in Mackay PDF Mackay Regional Council Website 2011 Archived PDF from the original on 6 March 2019 Retrieved 7 July 2019 EPW Feature buildings slq qld gov au Retrieved 3 February 2023 Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 6 March 2019 Retrieved 7 July 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Veronika Pavel Australien S 225 Markgroningen 2011 Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 7 April 2019 Retrieved 14 September 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link About Mackay City Queensland Australia The Natural Centre Archived 22 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine sunzine net Mackay Marina website Archived 21 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine Mackaymarina com Retrieved on 18 August 2011 Eungella National Park Archived 23 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine Sunzine net 10 June 2007 Retrieved on 18 August 2011 Brampton Island Archived 31 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine Sunzine net 10 June 2007 Retrieved on 18 August 2011 Mackay s River Sessions announced Bliss n Eso Boy and Bear Karnivool amp more The Music Street Press Australia Pty Ltd Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 Retrieved 25 January 2014 a b Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools Queensland Government Retrieved 18 April 2019 Queensland school anniversaries 2015 education qld gov au Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 Retrieved 19 January 2018 Home St Patrick s College Mackay Senior Catholic High School stpats qld edu au Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 Retrieved 7 September 2016 Libraries Contact Opening Hours Mackay Regional Council Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 Retrieved 28 April 2017 2016 Mackay Regional Council Mayoral Election Election Summary Electoral Commission of Queensland 20 April 2016 Archived from the original on 31 October 2016 Retrieved 31 October 2016 Elections 2017 State General Election Mackay District Summary results ecq qld gov au Archived from the original on 28 March 2019 Retrieved 11 May 2019 Parliament of Australia Mr Andrew Willcox MP www aph gov au Retrieved 18 January 2023 GC SUNS Women to play games in Mackay Archived 2 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine 9th September 2018 Kieza Grantlee 2015 Boxing in Australia pp 57 58 ISBN 978 0 642 27874 6 WIN adds Mackay Wide Bay news Archived 15 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine David Knox TV Tonight 1 April 2009 WIN News Mackay and Mildura will close their doors Archived 27 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Daily Mercury 22 May 2015 Southern Cross Austereo Nine News To Launch 15 Regional News Bulletins www southerncrossaustereo com au Archived from the original on 9 September 2017 Retrieved 21 January 2018 McKnight Robert 15 February 2019 Channel 9 axes two news bulletins TV Blackbox Archived from the original on 11 January 2020 Retrieved 15 February 2019 Branch Locations Queensland Country Women s Association Archived from the original on 26 December 2018 Retrieved 26 December 2018 This Wikipedia article incorporates CC BY 4 0 licensed text from Yupanguthi Queensland s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages map State Library of Queensland Retrieved 28 January 2020 Alayna Burns Bio Stats and Results Olympics at Sports Reference com Archived from the original on 18 April 2020 Retrieved 19 June 2019 Australian Dictionary of Biography Wilson Jacob 15 July 2015 Mackay boys help make QLD basketball history Mackay Daily Mercury Archived from the original on 21 September 2016 Retrieved 10 September 2016 Jillian Whiting out in TV shake up at Nine Archived 27 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine The Courier Mail 5 December 2008 Bottoms Timothy Korah Halcomb Wills cairnshistory Archived from the original on 10 June 2020 Retrieved 10 June 2020 Mackay Regional Council Sister cities Archived 9 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine Mackay qld gov au Retrieved on 18 August 2011 Australian Dictionary of Biography adb anu edu au Retrieved 3 August 2015 permanent dead link External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mackay Queensland Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Mackay University of Queensland Queensland Places Mackay Mackay Region website Mackay Regional Council Mackay Port Authority Mackay Post Office Discover Queensland Buildings website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mackay Queensland amp oldid 1153941752, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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