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Figurative system of human knowledge

January 01, 1970

The "figurative system of human knowledge" (French: Système figuré des connaissances humaines), sometimes known as the tree of Diderot and d'Alembert, was a tree developed to represent the structure of knowledge itself, produced for the Encyclopédie by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and Denis Diderot.

Classification chart with the original "figurative system of human knowledge" tree, in French

The tree was a taxonomy of human knowledge, inspired by Francis Bacon's The Advancement of Learning. The three main branches of knowledge in the tree are: "Memory"/History, "Reason"/Philosophy, and "Imagination"/Poetry.

Notable is the fact that theology is ordered under philosophy. The historian Robert Darnton has argued that this categorization of religion as being subject to human reason, and not a source of knowledge in and of itself (revelation), was a significant factor in the controversy surrounding the work.[1] "Knowledge of God" is only a few nodes away from divination and black magic.

The original version, in French, can be seen in the graphic on the right. An image of the diagram with English translations superimposed over the French text is available. Another example of English translation of the tree is available in literature (see the reference by Schwab). Below is a version of it rendered in English as a bulleted outline.

The Tree of Diderot and d'Alembert edit

"Detailed System of Human Knowledge" from the Encyclopédie.

  • Deviations of Nature.
  • Work and Uses of Precious Stones.
  • Work and Uses of Iron.
  • Work and Uses of Skin.
  • Work and Uses of Silk.
  • Spinning.
  • Milling.
  • Needlecraft.
  • Velvet.
  • Brocaded Fabrics, etc.
  • Work and Uses of Wool.
  • Cloth-Making.
  • Bonnet-Making, etc.
  • Working and Uses, etc.
  • Science of Man.
  • Reasonable.
  • Sensible.
  • Demonstration.
  • Art of Remembering.
  • Prenotion.
  • Emblem.
  • Supplement to Memory.
  • Characters.
  • General Science of Good and Evil, of duties in general, of Virtue, of the necessity of being Virtuous, etc.
  • Metaphysics of Bodies or, General Physics, of Extent, of Impenetrability, of Movement, of Word, etc.
  • Mathematics.
  • Elementary (Military Architecture, Tactics).
  • Transcendental (Theory of Courses).
  • Mixed.
  • Physicomathematics.
  • Particular Physics.
  • Hygiene.
  • Hygiene, properly said.
  • Cosmetics (Orthopedics).
  • Athletics (Gymnastics).
  • Pathology.
  • Semiotics.
  • Treatment.
  • Judiciary Astrology.
  • Physical Astrology.
  • Imagination.
  • Sacred, Profane.
  • Narrative.
  • Parable

(Note: This next branch seems to belong to both the narrative and dramatic tree, as indicated by the line drawn connecting the two.)

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Robert Darnton, "Philosophers Trim the Tree of Knowledge: The Epistemological Strategy of the Encyclopedie," The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1984), 191-213.

Further reading edit

  • Robert Darnton, "Epistemological angst: From encyclopedism to advertising," in Tore Frängsmyr, ed., The structure of knowledge: classifications of science and learning since the Renaissance (Berkeley, CA: Office for the History of Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, 2001).
  • Adams, David (2006) 'The Système figuré des Connaissances humaines and the structure of Knowledge in the Encyclopédie', in Ordering the World, ed. Diana Donald and Frank O'Gorman, London: Macmillan, p. 190-215.
  • Preliminary discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot, Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, translated by Richard N. Schwab, 1995. ISBN 0-226-13476-8

External links edit

  • The Tree translated into English
  • ESSAI D'UNE DISTRIBUTION GÉNÉALOGIQUE DES SCIENCES ET DES ARTS PRINCIPAUX, published as a fold-out frontispiece in volume 1 of Pierre Mouchon, Table analytique et raisonnée des matieres contenues dans les XXXIII volumes in-folio du Dictionnaire des sciences, des arts et des métiers, et dans son supplément, Paris, Panckoucke 1780.

January 01, 1970
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The figurative system of human knowledge French Systeme figure des connaissances humaines sometimes known as the tree of Diderot and d Alembert was a tree developed to represent the structure of knowledge itself produced for the Encyclopedie by Jean le Rond d Alembert and Denis Diderot Classification chart with the original figurative system of human knowledge tree in French The tree was a taxonomy of human knowledge inspired by Francis Bacon s The Advancement of Learning The three main branches of knowledge in the tree are Memory History Reason Philosophy and Imagination Poetry Notable is the fact that theology is ordered under philosophy The historian Robert Darnton has argued that this categorization of religion as being subject to human reason and not a source of knowledge in and of itself revelation was a significant factor in the controversy surrounding the work 1 Knowledge of God is only a few nodes away from divination and black magic The original version in French can be seen in the graphic on the right An image of the diagram with English translations superimposed over the French text is available Another example of English translation of the tree is available in literature see the reference by Schwab Below is a version of it rendered in English as a bulleted outline Contents 1 The Tree of Diderot and d Alembert 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksThe Tree of Diderot and d Alembert edit Detailed System of Human Knowledge from the Encyclopedie Understanding Memory History Sacred History of Prophets Ecclesiastical Civil Ancient and Modern Civil History properly said See also History of civil society Literary History Memoirs Antiquities See also Classical antiquity Complete Histories dd Natural Uniformity of Nature See Uniformitarianism Celestial History History of Meteors of the Earth and the Sea See also Origin of water on Earth of Minerals See also Geological history of Earth of Vegetables See also History of agriculture of Animals See also Evolutionary history of life of the Elements See also Classical element History of alchemy and History of chemistry dd Deviations of Nature Celestial Wonders Large Meteors See also Asteroids Wonders of Land and Sea See Wonders of the World Monstrous Minerals Monstrous Vegetables See Largest plants Poisonous plants and Carnivorous plants Monstrous Animals See Largest animals and Predators Wonders of the Elements See Natural disasters Uses of Nature See Technology and Applied sciences Arts Crafts Manufactures Work and Uses of Gold and Silver Minter Gold Beaters Gold Spinners Gold Drawers Silversmith amp Goldsmith Planisher Mounter METTEUR EN ŒUVRE etc Work and Uses of Precious Stones Lapidary Diamond cutting Jeweler etc Work and Uses of Iron Large Forges Locksmith Tool Making Armorer Gun Making etc Work and Uses of Glass Glassmaking Plate Glassmaking Mirror Making Optician Glazier etc Work and Uses of Skin Tanner Chamois Maker Leather Merchant Glove Making etc Work and Uses of Stone Plaster Slate etc Practical Architecture Practical Sculpture Mason Tiler etc Work and Uses of Silk Spinning Milling Needlecraft Velvet Brocaded Fabrics etc Work and Uses of Wool Cloth Making Bonnet Making etc Working and Uses etc dd dd dd dd dd Reason PhilosophyGeneral Metaphysics or Ontology or Science of Being in General of Possibility of Existence of Duration etc Science of God Natural Theology Revealed Theology Science of Good and Evil Spirits Divination Black magic dd Science of Man Pneumatology or Science of the Soul Reasonable Sensible Logic Art of Thinking Apprehension Science of Ideas Judgement Science of Propositions Reasoning Induction Method Demonstration Analysis Synthesis dd dd Art of Remembering Memory Natural Artificial Prenotion Emblem dd Supplement to Memory Writing Printing Alphabet Cipher Arts of Writing Printing Reading Deciphering Orthography dd dd dd dd Art of Communication Science of the Instrument of Discourse Grammar Signs Gesture Pantomime Declamation Characters Ideograms Hieroglyphics Heraldry or Blazonry dd Prosody Construction Syntax Philology Critique dd Pedagogy Choice of Studies Manner of Teaching dd Science of Qualities of Discourse Rhetoric Mechanics of Poetry dd dd Ethics General General Science of Good and Evil of duties in general of Virtue of the necessity of being Virtuous etc Particular Science of Laws or Jurisprudence Natural Economic See also commercial law Political See also political law Internal and External See also foreign policy Commerce on Land and Sea dd dd dd dd Science of Nature Metaphysics of Bodies or General Physics of Extent of Impenetrability of Movement of Word etc Mathematics Pure Arithmetic Numeric Algebra Elementary Infinitesimal Differential Integral dd dd Geometry Elementary Military Architecture Tactics Transcendental Theory of Courses dd Mixed Mechanics Statics Statics properly said Hydrostatics Dynamics Dynamics properly said Ballistics Hydrodynamics Hydraulics Navigation Naval Architecture dd dd dd Geometric Astronomy Cosmography Uranography Geography Hydrography Chronology Gnomonics dd Optics Optics properly said Dioptrics Perspective Catoptrics Acoustics Pneumatics Art of Conjecture Analysis of Chance dd Physicomathematics dd Particular Physics Zoology Anatomy Simple Comparative Physiology Medicine Hygiene Hygiene properly said Cosmetics Orthopedics Athletics Gymnastics Pathology Semiotics Treatment Diete Surgery Pharmacy dd Veterinary Medicine Horse Management Hunting Fishing Falconry dd Physical Astronomy Astrology Judiciary Astrology Physical Astrology dd Meteorology Cosmology Uranology Aerology Geology Hydrology Botany Agriculture Gardening Mineralogy Chemistry Chemistry properly said Pyrotechnics Dyeing etc Metallurgy Alchemy Natural Magic dd dd dd dd Imagination Poetry Sacred Profane Narrative Epic Poem Madrigal Epigram Novel etc Dramatic Tragedy Comedy Opera Pastoral etc Parable Allegory dd dd dd dd Note This next branch seems to belong to both the narrative and dramatic tree as indicated by the line drawn connecting the two MusicTheoretical Practical see also musical technique Instrumental Vocal Painting Sculpture Civil architecture Engraving dd dd dd dd See also editClassification chart Instauratio magna Propaedia Pierre MouchonReferences edit Robert Darnton Philosophers Trim the Tree of Knowledge The Epistemological Strategy of the Encyclopedie The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History New York Basic Books Inc 1984 191 213 Further reading editRobert Darnton Epistemological angst From encyclopedism to advertising in Tore Frangsmyr ed The structure of knowledge classifications of science and learning since the Renaissance Berkeley CA Office for the History of Science and Technology University of California Berkeley 2001 Adams David 2006 The Systeme figure des Connaissances humaines and the structure of Knowledge in the Encyclopedie in Ordering the World ed Diana Donald and Frank O Gorman London Macmillan p 190 215 Preliminary discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot Jean Le Rond d Alembert translated by Richard N Schwab 1995 ISBN 0 226 13476 8External links editThe Tree translated into English ESSAI D UNE DISTRIBUTION GENEALOGIQUE DES SCIENCES ET DES ARTS PRINCIPAUX published as a fold out frontispiece in volume 1 of Pierre Mouchon Table analytique et raisonnee des matieres contenues dans les XXXIII volumes in folio du Dictionnaire des sciences des arts et des metiers et dans son supplement Paris Panckoucke 1780 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Figurative system of human knowledge amp oldid 1221312698, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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