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Festuca

February 15, 2024

"Helleria" redirects here. For the woodlouse genus, see Helleria (woodlouse).

Festuca (fescue) is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the grass family Poaceae (subfamily Pooideae). They are evergreen or herbaceous perennial tufted grasses with a height range of 10–200 cm (4–79 in) and a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on every continent except Antarctica.[2] The genus is closely related to ryegrass (Lolium), and recent evidence from phylogenetic studies using DNA sequencing of plant mitochondrial DNA shows that the genus lacks monophyly. As a result, plant taxonomists have moved several species, including the forage grasses tall fescue and meadow fescue, from the genus Festuca into the genus Lolium,[3] or alternatively into the segregate genus Schedonorus.

Festuca
Festuca pratensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Pooideae
Supertribe: Poodae
Tribe: Poeae
Subtribe: Loliinae
Genus: Festuca
Tourn. ex L. (1753)
Synonyms[1]
Synonymy
  • Amphigenes Janka (1860)
  • Anatherum Nábelek (1929), nom. illeg.
  • Argillochloa W.A.Weber (1984)
  • Asprella Host (1809), nom. illeg.
  • Chloamnia Raf. (1825)
  • Ctenopsis De Not. (1847)
  • Dasiola Raf. (1825)
  • Dielsiochloa Pilg. (1943)
  • Distomomischus Dulac (1867)
  • Drymochloa Holub (1984)
  • Festucaria Link (1844), nom. illeg.
  • Festucaria Heist. ex Fabr. (1759)
  • Gramen E.H.L.Krause (1914), nom. illeg.
  • Helleria E.Fourn. (1886), nom. illeg.
  • Hellerochloa Rauschert (1982)
  • Hesperochloa (Piper) Rydb. (1912)
  • Leiopoa Ohwi (1932)
  • Leucopoa Griseb. (1852)
  • Loliolum V.I.Krecz. & Bobrov (1934)
  • Loretia Duval-Jouve (1880)
  • Micropyrum (Gaudin) Link (1844)
  • Mygalurus Link (1821)
  • Nabelekia Roshev. (1937)
  • Narduretia Villar (1925)
  • Narduroides Rouy (1913)
  • Nardurus (Bluff, Nees & Schauer) Rchb. (1841)
  • Podophorus Phil. (1856)
  • Prosphysis Dulac (1867), nom. superfl.
  • Psilurus Trin. (1820)
  • Tragus Panz. (1813), nom. illeg.
  • Vulpia C.C.Gmel. (1805)
  • Wasatchia M.E.Jones (1912), nom. superfl.
  • Zerna Panz. (1813), nom. superfl.

Because the taxonomy is complex, scientists have not determined how many true species belong to the genus, but estimates range from more than 400[4] to over 640.[5][6][7]

Fescue pollen is a significant contributor to hay fever.[8]

Taxonomy edit

The genus Festuca represents a major evolutionary line of the tribe Poeae. The ancient group has produced various segregates that possess more advanced characteristics than Festuca, including racemose inflorescences and more annual habits.

The word "festuca" is a Latin word meaning "stem" or "stalk" first used by Pliny the Elder to describe a weed.[2] The word Festuca first appears to describe grasses in Dodoens' "Stirpium historiae pemptades sex, sive libri XXX" in 1583. However, the plant Dodoens described as Festuca altera is truly Bromus secalinus. Other authors before Linnaeus used the name to describe other various species of Bromus. In the first edition of "Genera Plantarum", Linnaeus describes seven species of Festuca, five of which are truly Bromus grasses with the other two being Festuca gigantea and Festuca pratensis. In 1753 the genus is accepted as first being formally described, in Linnaeus' "Species Plantarum". Eleven species were described, with F. ovina being the type species. Of these eleven, one species was Danthonia, one Poa, and one Koeleria. The first major monograph on the genus was Hackel's "Monographia Festucarum Europaearum" in 1882. Since Linnaeus' publications, seven genera have been proposed for groups of perennial fescues and fifteen for annual fescues, all with varying degrees of acceptance.[9] For example, in 1906 the subgenus Vulpia was introduced for North American species. The annual habit and shorter anthers of Vulpia has since been enough to distinguish Vulpia as a separate genus from Festuca.[10]

The taxonomy of the genus is ultimately problematic and controversial, as evidenced by the large number of small genera closely related to Festuca. Often distinguishing species within the genus requires the analysis of highly specific morphological differences on characters such as ovary pubescence or leaf sclerenchyma patterns. This distribution of sclerenchyma tissue is an important distinguishing character between species, and though species can be locally distinguished without analyzing these characteristics, to distinguish the genus as a whole the analysis is necessary.[2]

Description edit

Festuca grasses are perennial and bisexual plants that are densely to loosely cespitose. Some grasses are rhizomatous, some lack rhizomes, and rarely species are stoloniferous. The culms of the grasses are typically glabrous and smooth, though some species have scabrous culms or culms that are pubescent below the inflorescences. The leaf sheaths range from open to the base to closed to the top. Some species have sheaths that persist over years and typically have deciduous blades, and some species have sheaths that quickly shred into fibers and decay in senescence and typically have blades that are not deciduous. Species lack auricles. The membranous ligules measure 0.1–8 mm (0.0039–0.3150 in) and are typically longest at the margins. The ligules are typically truncate and ciliate, though they can occasionally be acute or erose. The flat and conduplicate leaf blades are involute or convolute and are sometimes glaucous or pruinose. The abaxial surfaces of leaf blades are glabrous or scabrous and occasionally pubescent or puberulent. The adaxial surfaces of leaf blades are typically scabrous, though occasionally are hirsute or puberulent. The abaxial sclerenchyma tissue forms longitudinal strands that vary in presence from the margins and opposite of the midvein to adjacent to some or every lateral vein. These longitudinal strands occasionally merge into interrupted or continuous bands. Bands of confluent strands that reach veins are known as "pillars". The adaxial sclerenchyma tissue sometimes forms strands that are opposite or extend to epidermal veins. Some strands form "girders" together with the abaxial sclerenchyma tissue that connect epidermides at some or all veins.[2]

The inflorescences of species are open or contracted panicles, occasionally racemes, with one to two (rarely three) branches at their lower node. The branches are erect and begin to spread during anthesis, and occasionally lower branches are reflexed. The spikelets have two to twelve mostly bisexual florets. The rachillas are typically either scabrous or pubescent, but can occasionally be smooth and glabrous. The subequal or unequal glumes are ovate to lanceolate, acute to acuminate, and are typically exceeded by the florets. The lower glumes are as long or shorter than their adjacent lemmas and have one (rarely two or three) veins, and the upper glumes have three (rarely four or five) veins. The calli are typically glabrous and smooth, but can be occasionally scabrous or rarely pubescent. The chartaceous or sometimes coriaceous lemmas have somewhat dorsally rounded and distally keeled bases. The lemmas typically have five (rarely six or seven) veins. The lemmas have acute to attenuate apices that are occasionally doubly pointed, and terminal awns or mucros. The bidentate paleas are shorter to longer than the lemmas, with scabrous-ciliate veins. The regions between the veins are smooth and glabrous near the base of the paleas and become scabrous or puberulent distally. All grasses have three anthers. The ovaries are glabrous with occasionally hispidulous apices on which hairs persist when ovaries become caryopses. The oblong caryopses have adaxial grooves. The linear hila vary in length from half as long to as long as the caryopses.[2]

Uses edit

Some fescues are used as ornamental and turf grasses and as pasture and hay for livestock, being a highly nutritious stock feed.[5] Festuca rubra and F. rubra subsp. commutata are used as lawn grasses, and these species, F. arundinacea, and F. trachyphylla are used in parks, deforested areas, and sports fields for land stabilization. F. saximontana and F. idahoensis are used as rangeland grasses for livestock, and fescues often provide good forage for native wildlife.[10] F. ovina and its various subspecies are the most important grazing fescues for North America, and F. arundinacea is one of the most important hay and pasture grasses in Europe.[9] Fescue is easily established on bare ground, outcompeting other plants and persisting over several years, and so is often used in soil erosion control programs. Tall fescue (F. arundinacea) is good for this purpose, and one cultivar, 'Kentucky 31', was used in land reclamation during the Dust Bowl of the 1930s in the US.[11] Fescues have been used as building material, as rope and as a variety of other things in indigenous Ethiopian communities, in particular the Guassa Community Conservation Area where it is referred to as 'Guassa Grass'.[12] The grasses F. amethystina, F. cinerea, F. elegans, F. glauca, and F. pallens are all grown as ornamentals.[2]

Fescue is sometimes used as feed for horses. However, fescue poisoning, caused by ergot alkaloids produced by the endophytic fungus Epichloë coenophiala, is a risk for pregnant mares.[13] During the last three months of pregnancy fescue poisoning increases the risk of spontaneous abortion, stillbirths, retained placenta, absent milk production, and prolonged pregnancy.[14] Incorporating legumes into the fescue can be a way to increase livestock gains and conception rates, even if the fescue is infected.[15]

Infrageneric ranks edit

Infrageneric ranks:[16]

  • Festuca sect. Amphigenes (Janka) Tzvelev
  • Festuca sect. Aristulatae E.B. Alexeev
  • Festuca subg. Asperifolia E.B. Alexeev 1981
  • Festuca sect. Atropis (Trin.) 1936
  • Festuca sect. Aulaxyper Dumort.
  • Festuca subg. Austrofestuca Tzvelev 1971
  • Festuca sect. Banksia E.B. Alexeev 1984
  • Festuca [unranked] Bovinae Fr. ex Andersson 1852
  • Festuca sect. Bovinae (Fr. ex Andersson) Hack. 1882
  • Festuca sect. Breviaristatae Krivot. 1960
  • Festuca sect. Bromochloa Drejer

Species edit

Main article: List of Festuca species

Species include:[5][17]

Subgenus Schedonorus edit

Proposed for inclusion in genus Lolium
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Fescue.

References edit

  1. ^ "Festuca Tourn. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2007). Mary E. Barkworth; Kathleen M. Capels; Sandy Long; Laurel K. Anderton; Micheal B. Piep (eds.). Flora of North America: North of Mexico. Vol. 24. Oxford University Press. pp. 389–392. ISBN 9780195310719.
  3. ^ Darbyshire, S J (1993). "Realignment of Festuca subgenus Schedonorus with the genus Lolium (Poaceae)". Novon. 3 (3): 239–243. doi:10.2307/3391460. JSTOR 3391460.
  4. ^ Stančík, Daniel; Peterson, Paul M. (2007). "A Revision of Festuca (Poaceae: Loliinae) in South American Paramos". Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. 56: 1–184. JSTOR 23493233.
  5. ^ a b c Darbyshire, S. J. and L. E. Pavlick. Festuca. 2012-10-25 at the Wayback Machine Grass Manual. Flora of North America.
  6. ^ Inda, Luis A.; Segarra-Moragues, José Gabriel; Müller, Jochen; Peterson, Paul M.; Catalán, Pilar (2008). "Dated historical biogeography of the temperate Loliinae (Poaceae, Pooideae) grasses in the northern and southern hemispheres". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 46 (3): 932–957. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.022. PMID 18226932.
  7. ^ "Festuca Tourn. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  8. ^ Esch, Robert E.; Hartsell, Cecelia J.; Crenshaw, Rodger; Jacobson, Robert S. (2001). (PDF). Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 21 (2–3): 261–292. doi:10.1385/criai:21:2-3:261. PMID 11725608. S2CID 10980420. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-14.
  9. ^ a b Piper, Charles V. (1906). "North American Species of Festuca". Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. 10 (1): 1–8. JSTOR 23491541.
  10. ^ a b Aiken, S. G.; Darbyshire, S. J. (1990). Jane T. Buckley (ed.). Fescue grasses of Canada. Agriculture Canada. pp. 1–3. ISBN 0-660-13483-7.
  11. ^ Schardl CL, Leuchtmann L (2005). J Dighton, J F White Jr., P Oudemans (eds.). The Epichloë Endophytes of Grasses and the Symbiotic Continuum. The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem (Third ed.). CRC Press. pp. 475–503. ISBN 0-8247-2355-4.
  12. ^ Ashenafi, Zelealem Tefera; Leader-Williams, N. (2005). "Indigenous Common Property Resource Management in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia". Human Ecology. 33 (4): 539–563. doi:10.1007/s10745-005-5159-9. S2CID 55025015.
  13. ^ . Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine. Archived from the original on April 13, 2008.
  14. ^ "Fescue Toxicosis in Horses". Department of Animal Science. Cornell University.
  15. ^ Fescue Toxicosis. Ohio State University Extension.
  16. ^ "Tropicos — Windows". Retrieved 2009-05-09.
  17. ^ GRIN Species Records of Festuca. 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
  18. ^ a b Catalán, Pilar; Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M. (2009). "Festuca Aloha and F. Molokaiensis (Poaceae: Loliinae), Two New Species from Hawai'i". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 3 (1): 51–58. JSTOR 41972126.
  19. ^ "Festuca breviglumis Swallen — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  20. ^ "Festuca edlundiae S. Aiken, Consaul and Lefkovitch". Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Canadian Museum of Nature.
  21. ^ . Galleria della Flora italiana (in Italian). ActaPlantarum. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  22. ^ Müller, Jochen; Catalán, Pilar (2010). "A New Rhizomatous Species of Festuca (Poaceae, Poeae) from Northwestern Argentina". Darwiniana. 48 (1): 87–92. JSTOR 23230221.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Festuca.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Festuca.

February 15, 2024
festuca, helleria, redirects, here, woodlouse, genus, helleria, woodlouse, fescue, genus, flowering, plants, belonging, grass, family, poaceae, subfamily, pooideae, they, evergreen, herbaceous, perennial, tufted, grasses, with, height, range, cosmopolitan, dis. Helleria redirects here For the woodlouse genus see Helleria woodlouse Festuca fescue is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the grass family Poaceae subfamily Pooideae They are evergreen or herbaceous perennial tufted grasses with a height range of 10 200 cm 4 79 in and a cosmopolitan distribution occurring on every continent except Antarctica 2 The genus is closely related to ryegrass Lolium and recent evidence from phylogenetic studies using DNA sequencing of plant mitochondrial DNA shows that the genus lacks monophyly As a result plant taxonomists have moved several species including the forage grasses tall fescue and meadow fescue from the genus Festuca into the genus Lolium 3 or alternatively into the segregate genus Schedonorus FestucaFestuca pratensisScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade MonocotsClade CommelinidsOrder PoalesFamily PoaceaeSubfamily PooideaeSupertribe PoodaeTribe PoeaeSubtribe LoliinaeGenus FestucaTourn ex L 1753 Synonyms 1 Synonymy Amphigenes Janka 1860 Anatherum Nabelek 1929 nom illeg Argillochloa W A Weber 1984 Asprella Host 1809 nom illeg Chloamnia Raf 1825 Ctenopsis De Not 1847 Dasiola Raf 1825 Dielsiochloa Pilg 1943 Distomomischus Dulac 1867 Drymochloa Holub 1984 Festucaria Link 1844 nom illeg Festucaria Heist ex Fabr 1759 Gramen E H L Krause 1914 nom illeg Helleria E Fourn 1886 nom illeg Hellerochloa Rauschert 1982 Hesperochloa Piper Rydb 1912 Leiopoa Ohwi 1932 Leucopoa Griseb 1852 Loliolum V I Krecz amp Bobrov 1934 Loretia Duval Jouve 1880 Micropyrum Gaudin Link 1844 Mygalurus Link 1821 Nabelekia Roshev 1937 Narduretia Villar 1925 Narduroides Rouy 1913 Nardurus Bluff Nees amp Schauer Rchb 1841 Podophorus Phil 1856 Prosphysis Dulac 1867 nom superfl Psilurus Trin 1820 Tragus Panz 1813 nom illeg Vulpia C C Gmel 1805 Wasatchia M E Jones 1912 nom superfl Zerna Panz 1813 nom superfl Because the taxonomy is complex scientists have not determined how many true species belong to the genus but estimates range from more than 400 4 to over 640 5 6 7 Fescue pollen is a significant contributor to hay fever 8 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Uses 4 Infrageneric ranks 5 Species 5 1 Subgenus Schedonorus 6 References 7 External linksTaxonomy editThe genus Festuca represents a major evolutionary line of the tribe Poeae The ancient group has produced various segregates that possess more advanced characteristics than Festuca including racemose inflorescences and more annual habits The word festuca is a Latin word meaning stem or stalk first used by Pliny the Elder to describe a weed 2 The word Festuca first appears to describe grasses in Dodoens Stirpium historiae pemptades sex sive libri XXX in 1583 However the plant Dodoens described as Festuca altera is truly Bromus secalinus Other authors before Linnaeus used the name to describe other various species of Bromus In the first edition of Genera Plantarum Linnaeus describes seven species of Festuca five of which are truly Bromus grasses with the other two being Festuca gigantea and Festuca pratensis In 1753 the genus is accepted as first being formally described in Linnaeus Species Plantarum Eleven species were described with F ovina being the type species Of these eleven one species was Danthonia one Poa and one Koeleria The first major monograph on the genus was Hackel s Monographia Festucarum Europaearum in 1882 Since Linnaeus publications seven genera have been proposed for groups of perennial fescues and fifteen for annual fescues all with varying degrees of acceptance 9 For example in 1906 the subgenus Vulpia was introduced for North American species The annual habit and shorter anthers of Vulpia has since been enough to distinguish Vulpia as a separate genus from Festuca 10 The taxonomy of the genus is ultimately problematic and controversial as evidenced by the large number of small genera closely related to Festuca Often distinguishing species within the genus requires the analysis of highly specific morphological differences on characters such as ovary pubescence or leaf sclerenchyma patterns This distribution of sclerenchyma tissue is an important distinguishing character between species and though species can be locally distinguished without analyzing these characteristics to distinguish the genus as a whole the analysis is necessary 2 Description editFestuca grasses are perennial and bisexual plants that are densely to loosely cespitose Some grasses are rhizomatous some lack rhizomes and rarely species are stoloniferous The culms of the grasses are typically glabrous and smooth though some species have scabrous culms or culms that are pubescent below the inflorescences The leaf sheaths range from open to the base to closed to the top Some species have sheaths that persist over years and typically have deciduous blades and some species have sheaths that quickly shred into fibers and decay in senescence and typically have blades that are not deciduous Species lack auricles The membranous ligules measure 0 1 8 mm 0 0039 0 3150 in and are typically longest at the margins The ligules are typically truncate and ciliate though they can occasionally be acute or erose The flat and conduplicate leaf blades are involute or convolute and are sometimes glaucous or pruinose The abaxial surfaces of leaf blades are glabrous or scabrous and occasionally pubescent or puberulent The adaxial surfaces of leaf blades are typically scabrous though occasionally are hirsute or puberulent The abaxial sclerenchyma tissue forms longitudinal strands that vary in presence from the margins and opposite of the midvein to adjacent to some or every lateral vein These longitudinal strands occasionally merge into interrupted or continuous bands Bands of confluent strands that reach veins are known as pillars The adaxial sclerenchyma tissue sometimes forms strands that are opposite or extend to epidermal veins Some strands form girders together with the abaxial sclerenchyma tissue that connect epidermides at some or all veins 2 The inflorescences of species are open or contracted panicles occasionally racemes with one to two rarely three branches at their lower node The branches are erect and begin to spread during anthesis and occasionally lower branches are reflexed The spikelets have two to twelve mostly bisexual florets The rachillas are typically either scabrous or pubescent but can occasionally be smooth and glabrous The subequal or unequal glumes are ovate to lanceolate acute to acuminate and are typically exceeded by the florets The lower glumes are as long or shorter than their adjacent lemmas and have one rarely two or three veins and the upper glumes have three rarely four or five veins The calli are typically glabrous and smooth but can be occasionally scabrous or rarely pubescent The chartaceous or sometimes coriaceous lemmas have somewhat dorsally rounded and distally keeled bases The lemmas typically have five rarely six or seven veins The lemmas have acute to attenuate apices that are occasionally doubly pointed and terminal awns or mucros The bidentate paleas are shorter to longer than the lemmas with scabrous ciliate veins The regions between the veins are smooth and glabrous near the base of the paleas and become scabrous or puberulent distally All grasses have three anthers The ovaries are glabrous with occasionally hispidulous apices on which hairs persist when ovaries become caryopses The oblong caryopses have adaxial grooves The linear hila vary in length from half as long to as long as the caryopses 2 Uses editSome fescues are used as ornamental and turf grasses and as pasture and hay for livestock being a highly nutritious stock feed 5 Festuca rubra and F rubra subsp commutata are used as lawn grasses and these species F arundinacea and F trachyphylla are used in parks deforested areas and sports fields for land stabilization F saximontana and F idahoensis are used as rangeland grasses for livestock and fescues often provide good forage for native wildlife 10 F ovina and its various subspecies are the most important grazing fescues for North America and F arundinacea is one of the most important hay and pasture grasses in Europe 9 Fescue is easily established on bare ground outcompeting other plants and persisting over several years and so is often used in soil erosion control programs Tall fescue F arundinacea is good for this purpose and one cultivar Kentucky 31 was used in land reclamation during the Dust Bowl of the 1930s in the US 11 Fescues have been used as building material as rope and as a variety of other things in indigenous Ethiopian communities in particular the Guassa Community Conservation Area where it is referred to as Guassa Grass 12 The grasses F amethystina F cinerea F elegans F glauca and F pallens are all grown as ornamentals 2 Fescue is sometimes used as feed for horses However fescue poisoning caused by ergot alkaloids produced by the endophytic fungus Epichloe coenophiala is a risk for pregnant mares 13 During the last three months of pregnancy fescue poisoning increases the risk of spontaneous abortion stillbirths retained placenta absent milk production and prolonged pregnancy 14 Incorporating legumes into the fescue can be a way to increase livestock gains and conception rates even if the fescue is infected 15 Infrageneric ranks editInfrageneric ranks 16 Festuca sect Amphigenes Janka Tzvelev Festuca sect Aristulatae E B Alexeev Festuca subg Asperifolia E B Alexeev 1981 Festuca sect Atropis Trin 1936 Festuca sect Aulaxyper Dumort Festuca subg Austrofestuca Tzvelev 1971 Festuca sect Banksia E B Alexeev 1984 Festuca unranked Bovinae Fr ex Andersson 1852 Festuca sect Bovinae Fr ex Andersson Hack 1882 Festuca sect Breviaristatae Krivot 1960 Festuca sect Bromochloa DrejerSpecies editMain article List of Festuca species Species include 5 17 Festuca abyssinica Festuca actae Festuca alatavica Festuca aloha 18 aloha fescue Festuca alpina alpine fescue Festuca altaica northern rough fescue Altai fescue Festuca altissima wood fescue Festuca amethystina tufted fescue Festuca ampla Festuca amplissima Festuca arenaria rush leaf fescue Festuca argentina Festuca arizonica Arizona fescue pinegrass Festuca armoricana Festuca arundinacea tall fescue Festuca arvernensis field fescue Festuca baffinensis Baffin Island fescue Festuca beckeri Festuca brachyphylla alpine fescue rock fescue Festuca breviglumis Swallen 19 Festuca brunnescens Festuca burnatii Festuca caerulescens Festuca caldasii Festuca californica California fescue Festuca callieri Festuca calligera southwestern fescue Festuca campestris mountain rough fescue Festuca caprina Festuca chimborazensis Festuca cinerea Festuca circinata Festuca contracta tufted fescue Festuca cretacea Festuca cumminsii Festuca chrysophylla Festuca dahurica Festuca dasyclada oil shale fescue Festuca densipaniculata Festuca dimorpha Festuca djimilensis Festuca dolichophylla Festuca donax Festuca drymeja Festuca durissima Festuca earlei Earle s fescue Festuca edlundiae 20 Edlund s fescue Festuca elegans Festuca elmeri coast fescue Festuca eskia Festuca extremiorientalis Festuca filiformis fine leaved sheep s fescue Festuca flacca Festuca frederikseniae Festuca gautieri bearskin fescue Festuca gigantea giant fescue Festuca glacialis Festuca glauca blue fescue gray fescue Festuca glumosa Festuca gracillima Festuca hallii plains rough fescue Festuca hawaiiensis Hawaii fescue Festuca heterophylla various leaved fescue shade fescue Festuca hyperborea boreal fescue Festuca hystrix Festuca idahoensis Idaho fescue blue bunchgrass Festuca indigesta Festuca jubata Macaronesia fescue Festuca juncifolia Festuca kingii spike fescue Festuca komarovii Festuca kurtziana Festuca laxa Festuca lemanii confused fescue Festuca lenensis tundra fescue Festuca ligulata Guadalupe fescue Festuca litvinovii Festuca longifolia blue fescue Festuca longipes Festuca lucida Festuca magellanica Festuca mairei Atlas fescue Festuca matthewsii alpine fescue tussock Festuca minutiflora smallflower fescue Festuca molokaiensis 18 Moloka i fescue Festuca monticola Festuca muelleri Festuca multinodis Festuca nigrescens alpine Chewing s fescue Festuca novae zelandiae fescue tussock Festuca occidentalis western fescue Festuca octoflora Festuca ovina sheep s fescue Festuca pallens Festuca pallescens Festuca panciciana Festuca paradoxa cluster fescue Festuca parciflora Festuca perennis historical perennial and Italian ryegrass Festuca petraea Azorean fescue Festuca picturata Festuca pilgeri Festuca polycolea Festuca porcii Festuca pratensis meadow fescue English bluegrass Festuca procera Festuca psammophila Festuca pseudoeskia Festuca pseudodalmatica Festuca pseudodura Festuca pseudovina pseudovina Festuca pulchella Festuca punctoria Festuca purpurascens Festuca pyrenaica Festuca quadriflora Festuca richardsonii arctic fescue Festuca riccerii 21 Festuca rigescens Festuca rivularis Festuca rubra red fescue Festuca rubra subsp commutata Chewing s fescue Festuca rupicaprina Festuca rupicola furrowed fescue Festuca saximontana Rocky Mountain fescue Festuca scabra munnik fescue Festuca scabriuscula Festuca scariosa Festuca sclerophylla Festuca sibirica Festuca sinensis Festuca sodiroana Festuca sororia ravine fescue Festuca spectabilis Festuca stricta Festuca subulata bearded fescue Festuca subuliflora crinkle awn fescue Festuca subulifolia Festuca subverticillata nodding fescue Festuca tatrae Festuca thurberi Thurber s fescue Festuca trachyphylla Festuca vaginalis Festuca vaginata Festuca valesiaca Volga fescue Festuca varia Festuca venusta Festuca versuta Texas fescue Festuca violacea Festuca viridula green fescue Festuca vivipara viviparous fescue Festuca viviparoidea northern fescue Festuca washingtonica Washington fescue Festuca weberbaueri Festuca xanthina Festuca yalaensis 22 Subgenus Schedonorus edit Proposed for inclusion in genus LoliumFestuca arundinacea syn Festuca elatior Lolium arundinaceum tall fescue Festuca gigantea Lolium giganteum giant fescue Festuca mazzettiana Lolium mazzettianum Festuca pratensis Lolium pratensis meadow fescue nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Fescue References edit Festuca Tourn ex L Plants of the World Online Retrieved 1 July 2023 a b c d e f Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2007 Mary E Barkworth Kathleen M Capels Sandy Long Laurel K Anderton Micheal B Piep eds Flora of North America North of Mexico Vol 24 Oxford University Press pp 389 392 ISBN 9780195310719 Darbyshire S J 1993 Realignment of Festuca subgenus Schedonorus with the genus Lolium Poaceae Novon 3 3 239 243 doi 10 2307 3391460 JSTOR 3391460 Stancik Daniel Peterson Paul M 2007 A Revision of Festuca Poaceae Loliinae in South American Paramos Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 56 1 184 JSTOR 23493233 a b c Darbyshire S J and L E Pavlick Festuca Archived 2012 10 25 at the Wayback Machine Grass Manual Flora of North America Inda Luis A Segarra Moragues Jose Gabriel Muller Jochen Peterson Paul M Catalan Pilar 2008 Dated historical biogeography of the temperate Loliinae Poaceae Pooideae grasses in the northern and southern hemispheres Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46 3 932 957 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2007 11 022 PMID 18226932 Festuca Tourn ex L Plants of the World Online Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2022 Retrieved 22 January 2022 Esch Robert E Hartsell Cecelia J Crenshaw Rodger Jacobson Robert S 2001 Common Allergenic Pollens Fungi Animals and Arthropods PDF Clinical Reviews in Allergy amp Immunology 21 2 3 261 292 doi 10 1385 criai 21 2 3 261 PMID 11725608 S2CID 10980420 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 09 14 a b Piper Charles V 1906 North American Species of Festuca Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 10 1 1 8 JSTOR 23491541 a b Aiken S G Darbyshire S J 1990 Jane T Buckley ed Fescue grasses of Canada Agriculture Canada pp 1 3 ISBN 0 660 13483 7 Schardl CL Leuchtmann L 2005 J Dighton J F White Jr P Oudemans eds The Epichloe Endophytes of Grasses and the Symbiotic Continuum The Fungal Community Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem Third ed CRC Press pp 475 503 ISBN 0 8247 2355 4 Ashenafi Zelealem Tefera Leader Williams N 2005 Indigenous Common Property Resource Management in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia Human Ecology 33 4 539 563 doi 10 1007 s10745 005 5159 9 S2CID 55025015 Tall Fescue Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine Archived from the original on April 13 2008 Fescue Toxicosis in Horses Department of Animal Science Cornell University Fescue Toxicosis Ohio State University Extension Tropicos Windows Retrieved 2009 05 09 GRIN Species Records of Festuca Archived 2015 09 24 at the Wayback Machine Germplasm Resources Information Network GRIN a b Catalan Pilar Soreng Robert J Peterson Paul M 2009 Festuca Aloha and F Molokaiensis Poaceae Loliinae Two New Species from Hawai i Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3 1 51 58 JSTOR 41972126 Festuca breviglumis Swallen The Plant List www theplantlist org Retrieved 9 April 2018 Festuca edlundiae S Aiken Consaul and Lefkovitch Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago Canadian Museum of Nature Festuca riccerii Galleria della Flora italiana in Italian ActaPlantarum Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 Retrieved 30 April 2013 Muller Jochen Catalan Pilar 2010 A New Rhizomatous Species of Festuca Poaceae Poeae from Northwestern Argentina Darwiniana 48 1 87 92 JSTOR 23230221 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Festuca nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Festuca University of Arizona Extension Service permanent dead link flora and fauna image gallery Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Festuca amp oldid 1186259208, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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