Epichloë coenophiala is a systemic and seed-transmissible endophyte of tall fescue, a grass endemic to Eurasia and North Africa, but widely naturalized in North America, Australia and New Zealand. The endophyte has been identified as the cause of the "fescue toxicosis" syndrome sometimes suffered by livestock that graze the infected grass. Possible symptoms include poor weight gain, elevated body temperature, reduced conception rates, agalactia, rough hair coat, fat necrosis, loss of switch and ear tips, and lameness or dry gangrene of the feet. Because of the resemblance to symptoms of ergotism in humans, the most likely agents responsible for fescue toxicosis are thought to be the ergot alkaloids, principally ergovaline produced by E. coenophiala.[1]
Continued popularity of tall fescue with this endophyte, despite episodic livestock toxicosis, is attributable to the exceptional productivity and stress tolerance of the grass in pastures and hay fields. The endophyte produces two classes of alkaloids, loline alkaloids and the pyrrolopyrazine, peramine, which are insecticidal and insect deterrent, respectively, and presence of the fungus increases drought tolerance, nitrogen utilization, phosphate acquisition, and resistance to nematodes.[2][3] Recently, natural strains of E. coenophiala with little or no ergot alkaloid production have been introduced into tall fescue for new cultivar development. These strains are apparently not toxic to livestock,[4] and also provide some, but not necessarily all, of the benefits attributable to the "common toxic" strains in the older tall fescue cultivars.[3][4]
^Lyons PC, Plattner RD, Bacon CW (1986). "Occurrence of peptide and clavine ergot alkaloids in tall fescue grass". Science. 232 (4749): 487–489. doi:10.1126/science.3008328. PMID 3008328.
^Malinowski DP, Belesky DP (2000). "Adaptations of endophyte-infected cool-season grasses to environmental stresses: Mechanisms of drought and mineral stress tolerance". Crop Sci. 40 (4): 923–940. doi:10.2135/cropsci2000.404923x.
^ abTimper P, Gates RN, Bouton JH (2005). "Response of Pratylenchus spp. in tall fescue infected with different strains of the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum". Nematology. 7: 105–110. doi:10.1163/1568541054192216.
^ abParish JA, McCann MA, Watson RH, Paiva NN, Hoveland CS, Parks AH, Upchurch BL, Hill NS, Bouton JH (2003). "Use of nonergot alkaloid-producing endophytes for alleviating tall fescue toxicosis in stocker cattle". Journal of Animal Science. 81 (11): 2856–2868. doi:10.2527/2003.81112856x. PMID 14601890.
^Leuchtmann, A.; Bacon, C. W.; Schardl, C. L.; White, J. F.; Tadych, M. (2014). (PDF). Mycologia. 106 (2): 202–215. doi:10.3852/13-251. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 24459125. S2CID 25222557. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
^Tsai HF, Liu JS, Staben C, Christensen MJ, Latch GC, Siegel MR, Schardl CL (1994). "Evolutionary diversification of fungal endophytes of tall fescue grass by hybridization with Epichloë species". PNAS. 91 (7): 2542–2546. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.7.2542. PMC43405. PMID 8172623.
epichloë, coenophiala, systemic, seed, transmissible, endophyte, tall, fescue, grass, endemic, eurasia, north, africa, widely, naturalized, north, america, australia, zealand, endophyte, been, identified, cause, fescue, toxicosis, syndrome, sometimes, suffered. Epichloe coenophiala is a systemic and seed transmissible endophyte of tall fescue a grass endemic to Eurasia and North Africa but widely naturalized in North America Australia and New Zealand The endophyte has been identified as the cause of the fescue toxicosis syndrome sometimes suffered by livestock that graze the infected grass Possible symptoms include poor weight gain elevated body temperature reduced conception rates agalactia rough hair coat fat necrosis loss of switch and ear tips and lameness or dry gangrene of the feet Because of the resemblance to symptoms of ergotism in humans the most likely agents responsible for fescue toxicosis are thought to be the ergot alkaloids principally ergovaline produced by E coenophiala 1 Epichloe coenophialaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision AscomycotaClass SordariomycetesOrder HypocrealesFamily ClavicipitaceaeGenus EpichloeSpecies E coenophialaBinomial nameEpichloe coenophiala Morgan Jones amp W Gams C W Bacon amp SchardlSynonymsAcremonium coenophialum Morgan Jones amp W Gams Neotyphodium coenophialum Morgan Jones amp W Gams Glenn C W Bacon amp HanlinContinued popularity of tall fescue with this endophyte despite episodic livestock toxicosis is attributable to the exceptional productivity and stress tolerance of the grass in pastures and hay fields The endophyte produces two classes of alkaloids loline alkaloids and the pyrrolopyrazine peramine which are insecticidal and insect deterrent respectively and presence of the fungus increases drought tolerance nitrogen utilization phosphate acquisition and resistance to nematodes 2 3 Recently natural strains of E coenophiala with little or no ergot alkaloid production have been introduced into tall fescue for new cultivar development These strains are apparently not toxic to livestock 4 and also provide some but not necessarily all of the benefits attributable to the common toxic strains in the older tall fescue cultivars 3 4 Epichloe coniophiala was originally described as an Acremonium species and later moved to the anamorphic form genus Neotyphodium Today it is classified in Epichloe 5 Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that E coenophiala is an interspecific hybrid with three ancestors E festucae a strain from the Epichloe typhina complex from Poa nemoralis and a third undescribed or extinct species similar to the Lolium associated clade of Epichloe baconii that also contributed a genome to the hybrid endophyte E occultans among others 6 7 References edit Lyons PC Plattner RD Bacon CW 1986 Occurrence of peptide and clavine ergot alkaloids in tall fescue grass Science 232 4749 487 489 doi 10 1126 science 3008328 PMID 3008328 Malinowski DP Belesky DP 2000 Adaptations of endophyte infected cool season grasses to environmental stresses Mechanisms of drought and mineral stress tolerance Crop Sci 40 4 923 940 doi 10 2135 cropsci2000 404923x a b Timper P Gates RN Bouton JH 2005 Response of Pratylenchus spp in tall fescue infected with different strains of the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum Nematology 7 105 110 doi 10 1163 1568541054192216 a b Parish JA McCann MA Watson RH Paiva NN Hoveland CS Parks AH Upchurch BL Hill NS Bouton JH 2003 Use of nonergot alkaloid producing endophytes for alleviating tall fescue toxicosis in stocker cattle Journal of Animal Science 81 11 2856 2868 doi 10 2527 2003 81112856x PMID 14601890 Leuchtmann A Bacon C W Schardl C L White J F Tadych M 2014 Nomenclatural realignment of Neotyphodium species with genus Epichloe PDF Mycologia 106 2 202 215 doi 10 3852 13 251 ISSN 0027 5514 PMID 24459125 S2CID 25222557 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 07 Retrieved 2016 02 28 Tsai HF Liu JS Staben C Christensen MJ Latch GC Siegel MR Schardl CL 1994 Evolutionary diversification of fungal endophytes of tall fescue grass by hybridization with Epichloe species PNAS 91 7 2542 2546 doi 10 1073 pnas 91 7 2542 PMC 43405 PMID 8172623 Moon CD Craven KD Leuchtmann A Clement SL Schardl CL 2004 Prevalence of interspecific hybrids amongst asexual fungal endophytes of grasses Molecular Ecology 13 6 1455 1467 doi 10 1111 j 1365 294X 2004 02138 x PMID 15140090 S2CID 11295842 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Epichloe coenophiala amp oldid 1196157527, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
