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Korean diaspora

The Korean diaspora consists of around 7.3 million people, both descendants of early emigrants from the Korean Peninsula, as well as more recent emigrants from Korea. Around 84.5% of overseas Koreans live in just five countries: China, the United States, Japan, Canada, and Uzbekistan.[1] Other countries with greater than 0.5% Korean minorities include Brazil, Russia, Kazakhstan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia. All these figures include both permanent migrants and sojourners.[5]

Korean diaspora
Total population
7,325,143 (2021)[1]
Regions with significant populations
 United States2,633,777[1]
 China2,350,422[1]
 Japan818,865[1]
 Canada237,364[1]
 Uzbekistan175,865[1]
 Russia168,526[1]
 Australia158,103[1]
 Vietnam156,330[1]
 Kazakhstan109,495[1]
 Germany47,428[1]
 United Kingdom36,690[1]
 Brazil36,540[1]
 New Zealand33,812[1]
 Philippines33,032[1]
 France25,417[1]
 Argentina22,847[1]
 Singapore20,983[1]
 Thailand18,130[1]
 Kyrgyzstan18,106[1]
 Indonesia17,297[1]
 Malaysia13,667[1]
 Ukraine13,524[1]
 Sweden13,055[1]
 Mexico11,107[1]
 India10,674[1]
 Cambodia10,608[1]
 United Arab Emirates9,642[1]
 Netherlands9,473[1]
 Denmark8,694[1]
 Norway7,744[1]
 Guam5,016[2]
 South Africa3,300
 Chile2,510[3][full citation needed]
 Peru1,500[4]
 Sri Lanka948
 Uruguay130
Languages
Predominantly Korean, English, Chinese, Japanese and Russian, among others
Religion
Predominantly: Irreligious
Minorities: Korean Buddhism, Korean shamanism, Cheondoism, Korean Confucianism and Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism and Unification Church)
Related ethnic groups
Koreans (including North Koreans, South Koreans, Jejuans, Koryo-saram, Sakhalin Koreans), Manchus
Korean diaspora
Hangul
한인
Hanja
韓人
Revised Romanizationhanin
McCune–Reischauerhanin
North Korean name
Hangul
해외동포
Hanja
海外同胞
Revised Romanizationhaeoe dongpo
McCune–Reischauerhaeoe tongp'o
South Korean name
Hangul
재외동포
Hanja
在外同胞
Revised Romanizationjaeoe dongpo
McCune–Reischauerchaeoe tongp'o

Terminology edit

There are currently a number of official and unofficial appellations used by the authorities of the two Korean states as well as a number of Korean institutions for Korean nationals, expatriates and descendants living abroad. Thus, there is no single name for the Korean diaspora.

The historically used term gyopo (교포/僑胞, also spelled kyopo, meaning "nationals") has come to have negative connotations as referring to people who, as a result of living as sojourners outside the "home country", have lost touch with their Korean roots. As a result, others prefer to use the term dongpo (동포/同胞, meaning "brethren" or "people of the same ancestry"). Dongpo has a more transnational implication, emphasising links among various overseas Korean groups, while gyopo has more of a purely national connotation referring to the Korean state.[6][7] Another recently popularized term is gyomin (교민/僑民, meaning "immigrants"), although it is usually reserved for Korean-born citizens that have moved abroad in search of work, and as such is rarely used as a term to refer to the entire diaspora.

In North Korea, Korean nationals living outside Korea are called haeoe gungmin (해외국민), whereas South Korea uses the term jaeoe gungmin (재외국민) to refer to entire Korean diaspora. Both terms translate to "overseas national(s)".[8]

History edit

Prior to the modern era, Korea had been a territorially stable polity for centuries.[9] Significant migration out of Korea did not begin until the late 19th century.[10]

Japanese and Portuguese slave trade edit

Slaves in the late 16th century formed one of the earliest Korean diaspora groups. During the 1592–1598 Japanese invasions of Korea, Korean slaves were taken from Korea to Japan, with the first shipment being taken in October 1592.[11] The number of slaves is uncertain, with estimates ranging from tens of thousands to over one hundred thousand.[12] Some were allowed to return to Korea, but many were made to stay in Japan, with the famous example of Korean samurai Wakita Naokata (Kim Yŏ-ch'ŏl).[13] Most worked as farmers, and some as craftsman, for Japanese masters.[14] Women were in high demand, and pressed into working in brothels in Japan and abroad.[15] There are records of thousands of baptisms performed on them by the Portuguese,[16] with some in turn converting thousands of other Korean slaves. Some were made saints in the 17th-century (205 Martyrs of Japan).[17] The Portuguese then sent some slaves elsewhere, namely Portuguese Macau.[11] Correspondingly, there is a record of a Miguel Carvalho in Macau, who was born to a Korean slave mother in 1593. He is possibly the first or among the first Macanese-Korean people.[11] A community of several thousand Korean slaves formed near the Church of Saint Paul,[18] and some of their graves still remain near the church.[19] Other slaves were sent to Manila in the Spanish Philippines,[20] at least one to Goa,[21] and likely one (Thome Corea) to Ambon Island, where he was killed in the 1623 Amboyna massacre.[22] An António Corea was taken to Florence and Rome,[20] and is possibly the first Korean to set foot in Europe.[23]

The international trade of Korean slaves declined shortly after the end of the Japanese invasions due to a number of prohibitions from various Japanese, Catholic, and Spanish and Portuguese colonial authorities. Despite the near halt in their export from Japan, their labor continued to be used.[24]

Rise edit

Large-scale emigration from Korea began as early as the mid-1860s, mainly into the Russian Far East and Northeast China; these emigrants became the ancestors of the two million Koreans in China and several hundred thousand Koryo-saram.[25][page needed][26][page needed]

Korea under Japanese rule edit

During the Japanese colonial period of 1910–1945, Koreans were often recruited or forced into indentured servitude to work in mainland Japan, Karafuto Prefecture (Sakhalin) and Manchukuo, especially in the 1930s and early 1940s; the ones who chose to remain in Japan at the end of the war became known as Zainichi Koreans, while the roughly 40 thousand who were trapped in Karafuto after the Soviet invasion are typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans.[27][28] According to the statistics at Immigration Bureau of Japan, there were 901,284 Koreans resident in Japan as of 2005, of whom 515,570 were permanent residents and another 284,840 were naturalized citizens.[29][30]

Aside from migration within the Empire of Japan or its puppet state of Manchukuo, some Koreans also escaped Japanese-ruled territory entirely, heading to Shanghai, a major centre of the Korean independence movement or to the already-established Korean communities of the Russian Far East. However, the latter would find themselves deported to Central Asia[31] in 1938.

After independence edit

Korea gained its independence after the Surrender of Japan in 1945 after World War II but was divided into North and South. Korean emigration to the United States is known to have begun as early as 1903, but the Korean American community did not grow to a significant size until after the passage of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965.[32] Between 1.5 and 2 million Koreans now live in the United States, mostly in metropolitan areas.[1][33] A handful are descended from laborers who migrated to Hawaii in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A significant number are descended from orphans of the Korean War, in which the United States was a major ally of South Korea and provided the bulk of the United Nations troops that served there. Thousands were adopted by American (mostly Caucasian) families in the years following the war, when their plight was covered on television. The vast majority, however, immigrated or are descended from those who immigrated after the Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 abolished national immigration quotas.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, ethnic Koreans in China, Joseonjok in Korean and Chaoxianzu in Mandarin Chinese became officially[34] recognised as one of the 56 ethnic groups of the country. They are considered to be one of the "major minorities". Their population grew to about 2 million; they stayed mostly in Northeastern China, where their ancestors had initially settled. Their largest population was concentrated in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin, where they numbered 854,000 in 1997.[26][35]

Europe and other parts of the Americas were also minor destinations for post-war Korean emigration. Korean immigration to South America was documented as early as the 1950s; North Korean prisoners of war choose to emigrate to Chile in 1953 and Argentina in 1956 under the auspices of the Red Cross. However, the majority of Korean settlement occurred in the late 1960s. As the South Korean economy continued to expand in the 1980s, investors from South Korea came to South America and established small businesses in the textiles industry.[36] Korean immigrants were increasingly settling in urban centers of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela, although return migration from South America back to Korea has ensued since then.

In the 1970s, however, Japan and the United States remained the top two destinations for South Korean emigrants, with each receiving more than a quarter of all emigration; the Middle East became the third most popular destination, with more than 800,000 Koreans going to Saudi Arabia between 1975 and 1985 and another 26,000 Koreans going to Iran. In contrast, aside from Germany (1.7% of all South Korean emigration in 1977) and Paraguay (1.0%), no European or American destinations were even in the top ten for emigrants.[37] The cultural and stylistic diversity of the Korean diaspora is documented and celebrated in the work of fine-art photographer CYJO, in her Kyopo Project, a photographic study of over 200 people of Korean descent.

Emerging trends in emigration from Korea edit

 
Bergen County, New Jersey, across the George Washington Bridge from New York City, is a growing hub and home to all of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population,[38] led (above) by Palisades Park,[39] the municipality with the highest density of ethnic Koreans in the Western Hemisphere. Displaying ubiquitous Hangul signage and known as the Korean village,[40] Palisades Park uniquely comprises a Korean majority (52% in 2010) of its population,[41][42] with both the highest Korean-American density and percentage of any municipality in the United States.

South Korean media reports on the riots increased public awareness of the long working hours and harsh conditions faced by immigrants to the United States in the 1990s.[43] Although immigration to the United States briefly became less attractive as a result of the 1992 Los Angeles riots, during which many Korean American immigrants saw their businesses destroyed by looters, the Los Angeles and New York City metropolitan areas still contain by far the largest populations of ethnic Koreans outside Korea[44] and continue to attract the largest share of Korean immigrants. In fact, the per capita Korean population of Bergen County, New Jersey, in the New York Metropolitan Area, was 6.3% by the 2010 United States Census[45][46] (increasing to 6.9% by the 2011 American Community Survey),[47] is the highest of any county in the United States,[46] including all of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population per the 2010 U.S. Census,[38] while the concentration of Korean Americans in Palisades Park, New Jersey, within Bergen County, is both the highest density and percentage of any municipality in the United States,[48] at 52% of the population.[45]

Since the early 2000s, a substantial number of affluent Korean American professionals have settled in Bergen County, which is home to North American headquarters operations of South Korean chaebols including Samsung,[49] LG Corp,[50] and Hanjin Shipping,[51] and have founded various academically and communally supportive organizations, including the Korean Parent Partnership Organization at the Bergen County Academies magnet high school[52] and The Korean-American Association of New Jersey.[53] Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck, New Jersey, within Bergen County, has undertaken an ambitious effort to provide comprehensive health care services to underinsured and uninsured Korean patients from a wide area with its growing Korean Medical Program, drawing over 1,500 ethnic Korean patients to its annual health festival.[54][55][56][57] Bergen County's Broad Avenue Koreatown in Palisades Park[58] has emerged as a dominant nexus of Korean American culture,[59] has been referred to as a "Korean food walk of fame",[60] with diverse offerings,[59] incorporating the highest concentration of Korean restaurants within a one-mile radius in the United States[citation needed] and Broad Avenue has evolved into a Korean dessert destination as well;[61] and its Senior Citizens Center in Palisades Park provides a popular gathering place where even Korean grandmothers were noted to follow the dance trend of the worldwide viral hit Gangnam Style by South Korean "K-pop" rapper Psy in September 2012;[62] while the nearby Fort Lee Koreatown is also emerging as such. The Chusok Korean Thanksgiving harvest festival has become an annual tradition in Bergen County, attended by several tens of thousands.[63] In January 2019, Christopher Chung was sworn in as the first Korean mayor of Palisades Park and the first mayor from the Korean diaspora in Bergen County.[64]

Bergen County's growing Korean community[65][66][67] was cited by county executive Kathleen Donovan in the context of Hackensack, New Jersey attorney Jae Y. Kim's appointment to Central Municipal Court judgeship in January 2011.[68] Subsequently, in January 2012, the New Jersey Governor Chris Christie nominated attorney Phillip Kwon of Bergen County for New Jersey Supreme Court justice,[69][70][71] although this nomination was rejected by the state's Senate Judiciary Committee,[72] and in July 2012, Kwon was appointed instead as deputy general counsel of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[73] According to The Record of Bergen County, the U.S. Census Bureau has determined the county's Korean American population – 2010 census figures put it at 56,773[74][75] (increasing to 63,247 by the 2011 American Community Survey)[47] – has grown enough to warrant language assistance during elections[45] and Bergen County's Koreans have earned significant political respect.[76][77][78] As of May 2014, Korean Americans had garnered at least four borough council seats in Bergen County.[79] Described as a historic event, the US$6 million Korean Community Center opened in Tenafly, New Jersey in January 2015, aimed at integrating Bergen County's Korean community into the mainstream.[80]

With the development of the South Korean economy, the focus of emigration from Korea began to shift from developed nations towards developing nations, prior to repatriation back to Korea. With the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea, many citizens of South Korea started to settle instead in China, attracted by business opportunities generated by the reform and opening up of China and the low cost of living. Large new communities of South Koreans have formed in Beijing, Shanghai, and Qingdao; as of 2006, their population is estimated to be between 300,000 and 400,000.[81] There is also a small community of Koreans in Hong Kong, mostly migrant workers and their families; according to Hong Kong's 2001 census, they numbered roughly 5,200, making them the 12th-largest ethnic minority group.[82] Southeast Asia has also seen an influx of South Koreans. Koreans in Vietnam have grown in number to around 30,000 since the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations, making them Vietnam's second-largest foreign community after the Taiwanese.[83] Korean migration to the Philippines increased in the early 2000s due to the tropical climate and low cost of living compared to South Korea, although this diaspora has declined since 2010; 370,000 Koreans visited the country in 2004 and roughly 46,000 Korean immigrants live there permanently.[84] Though smaller, the number of Koreans in Cambodia has also grown rapidly, almost quadrupling between 2005 and 2009.[1] They mostly reside in Phnom Penh, with a smaller number in Siam Reap. They are largely investors involved in the construction industry, though there are also some missionaries and NGO workers.[85] Koreatown, Manhattan in New York City has become described as the "Korean Times Square" and has emerged as the international economic outpost for the Korean chaebol.[86]

Return migration edit

Koreans born or settled overseas have been migrating back to both North and South Korea ever since the restoration of Korean independence; perhaps the most famous example is Kim Jong-Il, born in Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, where his father Kim Il-sung had been serving in the Red Army.[87][88] Postwar migrations of Koreans from throughout the Japanese Empire back to the Korean Peninsula were characterized both bureaucratically and popularly as "repatriation", a restoration of the congruence between the Korean population and its territory.[89] The pre-colonial Korean state had not clearly laid out the boundaries or criteria determining who was a citizen; however, the Japanese colonial government had registered all Koreans in a separate family registry, a separation which continued even if an individual Korean migrated to Manchuria or Japan; thus North and South Korea had a clear legal definition of who was a repatriating Korean, and did not have to create any special legal categories of national membership for them, the way Germany had done for post-World War II German expellees.[90] There has also been a return migration of Korean Brazilians back to Korea, spurred by the increasing violence in Brazil.

The largest-scale repatriation activities took place in Japan, where Chongryon sponsored the return of Zainichi Korean residents to North Korea; beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s, with a trickle of repatriates continuing until as late as 1984, nearly 90,000 Zainichi Koreans resettled in the reclusive communist state, though their ancestral homes were in South Korea. However, word of the difficult economic and political conditions filtered back to Japan, decreasing the popularity of this option. Around one hundred such repatriates are believed to have later escaped from North Korea; the most famous is Kang Chol-Hwan, who published a book about his experience, The Aquariums of Pyongyang.[91][92] South Korea, however, was a popular destination for Koreans who had settled in Manchukuo during the colonial period; returnees from Manchukuo such as Park Chung Hee and Chun Doo-hwan had a large influence on the process of nation-building in South Korea.[93]

Until the 1980s, Soviet Koreans did not repatriate in any large numbers and played little role in defining the boundaries of membership in the Korean nation.[94] However, roughly 1,000 Sakhalin Koreans are also estimated to have independently repatriated to the North in the decades after the end of World War II, when returning to their ancestral homes in the South was not an option due to the lack of Soviet relations with the South and Japan's refusal to grant them transit rights. In 1985, Japan began to fund the return of Sakhalin Koreans to South Korea; however, only an additional 1,500 took this offer, with the vast majority of the population remaining on the island of Sakhalin or moving to the Russian Far East instead.[95]

With the rise of the South Korean economy in the 1980s, economic motivations became increasingly prevalent in overseas Koreans' decisions of whether to repatriate and in which part of the peninsula to settle. 356,790 Chinese citizens have migrated to South Korea since the reform and opening up of China; almost two-thirds are estimated to be Chaoxianzu.[96] Similarly, some Koryo-saram from Central Asia have also moved to South Korea as guest workers, to take advantage of the high wages offered by the growing economy; remittances from South Korea to Uzbekistan, for example, were estimated to exceed US$100 million in 2005.[97] Return migration through arranged marriage is another option, portrayed in the 2005 South Korean film Wedding Campaign, directed by Hwang Byung-kook.[98] However, the Koryo-saram often face the most difficulty integrating into Korean society due to their poor command of the Korean language and the fact that their dialect, Koryo-mar, differs significantly from the Seoul dialect considered standard in the South.[97]

Return migration from the United States has been much less common than that from Japan or the former Soviet Union, as the economic push factor was far less than in 1960s Japan or post-Soviet collapse Central Asia. Korean American return migrants have predominantly been entertainers who were either recruited by South Korean talent agencies or had chosen to move there due to the lack of opportunities in the United States; prominent examples include Jae Chong, Johan Kim and Joon Lee (of R&B trio Solid), singers Joon Park (of K-pop group g.o.d) and Brian Joo[99] (of R&B duo Fly to the Sky), hip hop artist and songwriter Jay Park and model and actor Daniel Henney (who initially spoke no Korean).[100][101][102]

Members of the Korean diaspora are able to apply to be buried in Korea upon their death as well. National Mang-Hyang Cemetery in Cheonan now holds the remains of Koreans from around the world, including those who died decades before the cemetery's creation in 1976.[103][104]

See also edit

References edit

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External links edit

korean, diaspora, consists, around, million, people, both, descendants, early, emigrants, from, korean, peninsula, well, more, recent, emigrants, from, korea, around, overseas, koreans, live, just, five, countries, china, united, states, japan, canada, uzbekis. The Korean diaspora consists of around 7 3 million people both descendants of early emigrants from the Korean Peninsula as well as more recent emigrants from Korea Around 84 5 of overseas Koreans live in just five countries China the United States Japan Canada and Uzbekistan 1 Other countries with greater than 0 5 Korean minorities include Brazil Russia Kazakhstan Vietnam the Philippines and Indonesia All these figures include both permanent migrants and sojourners 5 Korean diasporaTotal population7 325 143 2021 1 Regions with significant populations United States2 633 777 1 China2 350 422 1 Japan818 865 1 Canada237 364 1 Uzbekistan175 865 1 Russia168 526 1 Australia158 103 1 Vietnam156 330 1 Kazakhstan109 495 1 Germany47 428 1 United Kingdom36 690 1 Brazil36 540 1 New Zealand33 812 1 Philippines33 032 1 France25 417 1 Argentina22 847 1 Singapore20 983 1 Thailand18 130 1 Kyrgyzstan18 106 1 Indonesia17 297 1 Malaysia13 667 1 Ukraine13 524 1 Sweden13 055 1 Mexico11 107 1 India10 674 1 Cambodia10 608 1 United Arab Emirates9 642 1 Netherlands9 473 1 Denmark8 694 1 Norway7 744 1 Guam5 016 2 South Africa3 300 Chile2 510 3 full citation needed Peru1 500 4 Sri Lanka948 Uruguay130LanguagesPredominantly Korean English Chinese Japanese and Russian among othersReligionPredominantly IrreligiousMinorities Korean Buddhism Korean shamanism Cheondoism Korean Confucianism and Christianity Roman Catholicism Protestantism and Unification Church Related ethnic groupsKoreans including North Koreans South Koreans Jejuans Koryo saram Sakhalin Koreans Manchus Korean diasporaHangul한인Hanja韓人Revised RomanizationhaninMcCune ReischauerhaninNorth Korean nameHangul해외동포Hanja海外同胞Revised Romanizationhaeoe dongpoMcCune Reischauerhaeoe tongp oSouth Korean nameHangul재외동포Hanja在外同胞Revised Romanizationjaeoe dongpoMcCune Reischauerchaeoe tongp o Contents 1 Terminology 2 History 2 1 Japanese and Portuguese slave trade 2 2 Rise 2 3 Korea under Japanese rule 2 4 After independence 2 5 Emerging trends in emigration from Korea 3 Return migration 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Sources 6 External linksTerminology editThere are currently a number of official and unofficial appellations used by the authorities of the two Korean states as well as a number of Korean institutions for Korean nationals expatriates and descendants living abroad Thus there is no single name for the Korean diaspora The historically used term gyopo 교포 僑胞 also spelled kyopo meaning nationals has come to have negative connotations as referring to people who as a result of living as sojourners outside the home country have lost touch with their Korean roots As a result others prefer to use the term dongpo 동포 同胞 meaning brethren or people of the same ancestry Dongpo has a more transnational implication emphasising links among various overseas Korean groups while gyopo has more of a purely national connotation referring to the Korean state 6 7 Another recently popularized term is gyomin 교민 僑民 meaning immigrants although it is usually reserved for Korean born citizens that have moved abroad in search of work and as such is rarely used as a term to refer to the entire diaspora In North Korea Korean nationals living outside Korea are called haeoe gungmin 해외국민 whereas South Korea uses the term jaeoe gungmin 재외국민 to refer to entire Korean diaspora Both terms translate to overseas national s 8 History editPrior to the modern era Korea had been a territorially stable polity for centuries 9 Significant migration out of Korea did not begin until the late 19th century 10 Japanese and Portuguese slave trade edit Main article Slavery in Korea Japanese and Portuguese slave trade Slaves in the late 16th century formed one of the earliest Korean diaspora groups During the 1592 1598 Japanese invasions of Korea Korean slaves were taken from Korea to Japan with the first shipment being taken in October 1592 11 The number of slaves is uncertain with estimates ranging from tens of thousands to over one hundred thousand 12 Some were allowed to return to Korea but many were made to stay in Japan with the famous example of Korean samurai Wakita Naokata Kim Yŏ ch ŏl 13 Most worked as farmers and some as craftsman for Japanese masters 14 Women were in high demand and pressed into working in brothels in Japan and abroad 15 There are records of thousands of baptisms performed on them by the Portuguese 16 with some in turn converting thousands of other Korean slaves Some were made saints in the 17th century 205 Martyrs of Japan 17 The Portuguese then sent some slaves elsewhere namely Portuguese Macau 11 Correspondingly there is a record of a Miguel Carvalho in Macau who was born to a Korean slave mother in 1593 He is possibly the first or among the first Macanese Korean people 11 A community of several thousand Korean slaves formed near the Church of Saint Paul 18 and some of their graves still remain near the church 19 Other slaves were sent to Manila in the Spanish Philippines 20 at least one to Goa 21 and likely one Thome Corea to Ambon Island where he was killed in the 1623 Amboyna massacre 22 An Antonio Corea was taken to Florence and Rome 20 and is possibly the first Korean to set foot in Europe 23 The international trade of Korean slaves declined shortly after the end of the Japanese invasions due to a number of prohibitions from various Japanese Catholic and Spanish and Portuguese colonial authorities Despite the near halt in their export from Japan their labor continued to be used 24 Rise edit Large scale emigration from Korea began as early as the mid 1860s mainly into the Russian Far East and Northeast China these emigrants became the ancestors of the two million Koreans in China and several hundred thousand Koryo saram 25 page needed 26 page needed Korea under Japanese rule edit Main article Korea under Japanese rule During the Japanese colonial period of 1910 1945 Koreans were often recruited or forced into indentured servitude to work in mainland Japan Karafuto Prefecture Sakhalin and Manchukuo especially in the 1930s and early 1940s the ones who chose to remain in Japan at the end of the war became known as Zainichi Koreans while the roughly 40 thousand who were trapped in Karafuto after the Soviet invasion are typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans 27 28 According to the statistics at Immigration Bureau of Japan there were 901 284 Koreans resident in Japan as of 2005 update of whom 515 570 were permanent residents and another 284 840 were naturalized citizens 29 30 Aside from migration within the Empire of Japan or its puppet state of Manchukuo some Koreans also escaped Japanese ruled territory entirely heading to Shanghai a major centre of the Korean independence movement or to the already established Korean communities of the Russian Far East However the latter would find themselves deported to Central Asia 31 in 1938 After independence edit Korea gained its independence after the Surrender of Japan in 1945 after World War II but was divided into North and South Korean emigration to the United States is known to have begun as early as 1903 but the Korean American community did not grow to a significant size until after the passage of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965 32 Between 1 5 and 2 million Koreans now live in the United States mostly in metropolitan areas 1 33 A handful are descended from laborers who migrated to Hawaii in the late 19th and early 20th centuries A significant number are descended from orphans of the Korean War in which the United States was a major ally of South Korea and provided the bulk of the United Nations troops that served there Thousands were adopted by American mostly Caucasian families in the years following the war when their plight was covered on television The vast majority however immigrated or are descended from those who immigrated after the Hart Cellar Act of 1965 abolished national immigration quotas After the establishment of the People s Republic of China in 1949 ethnic Koreans in China Joseonjok in Korean and Chaoxianzu in Mandarin Chinese became officially 34 recognised as one of the 56 ethnic groups of the country They are considered to be one of the major minorities Their population grew to about 2 million they stayed mostly in Northeastern China where their ancestors had initially settled Their largest population was concentrated in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin where they numbered 854 000 in 1997 26 35 Europe and other parts of the Americas were also minor destinations for post war Korean emigration Korean immigration to South America was documented as early as the 1950s North Korean prisoners of war choose to emigrate to Chile in 1953 and Argentina in 1956 under the auspices of the Red Cross However the majority of Korean settlement occurred in the late 1960s As the South Korean economy continued to expand in the 1980s investors from South Korea came to South America and established small businesses in the textiles industry 36 Korean immigrants were increasingly settling in urban centers of Bolivia Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Uruguay and Venezuela although return migration from South America back to Korea has ensued since then In the 1970s however Japan and the United States remained the top two destinations for South Korean emigrants with each receiving more than a quarter of all emigration the Middle East became the third most popular destination with more than 800 000 Koreans going to Saudi Arabia between 1975 and 1985 and another 26 000 Koreans going to Iran In contrast aside from Germany 1 7 of all South Korean emigration in 1977 and Paraguay 1 0 no European or American destinations were even in the top ten for emigrants 37 The cultural and stylistic diversity of the Korean diaspora is documented and celebrated in the work of fine art photographer CYJO in her Kyopo Project a photographic study of over 200 people of Korean descent Emerging trends in emigration from Korea edit nbsp Bergen County New Jersey across the George Washington Bridge from New York City is a growing hub and home to all of the nation s top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population 38 led above by Palisades Park 39 the municipality with the highest density of ethnic Koreans in the Western Hemisphere Displaying ubiquitous Hangul signage and known as the Korean village 40 Palisades Park uniquely comprises a Korean majority 52 in 2010 of its population 41 42 with both the highest Korean American density and percentage of any municipality in the United States South Korean media reports on the riots increased public awareness of the long working hours and harsh conditions faced by immigrants to the United States in the 1990s 43 Although immigration to the United States briefly became less attractive as a result of the 1992 Los Angeles riots during which many Korean American immigrants saw their businesses destroyed by looters the Los Angeles and New York City metropolitan areas still contain by far the largest populations of ethnic Koreans outside Korea 44 and continue to attract the largest share of Korean immigrants In fact the per capita Korean population of Bergen County New Jersey in the New York Metropolitan Area was 6 3 by the 2010 United States Census 45 46 increasing to 6 9 by the 2011 American Community Survey 47 is the highest of any county in the United States 46 including all of the nation s top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population per the 2010 U S Census 38 while the concentration of Korean Americans in Palisades Park New Jersey within Bergen County is both the highest density and percentage of any municipality in the United States 48 at 52 of the population 45 Since the early 2000s a substantial number of affluent Korean American professionals have settled in Bergen County which is home to North American headquarters operations of South Korean chaebols including Samsung 49 LG Corp 50 and Hanjin Shipping 51 and have founded various academically and communally supportive organizations including the Korean Parent Partnership Organization at the Bergen County Academies magnet high school 52 and The Korean American Association of New Jersey 53 Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck New Jersey within Bergen County has undertaken an ambitious effort to provide comprehensive health care services to underinsured and uninsured Korean patients from a wide area with its growing Korean Medical Program drawing over 1 500 ethnic Korean patients to its annual health festival 54 55 56 57 Bergen County s Broad Avenue Koreatown in Palisades Park 58 has emerged as a dominant nexus of Korean American culture 59 has been referred to as a Korean food walk of fame 60 with diverse offerings 59 incorporating the highest concentration of Korean restaurants within a one mile radius in the United States citation needed and Broad Avenue has evolved into a Korean dessert destination as well 61 and its Senior Citizens Center in Palisades Park provides a popular gathering place where even Korean grandmothers were noted to follow the dance trend of the worldwide viral hit Gangnam Style by South Korean K pop rapper Psy in September 2012 62 while the nearby Fort Lee Koreatown is also emerging as such The Chusok Korean Thanksgiving harvest festival has become an annual tradition in Bergen County attended by several tens of thousands 63 In January 2019 Christopher Chung was sworn in as the first Korean mayor of Palisades Park and the first mayor from the Korean diaspora in Bergen County 64 Bergen County s growing Korean community 65 66 67 was cited by county executive Kathleen Donovan in the context of Hackensack New Jersey attorney Jae Y Kim s appointment to Central Municipal Court judgeship in January 2011 68 Subsequently in January 2012 the New Jersey Governor Chris Christie nominated attorney Phillip Kwon of Bergen County for New Jersey Supreme Court justice 69 70 71 although this nomination was rejected by the state s Senate Judiciary Committee 72 and in July 2012 Kwon was appointed instead as deputy general counsel of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 73 According to The Record of Bergen County the U S Census Bureau has determined the county s Korean American population 2010 census figures put it at 56 773 74 75 increasing to 63 247 by the 2011 American Community Survey 47 has grown enough to warrant language assistance during elections 45 and Bergen County s Koreans have earned significant political respect 76 77 78 As of May 2014 Korean Americans had garnered at least four borough council seats in Bergen County 79 Described as a historic event the US 6 million Korean Community Center opened in Tenafly New Jersey in January 2015 aimed at integrating Bergen County s Korean community into the mainstream 80 With the development of the South Korean economy the focus of emigration from Korea began to shift from developed nations towards developing nations prior to repatriation back to Korea With the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea many citizens of South Korea started to settle instead in China attracted by business opportunities generated by the reform and opening up of China and the low cost of living Large new communities of South Koreans have formed in Beijing Shanghai and Qingdao as of 2006 update their population is estimated to be between 300 000 and 400 000 81 There is also a small community of Koreans in Hong Kong mostly migrant workers and their families according to Hong Kong s 2001 census they numbered roughly 5 200 making them the 12th largest ethnic minority group 82 Southeast Asia has also seen an influx of South Koreans Koreans in Vietnam have grown in number to around 30 000 since the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations making them Vietnam s second largest foreign community after the Taiwanese 83 Korean migration to the Philippines increased in the early 2000s due to the tropical climate and low cost of living compared to South Korea although this diaspora has declined since 2010 370 000 Koreans visited the country in 2004 and roughly 46 000 Korean immigrants live there permanently 84 Though smaller the number of Koreans in Cambodia has also grown rapidly almost quadrupling between 2005 and 2009 1 They mostly reside in Phnom Penh with a smaller number in Siam Reap They are largely investors involved in the construction industry though there are also some missionaries and NGO workers 85 Koreatown Manhattan in New York City has become described as the Korean Times Square and has emerged as the international economic outpost for the Korean chaebol 86 Return migration editKoreans born or settled overseas have been migrating back to both North and South Korea ever since the restoration of Korean independence perhaps the most famous example is Kim Jong Il born in Vyatskoye Khabarovsk Krai Russia where his father Kim Il sung had been serving in the Red Army 87 88 Postwar migrations of Koreans from throughout the Japanese Empire back to the Korean Peninsula were characterized both bureaucratically and popularly as repatriation a restoration of the congruence between the Korean population and its territory 89 The pre colonial Korean state had not clearly laid out the boundaries or criteria determining who was a citizen however the Japanese colonial government had registered all Koreans in a separate family registry a separation which continued even if an individual Korean migrated to Manchuria or Japan thus North and South Korea had a clear legal definition of who was a repatriating Korean and did not have to create any special legal categories of national membership for them the way Germany had done for post World War II German expellees 90 There has also been a return migration of Korean Brazilians back to Korea spurred by the increasing violence in Brazil The largest scale repatriation activities took place in Japan where Chongryon sponsored the return of Zainichi Korean residents to North Korea beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s with a trickle of repatriates continuing until as late as 1984 nearly 90 000 Zainichi Koreans resettled in the reclusive communist state though their ancestral homes were in South Korea However word of the difficult economic and political conditions filtered back to Japan decreasing the popularity of this option Around one hundred such repatriates are believed to have later escaped from North Korea the most famous is Kang Chol Hwan who published a book about his experience The Aquariums of Pyongyang 91 92 South Korea however was a popular destination for Koreans who had settled in Manchukuo during the colonial period returnees from Manchukuo such as Park Chung Hee and Chun Doo hwan had a large influence on the process of nation building in South Korea 93 Until the 1980s Soviet Koreans did not repatriate in any large numbers and played little role in defining the boundaries of membership in the Korean nation 94 However roughly 1 000 Sakhalin Koreans are also estimated to have independently repatriated to the North in the decades after the end of World War II when returning to their ancestral homes in the South was not an option due to the lack of Soviet relations with the South and Japan s refusal to grant them transit rights In 1985 Japan began to fund the return of Sakhalin Koreans to South Korea however only an additional 1 500 took this offer with the vast majority of the population remaining on the island of Sakhalin or moving to the Russian Far East instead 95 With the rise of the South Korean economy in the 1980s economic motivations became increasingly prevalent in overseas Koreans decisions of whether to repatriate and in which part of the peninsula to settle 356 790 Chinese citizens have migrated to South Korea since the reform and opening up of China almost two thirds are estimated to be Chaoxianzu 96 Similarly some Koryo saram from Central Asia have also moved to South Korea as guest workers to take advantage of the high wages offered by the growing economy remittances from South Korea to Uzbekistan for example were estimated to exceed US 100 million in 2005 97 Return migration through arranged marriage is another option portrayed in the 2005 South Korean film Wedding Campaign directed by Hwang Byung kook 98 However the Koryo saram often face the most difficulty integrating into Korean society due to their poor command of the Korean language and the fact that their dialect Koryo mar differs significantly from the Seoul dialect considered standard in the South 97 Return migration from the United States has been much less common than that from Japan or the former Soviet Union as the economic push factor was far less than in 1960s Japan or post Soviet collapse Central Asia Korean American return migrants have predominantly been entertainers who were either recruited by South Korean talent agencies or had chosen to move there due to the lack of opportunities in the United States prominent examples include Jae Chong Johan Kim and Joon Lee of R amp B trio Solid singers Joon Park of K pop group g o d and Brian Joo 99 of R amp B duo Fly to the Sky hip hop artist and songwriter Jay Park and model and actor Daniel Henney who initially spoke no Korean 100 101 102 Members of the Korean diaspora are able to apply to be buried in Korea upon their death as well National Mang Hyang Cemetery in Cheonan now holds the remains of Koreans from around the world including those who died decades before the cemetery s creation in 1976 103 104 See also editOverseas Chinese Japanese diaspora Asian Latin AmericansReferences edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah 재외동포현황 2021 Total number of overseas Koreans 2021 South Korea Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2021 Archived from the original on February 24 2021 Retrieved August 21 2022 MOFA 2013 p 133 Chapter 3 MOFA 2011 p 172harvnb error no target CITEREFMOFA2011 help Chapter 2 Search Ministry of 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