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Koreans in South Africa

January 01, 1970

Koreans in South Africa form the largest Korean diaspora community on the African continent and the 29th-largest in the world, ahead of Koreans in Spain and behind Koreans in Italy.[4]

Koreans in South Africa
Total population
3,300 (2014)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Johannesburg, Cape Town
Languages
English, Afrikaans and Korean
Religion
Mostly Christianity,[2]
Mahayana Buddhism[3]
Related ethnic groups
Korean diaspora

History edit

South Africa had considered importing labourers from Korea as early as 1903 to control rising mining wages, but eventually decided on Chinese workers instead.[5] The Immigration Act of 1913 classified all Asians as "prohibited immigrants", thus preventing them from settling in the country or conducting commercial activities there.[6] In 1930, when then-Minister of the Interior D. F. Malan made the decision to exclude Japanese from the "prohibited immigrants" category as defined by the 1913 Act, Koreans remained prohibited immigrants, though Jan Smuts angrily protested that the exemption represented a precedent for opening the door to Koreans and Chinese as well.[7] In fact, it came to pass as Smuts predicted: Koreans were removed from the "prohibited immigrants" category in the 1960s.[8]

However, the Korean community in South Africa only really began to take shape after the 1992 establishment of relations between South Korea and South Africa. South Korean companies began sending expatriate employees and their families to the country, and international students found themselves able to enroll in South African universities. A number of independent migrants came as well; they typically set up small businesses in the import/export, hospitality, car repair, and photography sectors.[9]

They are mainly found in the suburbs of Johannesburg.

Demography edit

From 658 people in 1997—19% of all Koreans on the continent and little larger than the Korean community of 589 people in Ghana—their numbers doubled to 1,356 by 2001 and grew again by 155% to 3,452 in 2005, making then 44% of all Koreans in Africa and nearly five times the size of the next-largest community.[10] Most are located in Johannesburg, with a smaller community in Cape Town. South Korean tourists generally choose Cape Town as their primary destination, due to the Table Mountain and other famous natural attractions.[11] By 2011, the Korean population of South Africa had grown another 9% to 4,186. Of South Korean nationals or former nationals in the country, 126 had South African nationality, 1,227 were permanent residents, 954 were international students, and the remaining 1,879 had other types of visas. Most resided in or Gauteng (2,240 people, 54% of all Koreans in the country) or Western Cape (1,800, or 43%). The Korean communities in those two provinces exhibit differing demographic characteristics: the community in Western Cape has a higher proportion of international students, and a sex ratio of 0.75 men for every woman; the community in Gauteng has a higher proportion of permanent residents, and a sex ratio of 1.77 men for every woman.[12]

In 2010, South Korean news reports quoted South Korea's Ministry of Unification as claiming that as many as 1,000 North Korean guestworkers were in South Africa to assist in the construction of stadiums for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, including FNB Stadium (Soccer City).[13][14] However, in interviews with South African media, project managers at the sites in question denied the reports.[15]

Education edit

Since the 1990s, many South Koreans have chosen South Africa as a destination for English as a Foreign Language courses.[16] As of 2011, there were 954 South Koreans in South Africa on international student visas, among them 590 in Western Cape province, and 360 in Gauteng province.[12] Not all have just gone to the major cities; for example, Potchefstroom is also one of their major destinations, due to the presence of the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University, and in some cases even whole families have moved there for their children's education.[17] There are several universities with more than 50 Korean students.[18] Aside from English, inexpensive golf lessons are another attraction for Korean international students; a 2004 Yonhap News Agency report estimated that there were roughly 50 South Korean golf students in the country.[19]

In total, more than a quarter of the Korean population in South Africa may consist of students or family members who moved to the country primarily to give their children the opportunity for an English-language education. Basic school costs are higher than those in South Korea, but conversely South Korean expatriates in South Africa can spend less on private cram schools, instead allowing their children to take advantage of a broader range of after-school activities. However, South Korean children who have gone through the more relaxed South African educational system sometimes find it difficult to adjust to the fast pace and high demands of schooling once they return to their native country.[20]

Koreans in South Africa have also established three weekend schools to educate their children in Korean language and culture. The Johannesburg Hangul School was the earliest; it was founded in March 1992 by Jeong Eun-il, who continues to serve as principal. It employed 14 teachers and enrolled 14 kindergarteners, 55 elementary school students, and 13 middle school students.[21] The next school was the Pretoria Hangul School, founded in February 1995 by Choe Jong-o; it shares facilities with the Lynnwood Dutch Reformed Church. It has 8 teachers, 13 kindergarteners, 26 elementary school students, and 7 middle school students.[22] Finally, the Cape Town Hangul School was founded in 2001 by the Mariners' Church (외항선교회). It is the smallest of the three Korean schools, but also the only one with a high school division; it enrols 9 kindergarteners, 12 elementary school students, 3 middle school students, and 6 high school students.[23] There are also some Koreans studying in Rhodes University.

Religion edit

There are eight Korean churches in South Africa, staffed by pastors sent from parent churches in South Korea. Aside from their religious functions, they often serve as community centres for Korean migrants and expatriates.[2] Most are Protestant, but a Korean Catholic Church also opened in Glenferness, Johannesburg in 2009.[24] At the end of 2006, there were 79 South Korean Christian missionary families and 16 individual South Korean missionaries in South Africa totalling 174 people, making up nearly 70% of all South Korean missionaries in southern Africa. Most South Korean churches and organisations began their activities in South Africa in the 1980s and 1990s.[25] There are also six Korean Buddhist temples in the country.[3]

Community relations edit

Crime in South Africa has not left the Korean community untouched; one widely reported case was the 1999 murder of Kwon Yong-koo, the president of Daewoo Motor South Africa, in the driveway of his home in Johannesburg. He was found there in his car the following morning. However, this was suspected to be a targeted killing rather than a random carjacking attempt.[26][27] At one point, prosecutors even claimed to have evidence implicating a Zimbabwean businessman with close ties to Robert Mugabe in the killing.[28] In 2007, a Korean woman was found dead in her Cape Town home with her hands and feet bound with rope.[29] No Koreans were victimised during the May 2008 anti-immigrant violence.[30]

References edit

  1. ^ 2014년 재외국민 통계청자료= (in Korean), 2014, retrieved 1 May 2013
  2. ^ a b Oh 2008, p. 109
  3. ^ a b Korean Buddhist congregations in South Africa, Buddha Dharma Education Association, 2006, retrieved 1 May 2010
  4. ^ MOFAT 2009
  5. ^ Yap & Man 1996, p. 104
  6. ^ Osada 2002, pp. 37–38
  7. ^ Osada 2002, pp. 46, 155
  8. ^ Osada 2002, p. 160
  9. ^ Cha, Jun-yeong (7 August 2002), 아프리칸 드림, 그 애환의 현장을 가다<22>남아共(2)요하네스버그 한인사회 [The true joys and sorrows of the African Dream, #22: South Africa #2—the Korean community in Johannesburg], Segye Ilbo (in Korean), retrieved 20 April 2009
  10. ^ OKF 2005
  11. ^ 지구촌동포사회 – 남아공 [Korean communities in the global village – South Africa], YTN News (in Korean), 21 June 2007, retrieved 21 April 2009[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ a b MOFAT 2011, p. 305
  13. ^ "North Koreans working at SWC stadiums", MoneyWeb, 15 March 2010, retrieved 30 September 2010
  14. ^ , Sport24, 15 March 2010, archived from the original on 20 March 2012, retrieved 30 September 2010
  15. ^ "Koreans vanish into same hot air they came from", Business Report, 16 March 2010, retrieved 30 September 2010
  16. ^ Coetzee-Van Rooy 2008, p. 3
  17. ^ Coetzee-Van Rooy 2009, p. 15
  18. ^ Oh 2008, p. 106
  19. ^ Kim, Hyeong-jun (7 July 2004), , YTN News, archived from the original on 24 July 2011, retrieved 21 April 2009
  20. ^ "South Africa Attracts More Korean School Kids", The Chosun Ilbo, 20 September 2010, retrieved 8 April 2012
  21. ^ NIIED 2007,
  22. ^ NIIED 2007,
  23. ^ NIIED 2007,
  24. ^ Durbach, Dave (27 November 2009), "More Koreans Heading to South Africa", The Korea Times, retrieved 8 March 2012
  25. ^ Oh 2008, p. 66
  26. ^ Smith, Alex Duval (4 February 1999), "Car chief shot dead in Johannesburg", The Independent, retrieved 20 April 2009
  27. ^ 남아공서 피살 권용구씨 가족 오열 [Mr. Kwon Yong-ku killed in South Africa; family in mourning], The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean), 3 February 1999, retrieved 21 April 2009[permanent dead link]
  28. ^ McGreal, Chris (16 December 1999), "The motiveless murder and Napoleon of Africa", The Guardian, retrieved 21 April 2009
  29. ^ Park, Si-soo (3 December 2007), "Korean Woman Found Dead in South Africa", The Korea Times, retrieved 20 April 2009
  30. ^ Jo, Hyeon-gyeong (7 June 2008), 제노포비아 폭력 사태...사회통합의 중요성 [Incidents of xenophobic violence and the importance of societal unity], YTN News (in Korean), retrieved 21 April 2009

Sources edit

  • Yap, Melanie; Man, Dianne (1996), Colour, Confusion & Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa, Hong Kong University Press, ISBN 978-962-209-424-6
  • Osada, Masako (2002), Sanctions and honorary whites: diplomatic policies and economic realities in relations between Japan and South Africa, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-31877-1
  • Coetzee-Van Rooy, Susan (2008), "From the Expanding to the Outer Circle: South Koreans learning English in South Africa", English Today, 24 (4): 3–10, doi:10.1017/S0266078408000333
  • Oh, Kyung-Hwan (September 2008), Korean missionaries in Southern Africa: a discussion and evaluation of Korean missionary activity in Southern Africa, 1980–2006, PhD dissertation, University of Pretoria, retrieved 20 April 2009
  • Coetzee-Van Rooy, Susan (2009), "Intelligibility and perceptions of English proficiency", World Englishes, 28 (1): 15–34, doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.01567.x. Assesses intelligibility to South Africans of speech data from Korean speakers of English in Potchefstroom.

Data tables and directories edit

  • 아프리카, , Overseas Korean Foundation, 2005, archived from the original on 12 February 2006, retrieved 20 April 2009
  • , Overseas Korean Educational Institutions, South Korea: National Institute for International Education Development, 2007, archived from the original on 14 November 2007, retrieved 13 May 2007
  • , 재외동포현황, Overseas Korean Foundation, 2007, archived from the original on 3 September 2007, retrieved 20 April 2009
  • [Current Status of Overseas Compatriots], South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2009, archived from the original on 23 October 2010, retrieved 21 May 2009
  • 재외동포 본문(지역별 상세), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 15 July 2011, retrieved 25 February 2012

Further reading edit

  • Choe, Yo-han (15 August 2002), 아프리칸 드림, 그 애환의 현장을 가다<23>남아共(3)완구류 수입 케니민 사장 [The true joys and sorrows of the African Dream, #23: South Africa #3— Kenny Min, president of a toy import company], Segye Ilbo (in Korean), retrieved 20 April 2009
  • Chung, Kahp-Chin (November 2005), The missionary strategy of Korean churches in South Africa, M.A. dissertation, Boston University, retrieved 20 April 2009
  • Moon, In-seok; Kim, Ji-hoon (11 July 2007), "Student Corner: Samsung in South Africa", The Korea Times, retrieved 20 April 2009
  • Oh, K. H. (2009), "Challenges and opportunities for Korean missionaries in Southern Africa", Hervormde Teologiese Studies, 65 (1), doi:10.4102/hts.v65i1.153, hdl:2263/11069, ISSN 0259-9422

External links edit

    January 01, 1970
    koreans, south, africa, form, largest, korean, diaspora, community, african, continent, 29th, largest, world, ahead, koreans, spain, behind, koreans, italy, total, population3, 2014, regions, with, significant, populationsjohannesburg, cape, townlanguagesengli. Koreans in South Africa form the largest Korean diaspora community on the African continent and the 29th largest in the world ahead of Koreans in Spain and behind Koreans in Italy 4 Koreans in South AfricaTotal population3 300 2014 1 Regions with significant populationsJohannesburg Cape TownLanguagesEnglish Afrikaans and KoreanReligionMostly Christianity 2 Mahayana Buddhism 3 Related ethnic groupsKorean diaspora Contents 1 History 2 Demography 3 Education 4 Religion 5 Community relations 6 References 6 1 Sources 6 2 Data tables and directories 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory editSouth Africa had considered importing labourers from Korea as early as 1903 to control rising mining wages but eventually decided on Chinese workers instead 5 The Immigration Act of 1913 classified all Asians as prohibited immigrants thus preventing them from settling in the country or conducting commercial activities there 6 In 1930 when then Minister of the Interior D F Malan made the decision to exclude Japanese from the prohibited immigrants category as defined by the 1913 Act Koreans remained prohibited immigrants though Jan Smuts angrily protested that the exemption represented a precedent for opening the door to Koreans and Chinese as well 7 In fact it came to pass as Smuts predicted Koreans were removed from the prohibited immigrants category in the 1960s 8 However the Korean community in South Africa only really began to take shape after the 1992 establishment of relations between South Korea and South Africa South Korean companies began sending expatriate employees and their families to the country and international students found themselves able to enroll in South African universities A number of independent migrants came as well they typically set up small businesses in the import export hospitality car repair and photography sectors 9 They are mainly found in the suburbs of Johannesburg Demography editFrom 658 people in 1997 19 of all Koreans on the continent and little larger than the Korean community of 589 people in Ghana their numbers doubled to 1 356 by 2001 and grew again by 155 to 3 452 in 2005 making then 44 of all Koreans in Africa and nearly five times the size of the next largest community 10 Most are located in Johannesburg with a smaller community in Cape Town South Korean tourists generally choose Cape Town as their primary destination due to the Table Mountain and other famous natural attractions 11 By 2011 the Korean population of South Africa had grown another 9 to 4 186 Of South Korean nationals or former nationals in the country 126 had South African nationality 1 227 were permanent residents 954 were international students and the remaining 1 879 had other types of visas Most resided in or Gauteng 2 240 people 54 of all Koreans in the country or Western Cape 1 800 or 43 The Korean communities in those two provinces exhibit differing demographic characteristics the community in Western Cape has a higher proportion of international students and a sex ratio of 0 75 men for every woman the community in Gauteng has a higher proportion of permanent residents and a sex ratio of 1 77 men for every woman 12 In 2010 South Korean news reports quoted South Korea s Ministry of Unification as claiming that as many as 1 000 North Korean guestworkers were in South Africa to assist in the construction of stadiums for the 2010 FIFA World Cup including FNB Stadium Soccer City 13 14 However in interviews with South African media project managers at the sites in question denied the reports 15 Education editSince the 1990s many South Koreans have chosen South Africa as a destination for English as a Foreign Language courses 16 As of 2011 there were 954 South Koreans in South Africa on international student visas among them 590 in Western Cape province and 360 in Gauteng province 12 Not all have just gone to the major cities for example Potchefstroom is also one of their major destinations due to the presence of the Potchefstroom Campus of the North West University and in some cases even whole families have moved there for their children s education 17 There are several universities with more than 50 Korean students 18 Aside from English inexpensive golf lessons are another attraction for Korean international students a 2004 Yonhap News Agency report estimated that there were roughly 50 South Korean golf students in the country 19 In total more than a quarter of the Korean population in South Africa may consist of students or family members who moved to the country primarily to give their children the opportunity for an English language education Basic school costs are higher than those in South Korea but conversely South Korean expatriates in South Africa can spend less on private cram schools instead allowing their children to take advantage of a broader range of after school activities However South Korean children who have gone through the more relaxed South African educational system sometimes find it difficult to adjust to the fast pace and high demands of schooling once they return to their native country 20 Koreans in South Africa have also established three weekend schools to educate their children in Korean language and culture The Johannesburg Hangul School was the earliest it was founded in March 1992 by Jeong Eun il who continues to serve as principal It employed 14 teachers and enrolled 14 kindergarteners 55 elementary school students and 13 middle school students 21 The next school was the Pretoria Hangul School founded in February 1995 by Choe Jong o it shares facilities with the Lynnwood Dutch Reformed Church It has 8 teachers 13 kindergarteners 26 elementary school students and 7 middle school students 22 Finally the Cape Town Hangul School was founded in 2001 by the Mariners Church 외항선교회 It is the smallest of the three Korean schools but also the only one with a high school division it enrols 9 kindergarteners 12 elementary school students 3 middle school students and 6 high school students 23 There are also some Koreans studying in Rhodes University Religion editThere are eight Korean churches in South Africa staffed by pastors sent from parent churches in South Korea Aside from their religious functions they often serve as community centres for Korean migrants and expatriates 2 Most are Protestant but a Korean Catholic Church also opened in Glenferness Johannesburg in 2009 24 At the end of 2006 there were 79 South Korean Christian missionary families and 16 individual South Korean missionaries in South Africa totalling 174 people making up nearly 70 of all South Korean missionaries in southern Africa Most South Korean churches and organisations began their activities in South Africa in the 1980s and 1990s 25 There are also six Korean Buddhist temples in the country 3 Community relations editCrime in South Africa has not left the Korean community untouched one widely reported case was the 1999 murder of Kwon Yong koo the president of Daewoo Motor South Africa in the driveway of his home in Johannesburg He was found there in his car the following morning However this was suspected to be a targeted killing rather than a random carjacking attempt 26 27 At one point prosecutors even claimed to have evidence implicating a Zimbabwean businessman with close ties to Robert Mugabe in the killing 28 In 2007 a Korean woman was found dead in her Cape Town home with her hands and feet bound with rope 29 No Koreans were victimised during the May 2008 anti immigrant violence 30 References edit 2014년 재외국민 통계청자료 in Korean 2014 retrieved 1 May 2013 a b Oh 2008 p 109 a b Korean Buddhist congregations in South Africa Buddha Dharma Education Association 2006 retrieved 1 May 2010 MOFAT 2009 Yap amp Man 1996 p 104 Osada 2002 pp 37 38 Osada 2002 pp 46 155 Osada 2002 p 160 Cha Jun yeong 7 August 2002 아프리칸 드림 그 애환의 현장을 가다 lt 22 gt 남아共 2 요하네스버그 한인사회 The true joys and sorrows of the African Dream 22 South Africa 2 the Korean community in Johannesburg Segye Ilbo in Korean retrieved 20 April 2009 OKF 2005 지구촌동포사회 남아공 Korean communities in the global village South Africa YTN News in Korean 21 June 2007 retrieved 21 April 2009 permanent dead link a b MOFAT 2011 p 305 North Koreans working at SWC stadiums MoneyWeb 15 March 2010 retrieved 30 September 2010 No N Koreans at Soccer City Sport24 15 March 2010 archived from the original on 20 March 2012 retrieved 30 September 2010 Koreans vanish into same hot air they came from Business Report 16 March 2010 retrieved 30 September 2010 Coetzee Van Rooy 2008 p 3 Coetzee Van Rooy 2009 p 15 Oh 2008 p 106 Kim Hyeong jun 7 July 2004 남아공으로 골프 유학 오세요 International students come to South Africa for golf lessons YTN News archived from the original on 24 July 2011 retrieved 21 April 2009 South Africa Attracts More Korean School Kids The Chosun Ilbo 20 September 2010 retrieved 8 April 2012 NIIED 2007 요하네스버그한글학교 NIIED 2007 프레토리아한글학교 NIIED 2007 케이프타운한글학교 Durbach Dave 27 November 2009 More Koreans Heading to South Africa The Korea Times retrieved 8 March 2012 Oh 2008 p 66 Smith Alex Duval 4 February 1999 Car chief shot dead in Johannesburg The Independent retrieved 20 April 2009 남아공서 피살 권용구씨 가족 오열 Mr Kwon Yong ku killed in South Africa family in mourning The Chosun Ilbo in Korean 3 February 1999 retrieved 21 April 2009 permanent dead link McGreal Chris 16 December 1999 The motiveless murder and Napoleon of Africa The Guardian retrieved 21 April 2009 Park Si soo 3 December 2007 Korean Woman Found Dead in South Africa The Korea Times retrieved 20 April 2009 Jo Hyeon gyeong 7 June 2008 제노포비아 폭력 사태 사회통합의 중요성 Incidents of xenophobic violence and the importance of societal unity YTN News in Korean retrieved 21 April 2009 Sources edit Yap Melanie Man Dianne 1996 Colour Confusion amp Concessions The History of the Chinese in South Africa Hong Kong University Press ISBN 978 962 209 424 6 Osada Masako 2002 Sanctions and honorary whites diplomatic policies and economic realities in relations between Japan and South Africa Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 313 31877 1 Coetzee Van Rooy Susan 2008 From the Expanding to the Outer Circle South Koreans learning English in South Africa English Today 24 4 3 10 doi 10 1017 S0266078408000333 Oh Kyung Hwan September 2008 Korean missionaries in Southern Africa a discussion and evaluation of Korean missionary activity in Southern Africa 1980 2006 PhD dissertation University of Pretoria retrieved 20 April 2009 Coetzee Van Rooy Susan 2009 Intelligibility and perceptions of English proficiency World Englishes 28 1 15 34 doi 10 1111 j 1467 971X 2008 01567 x Assesses intelligibility to South Africans of speech data from Korean speakers of English in Potchefstroom Data tables and directories edit 아프리카 재외동포현황 Overseas Korean Foundation 2005 archived from the original on 12 February 2006 retrieved 20 April 2009 Korean Language School Informal Overseas Korean Educational Institutions South Korea National Institute for International Education Development 2007 archived from the original on 14 November 2007 retrieved 13 May 2007 재외동포 다수거주 국가 재외동포현황 Overseas Korean Foundation 2007 archived from the original on 3 September 2007 retrieved 20 April 2009 재외동포현황 Current Status of Overseas Compatriots South Korea Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2009 archived from the original on 23 October 2010 retrieved 21 May 2009 재외동포 본문 지역별 상세 Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade 15 July 2011 retrieved 25 February 2012Further reading editChoe Yo han 15 August 2002 아프리칸 드림 그 애환의 현장을 가다 lt 23 gt 남아共 3 완구류 수입 케니민 사장 The true joys and sorrows of the African Dream 23 South Africa 3 Kenny Min president of a toy import company Segye Ilbo in Korean retrieved 20 April 2009 Chung Kahp Chin November 2005 The missionary strategy of Korean churches in South Africa M A dissertation Boston University retrieved 20 April 2009 Moon In seok Kim Ji hoon 11 July 2007 Student Corner Samsung in South Africa The Korea Times retrieved 20 April 2009 Oh K H 2009 Challenges and opportunities for Korean missionaries in Southern Africa Hervormde Teologiese Studies 65 1 doi 10 4102 hts v65i1 153 hdl 2263 11069 ISSN 0259 9422External links editSouth Africa Korean Association Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Koreans in South Africa amp oldid 1221731745, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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