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Erythrina

January 01, 1970

Erythrina /ˌɛrɪˈθraɪnə/[4] is a genus of plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It contains about 130 species, which are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. They are trees, with the larger species growing up to 30 m (98 ft) in height. The generic name is derived from the Greek word ερυθρóς erythros, meaning "red", referring to the flower color of certain species.[5]

Coral trees
Wiliwili (E. sandwicensis) flowers, Kanaio Beach, Maui, Hawaii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Tribe: Phaseoleae
Genus: Erythrina
L. (1753)
Type species
Erythrina corallodendron
L.[1]
Species

About 130, see text.

Synonyms[2][3]
  • Chirocalyx Meisn. (1843)
  • Corallodendron Mill. (1754)
  • Duchassaingia Walp. (1850)
  • Erythina (lapsus)
  • Hypaphorus Hassk. (1858)
  • Macrocymbium Walp. (1853)
  • Micropteryx Walp. (1851)
  • Mouricou Adans. (1763)
  • Stenotropis Hassk. (1855)
  • Tetradapa Osbeck (1757)
  • Xyphanthus Raf. (1817)
Erythrina flabelliformis - MHNT

Names edit

Particularly in horticulture, the name coral tree is used as a collective term for these plants. Flame tree is another vernacular name, but may refer to a number of unrelated plants as well. Many species of Erythrina have bright red flowers, and this may be the origin of the common name. However, the growth of the branches can resemble the shape of sea coral rather than the color of Corallium rubrum specifically, and this is an alternative source for the name. Other popular names, usually local and particular to distinct species, liken the flowers' red hues to those of a male chicken's wattles, and/or the flower shape to its leg spurs. Commonly seen Spanish names for any local species are bucaré, frejolillo or porotillo, and in Afrikaans some are called kafferboom (from the species name Erythrina caffra). Mullumurikku is a widespread name in Kerala.

Description and ecology edit

 
Indian pied myna (Gracupica contra) feeding on Indian coral tree (E. variegata) flowers in Kolkata, India.

Not all species of Erythrina have bright red flowers; the Wiliwili (E. sandwicensis) has extraordinary variation in its flower colour, with orange, yellow, salmon, green and white all being found within natural populations. This striking color polymorphism is also found in Erythrina lysistemon and Erythrina caffra.

All species except the sterile hybrids E. × sykesii and E. × bidwillii have legume-type fruit, sometimes called pods, containing one or more seeds. The resilient buoyant seeds are often carried by the sea for large distances and are commonly called "sea beans".

Erythrina leaves are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the swift moth Endoclita damor and the woolly bears Hypercompe eridanus and Hypercompe icasia. The mite Tydeus munsteri is a pest on the coastal coral tree (E. caffra).

Many birds visit the nectar-rich Erythrina flowers. In the Neotropics, these are usually larger hummingbirds, for example the swallow-tailed hummingbird (Eupetomena macroura) and the black-throated (Anthracothorax nigricollis) and green-breasted mangos (A. prevostii) – though they seem not to be especially fond of E. speciosa at least, which they visit rather opportunistically. In Southeast Asia, the black drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) which usually does not eat nectar in quantity has been observed feeding on E. suberosa flowers, and mynas and of course more specialized nectar feeders also utilize coral tree flowers. Lorikeets such as the collared lory (Phigys solitarius) and the possibly extinct New Caledonian lorikeet (Charmosyna diadema) are known to consume (or have consumed) large amounts of Erythrina nectar.

Use by humans edit

Some coral trees are used widely in the tropics and subtropics as street and park trees, especially in drier areas. In some places, such as Venezuela, bucarés are used as shade trees for coffee or cocoa crops. In the Bengal region, they are used for the same purpose in Schumannianthus dichotoma plantations. E. lanceolata in particular is considered highly suitable as "frame" tree for vanilla vines to grow up on.

Native Hawaiians made a number of items from wiliwili wood because of its low density, such as mouo (fishing net floats), ama (outrigger canoe floats,[6] and extremely long papa heʻe nalu (surfboards) called olo. Olo, which averaged 18 feet (5.5 m), were exclusively ridden by aliʻi (royalty).[7] The wood was sometimes used for the waʻa (hull) of outrigger canoes intended to be used near-shore, for recreation, or for training.[8] The shiny orange-red seeds were strung into lei.[9]

The conspicuous, even dramatic coral trees are widely used as floral emblems. cockspur coral tree (E. crista-galli) is the national flower of Argentina and Uruguay. The coastal coral tree (E. caffra) is the official city tree of Los Angeles, California, where it is referred to simply as the "coral tree".[10] The state trees of Mérida and Trujillo in Venezuela are bucaré ceibo (E. poeppigiana) and purple coral tree (bucaré anauco, E. fusca), respectively. Yonabaru, Okinawa as well as the Okinawa Prefecture, Quanzhou, Fujian Province and Pathum Thani Province have the Indian coral tree (E. variegata) as floral emblems. Known as thong lang in Thailand, the latter species is also one of the thong ("trees") referred to in the name of Amphoe Chom Thong, Chiang Mai Province. In a similar vein, Zumpahuacán in Mexico derives its name from Nahuatl tzompahuacá, "place of the Erythrina americana". In Vietnam, people use the leaves of E. variegata to wrap nem (a kind of fermented pork).

In Hinduism, the mandāra tree in Indra's garden in Svarga is held to be E. stricta. The same motif is found in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, where the mandāravā (Tib. man dā ra ba) growing in Sukhāvatī is identified as an Indian coral tree (E. variegata). The concept of the Five Trees of Paradise is also found in Christian Gnosticism. Though as none of the trees is identified as an Erythrina here, the concept might not be as directly related to the Asian religions as some presume.

 
Erythravine is tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid from Erythrina mulungu, studied for possible anxiolytic properties.

The seeds of at least one-third of the species contain potent erythrina alkaloids, and some of these are used for medicinal and other purposes by indigenous peoples.[citation needed] They are all toxic to some degree, however, and the seeds of some can cause fatal poisoning.[citation needed] The chemical compounds found in plants in this genus include alkaloids such as scoulerine, erysodin, erysovin (namely in E. flabelliformis), and the putative anxiolytic erythravine (isolated from Mulungu, E. mulungu). Erysodienone is a precursor in the biosynthesis of many of these alkaloids.[11]

As food edit

Root tubers of Erythrina species have been traditional food for aborigines of the Northern Territory of Australia.[12]

Selected species edit

 
Erythrina abyssinica in flower, Funchal (Madeira)
 
Erythrina speciosa inflorescences, Brazil
 
Erythrina zeyheri leaflets
 
Erythrina ×sykesii in flower, Auckland, New Zealand
 
Bark of Erythrina species 'Croftby', Australia

Horticultural hybrids:

Formerly placed here edit

Legal status edit

United States edit

Louisiana edit

Growing, selling or possessing Erythrina spp. except for ornamental purposes, is prohibited by Louisiana State Act 159 (where the genus is misspelled Erythina); the Act covers various known, suspected, or rumored hallucinogenic plants.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Erythrina L". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  2. ^ Erythrina L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  3. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-04-01. Archived from the original on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
  4. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–607.
  5. ^ Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
  6. ^ "Erythrina sandwicensis (Fabaceae)". Meet the Plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  7. ^ Ben Marcos; Juliana Morais; Jeff Divine & Gary Linden (2007). The Surfboard: Art, Style, Stoke. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 17–19. ISBN 978-0-7603-2753-1.
  8. ^ A.C. Medeiros C.F. Davenport & C.G. Chimera (1998). "Auwahi: Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest" (PDF). Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa: 38–39. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ Elbert L. Little Jr. & Roger G. Skolmen (1989). "Wiliwili" (PDF). Common Forest Trees of Hawaii. United States Forest Service. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  10. ^ Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Commission on International Relations, National Research Council (1979). Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future. National Academy of Sciences. p. 258.
  11. ^ Rahman, Mohammed Zakiur; J Sultana, Shirin; Faruquee, Chowdhury; Ferdous, Faisol; Rahman, Mohammad; S Islam, Mohammad; Rashid, Mohammad A. (May 2007). "Phytochemical and Biological investigations of Erythrina variegata" (PDF). Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 15.
  12. ^ NTFlora Northern Territory Flora online: Flora of the Darwin Region: Fabaceae. Retrieved 10 June 2018
  13. ^ "Zompantle o colorín (Erythrina americana Miller)". Tratado de Medicina Tradicional Mexicana Tomo II: Bases Teóricas, Clínica y Terapéutica (20). 2005. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  14. ^ Karttunen, Frances (1992). An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-8061-2421-6.
  15. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2010-10-15.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erythrina.

January 01, 1970
erythrina, genus, plants, family, fabaceae, contains, about, species, which, distributed, tropical, subtropical, regions, worldwide, they, trees, with, larger, species, growing, height, generic, name, derived, from, greek, word, ερυθρóς, erythros, meaning, ref. Erythrina ˌ ɛr ɪ ˈ 8 r aɪ n e 4 is a genus of plants in the pea family Fabaceae It contains about 130 species which are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide They are trees with the larger species growing up to 30 m 98 ft in height The generic name is derived from the Greek word ery8ros erythros meaning red referring to the flower color of certain species 5 Coral trees Wiliwili E sandwicensis flowers Kanaio Beach Maui Hawaii Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Fabales Family Fabaceae Subfamily Faboideae Tribe Phaseoleae Genus ErythrinaL 1753 Type species Erythrina corallodendronL 1 Species About 130 see text Synonyms 2 3 Chirocalyx Meisn 1843 Corallodendron Mill 1754 Duchassaingia Walp 1850 Erythina lapsus Hypaphorus Hassk 1858 Macrocymbium Walp 1853 Micropteryx Walp 1851 Mouricou Adans 1763 Stenotropis Hassk 1855 Tetradapa Osbeck 1757 Xyphanthus Raf 1817 Erythrina flabelliformis MHNT Contents 1 Names 2 Description and ecology 3 Use by humans 3 1 As food 4 Selected species 4 1 Formerly placed here 5 Legal status 5 1 United States 5 1 1 Louisiana 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksNames editParticularly in horticulture the name coral tree is used as a collective term for these plants Flame tree is another vernacular name but may refer to a number of unrelated plants as well Many species of Erythrina have bright red flowers and this may be the origin of the common name However the growth of the branches can resemble the shape of sea coral rather than the color of Corallium rubrum specifically and this is an alternative source for the name Other popular names usually local and particular to distinct species liken the flowers red hues to those of a male chicken s wattles and or the flower shape to its leg spurs Commonly seen Spanish names for any local species are bucare frejolillo or porotillo and in Afrikaans some are called kafferboom from the species name Erythrina caffra Mullumurikku is a widespread name in Kerala Description and ecology edit nbsp Indian pied myna Gracupica contra feeding on Indian coral tree E variegata flowers in Kolkata India Not all species of Erythrina have bright red flowers the Wiliwili E sandwicensis has extraordinary variation in its flower colour with orange yellow salmon green and white all being found within natural populations This striking color polymorphism is also found in Erythrina lysistemon and Erythrina caffra All species except the sterile hybrids E sykesii and E bidwillii have legume type fruit sometimes called pods containing one or more seeds The resilient buoyant seeds are often carried by the sea for large distances and are commonly called sea beans Erythrina leaves are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the swift moth Endoclita damor and the woolly bears Hypercompe eridanus and Hypercompe icasia The mite Tydeus munsteri is a pest on the coastal coral tree E caffra Many birds visit the nectar rich Erythrina flowers In the Neotropics these are usually larger hummingbirds for example the swallow tailed hummingbird Eupetomena macroura and the black throated Anthracothorax nigricollis and green breasted mangos A prevostii though they seem not to be especially fond of E speciosa at least which they visit rather opportunistically In Southeast Asia the black drongo Dicrurus macrocercus which usually does not eat nectar in quantity has been observed feeding on E suberosa flowers and mynas and of course more specialized nectar feeders also utilize coral tree flowers Lorikeets such as the collared lory Phigys solitarius and the possibly extinct New Caledonian lorikeet Charmosyna diadema are known to consume or have consumed large amounts of Erythrina nectar Use by humans editSome coral trees are used widely in the tropics and subtropics as street and park trees especially in drier areas In some places such as Venezuela bucares are used as shade trees for coffee or cocoa crops In the Bengal region they are used for the same purpose in Schumannianthus dichotoma plantations E lanceolata in particular is considered highly suitable as frame tree for vanilla vines to grow up on Native Hawaiians made a number of items from wiliwili wood because of its low density such as mouo fishing net floats ama outrigger canoe floats 6 and extremely long papa heʻe nalu surfboards called olo Olo which averaged 18 feet 5 5 m were exclusively ridden by aliʻi royalty 7 The wood was sometimes used for the waʻa hull of outrigger canoes intended to be used near shore for recreation or for training 8 The shiny orange red seeds were strung into lei 9 The conspicuous even dramatic coral trees are widely used as floral emblems cockspur coral tree E crista galli is the national flower of Argentina and Uruguay The coastal coral tree E caffra is the official city tree of Los Angeles California where it is referred to simply as the coral tree 10 The state trees of Merida and Trujillo in Venezuela are bucare ceibo E poeppigiana and purple coral tree bucare anauco E fusca respectively Yonabaru Okinawa as well as the Okinawa Prefecture Quanzhou Fujian Province and Pathum Thani Province have the Indian coral tree E variegata as floral emblems Known as thong lang in Thailand the latter species is also one of the thong trees referred to in the name of Amphoe Chom Thong Chiang Mai Province In a similar vein Zumpahuacan in Mexico derives its name from Nahuatl tzompahuaca place of the Erythrina americana In Vietnam people use the leaves of E variegata to wrap nem a kind of fermented pork In Hinduism the mandara tree in Indra s garden in Svarga is held to be E stricta The same motif is found in Indo Tibetan Buddhism where the mandarava Tib man da ra ba growing in Sukhavati is identified as an Indian coral tree E variegata The concept of the Five Trees of Paradise is also found in Christian Gnosticism Though as none of the trees is identified as an Erythrina here the concept might not be as directly related to the Asian religions as some presume nbsp Erythravine is tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid from Erythrina mulungu studied for possible anxiolytic properties The seeds of at least one third of the species contain potent erythrina alkaloids and some of these are used for medicinal and other purposes by indigenous peoples citation needed They are all toxic to some degree however and the seeds of some can cause fatal poisoning citation needed The chemical compounds found in plants in this genus include alkaloids such as scoulerine erysodin erysovin namely in E flabelliformis and the putative anxiolytic erythravine isolated from Mulungu E mulungu Erysodienone is a precursor in the biosynthesis of many of these alkaloids 11 As food edit Root tubers of Erythrina species have been traditional food for aborigines of the Northern Territory of Australia 12 Selected species edit nbsp Erythrina abyssinica in flower Funchal Madeira nbsp Erythrina speciosa inflorescences Brazil nbsp Erythrina zeyheri leaflets nbsp Erythrina sykesii in flower Auckland New Zealand nbsp Bark of Erythrina species Croftby Australia Erythrina abyssinica Lam ex DC East Africa Erythrina acanthocarpa Erythrina americana Mill Colorin 13 Tzompamitl 14 Mexico Erythrina ankaranensis Du Puy amp Labat Madagascar Erythrina atitlanensis Krukoff amp Barneby Erythrina berteroana Urb Erythrina burana Chiov Ethiopia Erythrina caffra Thunb Coastal coral tree Southeastern Africa Erythrina corallodendron L Hispaniola Jamaica Erythrina coralloides D C Flame coral tree naked coral tree Arizona in the United States Mexico Erythrina crista galli L Cockspur coral tree ceibo seibo bucare Argentina Uruguay Brazil Paraguay Erythrina decora Harms Erythrina edulis Micheli Basul Andes Erythrina eggersii Krukoff amp Moldenke Cock s spur espuela de gallo pinon espinoso United States Virgin Islands Puerto Rico Erythrina elenae Howard amp Briggs Cuba Erythrina euodiphylla Hassk ex Backh Indonesia Erythrina falcata Benth Brazilian coral tree Brazil Erythrina flabelliformis Kearney Erythrina fusca Lour Purple coral tree bois immortelle bucare anauco bucayo gallito Pantropical Erythrina haerdii Verdc Tanzania Erythrina hazomboay Du Puy amp Labat Madagascar Erythrina herbacea L Coral bean Cherokee bean red cardinal cardinal spear Southeastern United States Northeastern Mexico Erythrina humeana Spreng Natal coral tree dwarf coral tree dwarf kaffirboom dwarf erythrina South Africa Erythrina lanceolata Standl Erythrina latissima E Mey Erythrina lysistemon Hutch Common coral tree Transvaal kaffirboom lucky bean tree South Africa Erythrina madagascariensis Du Puy amp Labat Madagascar Erythrina megistophylla Ecuador Erythrina mexicana Mexico Erythrina mulungu Diels Mart Mulungu Brazil Erythrina orophila Ghesq Erythrina perrieri R Viguier Madagascar Erythrina poeppigiana Walp O F Cook bucare ceibo Erythrina polychaeta Harms Ecuador Erythrina resupinata Roxb India and Nepal Erythrina rubrinervia Kunth Erythrina sacleuxii Hua Kenya Tanzania Erythrina sandwicensis O Deg Wiliwili Hawaii Erythrina schimpffii Diels Ecuador Erythrina schliebenii Harms Lake Latumba Erythrina Thought to be extinct since 1938 but some individuals believed to be less than fifty were recently rediscovered in forest remnants on rocky sites in coastal Tanzania reported in the UK Guardian newspaper 23 March 2012 from a report in the Journal of East African Natural History Erythrina senegalensis DC Erythrina speciosa Andrews Brazil Erythrina stricta Roxb Mandara Southeast Asia Erythrina suberosa Roxb Erythrina subumbrans Miq Erythrina tahitensis Nadeaud Tahiti Erythrina tholloniana Hua West Central Tropical Africa Erythrina tuxtlana Krukoff amp Barneby Mexico Erythrina variegata L Indian coral tree tiger s claw sunshine tree roluos tree Cambodia deigo Okinawa drala Fiji madar Bangladesh man da ra ba Tibet thong lang Thailand vong nem Vietnam Erythrina velutina Willd Caribbean South America Galapagos Islands Erythrina vespertilio Benth Bat s wing coral tree grey corkwood bean tree Australia Erythrina zeyheri Harv Ploughbreaker Horticultural hybrids Erythrina bidwillii Lindl Erythrina sykesii Barneby amp Krukoff Formerly placed here edit Butea monosperma Lam Taub as E monosperma Lam Piscidia piscipula L Sarg as E piscipula L 15 Legal status editUnited States edit Louisiana edit Growing selling or possessing Erythrina spp except for ornamental purposes is prohibited by Louisiana State Act 159 where the genus is misspelled Erythina the Act covers various known suspected or rumored hallucinogenic plants See also editMandarava Psychedelic plants Victor A RekoReferences edit Erythrina L TROPICOS Missouri Botanical Garden Retrieved 2009 10 24 Erythrina L Plants of the World Online Retrieved 23 August 2023 Genus Erythrina L Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture 2007 04 01 Archived from the original on 2009 05 06 Retrieved 2010 01 28 Sunset Western Garden Book 1995 pp 606 607 Gledhill D 2008 The Names of Plants 4th ed Cambridge University Press p 157 ISBN 978 0 521 86645 3 Erythrina sandwicensis Fabaceae Meet the Plants National Tropical Botanical Garden Retrieved 2009 01 31 Ben Marcos Juliana Morais Jeff Divine amp Gary Linden 2007 The Surfboard Art Style Stoke MBI Publishing Company pp 17 19 ISBN 978 0 7603 2753 1 A C Medeiros C F Davenport amp C G Chimera 1998 Auwahi Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest PDF Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa 38 39 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Elbert L Little Jr amp Roger G Skolmen 1989 Wiliwili PDF Common Forest Trees of Hawaii United States Forest Service Retrieved 2009 11 21 Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation Board on Science and Technology for International Development Commission on International Relations National Research Council 1979 Tropical Legumes Resources for the Future National Academy of Sciences p 258 Rahman Mohammed Zakiur J Sultana Shirin Faruquee Chowdhury Ferdous Faisol Rahman Mohammad S Islam Mohammad Rashid Mohammad A May 2007 Phytochemical and Biological investigations of Erythrina variegata PDF Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 15 NTFlora Northern Territory Flora online Flora of the Darwin Region Fabaceae Retrieved 10 June 2018 Zompantle o colorin Erythrina americana Miller Tratado de Medicina Tradicional Mexicana Tomo II Bases Teoricas Clinica y Terapeutica 20 2005 Retrieved 2009 10 24 Karttunen Frances 1992 An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl University of Oklahoma Press p 316 ISBN 978 0 8061 2421 6 GRIN Species Records of Erythrina Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture Archived from the original on 2008 10 15 Retrieved 2010 10 15 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erythrina University of Florida UF Featured Creatures Moths of Erythrina plants from the UF Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Erythrina amp oldid 1216527160, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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