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Shade-grown coffee

Shade-grown coffee is a form of the crop produced from coffee plants grown under a canopy of trees. A canopy of assorted types of shade trees is created to cultivate shade-grown coffee. Because it incorporates principles of natural ecology to promote natural ecological relationships, shade-grown coffee can be considered an offshoot of agricultural permaculture or agroforestry. The resulting coffee can be marketed as "shade-grown".

Shade grown coffee in Guatemala

History

Coffee (especially Coffea arabica) is a small tree or shrub that grows in the forest understory in its wild form, and traditionally was grown commercially under other trees that provided shade. Since the mid-1970s,[1] new sun-tolerant trees and shrubs have been developed in response to fungal disease presence, especially coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix), and with the aim to yield higher production rates.[2] As a result of modernization and a push for higher yielding crops, sun-tolerant coffee plants were created to produce larger yields through higher-density, open planting, but the cultivation practices used for them are considered unsustainable[according to whom?] and often have a negative impact on the environment. This has resulted in a new trend in support of shade-grown coffee.[3][4] Although shade-grown coffee is a production system widely regarded as environmentally sustainable, enabling biodiversity conservation, enhancing pest-control services from birds, and contributing to climate change adaptation, there is an important potential tradeoff, namely lower coffee yields. Yet few studies have explicitly examined this tradeoff and the economic incentives required for smallholders to adopt shade practices rather than coffee grown in full sun or little shade.[5] A 2014 study has shown that the proportion of land used to cultivate shade-grown coffee, relative to the total land area used for coffee cultivation, has fallen by nearly 20% since 1996.[6]

Ecological impacts

Species diversity

Recent data have shown that there is a direct correlation between the structural complexity of a coffee plantation and the number of species that can be found there. The forest-like structure of shade coffee farms provides habitat for a great number of migratory and resident birds, reptiles, ants, butterflies, bats, plants and other organisms. Of all agricultural land uses, shade-grown coffee is most likely the crop that supports the highest diversity of migratory birds, native flora and fauna.[7] In all of the studies, a clear spectrum of species richness emerged ranging from high species diversity in "rustic" shaded polycultures to extremely low species diversity in unshaded monocultures.[8]

Plants

Biological diversity in traditional "rustic" plantations can be extremely high, ranging from 90 to 120 species of plants on a single site. Tree species richness in shade-grown coffee sites ranges from 13 to 58 species per site. Herb diversity was found to be 2 to 4 times that of tree diversity on any given site, and shrub diversity was fairly low in all sites. Epiphytes are also extremely diverse in shaded polycultures; 90 total epiphytic species were found in 10 sites of shade-grown coffee plots.[7]

Insects

Insect communities can be fairly complex in shaded coffee plantations. 609 species of insects from 258 families were found in a sample from ground level to 2 meters in a shaded polyculture coffee plantation near Tapachula, Chiapas. 37% of the individuals were herbivores that could be a potential crop pest if not kept in check by the predators and parasites, which represented 42% of the total species.[9]

Birds

Shade-grown coffee provides important habitat for both native and migratory bird species. The most prominent migratory species, which breed in North America and overwinter in the tropics, include warblers, flycatchers, vireos, and redstarts.[10] 184 bird species, 46 being migratory, were recorded in traditional coffee plantations near Soconusco, Chiapas, while as few as 6 to 12 species were recorded in an unshaded monoculture.[9] In a study of shade vs. sun coffee comparisons in Guatemala, overall bird abundance and diversity were 30% and 15% greater, respectively, in shaded farms than sun farms. Shade-grown trees house two-thirds of the bird species found in natural forests in the same geographic areas.[7] Much greater densities of migratory birds were found in shade-grown coffee sites than in local natural habitats. This is most likely due to the greater abundances of bird-dispersed fruit trees, flowering plants, and insects found in the shade sites. Bird communities in traditional polycultures are composed mainly of canopy and midstory species feeding on fruit, insects, and nectar.[8]

Mammals

A study in the Western Ghats of India showed that 28 species of mammals occurred in shade-coffee plantations.[11] This study also showed that distance from protected wildlife reserves had a negative influence on mammal species richness.

Biotic processes

Pest control

The high species diversity found in shaded polycultures allows for relatively complex food webs to form. Birds and mammals alike play a large role in pest control by eating many herbivorous insects. In a study in Jamaica, birds were excluded from one coffee plantation and resulted in a 70% increase in the proportion of coffee fruits infected by the Coffee Berry Borer, an insect pest species. Biological control by birds acting as predators on the coffee berry borer in Jamaica was calculated to be worth $75/hectare in 2005, averaging $1004/farm studied. This equals about 30% of the per capita gross national income for that time.[7] Another study in Puerto Rico used exclosure plots to exclude lizards, found to be more abundant in shade-grown coffee than sun-grown coffee, showed that the exclusion of lizards led to an increase in leafminers, an insect that is a serious pest to coffee plants.[7]

Pollination

Many species of bees are attracted to shaded polycultures that have a variety of flowering plants in addition to coffee. This increase in bee abundance results in a direct increase in the pollination of shade trees as well the coffee plants themselves. A study in Indonesia showed that bee species diversity increases fruit set in coffee; coffee plants visited by 3 species of bees had 60% fruit set while those with 20 species or more had 90% fruit set.[7]

Abiotic processes

Soil

The presence of canopy and midstory vegetation in shaded polycultures helps reduce soil erosion as well stabilize steep, mountainous slopes. The added leaf litter and other plant material from these shade trees also contribute to increased soil nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen. One comparison in Venezuela showed that unshaded coffee plantations lost twice as much soil to erosion as shaded plantations. In addition, soil moisture can be 42% lower in unshaded plantations than in shaded plantations, which affects biotic and abiotic processes in the environment.[7]

Water

There is significantly less runoff of surface water in shaded plantations than in unshaded plantations. This results in greater water retention as well as less leaching of nutrients in shaded plantations. Greater water retention is also important for recharging local watersheds. Sun-grown coffee requires numerous chemical fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides to be added to promote growth. This also contributes to toxic water runoff and lack of habitat for many species. In contrast to the previous information regarding birds, sun-grown coffee provides shelter for less than one-tenth of bird species.[citation needed]

Carbon sequestration and climate change

Carbon sinks and climate change

Just like natural forests, the carbon sequestered in a shade‐grown coffee farm's shade trees will be stored in the tree trunks, limbs, leaves, and roots of the foliage as opposed to being in the atmosphere and adding to global warming. Soil also acts as a sink; soil in shade-grown coffee holds carbon from the organic matter that accumulates on the ground and gets broken down over time. A study on shade‐grown coffee systems in Indonesia showed that soil carbon stocks in the upper layer of soil were equal to 60% of those found in primary forest there, and they showed 58% more total carbon stock in soil and biomass than sun-grown coffee.[7]

Agricultural impacts

Positive

Coffee trees grown under shaded conditions require less fertilization than trees grown in full sun. For this reason, shade-grown coffee is beneficial to producers who can not afford the cost of fertilization required for intense cropping systems under full sun.[12][13]

Shade trees protect coffee trees from heavy wind, rain, and sun irradiance.[12] These benefits are especially helpful in environments less favorable to sustainable production. For example, proper shade trees can buffer coffee trees from prolonged droughts and extreme temperatures.[14]

If the litter from the shade trees (fallen leaves and branches) is allowed to decay on the ground, nutrients taken up by the shade tree can be returned to the system.[12]

Shade conditions can reduce incidences of certain pests such as the Asian white stem borer.[12][15]

Negative

Shade trees compete with coffee trees for water and nutrients. In regions where either resource is limited, competition is exacerbated.[12]

Reduced nutrient availability, namely nitrogen, reduces coffee tree yield when compared to intense cropping systems in full-sun conditions.[12][14]

The shade trees must be maintained (regularly pruned, weeded, fertilized, etc.) and this adds to the cost for the coffee producer.[12] Rigorous evaluation and management of the companion trees is required in order to realize the advantages of shade-grown coffee.[14]

Shade trees contribute to increased humidity and ground litter from fallen leaves and branches. These conditions are beneficial to the proliferation of certain coffee pests and diseases, such as coffee berry borer and American leaf spot.[12][15]

Revenue potentials are lower for shade grown versus full-sun management systems.[14]

Coffee leaf rust

There is a complex interaction between shade, meteorological effects such as rainfall or dry periods, and aerial dispersal of coffee leaf rust.[16] Researchers have found that shade may suppress spore dispersal under dry conditions but assist spore dispersal during wet conditions.[16] The researchers acknowledge the need for further research on the topic.

Types of shade

 
Canopy coverage of a mostly traditional shade coffee plantation. Most of the canopy has been left undisturbed and coffee shrubs have been planted in the understory.
 
Coffee plantation with shade trees in Orosí, Costa Rica. The red trees in the background provide shade; those in the foreground have been pruned to allow full exposure to the sun.

Rustic

Rustic is the least intensive and rarest practice. With this method, coffee shrubs are planted in the existing forest with only the lowest strata of the forest removed and replaced with the coffee crop, so there is little alteration of the native plants. This coffee growing system features minimal management and no use of pesticides or herbicides. For this reason, a shade covered coffee plantation may survive economic setbacks by the farmer where an unshaded plantation would not.[17] Being the least capital-intensive method, the traditional rustic coffee system is marked by a low yield.[18] As an example, a large fraction of coffee in India is grown by this method.[19]

Traditional polyculture

Traditional Polyculture involves the integration of beneficial plants, alongside intended coffee crops, which results in more species diversity than commercial polyculture. As with traditional rustic, traditional polyculture introduces coffee plants under the cover of the original canopy. These plants include those useful for home and market, those yielding food, fuel, and medicinal quality. This creates the highest level of "useful diversity" that can be reached in coffee farming.[18] Additionally, this crop diversification helps farmers when coffee prices are depressed.

Commercial polyculture

Commercial Polyculture is similar to traditional polyculture, but some foliage is removed to make room for more coffee shrubs or for trees more favorable to the farmers’ needs. Canopy trees are sometimes pruned, and epiphytes are typically removed. There are only two strata in this system, the canopy and the coffee. At this point, fertilizers and pesticides may be required. In this system, coffee yields are higher and production is driven exclusively by the market[clarification needed].

Shade monoculture

The shaded monoculture system uses a single, usually pruned canopy species to provide shade. Coffee shrubs are planted more densely, and the farm looks very organized and deliberate with a focus on generating products that are solely market-based.

In Mexico, for example, farmers will use almost exclusively leguminous trees (species of Inga) to provide shade for coffee bushes.[18] In south-east Asia, suitable trees include Erythrina subumbrans (tton tong or dadap), Gliricidia sepium (khae falang), Cassia siamea (khi lek), Melia azedarach (khao dao sang, Indian lilac), and Paulownia tomentosa, a useful timber tree.[20]

Unshaded monoculture

Full-Sun or Unshaded Monoculture represents a "modern" system with absolutely no canopy. Coffee bushes are exposed to direct sunlight and require high inputs of chemical fertilizers and pesticides as well as an intensive yearly workforce. This "modern" system yields the highest output of coffee production but has greater environmental costs.[21]

Certification

 
Fair trade shade-grown coffee beans being sorted on a coffee plantation in Guatemala

The Bird Friendly coffee certification program, administered by the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center (SMBC) has pioneered much of the research regarding the connection between birds, coffee and farming communities to understand the importance of setting standards to create healthy, producing forests.[3] SMBC is considered the gold standard in certification for shade-grown coffee. Although organic coffee certification does not stipulate a shade cover requirement, organic coffee farmers do often employ shade as the leaf litter from an upper canopy provides a natural fertilizer. Certification by the Rainforest Alliance does require some level of shade-cover, but this may be as low as 15% of the land area.[22] A study involving bird lovers and coffee consumers in the US suggests that uptake of bird-friendly coffee may be strengthened by better communicating the impact of coffee production on bird habitat, the unique attributes of bird-friendly coffee (including the high-quality taste), differences among certification standards and credibility, and easy ways to find and purchase bird-friendly coffee [23]

See also

  Coffee portal

References

  1. ^ . February 4, 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-02-04.
  2. ^ Perfecto, Ivette; Rice, Robert A.; Greenberg, Russell; van der Voort, Martha E. (1996). "Shade Coffee: A Disappearing Refuge for Biodiversity". BioScience. 46 (8): 598–608. doi:10.2307/1312989. JSTOR 1312989.
  3. ^ a b "Coffee Drinkers and Bird Lovers". www.nationalzoo.si.edu. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  4. ^ "What is Shade-grown Coffee?". www.coffeehabitat.com. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  5. ^ Hernandez-Aguilera, J. Nicolas; Conrad, Jon M.; Gómez, Miguel I.; Rodewald, Amanda D. (May 2019). "The Economics and Ecology of Shade-grown Coffee: A Model to Incentivize Shade and Bird Conservation". Ecological Economics. 159: 110–121. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.01.015. S2CID 159324472.
  6. ^ "Shade Grown Coffee Shrinking as a Proportion of Global Coffee Production". 2014-04-16.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Rice, Robert (2010). "The Ecological Benefits of Shade-Grown Coffee: The Case for Going Bird Friendly". Smithsonian.
  8. ^ a b University of Utah (2012). "Birds do Better in 'Agroforests' than on Farms". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 10 October 2012
  9. ^ a b Faminow, Merle D.; Rodriguez, Eloise A. (2001). "Biodiversity of Flora and Fauna in Shaded Coffee Systems" (PDF). ICRAF-Latin America Regional Office. pp. 27–29.
  10. ^ Rice, Robert (1 January 1994). "Why Migratory Birds are Crazy for Coffee". Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center.
  11. ^ Bali, Archana; Kumar, Ajith; Krishnaswamy, Jagdish (2007-09-01). "The mammalian communities in coffee plantations around a protected area in the Western Ghats, India" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 139 (1–2): 93–102. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.06.017.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Van Der Vossen, H. A. M. (October 2005). "A Critical Analysis of the Agronomic and Economic Sustainability of Organic Coffee Production". Experimental Agriculture. 41 (4): 449–473. doi:10.1017/S0014479705002863. ISSN 0014-4797. S2CID 3150859.
  13. ^ Castro-Tanzi, Sebastian; Dietsch, Thomas; Urena, Natalia; Vindas, Lucia; Chandler, Mark (July 2012). "Analysis of management and site factors to improve the sustainability of smallholder coffee production in Tarrazú, Costa Rica". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 155: 172–181. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2012.04.013.
  14. ^ a b c d López-Sampson, Arlene; Sepúlveda, Norvin; Barrios, Mirna; Somarriba, Eduardo; Munguía, Rodolfo; Moraga, Pedro; Ponce, Alejandro; Orozco-Aguilar, Luis; Navarrete, Elvin; Navarrete, Ledis (2020-12-25). "Long-term effects of shade and input levels on coffee yields in the Pacific region of Nicaragua". Bois & Forêts des Tropiques. 346: 21–33. doi:10.19182/bft2020.346.a36292. ISSN 1777-5760.
  15. ^ a b Waller, J. M. (2007). Coffee pests, diseases and their management. M. Bigger, R. J. Hillocks. Wallingford, UK: CABI Pub. ISBN 978-1-84593-209-1. OCLC 567837010.
  16. ^ a b Boudrot, Audrey; Pico, Jimmy; Merle, Isabelle; Granados, Eduardo; Vílchez, Sergio; Tixier, Philippe; Filho, Elías de Melo Virginio; Casanoves, Fernando; Tapia, Ana; Allinne, Clémentine; Rice, Robert A.; Avelino, Jacques (June 2016). "Shade Effects on the Dispersal of Airborne Hemileia vastatrix Uredospores". Phytopathology. 106 (6): 572–580. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-02-15-0058-R. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 26828230.
  17. ^ Beer, John (1987). "Advantages, Disadvantages and Desirable Characteristics of Shade Trees for Coffee, Cacao and Tea" (PDF). Agroforestry Systems. 5: 4. doi:10.1007/bf00046410. hdl:11554/5747. S2CID 22181155.
  18. ^ a b c Moguel, Patricia; Toledo, Victor M. (1999). "Biodiversity Conservation in Traditional Coffee Systems of Mexico". Conservation Biology. 13 (1): 11–21. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97153.x. JSTOR 2641560. S2CID 55271604.
  19. ^ Allison, Mellissa (2013-01-27). "As India Gains Strength, So Does its Coffee". The Seattle Times.
  20. ^ Winston, Edward; Jacques Op de Laak; Tony Marsh; Herbert Lempke; Keith Chapman. "Arabica coffee manual for Lao-PDR |Chapter 3 Field management & planting trees". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  21. ^ Takahashi, Ryo; Todo, Yasuyuki (2013). "The impact of a shade coffee certification program on forest conservation: A case study from a wild coffee forest in Ethiopia". Journal of Environmental Management. 130: 48–54. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.025. hdl:10685/110. PMID 24061085.
  22. ^ "Daily Footprint, #8 – Coffee (Part 1, Shade Grown)". 2017-02-18.
  23. ^ Williams, Alicia; Dayer, Ashley A.; Hernandez-Aguilera, J. Nicolas; Phillips, Tina B.; Faulkner-Grant, Holly; Gómez, Miguel I.; Rodewald, Amanda D. (2021). "Tapping birdwatchers to promote bird-friendly coffee consumption and conserve birds". People and Nature. 3 (2): 312–324. doi:10.1002/pan3.10191. hdl:10919/102582. ISSN 2575-8314. S2CID 233521434.

shade, grown, coffee, form, crop, produced, from, coffee, plants, grown, under, canopy, trees, canopy, assorted, types, shade, trees, created, cultivate, shade, grown, coffee, because, incorporates, principles, natural, ecology, promote, natural, ecological, r. Shade grown coffee is a form of the crop produced from coffee plants grown under a canopy of trees A canopy of assorted types of shade trees is created to cultivate shade grown coffee Because it incorporates principles of natural ecology to promote natural ecological relationships shade grown coffee can be considered an offshoot of agricultural permaculture or agroforestry The resulting coffee can be marketed as shade grown Shade grown coffee in Guatemala Contents 1 History 2 Ecological impacts 2 1 Species diversity 2 1 1 Plants 2 1 2 Insects 2 1 3 Birds 2 1 4 Mammals 2 2 Biotic processes 2 2 1 Pest control 2 2 2 Pollination 2 3 Abiotic processes 2 3 1 Soil 2 3 2 Water 2 4 Carbon sequestration and climate change 2 4 1 Carbon sinks and climate change 3 Agricultural impacts 3 1 Positive 3 2 Negative 3 3 Coffee leaf rust 4 Types of shade 4 1 Rustic 4 2 Traditional polyculture 4 3 Commercial polyculture 4 4 Shade monoculture 4 5 Unshaded monoculture 5 Certification 6 See also 7 ReferencesHistory EditCoffee especially Coffea arabica is a small tree or shrub that grows in the forest understory in its wild form and traditionally was grown commercially under other trees that provided shade Since the mid 1970s 1 new sun tolerant trees and shrubs have been developed in response to fungal disease presence especially coffee leaf rust Hemileia vastatrix and with the aim to yield higher production rates 2 As a result of modernization and a push for higher yielding crops sun tolerant coffee plants were created to produce larger yields through higher density open planting but the cultivation practices used for them are considered unsustainable according to whom and often have a negative impact on the environment This has resulted in a new trend in support of shade grown coffee 3 4 Although shade grown coffee is a production system widely regarded as environmentally sustainable enabling biodiversity conservation enhancing pest control services from birds and contributing to climate change adaptation there is an important potential tradeoff namely lower coffee yields Yet few studies have explicitly examined this tradeoff and the economic incentives required for smallholders to adopt shade practices rather than coffee grown in full sun or little shade 5 A 2014 study has shown that the proportion of land used to cultivate shade grown coffee relative to the total land area used for coffee cultivation has fallen by nearly 20 since 1996 6 Ecological impacts EditSpecies diversity Edit Recent data have shown that there is a direct correlation between the structural complexity of a coffee plantation and the number of species that can be found there The forest like structure of shade coffee farms provides habitat for a great number of migratory and resident birds reptiles ants butterflies bats plants and other organisms Of all agricultural land uses shade grown coffee is most likely the crop that supports the highest diversity of migratory birds native flora and fauna 7 In all of the studies a clear spectrum of species richness emerged ranging from high species diversity in rustic shaded polycultures to extremely low species diversity in unshaded monocultures 8 Plants Edit Biological diversity in traditional rustic plantations can be extremely high ranging from 90 to 120 species of plants on a single site Tree species richness in shade grown coffee sites ranges from 13 to 58 species per site Herb diversity was found to be 2 to 4 times that of tree diversity on any given site and shrub diversity was fairly low in all sites Epiphytes are also extremely diverse in shaded polycultures 90 total epiphytic species were found in 10 sites of shade grown coffee plots 7 Insects Edit Insect communities can be fairly complex in shaded coffee plantations 609 species of insects from 258 families were found in a sample from ground level to 2 meters in a shaded polyculture coffee plantation near Tapachula Chiapas 37 of the individuals were herbivores that could be a potential crop pest if not kept in check by the predators and parasites which represented 42 of the total species 9 Birds Edit Shade grown coffee provides important habitat for both native and migratory bird species The most prominent migratory species which breed in North America and overwinter in the tropics include warblers flycatchers vireos and redstarts 10 184 bird species 46 being migratory were recorded in traditional coffee plantations near Soconusco Chiapas while as few as 6 to 12 species were recorded in an unshaded monoculture 9 In a study of shade vs sun coffee comparisons in Guatemala overall bird abundance and diversity were 30 and 15 greater respectively in shaded farms than sun farms Shade grown trees house two thirds of the bird species found in natural forests in the same geographic areas 7 Much greater densities of migratory birds were found in shade grown coffee sites than in local natural habitats This is most likely due to the greater abundances of bird dispersed fruit trees flowering plants and insects found in the shade sites Bird communities in traditional polycultures are composed mainly of canopy and midstory species feeding on fruit insects and nectar 8 Mammals Edit A study in the Western Ghats of India showed that 28 species of mammals occurred in shade coffee plantations 11 This study also showed that distance from protected wildlife reserves had a negative influence on mammal species richness Biotic processes Edit Pest control Edit The high species diversity found in shaded polycultures allows for relatively complex food webs to form Birds and mammals alike play a large role in pest control by eating many herbivorous insects In a study in Jamaica birds were excluded from one coffee plantation and resulted in a 70 increase in the proportion of coffee fruits infected by the Coffee Berry Borer an insect pest species Biological control by birds acting as predators on the coffee berry borer in Jamaica was calculated to be worth 75 hectare in 2005 averaging 1004 farm studied This equals about 30 of the per capita gross national income for that time 7 Another study in Puerto Rico used exclosure plots to exclude lizards found to be more abundant in shade grown coffee than sun grown coffee showed that the exclusion of lizards led to an increase in leafminers an insect that is a serious pest to coffee plants 7 Pollination Edit Many species of bees are attracted to shaded polycultures that have a variety of flowering plants in addition to coffee This increase in bee abundance results in a direct increase in the pollination of shade trees as well the coffee plants themselves A study in Indonesia showed that bee species diversity increases fruit set in coffee coffee plants visited by 3 species of bees had 60 fruit set while those with 20 species or more had 90 fruit set 7 Abiotic processes Edit Soil Edit The presence of canopy and midstory vegetation in shaded polycultures helps reduce soil erosion as well stabilize steep mountainous slopes The added leaf litter and other plant material from these shade trees also contribute to increased soil nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen One comparison in Venezuela showed that unshaded coffee plantations lost twice as much soil to erosion as shaded plantations In addition soil moisture can be 42 lower in unshaded plantations than in shaded plantations which affects biotic and abiotic processes in the environment 7 Water Edit There is significantly less runoff of surface water in shaded plantations than in unshaded plantations This results in greater water retention as well as less leaching of nutrients in shaded plantations Greater water retention is also important for recharging local watersheds Sun grown coffee requires numerous chemical fertilizers insecticides herbicides fungicides and pesticides to be added to promote growth This also contributes to toxic water runoff and lack of habitat for many species In contrast to the previous information regarding birds sun grown coffee provides shelter for less than one tenth of bird species citation needed Carbon sequestration and climate change Edit Carbon sinks and climate change Edit Just like natural forests the carbon sequestered in a shade grown coffee farm s shade trees will be stored in the tree trunks limbs leaves and roots of the foliage as opposed to being in the atmosphere and adding to global warming Soil also acts as a sink soil in shade grown coffee holds carbon from the organic matter that accumulates on the ground and gets broken down over time A study on shade grown coffee systems in Indonesia showed that soil carbon stocks in the upper layer of soil were equal to 60 of those found in primary forest there and they showed 58 more total carbon stock in soil and biomass than sun grown coffee 7 Agricultural impacts EditPositive Edit Coffee trees grown under shaded conditions require less fertilization than trees grown in full sun For this reason shade grown coffee is beneficial to producers who can not afford the cost of fertilization required for intense cropping systems under full sun 12 13 Shade trees protect coffee trees from heavy wind rain and sun irradiance 12 These benefits are especially helpful in environments less favorable to sustainable production For example proper shade trees can buffer coffee trees from prolonged droughts and extreme temperatures 14 If the litter from the shade trees fallen leaves and branches is allowed to decay on the ground nutrients taken up by the shade tree can be returned to the system 12 Shade conditions can reduce incidences of certain pests such as the Asian white stem borer 12 15 Negative Edit Shade trees compete with coffee trees for water and nutrients In regions where either resource is limited competition is exacerbated 12 Reduced nutrient availability namely nitrogen reduces coffee tree yield when compared to intense cropping systems in full sun conditions 12 14 The shade trees must be maintained regularly pruned weeded fertilized etc and this adds to the cost for the coffee producer 12 Rigorous evaluation and management of the companion trees is required in order to realize the advantages of shade grown coffee 14 Shade trees contribute to increased humidity and ground litter from fallen leaves and branches These conditions are beneficial to the proliferation of certain coffee pests and diseases such as coffee berry borer and American leaf spot 12 15 Revenue potentials are lower for shade grown versus full sun management systems 14 Coffee leaf rust Edit There is a complex interaction between shade meteorological effects such as rainfall or dry periods and aerial dispersal of coffee leaf rust 16 Researchers have found that shade may suppress spore dispersal under dry conditions but assist spore dispersal during wet conditions 16 The researchers acknowledge the need for further research on the topic Types of shade Edit Canopy coverage of a mostly traditional shade coffee plantation Most of the canopy has been left undisturbed and coffee shrubs have been planted in the understory Coffee plantation with shade trees in Orosi Costa Rica The red trees in the background provide shade those in the foreground have been pruned to allow full exposure to the sun Rustic Edit Rustic is the least intensive and rarest practice With this method coffee shrubs are planted in the existing forest with only the lowest strata of the forest removed and replaced with the coffee crop so there is little alteration of the native plants This coffee growing system features minimal management and no use of pesticides or herbicides For this reason a shade covered coffee plantation may survive economic setbacks by the farmer where an unshaded plantation would not 17 Being the least capital intensive method the traditional rustic coffee system is marked by a low yield 18 As an example a large fraction of coffee in India is grown by this method 19 Traditional polyculture Edit Traditional Polyculture involves the integration of beneficial plants alongside intended coffee crops which results in more species diversity than commercial polyculture As with traditional rustic traditional polyculture introduces coffee plants under the cover of the original canopy These plants include those useful for home and market those yielding food fuel and medicinal quality This creates the highest level of useful diversity that can be reached in coffee farming 18 Additionally this crop diversification helps farmers when coffee prices are depressed Commercial polyculture Edit Commercial Polyculture is similar to traditional polyculture but some foliage is removed to make room for more coffee shrubs or for trees more favorable to the farmers needs Canopy trees are sometimes pruned and epiphytes are typically removed There are only two strata in this system the canopy and the coffee At this point fertilizers and pesticides may be required In this system coffee yields are higher and production is driven exclusively by the market clarification needed Shade monoculture Edit The shaded monoculture system uses a single usually pruned canopy species to provide shade Coffee shrubs are planted more densely and the farm looks very organized and deliberate with a focus on generating products that are solely market based In Mexico for example farmers will use almost exclusively leguminous trees species of Inga to provide shade for coffee bushes 18 In south east Asia suitable trees include Erythrina subumbrans tton tong or dadap Gliricidia sepium khae falang Cassia siamea khi lek Melia azedarach khao dao sang Indian lilac and Paulownia tomentosa a useful timber tree 20 Unshaded monoculture Edit Full Sun or Unshaded Monoculture represents a modern system with absolutely no canopy Coffee bushes are exposed to direct sunlight and require high inputs of chemical fertilizers and pesticides as well as an intensive yearly workforce This modern system yields the highest output of coffee production but has greater environmental costs 21 Certification Edit Fair trade shade grown coffee beans being sorted on a coffee plantation in Guatemala The Bird Friendly coffee certification program administered by the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center SMBC has pioneered much of the research regarding the connection between birds coffee and farming communities to understand the importance of setting standards to create healthy producing forests 3 SMBC is considered the gold standard in certification for shade grown coffee Although organic coffee certification does not stipulate a shade cover requirement organic coffee farmers do often employ shade as the leaf litter from an upper canopy provides a natural fertilizer Certification by the Rainforest Alliance does require some level of shade cover but this may be as low as 15 of the land area 22 A study involving bird lovers and coffee consumers in the US suggests that uptake of bird friendly coffee may be strengthened by better communicating the impact of coffee production on bird habitat the unique attributes of bird friendly coffee including the high quality taste differences among certification standards and credibility and easy ways to find and purchase bird friendly coffee 23 See also EditOrganic coffee Fair trade coffee Sustainable Agriculture Coffee portalReferences Edit Why Migratory Birds are Crazy for Coffee Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center February 4 2017 Archived from the original on 2017 02 04 Perfecto Ivette Rice Robert A Greenberg Russell van der Voort Martha E 1996 Shade Coffee A Disappearing Refuge for Biodiversity BioScience 46 8 598 608 doi 10 2307 1312989 JSTOR 1312989 a b Coffee Drinkers and Bird Lovers www nationalzoo si edu Retrieved 28 November 2012 What is Shade grown Coffee www coffeehabitat com Retrieved 19 February 2015 Hernandez Aguilera J Nicolas Conrad Jon M Gomez Miguel I Rodewald Amanda D May 2019 The Economics and Ecology of Shade grown Coffee A Model to Incentivize Shade and Bird Conservation Ecological Economics 159 110 121 doi 10 1016 j ecolecon 2019 01 015 S2CID 159324472 Shade Grown Coffee Shrinking as a Proportion of Global Coffee Production 2014 04 16 a b c d e f g h Rice Robert 2010 The Ecological Benefits of Shade Grown Coffee The Case for Going Bird Friendly Smithsonian a b University of Utah 2012 Birds do Better in Agroforests than on Farms ScienceDaily Retrieved 10 October 2012 a b Faminow Merle D Rodriguez Eloise A 2001 Biodiversity of Flora and Fauna in Shaded Coffee Systems PDF ICRAF Latin America Regional Office pp 27 29 Rice Robert 1 January 1994 Why Migratory Birds are Crazy for Coffee Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center Bali Archana Kumar Ajith Krishnaswamy Jagdish 2007 09 01 The mammalian communities in coffee plantations around a protected area in the Western Ghats India PDF Biological Conservation 139 1 2 93 102 doi 10 1016 j biocon 2007 06 017 a b c d e f g h Van Der Vossen H A M October 2005 A Critical Analysis of the Agronomic and Economic Sustainability of Organic Coffee Production Experimental Agriculture 41 4 449 473 doi 10 1017 S0014479705002863 ISSN 0014 4797 S2CID 3150859 Castro Tanzi Sebastian Dietsch Thomas Urena Natalia Vindas Lucia Chandler Mark July 2012 Analysis of management and site factors to improve the sustainability of smallholder coffee production in Tarrazu Costa Rica Agriculture Ecosystems amp Environment 155 172 181 doi 10 1016 j agee 2012 04 013 a b c d Lopez Sampson Arlene Sepulveda Norvin Barrios Mirna Somarriba Eduardo Munguia Rodolfo Moraga Pedro Ponce Alejandro Orozco Aguilar Luis Navarrete Elvin Navarrete Ledis 2020 12 25 Long term effects of shade and input levels on coffee yields in the Pacific region of Nicaragua Bois amp Forets des Tropiques 346 21 33 doi 10 19182 bft2020 346 a36292 ISSN 1777 5760 a b Waller J M 2007 Coffee pests diseases and their management M Bigger R J Hillocks Wallingford UK CABI Pub ISBN 978 1 84593 209 1 OCLC 567837010 a b Boudrot Audrey Pico Jimmy Merle Isabelle Granados Eduardo Vilchez Sergio Tixier Philippe Filho Elias de Melo Virginio Casanoves Fernando Tapia Ana Allinne Clementine Rice Robert A Avelino Jacques June 2016 Shade Effects on the Dispersal of Airborne Hemileia vastatrix Uredospores Phytopathology 106 6 572 580 doi 10 1094 PHYTO 02 15 0058 R ISSN 0031 949X PMID 26828230 Beer John 1987 Advantages Disadvantages and Desirable Characteristics of Shade Trees for Coffee Cacao and Tea PDF Agroforestry Systems 5 4 doi 10 1007 bf00046410 hdl 11554 5747 S2CID 22181155 a b c Moguel Patricia Toledo Victor M 1999 Biodiversity Conservation in Traditional Coffee Systems of Mexico Conservation Biology 13 1 11 21 doi 10 1046 j 1523 1739 1999 97153 x JSTOR 2641560 S2CID 55271604 Allison Mellissa 2013 01 27 As India Gains Strength So Does its Coffee The Seattle Times Winston Edward Jacques Op de Laak Tony Marsh Herbert Lempke Keith Chapman Arabica coffee manual for Lao PDR Chapter 3 Field management amp planting trees Food and Agriculture Organization Retrieved 1 May 2019 Takahashi Ryo Todo Yasuyuki 2013 The impact of a shade coffee certification program on forest conservation A case study from a wild coffee forest in Ethiopia Journal of Environmental Management 130 48 54 doi 10 1016 j jenvman 2013 08 025 hdl 10685 110 PMID 24061085 Daily Footprint 8 Coffee Part 1 Shade Grown 2017 02 18 Williams Alicia Dayer Ashley A Hernandez Aguilera J Nicolas Phillips Tina B Faulkner Grant Holly Gomez Miguel I Rodewald Amanda D 2021 Tapping birdwatchers to promote bird friendly coffee consumption and conserve birds People and Nature 3 2 312 324 doi 10 1002 pan3 10191 hdl 10919 102582 ISSN 2575 8314 S2CID 233521434 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shade grown coffee amp oldid 1147991822, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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