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Emergence

November 23, 2023

For other uses, see Emergence (disambiguation).
See also: Emergent (disambiguation), Spontaneous order, and Self-organization

In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when a complex entity has properties or behaviors that its parts do not have on their own, and emerge only when they interact in a wider whole.

The formation of complex symmetrical and fractal patterns in snowflakes exemplifies emergence in a physical system.
A termite "cathedral" mound produced by a termite colony offers a classic example of emergence in nature.

Emergence plays a central role in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. For instance, the phenomenon of life as studied in biology is an emergent property of chemistry and quantum physics.

In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called emergentism.[1]

In philosophy edit

Main article: Emergentism

Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the etiology of a system's properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a categorial novum (new category).

Definitions edit

This concept of emergence dates from at least the time of Aristotle.[2] The many scientists and philosophers[3] who have written on the concept include John Stuart Mill (Composition of Causes, 1843)[4] and Julian Huxley[5] (1887–1975).

The philosopher G. H. Lewes coined the term "emergent" in 1875, distinguishing it from the merely "resultant":

Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same – their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are homogeneous and commensurable. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference.[6][7]

Strong and weak emergence edit

Further information: Emergent materialism and Reductive materialism

Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". One paper discussing this division is Weak Emergence, by philosopher Mark Bedau. In terms of physical systems, weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation or similar forms of after-the-fact analysis (for example, the formation of a traffic jam, the structure of a flock of starlings in flight or a school of fish, or the formation of galaxies). Crucial in these simulations is that the interacting members retain their independence. If not, a new entity is formed with new, emergent properties: this is called strong emergence, which it is argued cannot be simulated, analysed or reduced.

Some common points between the two notions are that emergence concerns new properties produced as the system grows, which is to say ones which are not shared with its components or prior states. Also, it is assumed that the properties are supervenient rather than metaphysically primitive.[8]

Weak emergence describes new properties arising in systems as a result of the interactions at a fundamental level. However, Bedau stipulates that the properties can be determined only by observing or simulating the system, and not by any process of a reductionist analysis. As a consequence the emerging properties are scale dependent: they are only observable if the system is large enough to exhibit the phenomenon. Chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can be seen as an emergent phenomenon, while at a microscopic scale the behaviour of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.

Bedau notes that weak emergence is not a universal metaphysical solvent, as the hypothesis that consciousness is weakly emergent would not resolve the traditional philosophical questions about the physicality of consciousness. However, Bedau concludes that adopting this view would provide a precise notion that emergence is involved in consciousness, and second, the notion of weak emergence is metaphysically benign.[8]

Strong emergence describes the direct causal action of a high-level system on its components; qualities produced this way are irreducible to the system's constituent parts.[9] The whole is other than the sum of its parts. It is argued then that no simulation of the system can exist, for such a simulation would itself constitute a reduction of the system to its constituent parts.[8] Physics lacks well-established examples of strong emergence, unless it is interpreted as the impossibility in practice to explain the whole in terms of the parts. Practical impossibility may be a more useful distinction than one in principle, since it is easier to determine and quantify, and does not imply the use of mysterious forces, but simply reflects the limits of our capability.[10]

Viability of strong emergence edit

Some thinkers question the plausibility of strong emergence as contravening our usual understanding of physics. Mark A. Bedau observes:

Although strong emergence is logically possible, it is uncomfortably like magic. How does an irreducible but supervenient downward causal power arise, since by definition it cannot be due to the aggregation of the micro-level potentialities? Such causal powers would be quite unlike anything within our scientific ken. This not only indicates how they will discomfort reasonable forms of materialism. Their mysteriousness will only heighten the traditional worry that emergence entails illegitimately getting something from nothing.[11]

Strong emergence can be criticized for leading to causal overdetermination. The canonical example concerns emergent mental states (M and M∗) that supervene on physical states (P and P∗) respectively. Let M and M∗ be emergent properties. Let M∗ supervene on base property P∗. What happens when M causes M∗? Jaegwon Kim says:

In our schematic example above, we concluded that M causes M∗ by causing P∗. So M causes P∗. Now, M, as an emergent, must itself have an emergence base property, say P. Now we face a critical question: if an emergent, M, emerges from basal condition P, why cannot P displace M as a cause of any putative effect of M? Why cannot P do all the work in explaining why any alleged effect of M occurred? If causation is understood as nomological (law-based) sufficiency, P, as M's emergence base, is nomologically sufficient for it, and M, as P∗'s cause, is nomologically sufficient for P∗. It follows that P is nomologically sufficient for P∗ and hence qualifies as its cause…If M is somehow retained as a cause, we are faced with the highly implausible consequence that every case of downward causation involves overdetermination (since P remains a cause of P∗ as well). Moreover, this goes against the spirit of emergentism in any case: emergents are supposed to make distinctive and novel causal contributions.[12]

If M is the cause of M∗, then M∗ is overdetermined because M∗ can also be thought of as being determined by P. One escape-route that a strong emergentist could take would be to deny downward causation. However, this would remove the proposed reason that emergent mental states must supervene on physical states, which in turn would call physicalism into question, and thus be unpalatable for some philosophers and physicists.

Objective or subjective quality edit

Crutchfield regards the properties of complexity and organization of any system as subjective qualities determined by the observer.

Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective, though essential, scientific activities. Despite the difficulties, these problems can be analysed in terms of how model-building observers infer from measurements the computational capabilities embedded in non-linear processes. An observer’s notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference. The discovery of structure in an environment depends more critically and subtly, though, on how those resources are organized. The descriptive power of the observer’s chosen (or implicit) computational model class, for example, can be an overwhelming determinant in finding regularity in data.[13]

The low entropy of an ordered system can be viewed as an example of subjective emergence: the observer sees an ordered system by ignoring the underlying microstructure (i.e. movement of molecules or elementary particles) and concludes that the system has a low entropy.[14] On the other hand, chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can also be seen as subjective emergent, while at a microscopic scale the movement of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.

In science edit

In physics, emergence is used to describe a property, law, or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales (in space or time) but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems.[15][16]

An emergent behavior of a physical system is a qualitative property that can only occur in the limit that the number of microscopic constituents tends to infinity.[17]

According to Laughlin,[9] for many particle systems, nothing can be calculated exactly from the microscopic equations, and macroscopic systems are characterised by broken symmetry: the symmetry present in the microscopic equations is not present in the macroscopic system, due to phase transitions. As a result, these macroscopic systems are described in their own terminology, and have properties that do not depend on many microscopic details.

Novelist Arthur Koestler used the metaphor of Janus (a symbol of the unity underlying complements like open/shut, peace/war) to illustrate how the two perspectives (strong vs. weak or holistic vs. reductionistic) should be treated as non-exclusive, and should work together to address the issues of emergence.[18] Theoretical physicist PW Anderson states it this way:

The ability to reduce everything to simple fundamental laws does not imply the ability to start from those laws and reconstruct the universe. The constructionist hypothesis breaks down when confronted with the twin difficulties of scale and complexity. At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry. We can now see that the whole becomes not merely more, but very different from the sum of its parts.[19]

Meanwhile, others have worked towards developing analytical evidence of strong emergence. Renormalization methods in theoretical physics enable physicists to study critical phenomena that are not tractable as the combination of their parts.[20] In 2009, Gu et al. presented a class of infinite physical systems that exhibits non-computable macroscopic properties.[21][22] More precisely, if one could compute certain macroscopic properties of these systems from the microscopic description of these systems, then one would be able to solve computational problems known to be undecidable in computer science. These results concern infinite systems, finite systems being considered computable. However, macroscopic concepts which only apply in the limit of infinite systems, such as phase transitions and the renormalization group, are important for understanding and modeling real, finite physical systems. Gu et al. concluded that

Although macroscopic concepts are essential for understanding our world, much of fundamental physics has been devoted to the search for a 'theory of everything', a set of equations that perfectly describe the behavior of all fundamental particles. The view that this is the goal of science rests in part on the rationale that such a theory would allow us to derive the behavior of all macroscopic concepts, at least in principle. The evidence we have presented suggests that this view may be overly optimistic. A 'theory of everything' is one of many components necessary for complete understanding of the universe, but is not necessarily the only one. The development of macroscopic laws from first principles may involve more than just systematic logic, and could require conjectures suggested by experiments, simulations or insight.[21]

In humanity edit

See also: Spontaneous order and Self-organization

Human beings are the basic elements of social systems, which perpetually interact and create, maintain, or untangle mutual social bonds. Social bonds in social systems are perpetually changing in the sense of the ongoing reconfiguration of their structure.[23] An early argument (1904–05) for the emergence of social formations can be found in Max Weber's most famous work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.[24] Recently, the emergence of a new social system is linked with the emergence of order from nonlinear relationships among multiple interacting units, where multiple interacting units are individual thoughts, consciousness, and actions.[25]

In linguistics, the concept of emergence has been applied in the domain of stylometry to explain the interrelation between the syntactical structures of the text and the author style (Slautina, Marusenko, 2014).[26] It has also been argued that the structure and regularity of language grammar, or at least language change, is an emergent phenomenon.[27] While each speaker merely tries to reach their own communicative goals, they use language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed.[28] In a wider sense, the norms of a language, i.e. the linguistic conventions of its speech society, can be seen as a system emerging from long-time participation in communicative problem-solving in various social circumstances.[29]

Economic trends and patterns which emerge are studied intensively by economists.[30] Within the field of group facilitation and organization development, there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self-organization, by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions. Examples of these processes include SEED-SCALE, appreciative inquiry, Future Search, the world cafe or knowledge cafe, Open Space Technology, and others (Holman, 2010[31]). In international development, concepts of emergence have been used within a theory of social change termed SEED-SCALE to show how standard principles interact to bring forward socio-economic development fitted to cultural values, community economics, and natural environment (local solutions emerging from the larger socio-econo-biosphere). These principles can be implemented utilizing a sequence of standardized tasks that self-assemble in individually specific ways utilizing recursive evaluative criteria.[32]

In technology edit

The bulk conductive response of binary (RC) electrical networks with random arrangements, known as the Universal Dielectric Response (UDR), can be seen as emergent properties of such physical systems. Such arrangements can be used as simple physical prototypes for deriving mathematical formulae for the emergent responses of complex systems.[33] Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties. In the congestion control mechanism, TCP flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks, simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination. Congestion, widely regarded as a nuisance, is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a phase transition.[34] Some artificially intelligent (AI) computer applications simulate emergent behavior.[35] One example is Boids, which mimics the swarming behavior of birds.[36]

In religion and art edit

In religion, emergence grounds expressions of religious naturalism and syntheism in which a sense of the sacred is perceived in the workings of entirely naturalistic processes by which more complex forms arise or evolve from simpler forms. Examples are detailed in The Sacred Emergence of Nature by Ursula Goodenough & Terrence Deacon and Beyond Reductionism: Reinventing the Sacred by Stuart Kauffman, both from 2006, as well as Syntheism – Creating God in The Internet Age by Alexander Bard & Jan Söderqvist from 2014 and Emergentism: A Religion of Complexity for the Metamodern World by Brendan Graham Dempsey (2022).

Michael J. Pearce has used emergence to describe the experience of works of art in relation to contemporary neuroscience.[37] Practicing artist Leonel Moura, in turn, attributes to his "artbots" a real, if nonetheless rudimentary, creativity based on emergent principles.[38]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ O'Connor, Timothy; Wong, Hong Yu (February 28, 2012). "Emergent Properties". In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition).
  2. ^ Aristotle, Metaphysics (Aristotle), Book VIII (Eta) 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.
  3. ^ Winning, Jason; Bechtel, William (2019). "Being emergence vs. pattern emergence: complexity, control, and goal-directedness in biological systems". In Gibb, Sophie; Hendry, Robin Findlay; Lancaster, Tom (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Emergence. Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 134. ISBN 9781317381501. Retrieved 25 October 2020. Emergence is much discussed by both philosophers and scientists.
  4. ^ "The chemical combination of two substances produces, as is well known, a third substance with properties entirely different from those of either of the two substances separately, or of both of them taken together."
  5. ^ Julian Huxley: "now and again there is a sudden rapid passage to a totally new and more comprehensive type of order or organization, with quite new emergent properties, and involving quite new methods of further evolution" (Huxley & Huxley 1947, p. 120)
  6. ^ Lewes, George Henry (1875). Problems of Life and Mind. First Series: The Foundations of a Creed. Vol. 2. Boston: Osgood. p. 369. Retrieved 24 Mar 2019.
  7. ^ Blitz 1992.
  8. ^ a b c Bedau 1997.
  9. ^ a b Laughlin 2005.
  10. ^ Luisi, Pier L. (2006). The Emergence of Life: From Chemical Origins to Synthetic Biology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0521821179. from the original on 2015-11-17.
  11. ^ (Bedau 1997)
  12. ^ Kim, Jaegwon (2006). "Emergence: Core ideas and issues". Synthese. 151 (3): 547–59. doi:10.1007/s11229-006-9025-0. S2CID 875121.
  13. ^ Crutchfield, James P. (1993). "The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction". Physica. Utrecht (published 1994). 75 (1–3): 11–54. Bibcode:1994PhyD...75...11C. doi:10.1016/0167-2789(94)90273-9. Retrieved 24 Mar 2019.
  14. ^ See f.i. Carlo Rovelli: The mystery of time, 2017, part 10: Perspective, p.105-110
  15. ^ Anderson, Philip W. (2018-03-09). Basic Notions Of Condensed Matter Physics. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-429-97374-1.
  16. ^ Girvin, Steven M.; Yang, Kun (2019-02-28). Modern Condensed Matter Physics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-57347-4.
  17. ^ Kivelson, Sophia; Kivelson, Steve (2016). "Defining Emergence in Physics". npj Quantum Materials. Nature Research. 1. doi:10.1038/npjquantmats.2016.24.
  18. ^ Koestler 1969.
  19. ^ Anderson 1972.
  20. ^ Longo, Giuseppe; Montévil, Maël; Pocheville, Arnaud (2012-01-01). "From bottom-up approaches to levels of organization and extended critical transitions". Frontiers in Physiology. 3: 232. doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00232. PMC 3429021. PMID 22934001.
  21. ^ a b Gu, Mile; et al. (2009). "More really is different". Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 238 (9): 835–39. arXiv:0809.0151. Bibcode:2009PhyD..238..835G. doi:10.1016/j.physd.2008.12.016. S2CID 61197980.
  22. ^ Binder, P-M (2009). "Computation: The edge of reductionism". Nature. 459 (7245): 332–34. Bibcode:2009Natur.459..332B. doi:10.1038/459332a. PMID 19458701. S2CID 205046586.
  23. ^ Luhmann, N. (1995). Social systems. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  24. ^ McKinnon, AM (2010). "Elective affinities of the Protestant ethic: Weber and the chemistry of capitalism" (PDF). Sociological Theory. 28 (1): 108–26. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01367.x. hdl:2164/3035. S2CID 144579790.
  25. ^ Casti, J. L. (1994). Complexification: Explaining a paradoxical world through the science of surprise. New York: Harper Collins.
  26. ^ Slautina, Maria; Marusenko, Mikhail (2014). "L'émergence du style. Les méthodes stylométriques pour la recherche de paternité des textes médiévaux". Les Cahiers du Numérique. 10 (4): 179–215. doi:10.3166/lcn.10.4.179-215.
  27. ^ Hopper, Paul J. (1998). "Emergent grammar". The new psychology of language: Cognitive and functional approaches to language structure. pp. 155–175.
  28. ^ Keller 1994.
  29. ^ Määttä, Urho (4 January 2000). "Kielitieteen emergenttinen metateoria". Virittäjä (in Finnish). 104 (4): 498. ISSN 2242-8828. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  30. ^ Arthur, W. Brian. (2015). "Complexity and the economy". Science. Oxford. 284 (5411): 107–9. doi:10.1126/science.284.5411.107. ISBN 978-0-19-933429-2. OCLC 876140942. PMID 10103172.
  31. ^ Holman, Peggy (December 2010 – January 2011). "Engaging Emergence: Turning Upheaval into Opportunity" (PDF). Pegasus Communication: The Systems Thinker. 21. (PDF) from the original on 2013-04-18.
  32. ^ Daniel C. Taylor, Carl E. Taylor, Jesse O. Taylor, Empowerment on an Unstable Planet: From Seeds of Human Energy to a Scale of Global Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012)
  33. ^ Almond, D.P.; Budd, C.J.; Freitag, M.A.; Hunt, G.W.; McCullen, N.J.; Smith, N.D. (2013). "The origin of power-law emergent scaling in large binary networks". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 392 (4): 1004–1027. arXiv:1204.5601. Bibcode:2013PhyA..392.1004A. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2012.10.035. S2CID 15801210.
  34. ^ See review of related research in (Smith 2008, pp. 1–31)
  35. ^ Gordon, Goren (2019). "Social behaviour as an emergent property of embodied curiosity: A robotics perspective". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 374 (1771). doi:10.1098/rstb.2018.0029. PMC 6452242. PMID 30853006.
  36. ^ Ikegami, Takashi; Mototake, Yoh-Ichi; Kobori, Shintaro; Oka, Mizuki; Hashimoto, Yasuhiro (2017). "Life as an emergent phenomenon: Studies from a large-scale boid simulation and web data". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 375 (2109). Bibcode:2017RSPTA.37560351I. doi:10.1098/rsta.2016.0351. PMC 5686407. PMID 29133449.
  37. ^ Pearce, Michael J. (2015). Art in the Age of Emergence. Manchester, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1443870573. from the original on 2015-05-22.
  38. ^ Leonel Moura (16 July 2018). "Robot Art: An Interview with Leonel Moura". Arts. 7 (3): 28. doi:10.3390/arts7030028.

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  • Bedau, Mark A. (1997), Weak Emergence (PDF)
  • Bejan, Adrian (2016), The Physics of Life: The Evolution of Everything, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-1250078827
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Further reading edit

  • Alexander, V. N. (2011). The Biologist’s Mistress: Rethinking Self-Organization in Art, Literature and Nature. Litchfield Park AZ: Emergent Publications.
  • Bateson, Gregory (1972), Steps to an Ecology of Mind, Ballantine Books, ISBN 978-0-226-03905-3
  • Batty, Michael (2005), Cities and Complexity, MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-52479-7
  • Bunge, Mario Augusto (2003), Emergence and Convergence: Qualitiative Novelty and the Unity of Knowledge, Toronto: University of Toronto Press
  • Chalmers, David J. (2002). "Strong and Weak Emergence" [1] Republished in P. Clayton and P. Davies, eds. (2006) The Re-Emergence of Emergence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Philip Clayton & Paul Davies (eds.) (2006). The Re-Emergence of Emergence: The Emergentist Hypothesis from Science to Religion Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Felipe Cucker and Stephen Smale (2007), The Japanese Journal of Mathematics, The Mathematics of Emergence
  • Delsemme, Armand (1998), Our Cosmic Origins: From the Big Bang to the Emergence of Life and Intelligence, Cambridge University Press
  • Goodwin, Brian (2001), How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity, Princeton University Press
  • Hoffmann, Peter M. "Life's Ratchet: How Molecular Machines Extract Order from Chaos" (2012), Basic Books.
  • Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1979), Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, Harvester Press
  • Holland, John H. (1998), Emergence from Chaos to Order, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-7382-0142-9
  • Kauffman, Stuart (1993), The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-507951-7
  • Keller, Rudi (1994), On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language, London/New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-07671-5
  • Kauffman, Stuart (1995), At Home in the Universe, New York: Oxford University Press
  • Kelly, Kevin (1994), Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World, Perseus Books, ISBN 978-0-201-48340-6
  • Krugman, Paul (1996), The Self-organizing Economy, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-55786-698-1, ISBN 0-87609-177-X
  • Lewin, Roger (2000), Complexity - Life at the Edge of Chaos (second ed.), University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-47654-4, ISBN 0-226-47655-3
  • Ignazio Licata & Ammar Sakaji (eds) (2008). , ISBN 978-981-277-994-6, World Scientific and Imperial College Press.
  • Marshall, Stephen (2009), Cities Design and Evolution, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-42329-8, ISBN 0-415-42329-5
  • Morowitz, Harold J. (2002), The Emergence of Everything: How the World Became Complex, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513513-8
  • Pearce, Michael J. (2015), Art in the Age of Emergence., Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-443-87057-3, ISBN 1-443-87057-9
  • Schelling, Thomas C. (1978), Micromotives and Macrobehaviour, W. W. Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-05701-0
  • Smith, John Maynard; Szathmáry, Eörs (1997), The Major Transitions in Evolution, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-850294-4
  • Smith, Reginald D. (2008), "The Dynamics of Internet Traffic: Self-Similarity, Self-Organization, and Complex Phenomena", Advances in Complex Systems, 14 (6): 905–949, arXiv:0807.3374, Bibcode:2008arXiv0807.3374S, doi:10.1142/S0219525911003451, S2CID 18937228
  • Solé, Ricard and Goodwin, Brian (2000) Signs of life: how complexity pervades biology, Basic Books, New York
  • Jakub Tkac & Jiri Kroc (2017), Cellular Automaton Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization: Introduction into Self-Organization and Emergence (Software) (PDF) Cellular Automaton Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization: Introduction into Self-Organization and Emergence "Video - Simulation of DRX"
  • Wan, Poe Yu-ze (2011), "Emergence à la Systems Theory: Epistemological Totalausschluss or Ontological Novelty?", Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 41 (2): 178–210, doi:10.1177/0048393109350751, S2CID 144965056
  • Wan, Poe Yu-ze (2011), , Ashgate Publishing, archived from the original on 2013-03-11, retrieved 2012-02-13
  • Weinstock, Michael (2010), The Architecture of Emergence - the evolution of form in Nature and Civilisation, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-0-470-06633-1
  • Wolfram, Stephen (2002), A New Kind of Science, Wolfram Media, ISBN 978-1-57955-008-0
  • Young, Louise B. (2002), The Unfinished Universe, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-508039-1

External links edit

 
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November 23, 2023
emergence, other, uses, disambiguation, also, emergent, disambiguation, spontaneous, order, self, organization, philosophy, systems, theory, science, emergence, occurs, when, complex, entity, properties, behaviors, that, parts, have, their, emerge, only, when,. For other uses see Emergence disambiguation See also Emergent disambiguation Spontaneous order and Self organization In philosophy systems theory science and art emergence occurs when a complex entity has properties or behaviors that its parts do not have on their own and emerge only when they interact in a wider whole The formation of complex symmetrical and fractal patterns in snowflakes exemplifies emergence in a physical system A termite cathedral mound produced by a termite colony offers a classic example of emergence in nature Emergence plays a central role in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems For instance the phenomenon of life as studied in biology is an emergent property of chemistry and quantum physics In philosophy theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called emergentism 1 Contents 1 In philosophy 1 1 Definitions 1 2 Strong and weak emergence 1 2 1 Viability of strong emergence 1 3 Objective or subjective quality 2 In science 3 In humanity 4 In technology 5 In religion and art 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External linksIn philosophy editMain article Emergentism Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the etiology of a system s properties An emergent property of a system in this context is one that is not a property of any component of that system but is still a feature of the system as a whole Nicolai Hartmann 1882 1950 one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence termed this a categorial novum new category Definitions edit This concept of emergence dates from at least the time of Aristotle 2 The many scientists and philosophers 3 who have written on the concept include John Stuart Mill Composition of Causes 1843 4 and Julian Huxley 5 1887 1975 The philosopher G H Lewes coined the term emergent in 1875 distinguishing it from the merely resultant Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co operant forces their sum when their directions are the same their difference when their directions are contrary Further every resultant is clearly traceable in its components because these are homogeneous and commensurable It is otherwise with emergents when instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind there is a co operation of things of unlike kinds The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference 6 7 Strong and weak emergence edit Further information Emergent materialism and Reductive materialism Usage of the notion emergence may generally be subdivided into two perspectives that of weak emergence and strong emergence One paper discussing this division is Weak Emergence by philosopher Mark Bedau In terms of physical systems weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation or similar forms of after the fact analysis for example the formation of a traffic jam the structure of a flock of starlings in flight or a school of fish or the formation of galaxies Crucial in these simulations is that the interacting members retain their independence If not a new entity is formed with new emergent properties this is called strong emergence which it is argued cannot be simulated analysed or reduced Some common points between the two notions are that emergence concerns new properties produced as the system grows which is to say ones which are not shared with its components or prior states Also it is assumed that the properties are supervenient rather than metaphysically primitive 8 Weak emergence describes new properties arising in systems as a result of the interactions at a fundamental level However Bedau stipulates that the properties can be determined only by observing or simulating the system and not by any process of a reductionist analysis As a consequence the emerging properties are scale dependent they are only observable if the system is large enough to exhibit the phenomenon Chaotic unpredictable behaviour can be seen as an emergent phenomenon while at a microscopic scale the behaviour of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic Bedau notes that weak emergence is not a universal metaphysical solvent as the hypothesis that consciousness is weakly emergent would not resolve the traditional philosophical questions about the physicality of consciousness However Bedau concludes that adopting this view would provide a precise notion that emergence is involved in consciousness and second the notion of weak emergence is metaphysically benign 8 Strong emergence describes the direct causal action of a high level system on its components qualities produced this way are irreducible to the system s constituent parts 9 The whole is other than the sum of its parts It is argued then that no simulation of the system can exist for such a simulation would itself constitute a reduction of the system to its constituent parts 8 Physics lacks well established examples of strong emergence unless it is interpreted as the impossibility in practice to explain the whole in terms of the parts Practical impossibility may be a more useful distinction than one in principle since it is easier to determine and quantify and does not imply the use of mysterious forces but simply reflects the limits of our capability 10 Viability of strong emergence edit Some thinkers question the plausibility of strong emergence as contravening our usual understanding of physics Mark A Bedau observes Although strong emergence is logically possible it is uncomfortably like magic How does an irreducible but supervenient downward causal power arise since by definition it cannot be due to the aggregation of the micro level potentialities Such causal powers would be quite unlike anything within our scientific ken This not only indicates how they will discomfort reasonable forms of materialism Their mysteriousness will only heighten the traditional worry that emergence entails illegitimately getting something from nothing 11 Strong emergence can be criticized for leading to causal overdetermination The canonical example concerns emergent mental states M and M that supervene on physical states P and P respectively Let M and M be emergent properties Let M supervene on base property P What happens when M causes M Jaegwon Kim says In our schematic example above we concluded that M causes M by causing P So M causes P Now M as an emergent must itself have an emergence base property say P Now we face a critical question if an emergent M emerges from basal condition P why cannot P displace M as a cause of any putative effect of M Why cannot P do all the work in explaining why any alleged effect of M occurred If causation is understood as nomological law based sufficiency P as M s emergence base is nomologically sufficient for it and M as P s cause is nomologically sufficient for P It follows that P is nomologically sufficient for P and hence qualifies as its cause If M is somehow retained as a cause we are faced with the highly implausible consequence that every case of downward causation involves overdetermination since P remains a cause of P as well Moreover this goes against the spirit of emergentism in any case emergents are supposed to make distinctive and novel causal contributions 12 If M is the cause of M then M is overdetermined because M can also be thought of as being determined by P One escape route that a strong emergentist could take would be to deny downward causation However this would remove the proposed reason that emergent mental states must supervene on physical states which in turn would call physicalism into question and thus be unpalatable for some philosophers and physicists Objective or subjective quality edit Crutchfield regards the properties of complexity and organization of any system as subjective qualities determined by the observer Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective though essential scientific activities Despite the difficulties these problems can be analysed in terms of how model building observers infer from measurements the computational capabilities embedded in non linear processes An observer s notion of what is ordered what is random and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources the amount of raw measurement data of memory and of time available for estimation and inference The discovery of structure in an environment depends more critically and subtly though on how those resources are organized The descriptive power of the observer s chosen or implicit computational model class for example can be an overwhelming determinant in finding regularity in data 13 The low entropy of an ordered system can be viewed as an example of subjective emergence the observer sees an ordered system by ignoring the underlying microstructure i e movement of molecules or elementary particles and concludes that the system has a low entropy 14 On the other hand chaotic unpredictable behaviour can also be seen as subjective emergent while at a microscopic scale the movement of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic In science editIn physics emergence is used to describe a property law or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales in space or time but not at microscopic scales despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems 15 16 An emergent behavior of a physical system is a qualitative property that can only occur in the limit that the number of microscopic constituents tends to infinity 17 According to Laughlin 9 for many particle systems nothing can be calculated exactly from the microscopic equations and macroscopic systems are characterised by broken symmetry the symmetry present in the microscopic equations is not present in the macroscopic system due to phase transitions As a result these macroscopic systems are described in their own terminology and have properties that do not depend on many microscopic details Novelist Arthur Koestler used the metaphor of Janus a symbol of the unity underlying complements like open shut peace war to illustrate how the two perspectives strong vs weak or holistic vs reductionistic should be treated as non exclusive and should work together to address the issues of emergence 18 Theoretical physicist PW Anderson states it this way The ability to reduce everything to simple fundamental laws does not imply the ability to start from those laws and reconstruct the universe The constructionist hypothesis breaks down when confronted with the twin difficulties of scale and complexity At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear Psychology is not applied biology nor is biology applied chemistry We can now see that the whole becomes not merely more but very different from the sum of its parts 19 Meanwhile others have worked towards developing analytical evidence of strong emergence Renormalization methods in theoretical physics enable physicists to study critical phenomena that are not tractable as the combination of their parts 20 In 2009 Gu et al presented a class of infinite physical systems that exhibits non computable macroscopic properties 21 22 More precisely if one could compute certain macroscopic properties of these systems from the microscopic description of these systems then one would be able to solve computational problems known to be undecidable in computer science These results concern infinite systems finite systems being considered computable However macroscopic concepts which only apply in the limit of infinite systems such as phase transitions and the renormalization group are important for understanding and modeling real finite physical systems Gu et al concluded that Although macroscopic concepts are essential for understanding our world much of fundamental physics has been devoted to the search for a theory of everything a set of equations that perfectly describe the behavior of all fundamental particles The view that this is the goal of science rests in part on the rationale that such a theory would allow us to derive the behavior of all macroscopic concepts at least in principle The evidence we have presented suggests that this view may be overly optimistic A theory of everything is one of many components necessary for complete understanding of the universe but is not necessarily the only one The development of macroscopic laws from first principles may involve more than just systematic logic and could require conjectures suggested by experiments simulations or insight 21 In humanity editSee also Spontaneous order and Self organization Human beings are the basic elements of social systems which perpetually interact and create maintain or untangle mutual social bonds Social bonds in social systems are perpetually changing in the sense of the ongoing reconfiguration of their structure 23 An early argument 1904 05 for the emergence of social formations can be found in Max Weber s most famous work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 24 Recently the emergence of a new social system is linked with the emergence of order from nonlinear relationships among multiple interacting units where multiple interacting units are individual thoughts consciousness and actions 25 In linguistics the concept of emergence has been applied in the domain of stylometry to explain the interrelation between the syntactical structures of the text and the author style Slautina Marusenko 2014 26 It has also been argued that the structure and regularity of language grammar or at least language change is an emergent phenomenon 27 While each speaker merely tries to reach their own communicative goals they use language in a particular way If enough speakers behave in that way language is changed 28 In a wider sense the norms of a language i e the linguistic conventions of its speech society can be seen as a system emerging from long time participation in communicative problem solving in various social circumstances 29 Economic trends and patterns which emerge are studied intensively by economists 30 Within the field of group facilitation and organization development there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self organization by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions Examples of these processes include SEED SCALE appreciative inquiry Future Search the world cafe or knowledge cafe Open Space Technology and others Holman 2010 31 In international development concepts of emergence have been used within a theory of social change termed SEED SCALE to show how standard principles interact to bring forward socio economic development fitted to cultural values community economics and natural environment local solutions emerging from the larger socio econo biosphere These principles can be implemented utilizing a sequence of standardized tasks that self assemble in individually specific ways utilizing recursive evaluative criteria 32 In technology editThe bulk conductive response of binary RC electrical networks with random arrangements known as the Universal Dielectric Response UDR can be seen as emergent properties of such physical systems Such arrangements can be used as simple physical prototypes for deriving mathematical formulae for the emergent responses of complex systems 33 Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties In the congestion control mechanism TCP flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination Congestion widely regarded as a nuisance is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a phase transition 34 Some artificially intelligent AI computer applications simulate emergent behavior 35 One example is Boids which mimics the swarming behavior of birds 36 In religion and art editIn religion emergence grounds expressions of religious naturalism and syntheism in which a sense of the sacred is perceived in the workings of entirely naturalistic processes by which more complex forms arise or evolve from simpler forms Examples are detailed in The Sacred Emergence of Nature by Ursula Goodenough amp Terrence Deacon and Beyond Reductionism Reinventing the Sacred by Stuart Kauffman both from 2006 as well as Syntheism Creating God in The Internet Age by Alexander Bard amp Jan Soderqvist from 2014 and Emergentism A Religion of Complexity for the Metamodern World by Brendan Graham Dempsey 2022 Michael J Pearce has used emergence to describe the experience of works of art in relation to contemporary neuroscience 37 Practicing artist Leonel Moura in turn attributes to his artbots a real if nonetheless rudimentary creativity based on emergent principles 38 See also editAbstraction Process of generalisation Abiogenesis Natural process by which life arises from non living matter Agent based model Type of computational models Anthropic principle Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe Big History Academic discipline which examines history from the Big Bang to the present Connectionism Cognitive science approach Consilience Principle that evidence from independent unrelated sources can converge on strong conclusions Constructal law Romanian American professorPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Dynamical system Mathematical model of the time dependence of a point in space Deus ex machina Contrived device to resolve the plot of a dramatic work Dual phase evolution Process that drives self organization within complex adaptive systems Emergenesis The result of a specific combination of several interacting genes Emergent algorithm Algorithm exhibiting emergent behavior Emergent evolution Evolutionary biology Emergent gameplay Aspect of gameplay Emergent organization Emergentism Philosophical belief in emergence Epiphenomenon Secondary phenomenon that occurs alongside or in parallel to a primary phenomenon Externality In economics an imposed cost or benefit Free will Ability to make choices without constraints Generative science Study of how complex behaviour can be generated by deterministic and finite rules and parameters Innovation butterfly Butterfly effect in business Irreducible complexity Argument by proponents of intelligent design Langton s ant Two dimensional Turing machine with emergent behavior Law of Complexity Consciousness Idea that everything in the universe will converge to a final point of unificationPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Libertarianism metaphysics Term in metaphysics Mass action sociology Simultaneous similar behavior of many people without coordination Neural network Structure in biology and artificial intelligence Organic Wholes of G E Moore English philosopher 1873 1958 Polytely Problem solving technique Society of Mind Book by Marvin Minsky Structuralism Theory of culture and methodology Superorganism Group of synergistic organisms Supervenience Relation between sets of properties or facts Swarm intelligence Collective behavior of decentralized self organized systems System of systems collection of systems that pool their capabilities to create a new more complex systemPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Teleology Thinking in terms of destiny or purpose Spontaneous order Spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos Synergetics Fuller Empirical study of systems in transformation Synergetics Haken A school of thought on thermodynamics and systems phenomena developed by Hermann HakenPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallbackReferences edit O Connor Timothy Wong Hong Yu February 28 2012 Emergent Properties In Edward N Zalta ed The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Spring 2012 Edition Aristotle Metaphysics Aristotle Book VIII Eta 1045a 8 10 the totality is not as it were a mere heap but the whole is something besides the parts i e the whole is other than the sum of the parts Winning Jason Bechtel William 2019 Being emergence vs pattern emergence complexity control and goal directedness in biological systems In Gibb Sophie Hendry Robin Findlay Lancaster Tom eds The Routledge Handbook of Emergence Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy Abingdon Routledge p 134 ISBN 9781317381501 Retrieved 25 October 2020 Emergence is much discussed by both philosophers and scientists The chemical combination of two substances produces as is well known a third substance with properties entirely different from those of either of the two substances separately or of both of them taken together Julian Huxley now and again there is a sudden rapid passage to a totally new and more comprehensive type of order or organization with quite new emergent properties and involving quite new methods of further evolution Huxley amp Huxley 1947 p 120 Lewes George Henry 1875 Problems of Life and Mind First Series The Foundations of a Creed Vol 2 Boston Osgood p 369 Retrieved 24 Mar 2019 Blitz 1992 a b c Bedau 1997 a b Laughlin 2005 Luisi Pier L 2006 The Emergence of Life From Chemical Origins to Synthetic Biology Cambridge England Cambridge University Press p 119 ISBN 978 0521821179 Archived from the original on 2015 11 17 Bedau 1997 Kim Jaegwon 2006 Emergence Core ideas and issues Synthese 151 3 547 59 doi 10 1007 s11229 006 9025 0 S2CID 875121 Crutchfield James P 1993 The Calculi of Emergence Computation Dynamics and Induction Physica Utrecht published 1994 75 1 3 11 54 Bibcode 1994PhyD 75 11C doi 10 1016 0167 2789 94 90273 9 Retrieved 24 Mar 2019 See f i Carlo Rovelli The mystery of time 2017 part 10 Perspective p 105 110 Anderson Philip W 2018 03 09 Basic Notions Of Condensed Matter Physics CRC Press ISBN 978 0 429 97374 1 Girvin Steven M Yang Kun 2019 02 28 Modern Condensed Matter Physics Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 108 57347 4 Kivelson Sophia Kivelson Steve 2016 Defining Emergence in Physics npj Quantum Materials Nature Research 1 doi 10 1038 npjquantmats 2016 24 Koestler 1969 Anderson 1972 Longo Giuseppe Montevil Mael Pocheville Arnaud 2012 01 01 From bottom up approaches to levels of organization and extended critical transitions Frontiers in Physiology 3 232 doi 10 3389 fphys 2012 00232 PMC 3429021 PMID 22934001 a b Gu Mile et al 2009 More really is different Physica D Nonlinear Phenomena 238 9 835 39 arXiv 0809 0151 Bibcode 2009PhyD 238 835G doi 10 1016 j physd 2008 12 016 S2CID 61197980 Binder P M 2009 Computation The edge of reductionism Nature 459 7245 332 34 Bibcode 2009Natur 459 332B doi 10 1038 459332a PMID 19458701 S2CID 205046586 Luhmann N 1995 Social systems Stanford Stanford University Press McKinnon AM 2010 Elective affinities of the Protestant ethic Weber and the chemistry of capitalism PDF Sociological Theory 28 1 108 26 doi 10 1111 j 1467 9558 2009 01367 x hdl 2164 3035 S2CID 144579790 Casti J L 1994 Complexification Explaining a paradoxical world through the science of surprise New York Harper Collins Slautina Maria Marusenko Mikhail 2014 L emergence du style Les methodes stylometriques pour la recherche de paternite des textes medievaux Les Cahiers du Numerique 10 4 179 215 doi 10 3166 lcn 10 4 179 215 Hopper Paul J 1998 Emergent grammar The new psychology of language Cognitive and functional approaches to language structure pp 155 175 Keller 1994 Maatta Urho 4 January 2000 Kielitieteen emergenttinen metateoria Virittaja in Finnish 104 4 498 ISSN 2242 8828 Retrieved 24 March 2022 Arthur W Brian 2015 Complexity and the economy Science Oxford 284 5411 107 9 doi 10 1126 science 284 5411 107 ISBN 978 0 19 933429 2 OCLC 876140942 PMID 10103172 Holman Peggy December 2010 January 2011 Engaging Emergence Turning Upheaval into Opportunity PDF Pegasus Communication The Systems Thinker 21 Archived PDF from the original on 2013 04 18 Daniel C Taylor Carl E Taylor Jesse O Taylor Empowerment on an Unstable Planet From Seeds of Human Energy to a Scale of Global Change New York Oxford University Press 2012 Almond D P Budd C J Freitag M A Hunt G W McCullen N J Smith N D 2013 The origin of power law emergent scaling in large binary networks Physica A Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications 392 4 1004 1027 arXiv 1204 5601 Bibcode 2013PhyA 392 1004A doi 10 1016 j physa 2012 10 035 S2CID 15801210 See review of related research in Smith 2008 pp 1 31 Gordon Goren 2019 Social behaviour as an emergent property of embodied curiosity A robotics perspective Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 374 1771 doi 10 1098 rstb 2018 0029 PMC 6452242 PMID 30853006 Ikegami Takashi Mototake Yoh Ichi Kobori Shintaro Oka Mizuki Hashimoto Yasuhiro 2017 Life as an emergent phenomenon Studies from a large scale boid simulation and web data Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 375 2109 Bibcode 2017RSPTA 37560351I doi 10 1098 rsta 2016 0351 PMC 5686407 PMID 29133449 Pearce Michael J 2015 Art in the Age of Emergence Manchester England Cambridge Scholars Publishing ISBN 978 1443870573 Archived from the original on 2015 05 22 Leonel Moura 16 July 2018 Robot Art An Interview with Leonel Moura Arts 7 3 28 doi 10 3390 arts7030028 Bibliography edit Albert Reka Jeong Hawoong Barabasi Albert Laszlo 9 September 1999 Diameter of the World Wide Web Nature 401 6749 130 131 arXiv cond mat 9907038 Bibcode 1999Natur 401 130A doi 10 1038 43601 S2CID 4419938 Anderson P W 1972 More is Different Broken Symmetry and the Nature of the Hierarchical Structure of Science Science 177 4047 393 96 Bibcode 1972Sci 177 393A doi 10 1126 science 177 4047 393 PMID 17796623 S2CID 34548824 Bedau Mark A 1997 Weak Emergence PDF Bejan Adrian 2016 The Physics of Life The Evolution of Everything St Martin s Press ISBN 978 1250078827 Bejan Adrian Zane J P 2012 Design in Nature How the Constructal Law Governs Evolution in Biology Physics Technology and Social Organizations Doubleday ISBN 978 0 385 53461 1 Blitz David 1992 Emergent Evolution Qualitative Novelty and the Levels of Reality Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Corning Peter A 1983 The Synergism Hypothesis A Theory of Progressive Evolution New York McGraw Hill Corning Peter A 2005 Holistic Darwinism Synergy Cybernetics and the Bioeconomics of Evolution Chicago University of Chicago Press Huxley J S Huxley T H 1947 Evolution and Ethics 1983 1934 London The Pilot Press Koestler Arthur 1969 A Koestler J R Smythies eds Beyond Reductionism New Perspectives in the Life Sciences London Hutchinson Laughlin Robert 2005 A Different Universe Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down Basic Books ISBN 978 0 465 03828 2 Steels L 1991 Towards a Theory of Emergent Functionality In Meyer J A Wiloson S W eds From Animals to Animats Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior Cambridge MIT Press pp 451 461 Further reading editAlexander V N 2011 The Biologist s Mistress Rethinking Self Organization in Art Literature and Nature Litchfield Park AZ Emergent Publications Bateson Gregory 1972 Steps to an Ecology of Mind Ballantine Books ISBN 978 0 226 03905 3 Batty Michael 2005 Cities and Complexity MIT Press ISBN 978 0 262 52479 7 Bunge Mario Augusto 2003 Emergence and Convergence Qualitiative Novelty and the Unity of Knowledge Toronto University of Toronto Press Chalmers David J 2002 Strong and Weak Emergence 1 Republished in P Clayton and P Davies eds 2006 The Re Emergence of Emergence Oxford Oxford University Press Philip Clayton amp Paul Davies eds 2006 The Re Emergence of Emergence The Emergentist Hypothesis from Science to Religion Oxford Oxford University Press Felipe Cucker and Stephen Smale 2007 The Japanese Journal of Mathematics The Mathematics of Emergence Delsemme Armand 1998 Our Cosmic Origins From the Big Bang to the Emergence of Life and Intelligence Cambridge University Press Goodwin Brian 2001 How the Leopard Changed Its Spots The Evolution of Complexity Princeton University Press Hoffmann Peter M Life s Ratchet How Molecular Machines Extract Order from Chaos 2012 Basic Books Hofstadter Douglas R 1979 Godel Escher Bach an Eternal Golden Braid Harvester Press Holland John H 1998 Emergence from Chaos to Order Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 7382 0142 9 Kauffman Stuart 1993 The Origins of Order Self Organization and Selection in Evolution Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 507951 7 Keller Rudi 1994 On Language Change The Invisible Hand in Language London New York Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 07671 5 Kauffman Stuart 1995 At Home in the Universe New York Oxford University Press Kelly Kevin 1994 Out of Control The New Biology of Machines Social Systems and the Economic World Perseus Books ISBN 978 0 201 48340 6 Krugman Paul 1996 The Self organizing Economy Oxford Blackwell ISBN 978 1 55786 698 1 ISBN 0 87609 177 X Lewin Roger 2000 Complexity Life at the Edge of Chaos second ed University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 47654 4 ISBN 0 226 47655 3 Ignazio Licata amp Ammar Sakaji eds 2008 Physics of Emergence and Organization ISBN 978 981 277 994 6 World Scientific and Imperial College Press Marshall Stephen 2009 Cities Design and Evolution Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 42329 8 ISBN 0 415 42329 5 Morowitz Harold J 2002 The Emergence of Everything How the World Became Complex Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 513513 8 Pearce Michael J 2015 Art in the Age of Emergence Cambridge Scholars Publishing ISBN 978 1 443 87057 3 ISBN 1 443 87057 9 Schelling Thomas C 1978 Micromotives and Macrobehaviour W W Norton ISBN 978 0 393 05701 0 Smith John Maynard Szathmary Eors 1997 The Major Transitions in Evolution Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 850294 4 Smith Reginald D 2008 The Dynamics of Internet Traffic Self Similarity Self Organization and Complex Phenomena Advances in Complex Systems 14 6 905 949 arXiv 0807 3374 Bibcode 2008arXiv0807 3374S doi 10 1142 S0219525911003451 S2CID 18937228 Sole Ricard and Goodwin Brian 2000 Signs of life how complexity pervades biology Basic Books New York Jakub Tkac amp Jiri Kroc 2017 Cellular Automaton Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization Introduction into Self Organization and Emergence Software PDF Cellular Automaton Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization Introduction into Self Organization and Emergence Video Simulation of DRX Wan Poe Yu ze 2011 Emergence a la Systems Theory Epistemological Totalausschluss or Ontological Novelty Philosophy of the Social Sciences 41 2 178 210 doi 10 1177 0048393109350751 S2CID 144965056 Wan Poe Yu ze 2011 Reframing the Social Emergentist Systemism and Social Theory Ashgate Publishing archived from the original on 2013 03 11 retrieved 2012 02 13 Weinstock Michael 2010 The Architecture of Emergence the evolution of form in Nature and Civilisation John Wiley and Sons ISBN 978 0 470 06633 1 architectureofemergence com Wolfram Stephen 2002 A New Kind of Science Wolfram Media ISBN 978 1 57955 008 0 Young Louise B 2002 The Unfinished Universe Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 508039 1External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emergence Emergence Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Zalta Edward N ed Emergent Properties Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Emergence at PhilPapers Emergence at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project The Emergent Universe An interactive introduction to emergent phenomena from ant colonies to Alzheimer s Exploring Emergence An introduction to emergence using CA and Conway s Game of Life from the MIT Media Lab ISCE group Institute for the Study of Coherence and Emergence Towards modeling of emergence lecture slides from Helsinki University of Technology Biomimetic Architecture Emergence applied to building and construction Studies in Emergent Order Studies in Emergent Order SIEO is an open access journal Emergence DIEP Dutch Institute for Emergent Phenomena Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Emergence amp oldid 1185006544, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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