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Efforts to impeach Donald Trump

January 01, 1970

For the formal 2019–2020 proceedings, see Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump, First impeachment of Donald Trump, and First impeachment trial of Donald Trump.
For the formal 2021 proceedings, see Second impeachment of Donald Trump and Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump.

Various people and groups assert that former U.S. president Donald Trump engaged in impeachable activity both before and during his presidency,[1][2] and talk of impeachment began before he took office.[3][4] Grounds asserted for impeachment have included possible violations of the Foreign Emoluments Clause of the Constitution by accepting payments from foreign dignitaries; alleged collusion with Russia during the campaign for the 2016 United States presidential election; alleged obstruction of justice with respect to investigation of the collusion claim; and accusations of "Associating the Presidency with White Nationalism, Neo-Nazism and Hatred", which formed the basis of a resolution for impeachment brought on December 6, 2017.

The first formal impeachment efforts were initiated by two Democratic representatives (Al Green and Brad Sherman) in 2017, the first year of his presidency.[5][6] Since the Republicans controlled both the House and the Senate during 2017 and 2018, the likelihood of impeachment during that period was considered by all to be low.[7][8] A December 2017 resolution of impeachment failed in the House by a 58–364 margin.[9] The Democrats gained control of the House in 2019 and launched multiple investigations into Trump's actions and finances. Speaker Nancy Pelosi initially resisted calls for impeachment. In May 2019, Pelosi indicated that Trump's continued actions, which she characterized as obstruction of justice and refusal to honor congressional subpoenas, might make an impeachment inquiry necessary. An increasing number of House Democrats and one Republican were requesting such an inquiry.

On September 24, 2019, Pelosi announced that six committees would undertake a formal impeachment inquiry after reports about controversial interactions between Trump and the country of Ukraine.[10] This inquiry resulted in Trump's first impeachment on December 18, 2019.

Protesters calling for impeachment on the day of Trump's inauguration

In January 2021, during the final weeks of Trump's term, a renewed effort was made to remove him from office following his efforts to overturn his loss in the 2020 presidential election by baselessly asserting voter fraud, which resulted in the Trump-Raffensperger phone call and the United States Capitol attack. This effort resulted in Trump's second impeachment on January 13, 2021.

Summary of efforts edit

In December 2016, Democratic senators Elizabeth Warren, Dick Durbin, Chris Coons, Ben Cardin, and Jeff Merkley introduced a bill that would require the president of the United States to divest any assets that could raise a conflict of interest, including a statement that failure to divest such assets would constitute high crimes and misdemeanors "under the impeachment clause of the U.S. Constitution".[3] Vanity Fair characterized this as a preemptive effort to lay the groundwork for a future impeachment argument.[3] Concerns had previously been expressed that Trump's extensive business and real estate dealings, especially with respect to government agencies in other countries, may violate the Foreign Emoluments Clause of the Constitution,[4] sparking debate as to whether that is the case.[11][12]

Immediately after his inauguration, The Independent and The Washington Post each reported on efforts already underway to impeach Trump, based on what the organizers regard as conflicts of interest arising from Trump's ability to use his political position to promote the interests of "Trump"-branded businesses, and ongoing payments by foreign entities to businesses within the Trump business empire as a violation of the Foreign Emoluments Clause.[1][2] In March 2017, China provisionally granted 38 "Trump" trademark applications set to take permanent effect in 90 days, which were noted to come in close proximity to the president's making policy decisions favorable to China.[13]

The Washington Post further noted the creation of ImpeachDonaldTrumpNow.org by Free Speech For People and RootsAction, two liberal advocacy groups.[2] On February 9, Congressman Jerrold Nadler (D, NY) had filed a resolution of inquiry titled "H.Con.Res. 5" to force the Trump administration to turn over documents relating to potential conflicts of interest and to ties with Russia.[14] Some sources identified this as the first step in the process of impeaching Trump.[15][16] Fox News outlined two potential bases for impeachment, one being the Emoluments Clause and the other being complicity with Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election.[17] On March 21, it was widely reported that Congresswoman Maxine Waters tweeted "Get ready for impeachment," which Waters explained was in reference to the allegations of collusion with Russian interference in the election.[18]

On January 17, 2019, new accusations involving Trump surfaced, claiming he instructed his long-time lawyer, Michael Cohen, to lie under oath surrounding Trump's involvement with the Russian government to erect a Trump Tower in Moscow.[19] This also sparked calls for an investigation and for the president to "resign or be impeached" should such claims be proven genuine.[20] The Mueller Report was released on April 18, 2019, and Robert Mueller himself made follow-up comments on May 29. The report reached no conclusion about whether Trump had or had not committed criminal obstruction of justice.[21] Mueller strongly hinted that it was up to Congress to make such a determination. Congressional support for an impeachment inquiry increased as a result.[22]

A formal impeachment inquiry was launched on September 24, 2019, as a response to the Trump–Ukraine scandal, in which Trump and his personal attorney Rudy Giuliani pressed the Ukrainian government repeatedly since at least May 2019 to investigate Hunter Biden, the son of 2020 presidential candidate Joe Biden.[23][24][25][26][27] The purpose of the requested investigation was alleged to be to hurt Biden's campaign for President.[28][29] In July Trump issued a hold on military aid scheduled to be sent to Ukraine, releasing it in September after controversy arose. There was widespread speculation that the withholding of the aid was intended to force Ukraine to investigate Biden; Giuliani seemed to confirm that there was such a connection.[30]

In an October 8, 2019 letter to House Democratic leaders, the White House stated it would not cooperate with "[their] partisan and unconstitutional inquiry under these circumstances."[31] The eight-page letter was widely interpreted by legal analysts as containing political rather than legal arguments.[32][33][34][35][36]

On December 18, 2019, the House of Representatives impeached Donald Trump almost entirely along party lines.[37][38][39][40]

Early developments edit

February 2017 edit

The Impeach Trump Leadership PAC was started by California Democratic Party congressional candidate Boyd Roberts.[41]

May 2017 edit

Further information: Dismissal of James Comey, Comey memos, Donald Trump's disclosure of classified information to Russia, and Mueller special counsel investigation

Actions and revelations edit

Following Trump's dismissal of FBI director James Comey, multiple Democratic members of Congress discussed an "impeachment clock" for Trump, saying that he was "moving" toward impeachment and raising the future possibility of bringing forth articles of impeachment for obstruction of justice and criminal malfeasance, if proof of illegal activity were found.[42][43] Senator Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut said in an interview: "It may well produce another United States v. Nixon on a subpoena that went to United States Supreme Court. It may well produce impeachment proceedings, although we're very far from that possibility."[44]

Later in May, news of Trump's disclosure of classified information to Russia led to further discussions about the possibility of impeachment, with Representative Maxine Waters (D-CA) alluding to the possibility,[45] along with writer Benjamin Wittes, legal scholar Jack Goldsmith, and others.[46]

Around the same time in May, the revelation that the president had asked Comey to drop the investigation of Michael Flynn led still more observers, including Senator Angus King (I-ME), to say impeachment might be in the offing.[47]

The developments led Senator John McCain (R-AZ) to venture that matters had reached "Watergate scope and size".[48]

Preparations for possible proceedings edit

Congressman Al Green's Floor Speech on the Impeachment of President Trump
Congressman Luis Gutierrez: "It is the Judiciary Committee in the House where impeachment begins."

Impeachment proceedings begin with a resolution being introduced in the House of Representatives. The first two Representatives to publicly suggest such an action were Pramila Jayapal (D-WA)[49] and Al Green (D-TX).[50]

Two Republican representatives, Justin Amash (R-MI) and Carlos Curbelo (R-FL), called for impeachment on the grounds that obstruction of justice charges against Trump were proven true.[51] Curbello was defeated in his bid for reelection in 2018,[52] but Amash was reelected, and following his reading of the redacted Mueller Report, reaffirmed his position, stating the evidence supported the conclusion that Trump had committed impeachable offenses.[53] In July 2019, Amash left the Republican Party to become an independent member of Congress.[54]

On May 17, Representative Green made a call for impeachment on the house floor[55][56] and House Oversight Committee chairman Jason Chaffetz (R-UT) announced that he was issuing subpoenas on the memo FBI director James Comey wrote detailing possible obstruction of justice by the president.[57] On May 24, Green told C-SPAN in an interview that he was drafting articles of impeachment and would shortly submit them as a privileged resolution, to begin the formal impeachment process.[58]

However, some major Democratic figures stressed the need for caution, patience and bipartisanship in any potential impeachment process.[59]

Administration officials said that White House lawyers were indeed researching impeachment proceedings and how to deal with them.[60][61]

Independent counsel appointment edit

On May 17, former FBI director Robert Mueller was appointed special counsel by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein, acting after the recusal of Attorney General Jeff Sessions, to lead a Special Counsel investigation to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election,[62] and any cover-up related to it by Trump or any White House officials.[63][64] According to sources close to the White House, the Trump administration is considering using various obscure legal means to slow down the investigation and undermine the special counsel.[65][66]

June 2017 edit

Former FBI director James Comey agreed to testify before the Senate Intelligence Committee on June 8.[67] Some legal experts and politicians, such as Representative Eric Swalwell of California, argued that Trump's numerous comments in news interviews and on Twitter regarding the subjects Comey would testify on (such as whether or not Trump tried to improperly influence or coerce Comey and the reasons why Trump fired him) may well have voided the validity of an executive privilege claim in this instance.[68]

On June 7, an advance copy of Comey's prepared congressional testimony was submitted to the Senate Intelligence Committee[69] in which he said the president attempted to persuade him to "let go" of any investigation into Michael Flynn on February 14.[70] He added that Trump had requested his personal loyalty, to which Comey replied he would give his "honest loyalty" to the president.[71] Comey said Trump on several occasions inquired whether there were an investigation into the president himself and Comey replied each time there was not.[72] Comey states that Trump requested he publicly declare this so Trump's image could be improved, but Comey says he told the president he would need to have approval from the attorney general's office for reasons of legality.[73]

Comey recounted his final conversation with President Trump on April 11:

On the morning of April 11, the President called me and asked what I had done about his request that I "get out" that he is not personally under investigation. I replied that I had passed his request to the Acting Deputy Attorney General, but I had not heard back. He replied that "the cloud" was getting in the way of his ability to do his job. He said that perhaps he would have his people reach out to the Acting Deputy Attorney General. I said that was the way his request should be handled. I said the White House Counsel should contact the leadership of DOJ to make the request, which was the traditional channel.

He said he would do that and added, "Because I have been very loyal to you, very loyal; we had that thing you know." I did not reply or ask him what he meant by "that thing". I said only that the way to handle it was to have the White House Counsel call the Acting Deputy Attorney General. He said that was what he would do and the call ended.

That was the last time I spoke with President Trump.[71]

 
"Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors" by Congressman Brad Sherman

On June 7, Congressman Al Green announced that Congressman Brad Sherman would join with him in drafting articles of impeachment against President Trump.[5] On June 12, Sherman began circulating an article of impeachment among his colleagues.[6] Sherman said: "I'm not going to be deterred."[5] Green stated: "In the spirit of keeping the republic, I have concluded that the president has obstructed justice and in so doing, the remedy for obstruction of justice is impeachment. The president will not be indicted while he is in office, and while there is some merit in talking about the judicial process, the impeachment process is the one that will bring him before the bar of justice."[5]

Former United States attorney Preet Bharara said in a June 11 interview with ABC News that "there's absolutely evidence to begin a case" regarding obstruction of justice by Trump.[74] Bharara went on to note: "No one knows right now whether there is a provable case of obstruction. [But] there's no basis to say there's no obstruction."[74]

On June 14, The Washington Post reported that Trump was being investigated by Special Counsel Robert Mueller for possible obstruction of justice relating to his actions in regard to the investigation into Russia.[75]

July 2017 edit

On July 12, Congressman Sherman formally introduced in the House of Representatives an Article of Impeachment (H.Res. 438),[76] accusing the president of obstructing and impeding the investigation of justice, regarding the investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election.[77]

Democrats in the House Judiciary committee demanded that hearings begin as soon as possible,[78] but the Republicans demurred, rewriting the request in favor of investigations into Hillary Clinton's emails.[citation needed]

August–November 2017 edit

 
Representative Steve Cohen introduced articles of impeachment in November 2017.

In August 2017, following controversial comments by Trump about the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, Representative Steve Cohen announced he would introduce articles of impeachment because Trump had "failed the presidential test of moral leadership".[79][80]

There was a brief debate about impeaching the president before a privileged resolution introduced by Representative Al Green was withdrawn.[81][82] In late October, progressive activist hedge-fund manager Tom Steyer funded an impeachment campaign that quickly garnered 1.3 million signatures.[83] By mid-November, the campaign had garnered over 1.9 million signatures;[84] the campaign's signature count reached over 6.5 million by the following month.[85]

On November 15, six Democrats including Cohen introduced H.Res. 621 with five articles of impeachment.[86] Cohen said that Trump's "train of injuries to our Constitution must be brought to an end".[87] The five accusations were "obstruction of justice," "violation of the foreign emoluments clause," "violation of the domestic emoluments clause," "undermining the independence of the federal judiciary" and "undermining the freedom of the press".[86] Many Democrats opposed this action.[87]

A survey showed nearly 40% of American citizens were in favour of impeachment (up from 30% in February), with almost 75% of Democrats and 7% of Republicans supporting possible impeachment, although Trump's approval rating among Republicans fell from 91% in June to 79% in November.[86] For impeachment to occur, a simple majority is needed in the House and for conviction/removal from office to occur a two-thirds majority is needed in the Senate. At the time both the House and Senate were controlled by Republicans. At this date, 12 Republican senators had individually indicated a willingness to take action against Trump's presidency: if supported by all 48 Democratic senators, 8 more Republican senators would be needed to successfully remove the president.[86]

December 2017 and January 2018 House votes edit

On December 6, a second privileged resolution on articles of impeachment, H.Res. 646, was brought on the floor by Representative Al Green, Democrat of Texas. The resolution listed two articles, i.e. proposed reasons for impeachment: "Associating the Presidency with White Nationalism, Neo-Nazism and Hatred" and "Inciting Hatred and Hostility".[88] House majority leader Kevin McCarthy, Republican of California, moved for the resolution to be defeated ("tabled"), which was agreed to by a 364–58 vote with four members voting present.[9]

Among Republicans, 238 voted to table the articles of impeachment and one did not vote. Among Democrats, 126 voted to table the articles of impeachment, 58 voted against tabling the articles of impeachment, four voted "present" and five did not vote.[89]

Green's effort did not receive the support of Democratic leadership. House minority leader Nancy Pelosi and minority whip Steny Hoyer issued a statement saying that "[l]egitimate questions have been raised about [Trump's] fitness to lead this nation," but "[n]ow is not the time to consider articles of impeachment" given ongoing investigations by congressional committees as well as the investigation by the special counsel.[9]

On January 19, 2018, Green brought up the resolution a second time. On this attempt his motion was defeated by a vote of 355–66. 234 Republicans and 121 Democrats voted against the motion. All the votes for the motion were from Democrats: three Democrats voted present and three Republicans and three Democrats did not cast a vote.[90][91]

2018 midterm elections edit

The matter became an issue, primarily for Republicans, in the midterm elections,[92][93] with both conservatives and the president himself warning of dire consequences if he is impeached.[94][95] The Democrats won control of the House, and they have promised to launch investigations into various actions by Trump and his administration, but Democratic leaders were reported as reluctant to address impeachment, at least until after the report of the special counsel is released.[96]

After the 2018 midterm elections edit

On March 11, 2019, Nancy Pelosi said, "I'm not for impeachment, Impeachment is so divisive to the country that unless there's something so compelling and overwhelming and bipartisan, I don't think we should go down that path, because it divides the country. And he's just not worth it. No. I don't think he is. I mean, ethically unfit. Intellectually unfit. Curiosity wise unfit. No, I don't think he's fit to be president of the United States." She then scolded herself for "coming across too negatively".[97][98][99]

With the Democrats in control of the House, and with a direct impeachment inquiry deemed somewhat toxic,[100] the work of investigations into Trump's possible crimes were divided into several committees while waiting for some outside force, such as the Mueller probe or the Southern District to force the Democratic leadership's hands.

Hearings and investigations: December 2018–February 2019 edit

  • December 2018: The ranking members of the House Judiciary and Oversight committees place job listings in search of experienced lawyers to aid in investigations of Trump and his administration.[101]
  • January 2, 2019: Speaker-Designate Nancy Pelosi, in an interview with Today's Savannah Guthrie, refuses to rule out an impeachment inquiry.[102]
  • January 3:
    • The new Democratic Congress convenes. Jerrold Nadler takes over the House Judiciary Committee as chairman. He has said he will file another resolution and its subsidiary subpoenas for inquiries relating to possible criminal charges associated with the Stormy Daniels affair and the conspiracy convictions of Michael Cohen[103] related to it.
    • H.Res.13, the first of several impeachment resolutions, is introduced into the House by Representative Brad Sherman.[104]
  • January 13: In response to Trump's public statements about Michael Cohen, representatives Elijah E. Cummings, Adam Schiff, and Nadler issued a joint statement warning Trump against interfering in the upcoming Cohen hearings, saying "Our nation's laws prohibit efforts to discourage, intimidate, or otherwise pressure a witness not to provide testimony to Congress."[105]
  • January 16: The inspector general of the GSA issues report declaring that the president may have violated the emoluments clause of the Constitution and chastised the lawyers in the case for refusing to consider the possibility.[106]
  • February 4: H.Res.13 is referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Justice.
  • February 8: Acting Attorney General Matthew G. Whitaker testifies before the House Judiciary committee, primarily on the subject of the Mueller investigation, and possible attempts to stop it.[107][108]
  • February 26:
    • Former Trump attorney Michael Cohen testifies in private before the Senate Intelligence Committee to correct the record on possible kompromat which the Russians might have on the President.[109][110]
    • Whitaker is invited to return to testify before the House Judiciary Committee to possibly correct the record on obstruction of Justice by the president.[111]

February 27: Michael Cohen hearings edit

On February 27, 2019, Cohen publicly testified before the House Oversight committee on possible high crimes and misdemeanors committed by President Trump both before and after taking office.[112][113] His testimony occurred under oath, which also means additional criminal charges of perjury could be filed if it were proven that he had lied.[114] In his opening remarks, obtained in advance by The New York Times, he expresses his regret and shame at lying to Congress and working for a "racist" and a "con man", and accuses Trump of numerous lies and illegal actions. White House officials dismissed the credibility of his testimony in advance, calling him a "disgraced felon" and "convicted liar".[115]

During his testimony, Cohen described how he protected Trump from potential scandals during the 2016 campaign through payoffs.[112] He said he and National Enquirer owner David Pecker had conspired to "catch and kill" potentially damaging stories about Trump and that Trump also was concerned that allegations by Stormy Daniels and other women would result in the general public's being reminded of a tape which aired on Access Hollywood at the beginning of October 2016 where Trump was caught a decade prior discussing how he groped, grabbed and kissed women without their permission.[112] He also said Trump would inflate his personal wealth for financial benefits, such as a failed bid to buy the Buffalo Bills,[116] and that he and Trump conspired with Trump Organization CFO Allen Weisselberg and the president's son Donald Trump Jr. to organize more payoffs in 2017.[112] Cohen also showed lawmakers a check for $35,000 which the president wrote to him on August 1, 2017, and said it was used as a part of a hush money payoff to Stormy Daniels as well.[112]

The testimony implicated the President as committing a minimum of 11 impeachable offenses.[117][118]

Hearings and investigations: February–April 2019 edit

  • February 28: Cohen testifies in private before the House Intelligence Committee.
  • March 3: House Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerrold Nadler announces requests for over sixty documents from the White House and other sources in his oversight investigations.[119]
  • March 4: The House Judiciary issues requests to 81 people for documents and testimony in a "pre-impeachment" investigation into obstruction of justice and other alleged threats to the rule of law.[120][121]
  • March 6: Cohen finishes testimony at the HIC.[122]
  • March 22: Mueller Report is delivered to Attorney General William Barr.[123]
  • March 24: According to Barr, the investigation "did not find evidence to charge other Americans (including Trump associates) in conspiring with Russia in 2016," and did not come to a conclusion about obstruction of justice.[123]
  • March 27: While the Congress is waiting for the Mueller report to drop, Rep. Rashida Tlaib (D-MI) introduces another resolution, H.Res. 257, calling for a formal impeachment investigation of the president,[124] which was referred to the Committee on Rules.
  • April 18: The Mueller Report is made public. In it, Mueller lists multiple actions by Trump that could be considered obstruction of justice, but chooses for several reasons not to accuse the president of any crime, indicating that Congress should make that decision.[125][126]

Mueller Report and impeachment debate edit

Further information: Mueller special counsel investigation and Mueller Report

A Department of Justice spokesperson called Nadler's subpoena "premature and unnecessary," detailing that the publicly released version of the report had "minimal redactions" and that Barr had made arrangements for Nadler and other lawmakers to review a version of the final report with fewer redactions.[127][128]

House majority leader Steny Hoyer said, "Based on what we have seen to date, going forward on impeachment is not worthwhile at this point."[129] while Speaker Nancy Pelosi was more noncommittal, telling the majority caucus: "We will update you on the next steps that must be taken. The caucus held a conference call on April 22 to discuss the matter.[130] It was decided to go full bore on the investigations and deal with actual impeachment later.[131]

After reading the report, Representative Justin Amash (R-MI) in May 2019 became the first Republican member of Congress to call for Trump's impeachment, saying Trump had engaged in "impeachable conduct". Amash was also critical of Attorney General Barr, stating that he felt Barr had deliberately misrepresented the contents of the report.[53] Shortly thereafter, former long-serving Republican congressman Tom Coleman (R-MO) also called for Trump's impeachment.[132] In addition, conservative attorney George Conway, husband of Kellyanne Conway, called for Trump's impeachment.[133]

The Mueller Report was released on April 18, 2019, and Robert Mueller himself made follow-up comments on May 29. The report described ten actions by the president which could be construed as obstruction of justice. Investigators reached no conclusion about whether those actions amounted to a crime, indicating the evidence they had obtained presented "difficult issues" that prevented them from "conclusively determining" Trump committed no criminal obstruction.[134] Mueller added, "The Constitution requires a process other than the criminal justice system to formally accuse a sitting president of wrongdoing," which was taken as meaning that it would be up to Congress to make such a determination.[135] Congressional support for at least an impeachment inquiry increased as a result.[22] Near the end of April 2019, the hashtag #RepublicansForImpeachment went viral, on one day being used an average of every 3.8 seconds; the hashtag was created by a group seeking Republican grassroots support for impeachment "for us to have a chance of conviction in the Senate".[136]

Impeachment resolutions in the 116th Congress edit

See also: List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump
  • H.Res.13 Introduced March 1, 2019 by Rep. Brad Sherman (D-CA)[137] on the grounds of obstruction of justice during the Mueller investigation
  • H.Res.257 Introduced March 27, 2019 by Rep. Rashida Tlaib (D-MI)[138] for opening an investigation with no specific accusation made
  • H.Res.396 Introduced May 25, 2019 by Rep. Shelia Jackson Lee (D-TX)[139] which named several areas of concern, including:
    • Violations of the Domestic Emoluments Clause
    • Violations of the Foreign Emoluments Clause
    • Obstruction of justice
    • Inappropriately disclosing classified information
    • Destruction of public records
    • Payment of ransom with federal funds in violation of international law
    • Authorizing security clearances for people who are known security risks
    • Failure to protect U.S. elections from foreign interference
    • Campaign finance law violations
    • Condoning white nationalism
    • Using law enforcement to punish political enemies
    • Attacking the press as "enemies of the people"
    • Mismanagement by failing to fill vacancies
    • Separation of immigrant children from their families
  • H.Res.498 Introduced July 17, 2019 by Rep. Al Green (D-TX-9)[140] on the grounds of being unfit for office after various racist remarks

Hearings and investigations: April–July 2019 edit

  • April 18: Nadler says redacted Mueller report might necessitate impeachment.[141]
  • April 19: House Judiciary Committee (HJC) issues subpoena demanding the unredacted report and its underlying evidence.[142]
  • April 22: HJC issues subpoena for former White House counsel Don McGahn to testify on his statements as exhibited by the special counsel in his report.[143]
  • April 23: President Trump issues orders retroactively asserting executive privilege over all testimony given to the special counsel by McGahn and others given subpoenas by the HJC.[144]
  • April 28: Attorney General Barr threatens to boycott scheduled hearings and Nadler threatens a subpoena if he does.[145]
  • May 2: Barr boycotts hearings[146]
  • May 8: House Judiciary committee recommends Barr be held in contempt of Congress in a 24–16 vote for not complying with the subpoena.[147]
  • May 23: Rep. Shelia Jackson Lee (D-TX) introduces H.Res. 396, which is referred to the Rules committee.[148]
  • May 29: Robert Mueller addresses the nation on the Russia probe, saying: "the Constitution requires a process other than the criminal justice system to formally accuse a sitting president of wrongdoing."[149]
  • June 3: House Judiciary committee announces a series of hearings related to the Mueller Report titled "Presidential Obstruction and Other Crimes".[150]
  • June 4:
    • Barr offers to resume negotiations on testimony and materials if the HJC cancels contempt citation. Nadler refuses.[151]
    • Former Trump aides Hope Hicks and Annie Donaldson formally defy HJC subpoenas at the behest of the president.[152]
  • June 10: House Judiciary committee hearing "Lessons from the Mueller Report: Presidential Obstruction and Other Crimes" with John Dean, Joyce White Vance and Barbara McQuade, both former U.S. attorneys, as witnesses.[150][153]
  • June 11: Vote on contempt citations of Barr and McGahn are passed by the full House.[151]
  • June 13: Hope Hicks agrees to testify.[154]
  • June 19: Hicks testifies before the HJC[155] She sat before the committee for eight hours and refused to answer 155 questions.[156]
  • June 24: Annie Donaldson agrees to testify before the HJC in November.[157]
  • June 25: The HJC subpoenas Robert Mueller and much of his staff, announcing they would testify on July 17.[158]
  • July 16: Rep. Al Green (D-TX) introduces as a privileged resolution an article of impeachment, the third time this has been done.[159][160] The resolution was voted to be set aside by the House of Representatives by a 322–95 vote the next day.[161]

Mueller hearings edit

On July 24, 2019, Robert Mueller and several of his aides testified about the investigation's consequences before both the House Judiciary and House Intelligence committees. Both sessions were open and televised for the public.

The over seven hours of hearings averaged 12.98 million viewers on ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC.[162]

January 2021 edit

Further information: Second impeachment of Donald Trump

On January 7, 2021, thirteen members of the House of Representatives, led by Representative Ilhan Omar, introduced articles of impeachment on charges of high crimes and misdemeanors.[163] The charges are related to Trump's alleged interference in the 2020 presidential election in Georgia and incitement of a deadly riot that involved the storming of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., by his supporters, which occurred during the United States Congress' certification of electoral votes in the 2020 presidential election, affirming Joe Biden's victory over Trump.[164] On January 11, 2021, U.S. Representatives David Cicilline, Jamie Raskin, and Ted Lieu introduced a resolution of impeachment against Trump on the charge of "incitement of insurrection" for the riot that involved storming the Capitol. Two days later, the House approved that resolution by a vote of 232–197, with ten Republicans joining all 222 Democrats to vote in favor of impeachment.

Georgia election interference scandal edit

Main article: Trump–Raffensperger scandal

Trump made an unprecedented effort to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election in Georgia. On January 2, 2021, during an hour-long conference call, Trump pressured Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger to overturn the state's election results in which Biden was the victor, citing unfounded fraud claims.[165]

Storming of the United States Capitol edit

Main article: 2021 storming of the United States Capitol

On January 6, 2021, when the United States Congress convened to certify the electoral votes of the presidential election, supporters of Trump stormed the United States Capitol in an attempt to prevent the tabulation of votes and protest Biden's win. Insurrectionists unlawfully entered the U.S. Capitol Building and gathered on both its eastern and western fronts, including on the inaugural platform constructed for Biden's inauguration.[166] At least five people died, including one intruder who was shot and later died,[167] and one Capitol police officer,[168] while several IEDs were found on the grounds of the Capitol.[169] In the early morning hours of January 7, the electoral votes were certified, and Trump released a statement asserting that there will be an "orderly transition" of power on Inauguration Day.[170]

Removal through the Twenty-fifth Amendment edit

Many public officials, including state-level and municipal officers, have cited their support for Trump's removal via Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[171][172] Following the January 6 United States Capitol attack, hundreds of political scientists also called for Trump's removal via the Twenty-fifth Amendment.[173] If invoked by a plurality of United States Cabinet officials and affirmed by Vice President Mike Pence, Trump would be revoked of the presidency of the United States and transfer acting presidential power to Pence until noon on January 20, 2021, when his term is set to expire upon Biden's assumption of office. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi declared on January 7, 2021, that if Trump is not removed through the amendment process, the House of Representatives may proceed with full impeachment proceedings.[174] Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer has also called for Trump's removal via the amendment.[174] That same day, Business Insider reported that Vice President Pence opposed efforts to remove President Trump via the Twenty-fifth Amendment.[175] By January 9, Pence was said to have not ruled out use of the 25th Amendment, out of concern Trump could take a rash action putting the nation at risk.[176]

Formal impeachment proceedings edit

The impeachment process by the full House proceeded from summer 2019 to December 18, 2019, when the House voted to impeach Trump.[39][38][40]

Early hearings edit

In the late summer and fall of 2019, the House Judiciary Committee held a series of hearings and filed a number of lawsuits associated with drafting possible articles of impeachment.

Start of formal impeachment proceedings edit

The start of official proceedings was first revealed to the public in a court filing dated July 26, 2019.[177]

This assertion was repeated in another court filing in a suit seeking to compel the testimony of former White House Counsel Don McGahn,[178] stating:

The Judiciary Committee is now determining whether to recommend articles of impeachment against the president based on the obstructive conduct described by the special counsel, [...] But it cannot fulfill this most solemn constitutional responsibility without hearing testimony from a crucial witness to these events: former White House counsel Donald F. McGahn II.

Later that day, Chairman Jerrold Nadler went on both CNN and MSNBC and said proceedings had indeed begun and that impeachment hearings would begin in September.[179]

Politico reported that during August, Nadler and other majority members of the HJC had been drafting a formal document delineating the legal parameters of an official inquiry and that this would be voted on September 11, 2019.[180]

The draft resolution was released to the public on September 9, 2019,[181] and approved on a party-line vote two days later.[182]

Impeachment hearings edit

Main article: First impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump

Testimony of Lewandowski edit

The first hearings against a president in 21 years took place on September 17, 2019, and featured the testimony of former Trump campaign manager Corey Lewandowski. Lewandowski exhibited a letter from President Trump stating that he was forbidden to answer questions due to executive privilege, even though he had never worked in the White House and was not entitled to it. Several Republican members of the committee attempted to use a number of procedural laws but were ignored by Democrats [clarification needed] to continue the proceedings. Lewandowski, however, did admit to doing the things he was stated as doing in the Mueller Report.[183]

There were two other witnesses scheduled that day, and President Trump directed former top aides, Rob Porter and Rick Dearborn, not to appear to testify before Congress, which they did not.[184]

Emoluments edit

On September 23, 2019, the House Judiciary Committee was scheduled to hear the testimony of those suing the president over alleged violation of the Emoluments Clause.[185] However, it was indefinitely postponed,[186] and subsequently were quietly cancelled. The Supreme Court said on January 25, 2021 that lawsuits related to emoluments were moot because Trump was no longer in office.[187]

Ukraine: Pelosi agrees to proceedings edit

Further information: Trump–Ukraine scandal

In July 2019 a whistleblower complaint was filed by a member of the intelligence community, but the Director of National Intelligence refused to forward it to Congress as required by law, saying he had been directed not to do so by the White House and the Department of Justice.[188] Later reporting indicated that the report involved a telephone conversation with a foreign leader and that it involved Ukraine. Trump and his personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani, had been trying for months to get Ukraine to launch an investigation into former vice president and current presidential candidate Joe Biden as well as his son Hunter Biden.[23] Trump had discussed the matter in a telephone call with the president of Ukraine in late July. It was also revealed that Trump had blocked distribution of military aid to Ukraine, although he later released it after the action became public.[188] The controversy led House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to announce on September 24 that six House committees would commence an impeachment inquiry against Trump.[10]

Impeachment vote by full House edit

On December 18, 2019, the House passed two articles of impeachment against president Donald Trump.[39][38][40] The trial took place in January and February 2020. On February 5, 2020, Trump was acquitted by the Senate of all charges in a vote mostly along party lines.

Subpoenas and lawsuits edit

Further information: Tax returns of Donald Trump and List of lawsuits involving Donald Trump

Several committees in the House of Representatives have issued subpoenas for materials and testimonies from people and institutions within the Trump administration as well as external entities. The president's personal lawyers have issued letters saying all such requests will be ignored or opposed[144] and have filed several lawsuits to prevent the release of any information to Congress.

Unredacted version of Mueller report edit

The House Judiciary Committee has subpoenaed the unredacted Mueller report and Attorney General Barr has rebuffed this,[189] leading to a contempt citation from the committee. A lawsuit is also contemplated.[190]

On July 26, 2019, the Judiciary Committee asked federal judge Beryl Howell, who oversaw the Mueller grand juries, to unseal the secret testimony because the committee is "investigating whether to recommend articles of impeachment" to the full House.[177] Howell ruled in favor of the request on October 25, 2019, finding the impeachment investigation legitimate.[191]

On November 18, 2019, The House counsel filed a brief with Judge Howell to release the materials immediately, as redacted grand jury testimony appeared to show the President perjured himself before the Mueller probe and it was part of the impeachment inquiry.[192]

On December 16, another brief by the HJC, said that they still needed the materials, as some redacted materials appear to be related to the Ukraine matter.[193] Previously, an appellate court had scheduled oral arguments in the case for January 3, 2020.[194]

Trump et al v. Mazars et al edit

Further information: Trump v. Mazars USA, LLP

The House Oversight Committee issued a subpoena to the Mazars accounting firm for Trump's financial information from before his election to the presidency. The President and his lawyers have tried to delay or prevent this information from getting to the committee by seeking a court injunction against both the committee's leadership and Mazars.[195][196]

On April 23, 2019 U.S. district judge Amit Mehta set a May 14 date for the preliminary hearing,[197] although several weeks later he decided the entire suit would be heard on that date.[198] May 20, Mehta ruled that accounting firm Mazars had to provide its records of Donald Trump's accounts from before his presidency to the House Oversight Committee in response to their subpoena.[199] In a 41-page opinion, he asserted that Congress has the right to investigate potential illegal behavior by a president, including actions both before and after the president assumed office.[200] The ruling was appealed by Trump's personal legal team[200] and briefs for such were due by no later than July 12, 2019,[201] when oral arguments were scheduled.[202]

Trump's attorneys filed an appeal brief with the Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit on June 10, 2019, contending that Congress may not investigate a president for criminal activities except in impeachment proceedings. The brief asserted Congress's investigation was an "exercise of law-enforcement authority that the Constitution reserves to the executive branch".[203] In an opinion piece two days later, attorneys George Conway and Neal Katyal called the brief "spectacularly anti-constitutional," arguing it places the president above the law while noting that Congress routinely investigates criminal matters.[204]

Oral arguments took place on July 12, 2019, before a three-judge panel consisting of Neomi Rao, David Tatel, and Patricia Millett. On August 8, the Justice Department filed a brief supporting the president's position.[205] On October 11, 2019, the appeal panel affirmed the ruling 2–1 with Neomi Rao dissenting.[206]

On November 18, The US Supreme Court blocked the transfer of the subpoenaed materials temporarily and required the HJC to submit a response to the president's appeal by Friday, November 22, so they could have the full arguments before deciding to take the case on an emergency basis.[207][208]

Trump et al v. Deutsche Bank et al edit

Further information: Trump v. Deutsche Bank, AG

The House Financial Services and Intelligence committees issued subpoenas to Deutsche Bank and Capital One Bank asking for financial records relating to Trump, his adult children, and his businesses. Trump's personal attorneys tried to delay or prevent the information from being given to the committees by getting a court injunction. Although the defendants are Deutsche Bank and Capital One Bank, U.S. district judge Edgardo Ramos permitted representatives of the House committees to take part.[209] Ramos canceled a May 9 preliminary hearing when the committees agreed to hand over "substantial portions" of the subpoenas to the plaintiffs.[210] On May 22, Ramos affirmed the validity of the subpoenas. Trump's lawyers had asked Ramos to quash the subpoenas, but Ramos said such a request was "unlikely to succeed on the merits".[211] The committees later reached an agreement with Trump's lawyers to delay enforcement of the subpoenas while an appeal is filed, provided the appeal is filed in an "expedited" manner.[212] On May 28, Ramos granted Trump's attorneys their request for a stay so they could pursue an expedited appeal through the courts.[213] and briefs for it were due by no later than July 12.[201] On June 18, The Trump legal team filed a brief similar to the one in the Mazars case.[214]

Oral arguments began on August 23.[215]

On August 8, 2019, it was reported by The Wall Street Journal that Deutsche Bank, as well as others, had complied with the subpoenas despite the suit, handing over thousands of documents.[216]

Suits filed by Trump opponents edit

Many of the lawsuits filed against Trump asked for declaratory relief. A court's declaratory judgment compels no action as it simply resolves a legal question. A declaration that the president has accepted emoluments would make the work of House Managers easier in an impeachment. Blumenthal v. Trump asked for declaratory relief as to emoluments. In CREW and National Security Archive v. Trump and EOP, a declaratory finding that the administration willfully failed to retain records would support a charge of obstruction of justice.[217] The CREW v. Trump case was dismissed in December 2017 for lack of standing, but in September 2019 this ruling was vacated and remanded upon appeal.[218][219] Blumenthal v. Trump was dismissed in February 2020.

Commentary and opinion edit

Statements by Trump edit

During an August 2018 Fox & Friends interview, Trump was asked about the possible ramifications of him being potentially impeached after his ex-lawyer Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to charges and implied he had done so by Trump's direction. Trump said, "I don't know how you can impeach someone who's done a great job. I tell you what, if I ever got impeached, I think the market would crash, I think everybody would be very poor. Because without this [points at his head, referring to his brain and his thinking], you would see numbers that you wouldn't believe in reverse."[220]

In a January 2019 tweet, Trump expressed bewilderment at the possibility, saying among other things, "How do you impeach a president who ... had the most successful first two years of any president?"[221]

In late April 2019, Trump vowed to take a possible impeachment to the Supreme Court,[222] even though the Supreme Court has twice ruled that the judiciary has no power over the process.[223] On May 30, 2019, Trump stated, "I can't imagine the courts allowing [his impeachment]."[224]

On May 22, Trump walked out of a planned White House meeting about infrastructure with Pelosi and Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, because he said Pelosi had earlier that morning met with the House Democratic Caucus "to talk about the I-word" and because Pelosi had accused him of carrying out a cover-up.[225] He said he would refuse to work with the Democrats on infrastructure or anything else until they end all investigations into him.[226]

Statements by Democrats edit

On March 11, 2019, House speaker Nancy Pelosi in an interview with The Washington Post's Joe Heim said that "I'm not for impeachment. This is news," breaking away from other Democrats wanting impeachment.[227][228] "I'm going to give you some news right now because I haven't said this to any press person before. But since you asked, and I've been thinking about this: Impeachment is so divisive to the country that unless there's something so compelling and overwhelming and bipartisan, I don't think we should go down that path, because it divides the country. And he's just not worth it."[227][229]

In May 2019, Pelosi suggested that Trump was goading House Democrats to impeach him "to solidify his base".[230][231] She said his recent actions are "almost self-impeaching ... he is every day demonstrating more obstruction of justice and disrespect for Congress' legitimate role to subpoena."[232] She added, "That's where he wants us to be ... The White House is just crying out for impeachment" to divide Democrats and distract from Trump's policies.[233][234][235][236]

By May 2019, an increasing number of Democrats and one Republican member of Congress were concluding that impeachment, or at least an impeachment inquiry, could be the only alternative should Trump continue to "stonewall" their demands for information and testimony.[237][238]

On September 22, 2019, Pelosi wrote a letter addressing Congress about an anonymous whistleblower complaint about Trump's call to Ukraine's leader, stating "[i]f the administration persists in blocking this whistle-blower from disclosing to Congress a serious possible breach of constitutional duties by the president, they will be entering a grave new chapter of lawlessness which will take us into a whole new stage of investigation ..."[239]

Commentary edit

Some analysts speculated that Trump actually wanted to be impeached, in order to remain the focus of national attention, rally his supporters, and obtain a perceived political advantage.[240][230][241][242] Juan Williams suggested Trump would consider being impeached by the House but acquitted in the Senate a victory, allowing him to reiterate that all accusations against him are false.[241] Greg Gutfeld suggested that Trump might feel it would actually add to his legacy, and to be impeached while the economy was doing well would elevate him to the status of folk hero.[241] Rich Lowry, writing for Politico, has argued that Trump would relish the drama of an impeachment fight and is temperamentally better suited to engage in that than to engage in governance.[242]

Axios interviewed legal and political experts who concluded that if Trump won a second term after being impeached and acquitted, it might be politically impossible to impeach Trump again because of the political blowback.[243]

Other proposed reasons for impeachment edit

Some commentators have argued that Trump has abused the Presidential pardon power,[244] specifically offering to pardon federal officials who commit crimes such as violating the rights of immigrants[245] and any necessary to build the Trump border wall before the next presidential election.[246] Trump also declared he had an "absolute right" to pardon himself.[247] Controversial Trump pardons include those of Joe Arpaio, convicted of ignoring a court order to stop police misconduct with regard to immigration enforcement; Dinesh D'Souza, convicted of campaign finance violations;[248] and three military servicemembers convicted of war crimes.[249] Impeachment has notably been suggested as a remedy for abuse of pardon power by James Madison during the debate over ratification of the U.S. Constitution,[250] and William Howard Taft in a 1925 Supreme Court decision.[251]

Symbolic municipal resolutions edit

City councils that have made formal resolutions calling for the impeachment of President Trump include those in the San Francisco Bay Area cities of Alameda, Berkeley, Oakland and Richmond,[252][253][254] as well as the city of Los Angeles.[255] On the East Coast, the Cambridge, Massachusetts city council passed a policy order to support a House resolution to investigate Emoluments Clause conflicts.[256]

Public opinion polling on impeachment edit

Further information: Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump § Public opinion

Public opinion is a key factor in impeachment proceedings, as politicians including those in the House of Representatives look to opinion polls to assess the tenor of those they represent.[257][258][259] Any action would have to be based on the requisite legal grounds for impeachment, but such action is more likely to be taken in the face of support from public opinion.[257][258][259]

As of January 26, 2017, Public Policy Polling reports that 35% of voters supported the impeachment of President Trump, while 50% opposed.[260] By the following week, after the controversial rollout of Executive Order 13769, which barred people from seven majority-Muslim countries from entering the United States, support for impeachment had grown to 40%.[261] The following week, support for impeachment reached 46%, matching opposition to impeachment.[262]

In May 2017, after the firing of James Comey, for the first time more Americans supported impeaching Trump (48%) than opposed impeaching Trump (41%), with 11% not sure.[263] At the beginning of August 2017, one poll showed that number falling substantially with 53% of people being opposed to impeachment and 40% in favor, according to PRRI studies,[264] but by the end of August 2017 and following political fallout from the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, 48% of people were again in favor of impeachment and 41% were opposed.[265] In December 2017, Public Policy Polling conducted the first public poll showing majority support for impeachment (51% support, 42% oppose, 7% not sure).[266]

In March 2019, a CNN Poll found that 36% of respondents support the impeachment.[267]

In May 2019, an NBC/WSJ poll with Republican pollster Bill McInturff found that 17% thought enough evidence existed for the House to begin impeachment hearings, 32% wanted Congress to continue investigating and decide on impeachment later, and 48% said the House should not pursue impeachment.[268][269] A Reuters/Ipsos poll taken in the same month found 45% of Americans supported impeachment, while 42% opposed.[270]

On June 16, 2019, Trump tweeted, "Almost 70% in new Poll say don't impeach."[271] According to NBC News, Trump was apparently referring to their poll, according to which 27% of Americans believe there is now sufficient evidence to begin impeachment hearings.[272] Later that day, Fox News released a poll showing 43% of registered voters supported Trump's impeachment and removal from office, while 48% opposed impeachment.[273]

After Nancy Pelosi formally announced an impeachment inquiry into Trump on September 24, 2019, several opinion polls reflected an increase in support for an impeachment inquiry. According to a Morning Consult poll, 43% of Americans support impeachment proceedings, a 7-point increase, tying with Americans who do not support such proceedings.[274] Additionally, an NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll showed support for an impeachment inquiry into Trump at 49%, while 46% opposed.[275]

An analysis of polls showed that through mid-December, Americans remained sharply divided on whether Trump should be removed from office.[276] According to a CNN poll taken on December 12–15, 45% of Americans support the impeachment and removal of Trump from office, while 47% oppose impeachment.[277]

See also edit

References edit

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January 01, 1970
efforts, impeach, donald, trump, formal, 2019, 2020, proceedings, impeachment, inquiry, against, donald, trump, first, impeachment, donald, trump, first, impeachment, trial, donald, trump, formal, 2021, proceedings, second, impeachment, donald, trump, second, . For the formal 2019 2020 proceedings see Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump First impeachment of Donald Trump and First impeachment trial of Donald Trump For the formal 2021 proceedings see Second impeachment of Donald Trump and Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump Various people and groups assert that former U S president Donald Trump engaged in impeachable activity both before and during his presidency 1 2 and talk of impeachment began before he took office 3 4 Grounds asserted for impeachment have included possible violations of the Foreign Emoluments Clause of the Constitution by accepting payments from foreign dignitaries alleged collusion with Russia during the campaign for the 2016 United States presidential election alleged obstruction of justice with respect to investigation of the collusion claim and accusations of Associating the Presidency with White Nationalism Neo Nazism and Hatred which formed the basis of a resolution for impeachment brought on December 6 2017 The first formal impeachment efforts were initiated by two Democratic representatives Al Green and Brad Sherman in 2017 the first year of his presidency 5 6 Since the Republicans controlled both the House and the Senate during 2017 and 2018 the likelihood of impeachment during that period was considered by all to be low 7 8 A December 2017 resolution of impeachment failed in the House by a 58 364 margin 9 The Democrats gained control of the House in 2019 and launched multiple investigations into Trump s actions and finances Speaker Nancy Pelosi initially resisted calls for impeachment In May 2019 Pelosi indicated that Trump s continued actions which she characterized as obstruction of justice and refusal to honor congressional subpoenas might make an impeachment inquiry necessary An increasing number of House Democrats and one Republican were requesting such an inquiry On September 24 2019 Pelosi announced that six committees would undertake a formal impeachment inquiry after reports about controversial interactions between Trump and the country of Ukraine 10 This inquiry resulted in Trump s first impeachment on December 18 2019 Protesters calling for impeachment on the day of Trump s inauguration In January 2021 during the final weeks of Trump s term a renewed effort was made to remove him from office following his efforts to overturn his loss in the 2020 presidential election by baselessly asserting voter fraud which resulted in the Trump Raffensperger phone call and the United States Capitol attack This effort resulted in Trump s second impeachment on January 13 2021 Contents 1 Summary of efforts 2 Early developments 2 1 February 2017 2 2 May 2017 2 2 1 Actions and revelations 2 2 2 Preparations for possible proceedings 2 2 3 Independent counsel appointment 2 3 June 2017 2 4 July 2017 2 5 August November 2017 2 6 December 2017 and January 2018 House votes 2 7 2018 midterm elections 2 8 After the 2018 midterm elections 2 9 Hearings and investigations December 2018 February 2019 2 9 1 February 27 Michael Cohen hearings 2 10 Hearings and investigations February April 2019 2 11 Mueller Report and impeachment debate 2 12 Impeachment resolutions in the 116th Congress 2 13 Hearings and investigations April July 2019 2 14 Mueller hearings 2 15 January 2021 2 15 1 Georgia election interference scandal 2 15 2 Storming of the United States Capitol 2 15 3 Removal through the Twenty fifth Amendment 3 Formal impeachment proceedings 3 1 Early hearings 3 2 Start of formal impeachment proceedings 3 3 Impeachment hearings 3 3 1 Testimony of Lewandowski 3 3 2 Emoluments 3 4 Ukraine Pelosi agrees to proceedings 3 5 Impeachment vote by full House 4 Subpoenas and lawsuits 4 1 Unredacted version of Mueller report 4 2 Trump et al v Mazars et al 4 3 Trump et al v Deutsche Bank et al 4 4 Suits filed by Trump opponents 5 Commentary and opinion 5 1 Statements by Trump 5 2 Statements by Democrats 5 3 Commentary 5 4 Other proposed reasons for impeachment 5 5 Symbolic municipal resolutions 5 6 Public opinion polling on impeachment 6 See also 7 References 8 Further readingSummary of efforts editIn December 2016 Democratic senators Elizabeth Warren Dick Durbin Chris Coons Ben Cardin and Jeff Merkley introduced a bill that would require the president of the United States to divest any assets that could raise a conflict of interest including a statement that failure to divest such assets would constitute high crimes and misdemeanors under the impeachment clause of the U S Constitution 3 Vanity Fair characterized this as a preemptive effort to lay the groundwork for a future impeachment argument 3 Concerns had previously been expressed that Trump s extensive business and real estate dealings especially with respect to government agencies in other countries may violate the Foreign Emoluments Clause of the Constitution 4 sparking debate as to whether that is the case 11 12 Immediately after his inauguration The Independent and The Washington Post each reported on efforts already underway to impeach Trump based on what the organizers regard as conflicts of interest arising from Trump s ability to use his political position to promote the interests of Trump branded businesses and ongoing payments by foreign entities to businesses within the Trump business empire as a violation of the Foreign Emoluments Clause 1 2 In March 2017 China provisionally granted 38 Trump trademark applications set to take permanent effect in 90 days which were noted to come in close proximity to the president s making policy decisions favorable to China 13 The Washington Post further noted the creation of ImpeachDonaldTrumpNow org by Free Speech For People and RootsAction two liberal advocacy groups 2 On February 9 Congressman Jerrold Nadler D NY had filed a resolution of inquiry titled H Con Res 5 to force the Trump administration to turn over documents relating to potential conflicts of interest and to ties with Russia 14 Some sources identified this as the first step in the process of impeaching Trump 15 16 Fox News outlined two potential bases for impeachment one being the Emoluments Clause and the other being complicity with Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election 17 On March 21 it was widely reported that Congresswoman Maxine Waters tweeted Get ready for impeachment which Waters explained was in reference to the allegations of collusion with Russian interference in the election 18 On January 17 2019 new accusations involving Trump surfaced claiming he instructed his long time lawyer Michael Cohen to lie under oath surrounding Trump s involvement with the Russian government to erect a Trump Tower in Moscow 19 This also sparked calls for an investigation and for the president to resign or be impeached should such claims be proven genuine 20 The Mueller Report was released on April 18 2019 and Robert Mueller himself made follow up comments on May 29 The report reached no conclusion about whether Trump had or had not committed criminal obstruction of justice 21 Mueller strongly hinted that it was up to Congress to make such a determination Congressional support for an impeachment inquiry increased as a result 22 A formal impeachment inquiry was launched on September 24 2019 as a response to the Trump Ukraine scandal in which Trump and his personal attorney Rudy Giuliani pressed the Ukrainian government repeatedly since at least May 2019 to investigate Hunter Biden the son of 2020 presidential candidate Joe Biden 23 24 25 26 27 The purpose of the requested investigation was alleged to be to hurt Biden s campaign for President 28 29 In July Trump issued a hold on military aid scheduled to be sent to Ukraine releasing it in September after controversy arose There was widespread speculation that the withholding of the aid was intended to force Ukraine to investigate Biden Giuliani seemed to confirm that there was such a connection 30 In an October 8 2019 letter to House Democratic leaders the White House stated it would not cooperate with their partisan and unconstitutional inquiry under these circumstances 31 The eight page letter was widely interpreted by legal analysts as containing political rather than legal arguments 32 33 34 35 36 On December 18 2019 the House of Representatives impeached Donald Trump almost entirely along party lines 37 38 39 40 Early developments editFebruary 2017 edit The Impeach Trump Leadership PAC was started by California Democratic Party congressional candidate Boyd Roberts 41 May 2017 edit Further information Dismissal of James Comey Comey memos Donald Trump s disclosure of classified information to Russia and Mueller special counsel investigation Actions and revelations edit Following Trump s dismissal of FBI director James Comey multiple Democratic members of Congress discussed an impeachment clock for Trump saying that he was moving toward impeachment and raising the future possibility of bringing forth articles of impeachment for obstruction of justice and criminal malfeasance if proof of illegal activity were found 42 43 Senator Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut said in an interview It may well produce another United States v Nixon on a subpoena that went to United States Supreme Court It may well produce impeachment proceedings although we re very far from that possibility 44 Later in May news of Trump s disclosure of classified information to Russia led to further discussions about the possibility of impeachment with Representative Maxine Waters D CA alluding to the possibility 45 along with writer Benjamin Wittes legal scholar Jack Goldsmith and others 46 Around the same time in May the revelation that the president had asked Comey to drop the investigation of Michael Flynn led still more observers including Senator Angus King I ME to say impeachment might be in the offing 47 The developments led Senator John McCain R AZ to venture that matters had reached Watergate scope and size 48 Preparations for possible proceedings edit source source source source source Congressman Al Green s Floor Speech on the Impeachment of President Trump source source source source source Congressman Luis Gutierrez It is the Judiciary Committee in the House where impeachment begins Impeachment proceedings begin with a resolution being introduced in the House of Representatives The first two Representatives to publicly suggest such an action were Pramila Jayapal D WA 49 and Al Green D TX 50 Two Republican representatives Justin Amash R MI and Carlos Curbelo R FL called for impeachment on the grounds that obstruction of justice charges against Trump were proven true 51 Curbello was defeated in his bid for reelection in 2018 52 but Amash was reelected and following his reading of the redacted Mueller Report reaffirmed his position stating the evidence supported the conclusion that Trump had committed impeachable offenses 53 In July 2019 Amash left the Republican Party to become an independent member of Congress 54 On May 17 Representative Green made a call for impeachment on the house floor 55 56 and House Oversight Committee chairman Jason Chaffetz R UT announced that he was issuing subpoenas on the memo FBI director James Comey wrote detailing possible obstruction of justice by the president 57 On May 24 Green told C SPAN in an interview that he was drafting articles of impeachment and would shortly submit them as a privileged resolution to begin the formal impeachment process 58 However some major Democratic figures stressed the need for caution patience and bipartisanship in any potential impeachment process 59 Administration officials said that White House lawyers were indeed researching impeachment proceedings and how to deal with them 60 61 Independent counsel appointment edit On May 17 former FBI director Robert Mueller was appointed special counsel by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein acting after the recusal of Attorney General Jeff Sessions to lead a Special Counsel investigation to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election 62 and any cover up related to it by Trump or any White House officials 63 64 According to sources close to the White House the Trump administration is considering using various obscure legal means to slow down the investigation and undermine the special counsel 65 66 June 2017 edit Former FBI director James Comey agreed to testify before the Senate Intelligence Committee on June 8 67 Some legal experts and politicians such as Representative Eric Swalwell of California argued that Trump s numerous comments in news interviews and on Twitter regarding the subjects Comey would testify on such as whether or not Trump tried to improperly influence or coerce Comey and the reasons why Trump fired him may well have voided the validity of an executive privilege claim in this instance 68 On June 7 an advance copy of Comey s prepared congressional testimony was submitted to the Senate Intelligence Committee 69 in which he said the president attempted to persuade him to let go of any investigation into Michael Flynn on February 14 70 He added that Trump had requested his personal loyalty to which Comey replied he would give his honest loyalty to the president 71 Comey said Trump on several occasions inquired whether there were an investigation into the president himself and Comey replied each time there was not 72 Comey states that Trump requested he publicly declare this so Trump s image could be improved but Comey says he told the president he would need to have approval from the attorney general s office for reasons of legality 73 Comey recounted his final conversation with President Trump on April 11 On the morning of April 11 the President called me and asked what I had done about his request that I get out that he is not personally under investigation I replied that I had passed his request to the Acting Deputy Attorney General but I had not heard back He replied that the cloud was getting in the way of his ability to do his job He said that perhaps he would have his people reach out to the Acting Deputy Attorney General I said that was the way his request should be handled I said the White House Counsel should contact the leadership of DOJ to make the request which was the traditional channel He said he would do that and added Because I have been very loyal to you very loyal we had that thing you know I did not reply or ask him what he meant by that thing I said only that the way to handle it was to have the White House Counsel call the Acting Deputy Attorney General He said that was what he would do and the call ended That was the last time I spoke with President Trump 71 nbsp Impeaching Donald John Trump President of the United States for high crimes and misdemeanors by Congressman Brad Sherman On June 7 Congressman Al Green announced that Congressman Brad Sherman would join with him in drafting articles of impeachment against President Trump 5 On June 12 Sherman began circulating an article of impeachment among his colleagues 6 Sherman said I m not going to be deterred 5 Green stated In the spirit of keeping the republic I have concluded that the president has obstructed justice and in so doing the remedy for obstruction of justice is impeachment The president will not be indicted while he is in office and while there is some merit in talking about the judicial process the impeachment process is the one that will bring him before the bar of justice 5 Former United States attorney Preet Bharara said in a June 11 interview with ABC News that there s absolutely evidence to begin a case regarding obstruction of justice by Trump 74 Bharara went on to note No one knows right now whether there is a provable case of obstruction But there s no basis to say there s no obstruction 74 On June 14 The Washington Post reported that Trump was being investigated by Special Counsel Robert Mueller for possible obstruction of justice relating to his actions in regard to the investigation into Russia 75 July 2017 edit On July 12 Congressman Sherman formally introduced in the House of Representatives an Article of Impeachment H Res 438 76 accusing the president of obstructing and impeding the investigation of justice regarding the investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election 77 Democrats in the House Judiciary committee demanded that hearings begin as soon as possible 78 but the Republicans demurred rewriting the request in favor of investigations into Hillary Clinton s emails citation needed August November 2017 edit nbsp Representative Steve Cohen introduced articles of impeachment in November 2017 In August 2017 following controversial comments by Trump about the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville Virginia Representative Steve Cohen announced he would introduce articles of impeachment because Trump had failed the presidential test of moral leadership 79 80 There was a brief debate about impeaching the president before a privileged resolution introduced by Representative Al Green was withdrawn 81 82 In late October progressive activist hedge fund manager Tom Steyer funded an impeachment campaign that quickly garnered 1 3 million signatures 83 By mid November the campaign had garnered over 1 9 million signatures 84 the campaign s signature count reached over 6 5 million by the following month 85 On November 15 six Democrats including Cohen introduced H Res 621 with five articles of impeachment 86 Cohen said that Trump s train of injuries to our Constitution must be brought to an end 87 The five accusations were obstruction of justice violation of the foreign emoluments clause violation of the domestic emoluments clause undermining the independence of the federal judiciary and undermining the freedom of the press 86 Many Democrats opposed this action 87 A survey showed nearly 40 of American citizens were in favour of impeachment up from 30 in February with almost 75 of Democrats and 7 of Republicans supporting possible impeachment although Trump s approval rating among Republicans fell from 91 in June to 79 in November 86 For impeachment to occur a simple majority is needed in the House and for conviction removal from office to occur a two thirds majority is needed in the Senate At the time both the House and Senate were controlled by Republicans At this date 12 Republican senators had individually indicated a willingness to take action against Trump s presidency if supported by all 48 Democratic senators 8 more Republican senators would be needed to successfully remove the president 86 December 2017 and January 2018 House votes edit On December 6 a second privileged resolution on articles of impeachment H Res 646 was brought on the floor by Representative Al Green Democrat of Texas The resolution listed two articles i e proposed reasons for impeachment Associating the Presidency with White Nationalism Neo Nazism and Hatred and Inciting Hatred and Hostility 88 House majority leader Kevin McCarthy Republican of California moved for the resolution to be defeated tabled which was agreed to by a 364 58 vote with four members voting present 9 Among Republicans 238 voted to table the articles of impeachment and one did not vote Among Democrats 126 voted to table the articles of impeachment 58 voted against tabling the articles of impeachment four voted present and five did not vote 89 Green s effort did not receive the support of Democratic leadership House minority leader Nancy Pelosi and minority whip Steny Hoyer issued a statement saying that l egitimate questions have been raised about Trump s fitness to lead this nation but n ow is not the time to consider articles of impeachment given ongoing investigations by congressional committees as well as the investigation by the special counsel 9 On January 19 2018 Green brought up the resolution a second time On this attempt his motion was defeated by a vote of 355 66 234 Republicans and 121 Democrats voted against the motion All the votes for the motion were from Democrats three Democrats voted present and three Republicans and three Democrats did not cast a vote 90 91 2018 midterm elections edit The matter became an issue primarily for Republicans in the midterm elections 92 93 with both conservatives and the president himself warning of dire consequences if he is impeached 94 95 The Democrats won control of the House and they have promised to launch investigations into various actions by Trump and his administration but Democratic leaders were reported as reluctant to address impeachment at least until after the report of the special counsel is released 96 After the 2018 midterm elections edit On March 11 2019 Nancy Pelosi said I m not for impeachment Impeachment is so divisive to the country that unless there s something so compelling and overwhelming and bipartisan I don t think we should go down that path because it divides the country And he s just not worth it No I don t think he is I mean ethically unfit Intellectually unfit Curiosity wise unfit No I don t think he s fit to be president of the United States She then scolded herself for coming across too negatively 97 98 99 With the Democrats in control of the House and with a direct impeachment inquiry deemed somewhat toxic 100 the work of investigations into Trump s possible crimes were divided into several committees while waiting for some outside force such as the Mueller probe or the Southern District to force the Democratic leadership s hands Hearings and investigations December 2018 February 2019 edit December 2018 The ranking members of the House Judiciary and Oversight committees place job listings in search of experienced lawyers to aid in investigations of Trump and his administration 101 January 2 2019 Speaker Designate Nancy Pelosi in an interview with Today s Savannah Guthrie refuses to rule out an impeachment inquiry 102 January 3 The new Democratic Congress convenes Jerrold Nadler takes over the House Judiciary Committee as chairman He has said he will file another resolution and its subsidiary subpoenas for inquiries relating to possible criminal charges associated with the Stormy Daniels affair and the conspiracy convictions of Michael Cohen 103 related to it H Res 13 the first of several impeachment resolutions is introduced into the House by Representative Brad Sherman 104 January 13 In response to Trump s public statements about Michael Cohen representatives Elijah E Cummings Adam Schiff and Nadler issued a joint statement warning Trump against interfering in the upcoming Cohen hearings saying Our nation s laws prohibit efforts to discourage intimidate or otherwise pressure a witness not to provide testimony to Congress 105 January 16 The inspector general of the GSA issues report declaring that the president may have violated the emoluments clause of the Constitution and chastised the lawyers in the case for refusing to consider the possibility 106 February 4 H Res 13 is referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution Civil Rights and Civil Justice February 8 Acting Attorney General Matthew G Whitaker testifies before the House Judiciary committee primarily on the subject of the Mueller investigation and possible attempts to stop it 107 108 February 26 Former Trump attorney Michael Cohen testifies in private before the Senate Intelligence Committee to correct the record on possible kompromat which the Russians might have on the President 109 110 Whitaker is invited to return to testify before the House Judiciary Committee to possibly correct the record on obstruction of Justice by the president 111 February 27 Michael Cohen hearings edit On February 27 2019 Cohen publicly testified before the House Oversight committee on possible high crimes and misdemeanors committed by President Trump both before and after taking office 112 113 His testimony occurred under oath which also means additional criminal charges of perjury could be filed if it were proven that he had lied 114 In his opening remarks obtained in advance by The New York Times he expresses his regret and shame at lying to Congress and working for a racist and a con man and accuses Trump of numerous lies and illegal actions White House officials dismissed the credibility of his testimony in advance calling him a disgraced felon and convicted liar 115 During his testimony Cohen described how he protected Trump from potential scandals during the 2016 campaign through payoffs 112 He said he and National Enquirer owner David Pecker had conspired to catch and kill potentially damaging stories about Trump and that Trump also was concerned that allegations by Stormy Daniels and other women would result in the general public s being reminded of a tape which aired on Access Hollywood at the beginning of October 2016 where Trump was caught a decade prior discussing how he groped grabbed and kissed women without their permission 112 He also said Trump would inflate his personal wealth for financial benefits such as a failed bid to buy the Buffalo Bills 116 and that he and Trump conspired with Trump Organization CFO Allen Weisselberg and the president s son Donald Trump Jr to organize more payoffs in 2017 112 Cohen also showed lawmakers a check for 35 000 which the president wrote to him on August 1 2017 and said it was used as a part of a hush money payoff to Stormy Daniels as well 112 The testimony implicated the President as committing a minimum of 11 impeachable offenses 117 118 Hearings and investigations February April 2019 edit February 28 Cohen testifies in private before the House Intelligence Committee March 3 House Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerrold Nadler announces requests for over sixty documents from the White House and other sources in his oversight investigations 119 March 4 The House Judiciary issues requests to 81 people for documents and testimony in a pre impeachment investigation into obstruction of justice and other alleged threats to the rule of law 120 121 March 6 Cohen finishes testimony at the HIC 122 March 22 Mueller Report is delivered to Attorney General William Barr 123 March 24 According to Barr the investigation did not find evidence to charge other Americans including Trump associates in conspiring with Russia in 2016 and did not come to a conclusion about obstruction of justice 123 March 27 While the Congress is waiting for the Mueller report to drop Rep Rashida Tlaib D MI introduces another resolution H Res 257 calling for a formal impeachment investigation of the president 124 which was referred to the Committee on Rules April 18 The Mueller Report is made public In it Mueller lists multiple actions by Trump that could be considered obstruction of justice but chooses for several reasons not to accuse the president of any crime indicating that Congress should make that decision 125 126 Mueller Report and impeachment debate edit Further information Mueller special counsel investigation and Mueller Report A Department of Justice spokesperson called Nadler s subpoena premature and unnecessary detailing that the publicly released version of the report had minimal redactions and that Barr had made arrangements for Nadler and other lawmakers to review a version of the final report with fewer redactions 127 128 House majority leader Steny Hoyer said Based on what we have seen to date going forward on impeachment is not worthwhile at this point 129 while Speaker Nancy Pelosi was more noncommittal telling the majority caucus We will update you on the next steps that must be taken The caucus held a conference call on April 22 to discuss the matter 130 It was decided to go full bore on the investigations and deal with actual impeachment later 131 After reading the report Representative Justin Amash R MI in May 2019 became the first Republican member of Congress to call for Trump s impeachment saying Trump had engaged in impeachable conduct Amash was also critical of Attorney General Barr stating that he felt Barr had deliberately misrepresented the contents of the report 53 Shortly thereafter former long serving Republican congressman Tom Coleman R MO also called for Trump s impeachment 132 In addition conservative attorney George Conway husband of Kellyanne Conway called for Trump s impeachment 133 The Mueller Report was released on April 18 2019 and Robert Mueller himself made follow up comments on May 29 The report described ten actions by the president which could be construed as obstruction of justice Investigators reached no conclusion about whether those actions amounted to a crime indicating the evidence they had obtained presented difficult issues that prevented them from conclusively determining Trump committed no criminal obstruction 134 Mueller added The Constitution requires a process other than the criminal justice system to formally accuse a sitting president of wrongdoing which was taken as meaning that it would be up to Congress to make such a determination 135 Congressional support for at least an impeachment inquiry increased as a result 22 Near the end of April 2019 the hashtag RepublicansForImpeachment went viral on one day being used an average of every 3 8 seconds the hashtag was created by a group seeking Republican grassroots support for impeachment for us to have a chance of conviction in the Senate 136 Impeachment resolutions in the 116th Congress edit See also List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump H Res 13 Introduced March 1 2019 by Rep Brad Sherman D CA 137 on the grounds of obstruction of justice during the Mueller investigation H Res 257 Introduced March 27 2019 by Rep Rashida Tlaib D MI 138 for opening an investigation with no specific accusation made H Res 396 Introduced May 25 2019 by Rep Shelia Jackson Lee D TX 139 which named several areas of concern including Violations of the Domestic Emoluments Clause Violations of the Foreign Emoluments Clause Obstruction of justice Inappropriately disclosing classified information Destruction of public records Payment of ransom with federal funds in violation of international law Authorizing security clearances for people who are known security risks Failure to protect U S elections from foreign interference Campaign finance law violations Condoning white nationalism Using law enforcement to punish political enemies Attacking the press as enemies of the people Mismanagement by failing to fill vacancies Separation of immigrant children from their families H Res 498 Introduced July 17 2019 by Rep Al Green D TX 9 140 on the grounds of being unfit for office after various racist remarks Hearings and investigations April July 2019 edit April 18 Nadler says redacted Mueller report might necessitate impeachment 141 April 19 House Judiciary Committee HJC issues subpoena demanding the unredacted report and its underlying evidence 142 April 22 HJC issues subpoena for former White House counsel Don McGahn to testify on his statements as exhibited by the special counsel in his report 143 April 23 President Trump issues orders retroactively asserting executive privilege over all testimony given to the special counsel by McGahn and others given subpoenas by the HJC 144 April 28 Attorney General Barr threatens to boycott scheduled hearings and Nadler threatens a subpoena if he does 145 May 2 Barr boycotts hearings 146 May 8 House Judiciary committee recommends Barr be held in contempt of Congress in a 24 16 vote for not complying with the subpoena 147 May 23 Rep Shelia Jackson Lee D TX introduces H Res 396 which is referred to the Rules committee 148 May 29 Robert Mueller addresses the nation on the Russia probe saying the Constitution requires a process other than the criminal justice system to formally accuse a sitting president of wrongdoing 149 June 3 House Judiciary committee announces a series of hearings related to the Mueller Report titled Presidential Obstruction and Other Crimes 150 June 4 Barr offers to resume negotiations on testimony and materials if the HJC cancels contempt citation Nadler refuses 151 Former Trump aides Hope Hicks and Annie Donaldson formally defy HJC subpoenas at the behest of the president 152 June 10 House Judiciary committee hearing Lessons from the Mueller Report Presidential Obstruction and Other Crimes with John Dean Joyce White Vance and Barbara McQuade both former U S attorneys as witnesses 150 153 June 11 Vote on contempt citations of Barr and McGahn are passed by the full House 151 June 13 Hope Hicks agrees to testify 154 June 19 Hicks testifies before the HJC 155 She sat before the committee for eight hours and refused to answer 155 questions 156 June 24 Annie Donaldson agrees to testify before the HJC in November 157 June 25 The HJC subpoenas Robert Mueller and much of his staff announcing they would testify on July 17 158 July 16 Rep Al Green D TX introduces as a privileged resolution an article of impeachment the third time this has been done 159 160 The resolution was voted to be set aside by the House of Representatives by a 322 95 vote the next day 161 Mueller hearings edit On July 24 2019 Robert Mueller and several of his aides testified about the investigation s consequences before both the House Judiciary and House Intelligence committees Both sessions were open and televised for the public The over seven hours of hearings averaged 12 98 million viewers on ABC CBS NBC CNN Fox News and MSNBC 162 January 2021 edit Further information Second impeachment of Donald Trump On January 7 2021 thirteen members of the House of Representatives led by Representative Ilhan Omar introduced articles of impeachment on charges of high crimes and misdemeanors 163 The charges are related to Trump s alleged interference in the 2020 presidential election in Georgia and incitement of a deadly riot that involved the storming of the United States Capitol in Washington D C by his supporters which occurred during the United States Congress certification of electoral votes in the 2020 presidential election affirming Joe Biden s victory over Trump 164 On January 11 2021 U S Representatives David Cicilline Jamie Raskin and Ted Lieu introduced a resolution of impeachment against Trump on the charge of incitement of insurrection for the riot that involved storming the Capitol Two days later the House approved that resolution by a vote of 232 197 with ten Republicans joining all 222 Democrats to vote in favor of impeachment Georgia election interference scandal edit Main article Trump Raffensperger scandal Trump made an unprecedented effort to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election in Georgia On January 2 2021 during an hour long conference call Trump pressured Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger to overturn the state s election results in which Biden was the victor citing unfounded fraud claims 165 Storming of the United States Capitol edit Main article 2021 storming of the United States Capitol On January 6 2021 when the United States Congress convened to certify the electoral votes of the presidential election supporters of Trump stormed the United States Capitol in an attempt to prevent the tabulation of votes and protest Biden s win Insurrectionists unlawfully entered the U S Capitol Building and gathered on both its eastern and western fronts including on the inaugural platform constructed for Biden s inauguration 166 At least five people died including one intruder who was shot and later died 167 and one Capitol police officer 168 while several IEDs were found on the grounds of the Capitol 169 In the early morning hours of January 7 the electoral votes were certified and Trump released a statement asserting that there will be an orderly transition of power on Inauguration Day 170 Removal through the Twenty fifth Amendment edit Many public officials including state level and municipal officers have cited their support for Trump s removal via Section 4 of the Twenty fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution 171 172 Following the January 6 United States Capitol attack hundreds of political scientists also called for Trump s removal via the Twenty fifth Amendment 173 If invoked by a plurality of United States Cabinet officials and affirmed by Vice President Mike Pence Trump would be revoked of the presidency of the United States and transfer acting presidential power to Pence until noon on January 20 2021 when his term is set to expire upon Biden s assumption of office House Speaker Nancy Pelosi declared on January 7 2021 that if Trump is not removed through the amendment process the House of Representatives may proceed with full impeachment proceedings 174 Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer has also called for Trump s removal via the amendment 174 That same day Business Insider reported that Vice President Pence opposed efforts to remove President Trump via the Twenty fifth Amendment 175 By January 9 Pence was said to have not ruled out use of the 25th Amendment out of concern Trump could take a rash action putting the nation at risk 176 Formal impeachment proceedings editThe impeachment process by the full House proceeded from summer 2019 to December 18 2019 when the House voted to impeach Trump 39 38 40 Early hearings edit In the late summer and fall of 2019 the House Judiciary Committee held a series of hearings and filed a number of lawsuits associated with drafting possible articles of impeachment Start of formal impeachment proceedings edit The start of official proceedings was first revealed to the public in a court filing dated July 26 2019 177 This assertion was repeated in another court filing in a suit seeking to compel the testimony of former White House Counsel Don McGahn 178 stating The Judiciary Committee is now determining whether to recommend articles of impeachment against the president based on the obstructive conduct described by the special counsel But it cannot fulfill this most solemn constitutional responsibility without hearing testimony from a crucial witness to these events former White House counsel Donald F McGahn II Later that day Chairman Jerrold Nadler went on both CNN and MSNBC and said proceedings had indeed begun and that impeachment hearings would begin in September 179 Politico reported that during August Nadler and other majority members of the HJC had been drafting a formal document delineating the legal parameters of an official inquiry and that this would be voted on September 11 2019 180 The draft resolution was released to the public on September 9 2019 181 and approved on a party line vote two days later 182 Impeachment hearings edit Main article First impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump Testimony of Lewandowski edit The first hearings against a president in 21 years took place on September 17 2019 and featured the testimony of former Trump campaign manager Corey Lewandowski Lewandowski exhibited a letter from President Trump stating that he was forbidden to answer questions due to executive privilege even though he had never worked in the White House and was not entitled to it Several Republican members of the committee attempted to use a number of procedural laws but were ignored by Democrats clarification needed to continue the proceedings Lewandowski however did admit to doing the things he was stated as doing in the Mueller Report 183 There were two other witnesses scheduled that day and President Trump directed former top aides Rob Porter and Rick Dearborn not to appear to testify before Congress which they did not 184 Emoluments edit On September 23 2019 the House Judiciary Committee was scheduled to hear the testimony of those suing the president over alleged violation of the Emoluments Clause 185 However it was indefinitely postponed 186 and subsequently were quietly cancelled The Supreme Court said on January 25 2021 that lawsuits related to emoluments were moot because Trump was no longer in office 187 Ukraine Pelosi agrees to proceedings edit Further information Trump Ukraine scandal In July 2019 a whistleblower complaint was filed by a member of the intelligence community but the Director of National Intelligence refused to forward it to Congress as required by law saying he had been directed not to do so by the White House and the Department of Justice 188 Later reporting indicated that the report involved a telephone conversation with a foreign leader and that it involved Ukraine Trump and his personal attorney Rudy Giuliani had been trying for months to get Ukraine to launch an investigation into former vice president and current presidential candidate Joe Biden as well as his son Hunter Biden 23 Trump had discussed the matter in a telephone call with the president of Ukraine in late July It was also revealed that Trump had blocked distribution of military aid to Ukraine although he later released it after the action became public 188 The controversy led House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to announce on September 24 that six House committees would commence an impeachment inquiry against Trump 10 Impeachment vote by full House edit On December 18 2019 the House passed two articles of impeachment against president Donald Trump 39 38 40 The trial took place in January and February 2020 On February 5 2020 Trump was acquitted by the Senate of all charges in a vote mostly along party lines Subpoenas and lawsuits editFurther information Tax returns of Donald Trump and List of lawsuits involving Donald Trump Several committees in the House of Representatives have issued subpoenas for materials and testimonies from people and institutions within the Trump administration as well as external entities The president s personal lawyers have issued letters saying all such requests will be ignored or opposed 144 and have filed several lawsuits to prevent the release of any information to Congress Unredacted version of Mueller report edit The House Judiciary Committee has subpoenaed the unredacted Mueller report and Attorney General Barr has rebuffed this 189 leading to a contempt citation from the committee A lawsuit is also contemplated 190 On July 26 2019 the Judiciary Committee asked federal judge Beryl Howell who oversaw the Mueller grand juries to unseal the secret testimony because the committee is investigating whether to recommend articles of impeachment to the full House 177 Howell ruled in favor of the request on October 25 2019 finding the impeachment investigation legitimate 191 On November 18 2019 The House counsel filed a brief with Judge Howell to release the materials immediately as redacted grand jury testimony appeared to show the President perjured himself before the Mueller probe and it was part of the impeachment inquiry 192 On December 16 another brief by the HJC said that they still needed the materials as some redacted materials appear to be related to the Ukraine matter 193 Previously an appellate court had scheduled oral arguments in the case for January 3 2020 194 Trump et al v Mazars et al edit Further information Trump v Mazars USA LLP The House Oversight Committee issued a subpoena to the Mazars accounting firm for Trump s financial information from before his election to the presidency The President and his lawyers have tried to delay or prevent this information from getting to the committee by seeking a court injunction against both the committee s leadership and Mazars 195 196 On April 23 2019 U S district judge Amit Mehta set a May 14 date for the preliminary hearing 197 although several weeks later he decided the entire suit would be heard on that date 198 May 20 Mehta ruled that accounting firm Mazars had to provide its records of Donald Trump s accounts from before his presidency to the House Oversight Committee in response to their subpoena 199 In a 41 page opinion he asserted that Congress has the right to investigate potential illegal behavior by a president including actions both before and after the president assumed office 200 The ruling was appealed by Trump s personal legal team 200 and briefs for such were due by no later than July 12 2019 201 when oral arguments were scheduled 202 Trump s attorneys filed an appeal brief with the Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit on June 10 2019 contending that Congress may not investigate a president for criminal activities except in impeachment proceedings The brief asserted Congress s investigation was an exercise of law enforcement authority that the Constitution reserves to the executive branch 203 In an opinion piece two days later attorneys George Conway and Neal Katyal called the brief spectacularly anti constitutional arguing it places the president above the law while noting that Congress routinely investigates criminal matters 204 Oral arguments took place on July 12 2019 before a three judge panel consisting of Neomi Rao David Tatel and Patricia Millett On August 8 the Justice Department filed a brief supporting the president s position 205 On October 11 2019 the appeal panel affirmed the ruling 2 1 with Neomi Rao dissenting 206 On November 18 The US Supreme Court blocked the transfer of the subpoenaed materials temporarily and required the HJC to submit a response to the president s appeal by Friday November 22 so they could have the full arguments before deciding to take the case on an emergency basis 207 208 Trump et al v Deutsche Bank et al edit Further information Trump v Deutsche Bank AG The House Financial Services and Intelligence committees issued subpoenas to Deutsche Bank and Capital One Bank asking for financial records relating to Trump his adult children and his businesses Trump s personal attorneys tried to delay or prevent the information from being given to the committees by getting a court injunction Although the defendants are Deutsche Bank and Capital One Bank U S district judge Edgardo Ramos permitted representatives of the House committees to take part 209 Ramos canceled a May 9 preliminary hearing when the committees agreed to hand over substantial portions of the subpoenas to the plaintiffs 210 On May 22 Ramos affirmed the validity of the subpoenas Trump s lawyers had asked Ramos to quash the subpoenas but Ramos said such a request was unlikely to succeed on the merits 211 The committees later reached an agreement with Trump s lawyers to delay enforcement of the subpoenas while an appeal is filed provided the appeal is filed in an expedited manner 212 On May 28 Ramos granted Trump s attorneys their request for a stay so they could pursue an expedited appeal through the courts 213 and briefs for it were due by no later than July 12 201 On June 18 The Trump legal team filed a brief similar to the one in the Mazars case 214 Oral arguments began on August 23 215 On August 8 2019 it was reported by The Wall Street Journal that Deutsche Bank as well as others had complied with the subpoenas despite the suit handing over thousands of documents 216 Suits filed by Trump opponents edit Many of the lawsuits filed against Trump asked for declaratory relief A court s declaratory judgment compels no action as it simply resolves a legal question A declaration that the president has accepted emoluments would make the work of House Managers easier in an impeachment Blumenthal v Trump asked for declaratory relief as to emoluments In CREW and National Security Archive v Trump and EOP a declaratory finding that the administration willfully failed to retain records would support a charge of obstruction of justice 217 The CREW v Trump case was dismissed in December 2017 for lack of standing but in September 2019 this ruling was vacated and remanded upon appeal 218 219 Blumenthal v Trump was dismissed in February 2020 Commentary and opinion editStatements by Trump edit During an August 2018 Fox amp Friends interview Trump was asked about the possible ramifications of him being potentially impeached after his ex lawyer Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to charges and implied he had done so by Trump s direction Trump said I don t know how you can impeach someone who s done a great job I tell you what if I ever got impeached I think the market would crash I think everybody would be very poor Because without this points at his head referring to his brain and his thinking you would see numbers that you wouldn t believe in reverse 220 In a January 2019 tweet Trump expressed bewilderment at the possibility saying among other things How do you impeach a president who had the most successful first two years of any president 221 In late April 2019 Trump vowed to take a possible impeachment to the Supreme Court 222 even though the Supreme Court has twice ruled that the judiciary has no power over the process 223 On May 30 2019 Trump stated I can t imagine the courts allowing his impeachment 224 On May 22 Trump walked out of a planned White House meeting about infrastructure with Pelosi and Majority Leader Chuck Schumer because he said Pelosi had earlier that morning met with the House Democratic Caucus to talk about the I word and because Pelosi had accused him of carrying out a cover up 225 He said he would refuse to work with the Democrats on infrastructure or anything else until they end all investigations into him 226 Statements by Democrats edit On March 11 2019 House speaker Nancy Pelosi in an interview with The Washington Post s Joe Heim said that I m not for impeachment This is news breaking away from other Democrats wanting impeachment 227 228 I m going to give you some news right now because I haven t said this to any press person before But since you asked and I ve been thinking about this Impeachment is so divisive to the country that unless there s something so compelling and overwhelming and bipartisan I don t think we should go down that path because it divides the country And he s just not worth it 227 229 In May 2019 Pelosi suggested that Trump was goading House Democrats to impeach him to solidify his base 230 231 She said his recent actions are almost self impeaching he is every day demonstrating more obstruction of justice and disrespect for Congress legitimate role to subpoena 232 She added That s where he wants us to be The White House is just crying out for impeachment to divide Democrats and distract from Trump s policies 233 234 235 236 By May 2019 an increasing number of Democrats and one Republican member of Congress were concluding that impeachment or at least an impeachment inquiry could be the only alternative should Trump continue to stonewall their demands for information and testimony 237 238 On September 22 2019 Pelosi wrote a letter addressing Congress about an anonymous whistleblower complaint about Trump s call to Ukraine s leader stating i f the administration persists in blocking this whistle blower from disclosing to Congress a serious possible breach of constitutional duties by the president they will be entering a grave new chapter of lawlessness which will take us into a whole new stage of investigation 239 Commentary edit Some analysts speculated that Trump actually wanted to be impeached in order to remain the focus of national attention rally his supporters and obtain a perceived political advantage 240 230 241 242 Juan Williams suggested Trump would consider being impeached by the House but acquitted in the Senate a victory allowing him to reiterate that all accusations against him are false 241 Greg Gutfeld suggested that Trump might feel it would actually add to his legacy and to be impeached while the economy was doing well would elevate him to the status of folk hero 241 Rich Lowry writing for Politico has argued that Trump would relish the drama of an impeachment fight and is temperamentally better suited to engage in that than to engage in governance 242 Axios interviewed legal and political experts who concluded that if Trump won a second term after being impeached and acquitted it might be politically impossible to impeach Trump again because of the political blowback 243 Other proposed reasons for impeachment edit Some commentators have argued that Trump has abused the Presidential pardon power 244 specifically offering to pardon federal officials who commit crimes such as violating the rights of immigrants 245 and any necessary to build the Trump border wall before the next presidential election 246 Trump also declared he had an absolute right to pardon himself 247 Controversial Trump pardons include those of Joe Arpaio convicted of ignoring a court order to stop police misconduct with regard to immigration enforcement Dinesh D Souza convicted of campaign finance violations 248 and three military servicemembers convicted of war crimes 249 Impeachment has notably been suggested as a remedy for abuse of pardon power by James Madison during the debate over ratification of the U S Constitution 250 and William Howard Taft in a 1925 Supreme Court decision 251 Symbolic municipal resolutions edit City councils that have made formal resolutions calling for the impeachment of President Trump include those in the San Francisco Bay Area cities of Alameda Berkeley Oakland and Richmond 252 253 254 as well as the city of Los Angeles 255 On the East Coast the Cambridge Massachusetts city council passed a policy order to support a House resolution to investigate Emoluments Clause conflicts 256 Public opinion polling on impeachment edit Further information Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump Public opinion Public opinion is a key factor in impeachment proceedings as politicians including those in the House of Representatives look to opinion polls to assess the tenor of those they represent 257 258 259 Any action would have to be based on the requisite legal grounds for impeachment but such action is more likely to be taken in the face of support from public opinion 257 258 259 As of January 26 2017 Public Policy Polling reports that 35 of voters supported the impeachment of President Trump while 50 opposed 260 By the following week after the controversial rollout of Executive Order 13769 which barred people from seven majority Muslim countries from entering the United States support for impeachment had grown to 40 261 The following week support for impeachment reached 46 matching opposition to impeachment 262 In May 2017 after the firing of James Comey for the first time more Americans supported impeaching Trump 48 than opposed impeaching Trump 41 with 11 not sure 263 At the beginning of August 2017 one poll showed that number falling substantially with 53 of people being opposed to impeachment and 40 in favor according to PRRI studies 264 but by the end of August 2017 and following political fallout from the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville Virginia 48 of people were again in favor of impeachment and 41 were opposed 265 In December 2017 Public Policy Polling conducted the first public poll showing majority support for impeachment 51 support 42 oppose 7 not sure 266 In March 2019 a CNN Poll found that 36 of respondents support the impeachment 267 In May 2019 an NBC WSJ poll with Republican pollster Bill McInturff found that 17 thought enough evidence existed for the House to begin impeachment hearings 32 wanted Congress to continue investigating and decide on impeachment later and 48 said the House should not pursue impeachment 268 269 A Reuters Ipsos poll taken in the same month found 45 of Americans supported impeachment while 42 opposed 270 On June 16 2019 Trump tweeted Almost 70 in new Poll say don t impeach 271 According to NBC News Trump was apparently referring to their poll according to which 27 of Americans believe there is now sufficient evidence to begin impeachment hearings 272 Later that day Fox News released a poll showing 43 of registered voters supported Trump s impeachment and removal from office while 48 opposed impeachment 273 After Nancy Pelosi formally announced an impeachment inquiry into Trump on September 24 2019 several opinion polls reflected an increase in support for an impeachment inquiry According to a Morning Consult poll 43 of Americans support impeachment proceedings a 7 point increase tying with Americans who do not support such proceedings 274 Additionally an NPR PBS NewsHour Marist poll showed support for an impeachment inquiry into Trump at 49 while 46 opposed 275 An analysis of polls showed that through mid December Americans remained sharply divided on whether Trump should be removed from office 276 According to a CNN poll taken on December 12 15 45 of Americans support the impeachment and removal of Trump from office while 47 oppose impeachment 277 See also edit nbsp Law portal nbsp Politics portal nbsp United States portal List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump Efforts to impeach Barack Obama Efforts to impeach Dick Cheney Efforts to impeach George W Bush Impeachment investigations of United States federal officials Impeachment March Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Impeachment 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for impeachment falls among Democrats CNN Archived from the original on May 13 2019 Retrieved April 22 2019 Murray Mark May 5 2019 Hung jury Public remains divided over Mueller probe in new NBC WSJ poll NBC News Archived from the original on May 10 2019 Retrieved May 10 2019 Harwood John May 5 2019 Mueller report has, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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