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Economic Club of New York

The Economic Club of New York is a U.S. nonprofit and non-partisan membership organization dedicated to promoting the study and discussion of social, economic and political questions.

Economic Club of New York
Formation1907
FounderJ. W. Beatson
PurposeStudy and discussion of social, economic and political questions
HeadquartersNew York, NY
Chairman
John C. Williams
President & CEO
Barbara M. Van Allen
Websitewww.econclubny.org

History

Founded in 1907, the Economic Club of New York is the premier forum for discussion on a wide range of issues facing New York City, the United States, and the world. We welcome preeminent thought leaders from across the globe and from the public and private sectors to speak on complex issues ranging from public policy and economic regulation to tech disruption. Nonpolitical, nonpartisan, and nonprofit, the Club promotes no agenda and takes no sides on issues, encouraging speakers and members to engage openly in thoughtful discussions.[1]

The Club comprises individual memberships, drawing from senior leadership of the many corporate and financial organizations based in the Metropolitan area. We have had the honor of hosting speakers who are experts in their respective fields and are driving the conversations that shape the future world. Past speakers include leaders of Fortune Global 500 companies, multiple U.S. presidents, and many other innovators, luminaries, and statesmen.

During the 1910s, the club hosted speakers regarding the hotly debated topic of a U.S. income tax and the movement for women’s suffrage. The 1920s were a time of discussion on post-WWI Europe, free speech, and the role of business as a source of good in the community. During the 1930s, our speakers gave voice to the events in Europe and America’s role in what would become World War II. In the 1940s, the future of Europe’s economy and the continuation of America’s prosperity was debated. The economic impact of the Atomic Age of the 1950s, the societal changes and the space race of the 1960s, the energy crisis of the 1970s were all discussed from our dais.

The Club has also had the honor of hosting presidents of the United States, including: Woodrow Wilson, William H. Taft, Herbert Hoover, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and George H.W. Bush as well as International heads of state such as Winston Churchill, Mikhail Gorbachev, Indira Gandhi, Margaret Thatcher, Yitzak Rabin, Corazon Aquino, and Zhu Rongji have addressed our members.[2]

Operation

The main activity of the Economic Club of New York is to regularly host prestigious guest speakers at its member (and their guests)-only dinners and luncheons. However, these presentations are open to the news media to help foster public discussion of issues important to the general public as well those in business and public life. These speaker programs are the focal point of large dinner meetings, or occasionally luncheons, in the ballroom of a major hotel in Manhattan. The format is geared to serious discussion. There is no entertainment, no presentations, and no extraneous business. The focus is on the Guest of Honor and the speaking program. As defined by the Club's founders, the issues for discussion were ones of "live and practical interest" and speakers were to be of national reputation.[3]

Speakers

 
President George W. Bush delivers remarks to the Economic Club of New York in March 2008
 
President Donald Trump delivers remarks to the Economic Club of New York in November 2019

The Club has been host to more than 1,200 speakers and the stature, caliber, and variety of speakers has become a guiding principle. The audiences have heard from current, and past presidents of the United States including Woodrow Wilson, William H. Taft, Herbert Hoover, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Donald Trump. Among the many distinguished foreign leaders to address the Club have been Winston Churchill, Mikhail Gorbachev, Indira Gandhi, Margaret Thatcher, Yitzak Rabin, Corizon Aquino, and Zhu Rongji.[4]

Other Guests of Honor have included central bankers, justices of the Supreme Court, secretaries-general of the United Nations, governors and heads of international business enterprises, as well as many key cabinet members, military leaders, ambassadors, and scientists.[4]

Presentations are followed by a questions period in which Club members, selected in advance and seated on the dais, will query the speaker. There are no constraints placed on what speakers may say during their presentation. Questioners are not constrained either.

Honor Roll of Speakers
Over the years, the Club has been host to over 1,000 prominent leaders and figures on the national and international stage.

A partial listing from their honor roll of speakers follows:[5]

King Abdullah, III Dag Hammarskjold George A. Papandreou
Dean Acheson Phillip Hammond George Pataki
Giovanni Agnelli Stephen Harper Henry M. Paulson Jr.
Corazon C. Aquino W. Averell Harriman Peter G. Peterson
Sheila C. Bair William Randolph Hearst General (Ret) David H. Petraeus
James A. Baker, III Felipe Calderon Hinojosa Harvey L. Pitt
Steve Ballmer Reid Hoffman Karl Otto Pohl
Menachem Begin Herbert C. Hoover Ruth Porat
Lloyd Bentsen Charles Evans Hughes Ian Read
Ben S. Bernanke Edward Hyman Ronald Reagan
Jeff Bezos Jeffrey R. Immelt Donald Regan
Lloyd Blankfein Robert Kaplan Walter P. Reuther
Alan S. Blinder Margaret Keane Condoleezza Rice
Michael R. Bloomberg Anthony M. Kennedy Elliot L. Richardson
Roger Blough John F. Kennedy Edward V. Rickenbacker
John A. Boehner Robert F. Kennedy David Rockefeller
Clare Boothe Li Keqiang John D. Rockefeller, III
Erskine Bowles Nikita S. Khrushchev Nelson Rockefeller
Bill Bradley Mervyn A. King Ginni Rometty
Lael Brainard Jeanne J. Kirkpatrick Zhu Rongji
Louis D. Brandeis Henry Kissinger Wilbur L. Ross Jr.
William Jennings Bryan Edward I. Koch Robert E. Rubin
Zbigniew Brzezinski Lawrence Kudlow David M. Rubenstein
James L. Buckley Christine Lagarde Dean Rusk
Warren E. Burger Fiorello H. LaGuardia Paul Ryan
George H.W. Bush Melvin Laird Anwar Sadat
George W. Bush Arthur Levitt Carlos Salinas de Gortari
Nicholas Murray Butler Jacob J. Lew Paul Sarbanes
Michel Camdessus Walter Lippman Antonin Scalia
Fernando Henrique Cardoso Henry R. Luce Mary L. Schapiro
Andrew Carnegie Jack Ma Eric Schmidt
Mark J. Carney John Major Dan Schulman
Robert J. Carr David Malpass Brent Scowcroft
Jimmy Carter Paul Martin William W. Scranton
Stephen Case William McChesney Martin Jr. Yitzhak Shamir
William J. Casey Larry Merlo Masaaki Shirakawa
Richard B. Cheney William G. McAdoo George Shultz
Brian Chesky John McCain Ben Silbermann
Jacques Chirac William J. McDonough Adam Silver
Jean Chretien Doug McMillon Alan Simpson
Winston Churchill Robert S. McNamara Alfred P. Sloan Jr.
Mark Clark Anastas Mikoyan Jan Smets
Lucius D. Clay G. William Miller John W. Snow
William Colby Francois Mitterrand John W. Snyder
John B. Connally Walter Mondale Gene B. Sperling
Felipe Calderon Henry Morgenthau Herbert Stein
Jay Clayton Daniel Patrick Moynihan George M. Steinbrenner
Hillary Clinton Robert S. Mueller, III Randall Stephenson
Charlie Cook Brian Mulroney Robert S. Strauss
Michael Corbat Edmund S. Muskie Lawrence H. Summers
Francesco Cossigna Richard B. Myers William H. Taft
Christopher Cox Satya Nadella John A. Thain
Mario Cuomo Richard E. Neal U Thant
Carlos Salinas de Gortari B.K. Nehru Margaret Thatcher
Douglas Dillon Adam Neumann Peter Thiel
Jamie Dimon Enrique Peña Nieto Craig Thompson
Barry Diller Richard Nixon Hans Tietmeyer
Elizabeth Dole Paul H. O'Neill Juan T. Trippe
Valdis Dombrovskis Thomas P. "Tip" O'Neill Jr. Jean-Claude Trichet
Robert J. Dole Michael Oxley Pierre Elliott Trudeau
William H. Donaldson Justin P.J. Trudeau
Alec Douglas-Home Donald Trump
Mario Draghi C. H. Tung
William C. Dudley Stansfield Turner
Willem F. Duisenberg Peter V. Uberroth
John Foster Dulles Paul A. Volcker
Dwight D. Eisenhower Caspar Weinberger
Ludwig Erhard Mary Jo White
David Farr Christine Todd Whitman
Martin S. Feldstein John C. Williams
Gerald R. Ford Wendell L. Willkie
Henry H. Fowler Harold Wilson
Stuart Fraser Woodrow Wilson
Kenneth C. Frazier James D. Wolfensohn
J. William Fulbright Gao Xi-Qing
Indira Gandhi Janet L. Yellen
Timothy F. Geithner Lee Kuan Yew
Newt Gingrich Ernesto Zedillo
Rudolph Giuliani
Arthur J. Goldberg
Barry Goldwater
Mikhail Gorbachev
Roger Goodell
J. Peter Grace
Phil Gramm
Alan Greenspan

Chairmen

The Chairman of the Board is the chief executive officer of the Club and presides at meetings of the Club and the Board, and has general charge of the business and affairs of the Club. The first chairman was A. Barton Hepburn, who served from 1907 to 1909. Hepburn was U.S. Comptroller of the Currency from 1892 to 1893 and later president of the Chase National Bank. Other notable chairmen included: Wendell L. Willkie (1938 to 1940), the Republican Party nominee for president in 1940; radio and television pioneer David Sarnoff (1940-1942); James P. Warburg (1934 to 1936), financial advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt; Rand V. Araskog (1987 to 1990), former CEO of ITT Corp.; Edmund T. Pratt Jr. (1979 to 1980), former CEO and President of Pfizer, Inc. for whom the Duke University engineering school is named and Barbara H. Franklin (2003-2007), one of the first women graduates of Harvard Business School. She also served as s United States Secretary of Commerce under President George H. W. Bush. William C. Dudley, President & Chief Executive Officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, served as chair from 2010-2016. Proceeding Dudley, from 2016-2018 was Terry J. Lundgren, retired President and Chairman of Macys, Inc.[6] The immediate past Chair is Marie-Josée Kravis, Senior Fellow at the Hudson Institute. The current chair is John C. Williams, President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.[7]

Presidents

The president is the chief operating officer of the Club. The Club has had only six presidents since its founding over a century ago. They were: Robert Erskine Ely; Edwin A. Locke Jr.; Raymond K. Price Jr.;[8] Paul W. Bateman;[9] Jan Hopkins, and the current President, Barbara M. Van Allen.[10]

Barbara Van Allen is the current President and CEO of the Economic Club of New York. Immediately prior to becoming President, she ran her own boutique consulting firm specializing in strategic communications, stakeholder outreach and government affairs. Over the course of her career, she served in senior leadership roles with award-winning results in the non-profit, trade association, corporate and government sectors based in New York, NY, Washington, DC and San Francisco, CA.

While working in Washington, DC she served as senior director of communications and stakeholder relations for an association representing the audit profession (CAQ); as senior vice president of marketing and communications for the Mortgage Bankers Association, and as chief marketing officer for SourceAmerica.

Earlier in her career she served in senior management positions in New York with ITT Corporation and Cushman & Wakefield. She began her career on Capitol Hill where she rose to become senior legislative adviser to former Rep. Beverly B. Byron of Maryland while attending graduate school at night.

Ms. Van Allen graduated with honors from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. She holds an MBA in marketing from New York University and a master's degree in legislative affairs from George Washington University. Ms. Van Allen has served on various nonprofit boards and committees in New York City and Washington, DC and currently serves on the Governing Board of the Bishop John T. Walker School for Boys in Anacostia, Washington, DC. She is a member of the YWCA Academy of Women Achievers and is listed in Who's Who in America and Who's Who of American Women. She and her husband Peter C. Van Allen have two children, Caroline K. Van Allen and Peter C. Van Allen Jr.

References

  1. ^ "About Us - the Economic Club of New York".
  2. ^ "Legacy Archive - the Economic Club of New York".
  3. ^ "Economic Club of New York: History".
  4. ^ a b "Economic Club of New York: Guests".
  5. ^ "Guests of Honor - The Economic Club of New York". www.econclubny.org. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
  6. ^ "News".
  7. ^ "Board Directors - the Economic Club of New York".
  8. ^ McCormack, Richard T. (2013-01-25). A Conversation with Ambassador Richard T. Mccormack. ISBN 9781479703753.
  9. ^ "Executive Profile". Bloomberg Business.
  10. ^ "Home - the Economic Club of New York".

External links

  • Official website
Listen to this article (30 minutes)
 
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 16 February 2016 (2016-02-16), and does not reflect subsequent edits.

economic, club, york, ecny, ecny, redirect, here, china, digital, currency, emerging, comedy, awards, ecny, awards, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced. eCNY and ECNY redirect here For China s digital currency see e CNY For the emerging comedy awards see ECNY Awards This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Economic Club of New York news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Economic Club of New York is a U S nonprofit and non partisan membership organization dedicated to promoting the study and discussion of social economic and political questions Economic Club of New YorkFormation1907FounderJ W BeatsonPurposeStudy and discussion of social economic and political questionsHeadquartersNew York NYChairmanJohn C WilliamsPresident amp CEOBarbara M Van AllenWebsitewww wbr econclubny wbr org Contents 1 History 2 Operation 3 Speakers 4 Chairmen 5 Presidents 6 References 7 External linksHistory EditFounded in 1907 the Economic Club of New York is the premier forum for discussion on a wide range of issues facing New York City the United States and the world We welcome preeminent thought leaders from across the globe and from the public and private sectors to speak on complex issues ranging from public policy and economic regulation to tech disruption Nonpolitical nonpartisan and nonprofit the Club promotes no agenda and takes no sides on issues encouraging speakers and members to engage openly in thoughtful discussions 1 The Club comprises individual memberships drawing from senior leadership of the many corporate and financial organizations based in the Metropolitan area We have had the honor of hosting speakers who are experts in their respective fields and are driving the conversations that shape the future world Past speakers include leaders of Fortune Global 500 companies multiple U S presidents and many other innovators luminaries and statesmen During the 1910s the club hosted speakers regarding the hotly debated topic of a U S income tax and the movement for women s suffrage The 1920s were a time of discussion on post WWI Europe free speech and the role of business as a source of good in the community During the 1930s our speakers gave voice to the events in Europe and America s role in what would become World War II In the 1940s the future of Europe s economy and the continuation of America s prosperity was debated The economic impact of the Atomic Age of the 1950s the societal changes and the space race of the 1960s the energy crisis of the 1970s were all discussed from our dais The Club has also had the honor of hosting presidents of the United States including Woodrow Wilson William H Taft Herbert Hoover Dwight D Eisenhower John F Kennedy Richard Nixon Ronald Reagan and George H W Bush as well as International heads of state such as Winston Churchill Mikhail Gorbachev Indira Gandhi Margaret Thatcher Yitzak Rabin Corazon Aquino and Zhu Rongji have addressed our members 2 Operation EditThe main activity of the Economic Club of New York is to regularly host prestigious guest speakers at its member and their guests only dinners and luncheons However these presentations are open to the news media to help foster public discussion of issues important to the general public as well those in business and public life These speaker programs are the focal point of large dinner meetings or occasionally luncheons in the ballroom of a major hotel in Manhattan The format is geared to serious discussion There is no entertainment no presentations and no extraneous business The focus is on the Guest of Honor and the speaking program As defined by the Club s founders the issues for discussion were ones of live and practical interest and speakers were to be of national reputation 3 Speakers Edit President George W Bush delivers remarks to the Economic Club of New York in March 2008 President Donald Trump delivers remarks to the Economic Club of New York in November 2019 The Club has been host to more than 1 200 speakers and the stature caliber and variety of speakers has become a guiding principle The audiences have heard from current and past presidents of the United States including Woodrow Wilson William H Taft Herbert Hoover Dwight D Eisenhower John F Kennedy Richard Nixon Ronald Reagan George H W Bush and Donald Trump Among the many distinguished foreign leaders to address the Club have been Winston Churchill Mikhail Gorbachev Indira Gandhi Margaret Thatcher Yitzak Rabin Corizon Aquino and Zhu Rongji 4 Other Guests of Honor have included central bankers justices of the Supreme Court secretaries general of the United Nations governors and heads of international business enterprises as well as many key cabinet members military leaders ambassadors and scientists 4 Presentations are followed by a questions period in which Club members selected in advance and seated on the dais will query the speaker There are no constraints placed on what speakers may say during their presentation Questioners are not constrained either Honor Roll of SpeakersOver the years the Club has been host to over 1 000 prominent leaders and figures on the national and international stage A partial listing from their honor roll of speakers follows 5 King Abdullah III Dag Hammarskjold George A PapandreouDean Acheson Phillip Hammond George PatakiGiovanni Agnelli Stephen Harper Henry M Paulson Jr Corazon C Aquino W Averell Harriman Peter G PetersonSheila C Bair William Randolph Hearst General Ret David H PetraeusJames A Baker III Felipe Calderon Hinojosa Harvey L PittSteve Ballmer Reid Hoffman Karl Otto PohlMenachem Begin Herbert C Hoover Ruth PoratLloyd Bentsen Charles Evans Hughes Ian ReadBen S Bernanke Edward Hyman Ronald ReaganJeff Bezos Jeffrey R Immelt Donald ReganLloyd Blankfein Robert Kaplan Walter P ReutherAlan S Blinder Margaret Keane Condoleezza RiceMichael R Bloomberg Anthony M Kennedy Elliot L RichardsonRoger Blough John F Kennedy Edward V RickenbackerJohn A Boehner Robert F Kennedy David RockefellerClare Boothe Li Keqiang John D Rockefeller IIIErskine Bowles Nikita S Khrushchev Nelson RockefellerBill Bradley Mervyn A King Ginni RomettyLael Brainard Jeanne J Kirkpatrick Zhu RongjiLouis D Brandeis Henry Kissinger Wilbur L Ross Jr William Jennings Bryan Edward I Koch Robert E RubinZbigniew Brzezinski Lawrence Kudlow David M RubensteinJames L Buckley Christine Lagarde Dean RuskWarren E Burger Fiorello H LaGuardia Paul RyanGeorge H W Bush Melvin Laird Anwar SadatGeorge W Bush Arthur Levitt Carlos Salinas de GortariNicholas Murray Butler Jacob J Lew Paul SarbanesMichel Camdessus Walter Lippman Antonin ScaliaFernando Henrique Cardoso Henry R Luce Mary L SchapiroAndrew Carnegie Jack Ma Eric SchmidtMark J Carney John Major Dan SchulmanRobert J Carr David Malpass Brent ScowcroftJimmy Carter Paul Martin William W ScrantonStephen Case William McChesney Martin Jr Yitzhak ShamirWilliam J Casey Larry Merlo Masaaki ShirakawaRichard B Cheney William G McAdoo George ShultzBrian Chesky John McCain Ben SilbermannJacques Chirac William J McDonough Adam SilverJean Chretien Doug McMillon Alan SimpsonWinston Churchill Robert S McNamara Alfred P Sloan Jr Mark Clark Anastas Mikoyan Jan SmetsLucius D Clay G William Miller John W SnowWilliam Colby Francois Mitterrand John W SnyderJohn B Connally Walter Mondale Gene B SperlingFelipe Calderon Henry Morgenthau Herbert SteinJay Clayton Daniel Patrick Moynihan George M SteinbrennerHillary Clinton Robert S Mueller III Randall StephensonCharlie Cook Brian Mulroney Robert S StraussMichael Corbat Edmund S Muskie Lawrence H SummersFrancesco Cossigna Richard B Myers William H TaftChristopher Cox Satya Nadella John A ThainMario Cuomo Richard E Neal U ThantCarlos Salinas de Gortari B K Nehru Margaret ThatcherDouglas Dillon Adam Neumann Peter ThielJamie Dimon Enrique Pena Nieto Craig ThompsonBarry Diller Richard Nixon Hans TietmeyerElizabeth Dole Paul H O Neill Juan T TrippeValdis Dombrovskis Thomas P Tip O Neill Jr Jean Claude TrichetRobert J Dole Michael Oxley Pierre Elliott TrudeauWilliam H Donaldson Justin P J TrudeauAlec Douglas Home Donald TrumpMario Draghi C H TungWilliam C Dudley Stansfield TurnerWillem F Duisenberg Peter V UberrothJohn Foster Dulles Paul A VolckerDwight D Eisenhower Caspar WeinbergerLudwig Erhard Mary Jo WhiteDavid Farr Christine Todd WhitmanMartin S Feldstein John C WilliamsGerald R Ford Wendell L WillkieHenry H Fowler Harold WilsonStuart Fraser Woodrow WilsonKenneth C Frazier James D WolfensohnJ William Fulbright Gao Xi QingIndira Gandhi Janet L YellenTimothy F Geithner Lee Kuan YewNewt Gingrich Ernesto ZedilloRudolph GiulianiArthur J GoldbergBarry GoldwaterMikhail GorbachevRoger GoodellJ Peter GracePhil GrammAlan GreenspanChairmen EditThe Chairman of the Board is the chief executive officer of the Club and presides at meetings of the Club and the Board and has general charge of the business and affairs of the Club The first chairman was A Barton Hepburn who served from 1907 to 1909 Hepburn was U S Comptroller of the Currency from 1892 to 1893 and later president of the Chase National Bank Other notable chairmen included Wendell L Willkie 1938 to 1940 the Republican Party nominee for president in 1940 radio and television pioneer David Sarnoff 1940 1942 James P Warburg 1934 to 1936 financial advisor to President Franklin D Roosevelt Rand V Araskog 1987 to 1990 former CEO of ITT Corp Edmund T Pratt Jr 1979 to 1980 former CEO and President of Pfizer Inc for whom the Duke University engineering school is named and Barbara H Franklin 2003 2007 one of the first women graduates of Harvard Business School She also served as s United States Secretary of Commerce under President George H W Bush William C Dudley President amp Chief Executive Officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York served as chair from 2010 2016 Proceeding Dudley from 2016 2018 was Terry J Lundgren retired President and Chairman of Macys Inc 6 The immediate past Chair is Marie Josee Kravis Senior Fellow at the Hudson Institute The current chair is John C Williams President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York 7 Presidents EditThe president is the chief operating officer of the Club The Club has had only six presidents since its founding over a century ago They were Robert Erskine Ely Edwin A Locke Jr Raymond K Price Jr 8 Paul W Bateman 9 Jan Hopkins and the current President Barbara M Van Allen 10 Barbara Van Allen is the current President and CEO of the Economic Club of New York Immediately prior to becoming President she ran her own boutique consulting firm specializing in strategic communications stakeholder outreach and government affairs Over the course of her career she served in senior leadership roles with award winning results in the non profit trade association corporate and government sectors based in New York NY Washington DC and San Francisco CA While working in Washington DC she served as senior director of communications and stakeholder relations for an association representing the audit profession CAQ as senior vice president of marketing and communications for the Mortgage Bankers Association and as chief marketing officer for SourceAmerica Earlier in her career she served in senior management positions in New York with ITT Corporation and Cushman amp Wakefield She began her career on Capitol Hill where she rose to become senior legislative adviser to former Rep Beverly B Byron of Maryland while attending graduate school at night Ms Van Allen graduated with honors from the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill She holds an MBA in marketing from New York University and a master s degree in legislative affairs from George Washington University Ms Van Allen has served on various nonprofit boards and committees in New York City and Washington DC and currently serves on the Governing Board of the Bishop John T Walker School for Boys in Anacostia Washington DC She is a member of the YWCA Academy of Women Achievers and is listed in Who s Who in America and Who s Who of American Women She and her husband Peter C Van Allen have two children Caroline K Van Allen and Peter C Van Allen Jr References Edit About Us the Economic Club of New York Legacy Archive the Economic Club of New York Economic Club of New York History a b Economic Club of New York Guests Guests of Honor The Economic Club of New York www econclubny org Retrieved 2017 07 24 News Board Directors the Economic Club of New York McCormack Richard T 2013 01 25 A Conversation with Ambassador Richard T Mccormack ISBN 9781479703753 Executive Profile Bloomberg Business Home the Economic Club of New York External links EditOfficial websiteListen to this article 30 minutes source source This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 16 February 2016 2016 02 16 and does not reflect subsequent edits Audio help More spoken articles Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Economic Club of New York amp oldid 1150932608, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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