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Echium pininana

October 27, 2023

Echium pininana, commonly known as the tree echium, pine echium, giant viper's-bugloss, or tower of jewels,[4][5] is a species of flowering plant in the borage family Boraginaceae. It is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is restricted to the island of La Palma.[6] Echium pininana is an endangered species,[1] and is listed in Appendix I to, and is therefore protected under, the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats.[7] The specific epithet pininana is Latin for "small pine",[8] though E. pininana is neither closely related to the pine, nor does it resemble that plant.

Echium pininana
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Boraginales
Family: Boraginaceae
Genus: Echium
Species:
E. pininana
Binomial name
Echium pininana

Description Edit

Lifecycle Edit

Echium pininana is biennial or triennial,[9][10] meaning each plant lives for only two or three years respectively. It is a monocarpic species;[11] each plant flowers only once before dying.[12]

Morphology Edit

In their first year, plants produce a rosette of lanceolate leaves approximately 7 cm (3 in) in length, with silver hairs.[5] Plants also produce a trunk 0.9–2.4 m (3–8 ft) tall in their first year,[13] which is covered with many lanceolate leaves.[14] In their second (or third) year, plants produce a cone-like inflorescence up to 4 m (13 ft) high with a dense mass of leaves and small blue flowers.[15][14] Between April and June, the flower spike can grow 5 cm (2 in) per day.[16] Flowers are funnel-shaped,[17] and each produce up to 1.4 μL of nectar, which is approximately 26% sugar.[18] Flowers at the bottom of the flower spike are first to open, with those at the top opening last.[19] Pollinators such as bees, butterflies, and moths are attracted to the flowers.[9] Following pollination, each flower produces four nutlets.[20] Each plant can produce over 200,000 seeds,[10] which are disbursed short distances by the wind.[20]

Phytochemistry Edit

Various pyrrolizidine alkaloids, a class of toxic organic compounds that may cause liver damage,[21] have been isolated from Echium pininana.[22] The plant is toxic to horses.[9]

Phylogeny Edit

Echium pininana, E. simplex, and E. wildpretii comprise a monophyletic clade.[23] All three of these Echium species are monocarpic, have a similar habit, similar floral morphology, and produce a dimethylated flavone not detected in other Echium species.[11][23]

Distribution and habitat Edit

Echium pininana is endemic to the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands, where it grows in laurel forests.[4] It is endangered due to habitat loss caused by agriculture.[10] Outside La Palma, Echium pininana has been introduced to France, Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand (both North and South Island), and the United States (north and central coast of California).[3][14][24] It is also in ex situ conservation; in fact, the ex situ conservation population is greater than the wild population.[25] It is conserved in botanical gardens such as Kew Gardens in London, where it has naturalised.[26]

Cultivation Edit

Echium pininana is cultivated as a garden ornamental, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[5][27] It is used as a bedding plant or planted in borders, and grows best in full sun.[13] It is recommended for the southern maritime counties of England, the Channel Islands and the Scilly Isles. There are, however, reports of successful cultivation in the English Midlands[28] and Yorkshire,[29] albeit in favourable locations. Specimens are also grown in Dublin gardens at Howth and in the Irish National Botanic Gardens at Glasnevin. The plant also grows readily in North Wales where it seeds very widely. Although E. pininana is half-hardy in Britain and Ireland, it will self-seed to form clusters of plants, and it is suggested that by natural selection a hardier variety will emerge.[10] The plant is most vulnerable to frosts in its first year. Because of its large leaves when partly grown, it is also very susceptible to wind damage. Hence a sheltered garden position is essential. Echium pininana 'Alba' is a cultivar with white flowers.[30]

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Echium pininana Webb & Berthel. is the preferred citation, although this species is also cited as Echium pininana Webb & Bernh., and Echium pininana Webb & Berth..[2]

References Edit

  1. ^ a b Santos Guerra, A. & Reyes Betancort, J.A. (2011). "Echium pininana". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2011: e.T165250A5996251. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T165250A5996251.en. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  2. ^ Tweddle, John (2004-03-29). "Echium pininana Webb & Berthel". Natural History Museum. The Trustees of The Natural History Museum, London. from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  3. ^ a b "Echium pininana Webb & Berthel". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  4. ^ a b Wilson, Matthew (4 March 2016). "Rocket plant takes off: how towering Echium pininana has spread". FT.com. Financial Times. from the original on 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2021-06-18.
  5. ^ a b c "RHS Plantfinder - Echium pininata". Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  6. ^ Manuel Arechavaleta, S. Rodríguez, Nieves Zurita, A. García (Hrsg.): Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias. Hongos, plantas y animales terrestres (List of Forest Species of the Canary Islands). 2009. Gobierno de Canarias, p. 151 ISBN 978-84-89729-21-6
  7. ^ "Echium pininana - Webb. & Berth". eunis.eea.europa.eu. European Environment Agency. from the original on 2014-04-22. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  8. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
  9. ^ a b c "Echium pininana". BBC Gardeners' World Magazine. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  10. ^ a b c d . December 1992. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  11. ^ a b Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (1991). "The Genera of Boraginaceae in the Southeastern United States". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. Supplementary Series. 1: 1–169. doi:10.5962/p.315943. ISSN 2472-8659. JSTOR 43782784.
  12. ^ . Lexico.com. Oxford University Press. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-18.
  13. ^ a b "Echium pininana 'Blue Steeple'". www.chicagobotanic.org. Chicago Botanic Garden. from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  14. ^ a b c Kelley, Ronald B. (2012). "Echium pininana, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.)". Jepson eFlora. from the original on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  15. ^ Carlquist, Sherwin (1970). "Wood Anatomy of Echium (Boraginaceae)" (PDF). Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany. 7 (2) – via CORE.
  16. ^ Robinson, David (2003). "Plants that changed my life". The Horticulturist. 12 (4): 5–9. ISSN 0964-8992. JSTOR 45142512.
  17. ^ "BBC - Gardening: Plant Finder - Tree echium". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  18. ^ Valido, Alfredo; Dupont, Yoko L.; Olesen, Jens M. (2004). "Bird-Flower Interactions in the Macaronesian Islands". Journal of Biogeography. 31 (12): 1945–1953. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01116.x. hdl:10261/63423. ISSN 0305-0270. JSTOR 3554673. S2CID 35788157.
  19. ^ Woodley, Millie (11 January 2021). "Plant of the month". Fulham Palace. Fulham Palace Trust. from the original on 2021-01-11. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  20. ^ a b State of Victoria (Agriculture Victoria) (2020-08-18). "Giant Viper's-bugloss (Echium pininana)". vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au. Victoria State Government. from the original on 2019-03-26. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  21. ^ . Lexico.com. Oxford University Press. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  22. ^ Roeder, E.; Liu, K.; Bourauel, T. (1991-01-01). "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Echium pininana". Phytochemistry. 30 (9): 3107–3110. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)98263-3. ISSN 0031-9422.
  23. ^ a b Bramwell, David (1973). "Studies in the genus Echium from Macaronesia" (PDF). Monographiae Biologicae Canarienses. 4: 71–82.
  24. ^ "Echium pininana Webb & Berthel". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  25. ^ Maunder, Mike; Higgens, Sarah (1998). "A Survey of Bern Convention Plant Taxa in European Botanic Gardens - initial findings and implications". Botanic Gardens Conservation News. 2 (10): 29–31. ISSN 0965-2582. JSTOR 24753901.
  26. ^ Verdcourt, B. (2009). Verdcourt, B. (ed.). "Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". Kew Bulletin. 64 (1): 183–194. doi:10.1007/s12225-008-9084-0. ISSN 0075-5974. JSTOR 20649641. S2CID 40246634.
  27. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 35. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  28. ^ Joe Edwards (2017-06-02). "Is this Cannock plant the tallest in the country?". Express & Star. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  29. ^ Alan Mather (2020-05-25). "Giant Viper's bugloss, Tree Echium, Pine echium, Echium pininana. East Yorkshire, England, UK, GB. - Image ID: 2C3WKXP". www.alamy.com. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  30. ^ Fallon, Fionnuala (2021-06-12). "Ten summer flowers to add height and energy to your garden". The Irish Times. from the original on 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2021-06-19.

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Echium pininana.
  • Garden plant information

October 27, 2023
echium, pininana, commonly, known, tree, echium, pine, echium, giant, viper, bugloss, tower, jewels, species, flowering, plant, borage, family, boraginaceae, endemic, canary, islands, where, restricted, island, palma, endangered, species, listed, appendix, the. Echium pininana commonly known as the tree echium pine echium giant viper s bugloss or tower of jewels 4 5 is a species of flowering plant in the borage family Boraginaceae It is endemic to the Canary Islands where it is restricted to the island of La Palma 6 Echium pininana is an endangered species 1 and is listed in Appendix I to and is therefore protected under the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats 7 The specific epithet pininana is Latin for small pine 8 though E pininana is neither closely related to the pine nor does it resemble that plant Echium pininanaConservation statusEndangered IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder BoraginalesFamily BoraginaceaeGenus EchiumSpecies E pininanaBinomial nameEchium pininanaWebb amp Berthel i 1844 3 Contents 1 Description 1 1 Lifecycle 1 2 Morphology 1 3 Phytochemistry 2 Phylogeny 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Cultivation 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksDescription EditLifecycle Edit Echium pininana is biennial or triennial 9 10 meaning each plant lives for only two or three years respectively It is a monocarpic species 11 each plant flowers only once before dying 12 Morphology Edit In their first year plants produce a rosette of lanceolate leaves approximately 7 cm 3 in in length with silver hairs 5 Plants also produce a trunk 0 9 2 4 m 3 8 ft tall in their first year 13 which is covered with many lanceolate leaves 14 In their second or third year plants produce a cone like inflorescence up to 4 m 13 ft high with a dense mass of leaves and small blue flowers 15 14 Between April and June the flower spike can grow 5 cm 2 in per day 16 Flowers are funnel shaped 17 and each produce up to 1 4 mL of nectar which is approximately 26 sugar 18 Flowers at the bottom of the flower spike are first to open with those at the top opening last 19 Pollinators such as bees butterflies and moths are attracted to the flowers 9 Following pollination each flower produces four nutlets 20 Each plant can produce over 200 000 seeds 10 which are disbursed short distances by the wind 20 Phytochemistry Edit Various pyrrolizidine alkaloids a class of toxic organic compounds that may cause liver damage 21 have been isolated from Echium pininana 22 The plant is toxic to horses 9 Phylogeny EditEchium pininana E simplex and E wildpretii comprise a monophyletic clade 23 All three of these Echium species are monocarpic have a similar habit similar floral morphology and produce a dimethylated flavone not detected in other Echium species 11 23 Distribution and habitat EditEchium pininana is endemic to the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands where it grows in laurel forests 4 It is endangered due to habitat loss caused by agriculture 10 Outside La Palma Echium pininana has been introduced to France Great Britain Ireland New Zealand both North and South Island and the United States north and central coast of California 3 14 24 It is also in ex situ conservation in fact the ex situ conservation population is greater than the wild population 25 It is conserved in botanical gardens such as Kew Gardens in London where it has naturalised 26 Cultivation EditEchium pininana is cultivated as a garden ornamental and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit 5 27 It is used as a bedding plant or planted in borders and grows best in full sun 13 It is recommended for the southern maritime counties of England the Channel Islands and the Scilly Isles There are however reports of successful cultivation in the English Midlands 28 and Yorkshire 29 albeit in favourable locations Specimens are also grown in Dublin gardens at Howth and in the Irish National Botanic Gardens at Glasnevin The plant also grows readily in North Wales where it seeds very widely Although E pininana is half hardy in Britain and Ireland it will self seed to form clusters of plants and it is suggested that by natural selection a hardier variety will emerge 10 The plant is most vulnerable to frosts in its first year Because of its large leaves when partly grown it is also very susceptible to wind damage Hence a sheltered garden position is essential Echium pininana Alba is a cultivar with white flowers 30 Notes Edit Echium pininana Webb amp Berthel is the preferred citation although this species is also cited as Echium pininana Webb amp Bernh and Echium pininana Webb amp Berth 2 References Edit a b Santos Guerra A amp Reyes Betancort J A 2011 Echium pininana The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species IUCN 2011 e T165250A5996251 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2011 1 RLTS T165250A5996251 en Retrieved 22 May 2018 Tweddle John 2004 03 29 Echium pininana Webb amp Berthel Natural History Museum The Trustees of The Natural History Museum London Archived from the original on 2021 06 24 Retrieved 2021 06 19 a b Echium pininana Webb amp Berthel Plants of the World Online Kew Science Archived from the original on 2021 01 20 Retrieved 2021 06 19 a b Wilson Matthew 4 March 2016 Rocket plant takes off how towering Echium pininana has spread FT com Financial Times Archived from the original on 2019 09 24 Retrieved 2021 06 18 a b c RHS Plantfinder Echium pininata Retrieved 12 January 2018 Manuel Arechavaleta S Rodriguez Nieves Zurita A Garcia Hrsg Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias Hongos plantas y animales terrestres List of Forest Species of the Canary Islands 2009 Gobierno de Canarias p 151 ISBN 978 84 89729 21 6 Echium pininana Webb amp Berth eunis eea europa eu European Environment Agency Archived from the original on 2014 04 22 Retrieved 2021 06 19 Harrison Lorraine 2012 RHS Latin for Gardeners United Kingdom Mitchell Beazley ISBN 978 1845337315 a b c Echium pininana BBC Gardeners World Magazine Retrieved 2021 06 19 a b c d Increase Of Cold Hardiness Of Echium Pininana Through Natural Selection December 1992 Archived from the original on 27 June 2009 Retrieved 22 May 2018 a b Al Shehbaz Ihsan A 1991 The Genera of Boraginaceae in the Southeastern United States Journal of the Arnold Arboretum Supplementary Series 1 1 169 doi 10 5962 p 315943 ISSN 2472 8659 JSTOR 43782784 Definition of monocarpic Lexico com Oxford University Press 2020 Archived from the original on 2021 06 24 Retrieved 2021 06 18 a b Echium pininana Blue Steeple www chicagobotanic org Chicago Botanic Garden Archived from the original on 2021 06 24 Retrieved 2021 06 19 a b c Kelley Ronald B 2012 Echium pininana in Jepson Flora Project eds Jepson eFlora Archived from the original on 2017 08 29 Retrieved 2021 06 19 Carlquist Sherwin 1970 Wood Anatomy of Echium Boraginaceae PDF Aliso A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany 7 2 via CORE Robinson David 2003 Plants that changed my life The Horticulturist 12 4 5 9 ISSN 0964 8992 JSTOR 45142512 BBC Gardening Plant Finder Tree echium www bbc co uk Retrieved 2021 06 19 Valido Alfredo Dupont Yoko L Olesen Jens M 2004 Bird Flower Interactions in the Macaronesian Islands Journal of Biogeography 31 12 1945 1953 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2699 2004 01116 x hdl 10261 63423 ISSN 0305 0270 JSTOR 3554673 S2CID 35788157 Woodley Millie 11 January 2021 Plant of the month Fulham Palace Fulham Palace Trust Archived from the original on 2021 01 11 Retrieved 2021 06 19 a b State of Victoria Agriculture Victoria 2020 08 18 Giant Viper s bugloss Echium pininana vro agriculture vic gov au Victoria State Government Archived from the original on 2019 03 26 Retrieved 2021 06 19 Definition of pyrrolizidine alkaloid Lexico com Oxford University Press 2020 Archived from the original on 2021 06 24 Retrieved 2021 06 19 Roeder E Liu K Bourauel T 1991 01 01 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Echium pininana Phytochemistry 30 9 3107 3110 doi 10 1016 S0031 9422 00 98263 3 ISSN 0031 9422 a b Bramwell David 1973 Studies in the genus Echium from Macaronesia PDF Monographiae Biologicae Canarienses 4 71 82 Echium pininana Webb amp Berthel www gbif org Retrieved 2021 06 19 Maunder Mike Higgens Sarah 1998 A Survey of Bern Convention Plant Taxa in European Botanic Gardens initial findings and implications Botanic Gardens Conservation News 2 10 29 31 ISSN 0965 2582 JSTOR 24753901 Verdcourt B 2009 Verdcourt B ed Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Kew Bulletin 64 1 183 194 doi 10 1007 s12225 008 9084 0 ISSN 0075 5974 JSTOR 20649641 S2CID 40246634 AGM Plants Ornamental PDF Royal Horticultural Society July 2017 p 35 Retrieved 24 January 2018 Joe Edwards 2017 06 02 Is this Cannock plant the tallest in the country Express amp Star Retrieved 2021 07 30 Alan Mather 2020 05 25 Giant Viper s bugloss Tree Echium Pine echium Echium pininana East Yorkshire England UK GB Image ID 2C3WKXP www alamy com Retrieved 2021 07 30 Fallon Fionnuala 2021 06 12 Ten summer flowers to add height and energy to your garden The Irish Times Archived from the original on 2021 06 13 Retrieved 2021 06 19 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Echium pininana Garden plant information Increase Of Cold Hardiness Of Echium Pininana Through Natural Selection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Echium pininana amp oldid 1169964740, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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