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Demand-responsive transport

January 31, 2023

Demand-responsive transport (DRT), also known as demand-responsive transit, demand-responsive service,[1] Dial-a-Ride[2] transit (sometimes DART),[3] flexible transport services,[4] Microtransit[5] or Non-Emergency Medical Transport (NEMT)[5] is a form of shared private or quasi-public transport for groups traveling where vehicles alter their routes each journey based on particular transport demand without using a fixed route or timetabled journeys.[6] These vehicles typically pick-up and drop-off passengers in locations according to passengers needs and can include taxis, buses or other vehicles.[7][8] Passengers can typically summon the service with a mobile phone app or by telephone; telephone is particularly relevant to older users who may not be conversant with technology.[9]

Demand-responsive bus service of the Oxford Bus Company in 2018

One of the most widespread types of demand-responsive transport (DRT) is to provide a public transport service in areas of low passenger demand where a regular bus service is not considered to be financially viable, such as rural and peri-urban areas.[10] Services may also be provided for particular types of passengers. One example is the paratransit programs for people with a disability. The provision of public transport in this manner emphasises one of its functions as a social service rather than creating a viable movement network.[11][12][13]

Definition

 
DRT and other kinds of transport

DRT can be used to refer to many different types of transport. When taxicabs were first introduced to many cities, they were hailed as an innovative form of DRT. They are still referred to as DRT in some jurisdictions around the world as their very nature is to take people from point-to-point based on their needs.[14][15][6]

More recently, DRT generally refers to a type of public transport. They are distinct from fixed-route services as they do not always operate to a specific timetable or route.[16] While specific operations vary widely, generally a particular area is designated for service by DRT. Once a certain number of people have requested a trip, the most efficient route will then be calculated depending on the origins and destinations of passengers.

Share taxis are another form of DRT. They are usually operated on an ad hoc basis but also do not have fixed routes or times and change their route and frequency depending on demand.[17]

Some DRT systems operate as a service that can deviate from a fixed route. These operate along a fixed alignment or path at specific times but may deviate to collect or drop off passengers who have requested the deviation.[1][18]

Comparison of demand-responsiveness by type

  • Fully flexible route, fully flexible schedule, no booking – car, bike, foot

Shared vehicle

  • Fully flexible route, fully flexible schedule, booking – taxi
  • Fully flexible route, fully flexible schedule, no booking – hackney carriage taxi

Shared journey

  • highly flexible route, highly flexible schedule, mobile booking – microtransit
  • some degree of flexible route or schedule, no booking – share taxi/taxibus
  • some degree of flexible route or schedule, booking – paratransit
  • fixed route and fixed schedule, no booking – public transport

Operation

DRT services are restricted to a defined operating zone, within which journeys must start and finish. Journeys may be completely free form, or following skeleton routes and schedules,[10] varied as required, with users given a specified pick-up point and a time window for collection.[10] Some DRT systems may have defined termini, at one or both ends of a route, such as an urban centre, airport or transport interchange, for onward connections.

DRT systems require passengers to request a journey by booking with a central dispatcher[10][16] who determines the journey options available given the user's location and destination.

DRT systems take advantage of fleet telematics technology in the form of vehicle location systems, scheduling and dispatching software and hand-held/in vehicle computing.[10][19]

Vehicles used for DRT services are typically small minibuses sufficient for low ridership, which allow the service to provide as near a door-to-door service as practical by using narrower residential streets.[10] In some cases taxicabs are hired by the DRT provider to serve their routes on request.

DRT schemes may be fully or partially funded by the local transit authority, with operators selected by public tendering or other methods. Other schemes may be partially or fully self-funded as community centred not for profit social enterprises (such as a community interest company in the UK). They may also be provided by private companies for commercial reasons; some conventional bus operating companies have set up DRT-style airport bus services, which compete with larger private hire airport shuttle companies.[citation needed]

Health and environmental effects

DRT can potentially reduce the number of vehicles on the road, and hence pollution and congestion, if many people are persuaded to use it instead of private cars or taxis.[9]

For a model of a hypothetical large-scale demand-responsive public transport system for the Helsinki metropolitan area, simulation results published in 2005 demonstrated that "in an urban area with one million inhabitants, trip aggregation could reduce the health, environmental, and other detrimental impacts of car traffic typically by 50–70%, and if implemented could attract about half of the car passengers, and within a broad operational range would require no public subsidies".[20]

Licensing

DRT schemes may require new or amended legislation, or special dispensation, to operate, as they do not meet the traditional licensing model of authorised bus transport providers or licensed taxicab operators. The status has caused controversy between bus and taxi operators when the DRT service picks up passengers without pre-booking, due to the licensing issues.[21][22] Issues may also arise surrounding tax and fuel subsidy for DRT services.

Effectiveness

Ridership on DRT services is usually quite low (less than ten passengers per hour), but DRT can provide coverage effectively.[23][24]

List of current DRT systems by country

Since the mid-2010s several DRT projects started up but failed.

In the US several DRT operators appeared and promptly failed, due to either lack of customers or health and safety issues. 2019 trials in London found that "satisfaction was really high"; users scored the service at 4.8/5 and praised ease of use, safety, cleanliness and accessibility. But low take-up, misunderstandings about who the service was for, and safety concerns about unlit stops—together with problems due to the covid pandemic from 2020—caused the trials to fail.[9]

Lukas Foljanty, a shared-mobility enthusiast and market expert, keeps track of the different DRT schemes around the world and thinks a tipping point may have been reached in 2022. There were at least 450 schemes around the world, and in 2021 fifty-four new projects started within a three-month period.[9]

David Carnero of Europe-wide DRT technology company Padam said that successful DRT requires subsidies, must be delivered at scale, and must be part of an integrated, rather than competitive, transport policy.[9]

Australia

Austria

  • RufbusLinie 326 Leopoldschlag – Summerau – Freistadt[33]
  • W3 Shuttle [34]

Belgium

  • Belbus — has been working since 1991 in the Flemish Region

Canada

  • Belleville, Ontario – BT Let's Go, operated by Belleville Transit, replaces fixed route night bus services with an on-demand transit service. This provides stop-to-stop scheduled pick-ups and drop-offs requested by riders through a web-based application. Buses are dynamically routed to riders in real-time by an autonomous algorithm.[35][36]
  • Cobourg, Ontario – operated by Cobourg Transit, it plans to be a complete replacement of fixed route bus transit service, and will require residents to book a stop in advance. It is undergoing a pilot right now, and is scheduled to be fully implemented with the town's WHEELS transit service and replace fixed route transit on June 14, 2021.[37]
  • Edmonton, Alberta – Edmonton Transit Service offers On Demand Transit in designated areas not served by scheduled routes.[38]
  • Guelph, Ontario – Works in addition to fixed route service.[39]
  • Niagara Falls, Ontario – TransCab Service, operated by Niagara Falls Transit,[40] provides service to the Montrose Junction section of the city during the daytime and early evening.
  • Toronto, Ontario — Wheel-Trans
  • Winnipeg, Manitoba – WT On-Request, operated by Winnipeg Transit, replaces regular fixed transit route service in three neighbourhoods during low-use hours and provides door-to-door transit service in one inner-city neighbourhood during daytime hours.[41]

Czech Republic

Main article: cs:poptávková doprava
  • Radiobus – has operated across the country since 2004. Since 2011, it has been part of the general public transport system to supplement the existing system during times of low demand. It uses fixed timetables, but vehicles only operate when called by passenger.[42]
  • DHD – has operated since 2003. Its primary purpose was for collecting workers from sparsely-populated rural areas. DHD provides bookings and administrative support, however, the buses themselves are operated by several local transport companies.[43]

Denmark

  • Fynbus — provides door-to-door DRT service on the island of Funen

Finland

Main article: fi:kutsuohjattu joukkoliikenne

Germany

Hong Kong

Red minibuses which serve non-franchised routes across the country, depending on routes, allow passengers to reserve their seats by phone such that operators and drivers are able to know where passengers are and how many there are in deploying their vehicles.[60][61]

Iceland

Public transport authority in the Icelandic capital of Reykjavik and the surrounding municipalities. Manages public bus transport and disabled transport, but does not have its own vehicles. About 1300 enquiries and thousand trips a day. Uses 60 vehicles and 10–20 more for school transport for children with special needs.[62]

Italy

Following some pioneering DRT schemes implemented in the 1980s, a second wave of systems were launched from the mid-1990s. There are now DRT schemes in urban and peri-urban areas as well as in rural communities. Operated by both public transport companies and private service providers, the DRT schemes are offered either as intermediate collective transport services for generic users or as schemes for specific user groups. DRT schemes operate in major cities including Rome, Milan, Genoa, Florence, and in several mid- to small-size towns including Alessandria, Aosta, Cremona, Livorno, Mantova, Parma, Empoli, Siena, and Sarzana.

  • AllôBus and AllôNuit, demand-responsive transport service in Aosta/Aoste
  • DrinBus, demand-responsive transport service in Genoa[63]
  • PersonalBus, demand-responsive transport service in Florence
  • ProntoBus, demand-responsive transport service in Livorno and Sarzana
  • EccoBus, demand-responsive transport service in Alessandria
  • StradiBus, demand-responsive transport service in Cremona
  • Radiobus, demand-responsive transport service in Milan

Japan

Main article: ja:デマンドバス

More than 200 of the 1700 local governments in Japan have introduced DRT public transport services.

Luxembourg

  • Flexibus – several Flexibus services operate in different parts of the country. The system operates on the basis of passengers calling a central point from which optimal routes for the vehicles are calculated.[64]
  • Kussbus – private door-to-door bus service primarily for commuter purposes.[65]

New Zealand

  • MyWay in Timaru, a replacement of the usual bus service with demand-responsive transport service.[66]

Poland

The first ever demand-responsive transport scheme in Poland – called Tele-Bus – has been operated since 2007 in Krakow by MPK, the local public transport company (see also Tramways in Krakow).[67][68]

Russia

  • ″Po puti″, or On The Way, is the first ever demand-responsive transport scheme in Russia.[69] Launched on October 1, 2021[70] and operated by Mosgortrans, it serves two zones in NAO and TAO, Moscow (both often referred to as ″ТиНАО″[71][72] in Russian). Zone 1 includes Filimonkovskoye, Sosenskoye, Desyonovskoye and Voskresenskoye Settlements with the Prokshino metro station. Zone 2a, introduced on November 1, 2021, includes Ryazanovskoye Settlement with the Silikatnaya railway station, Line D2. Starting from December 24, 2021, the Shcherbinka railway station, also D2, was added to zone 2a, whereas zone 1 was expanded by adding more blocks of Filimonkovskoye Settlement and southern areas of Desyonovskoye Settlement.[73] Further enlargement is announced.[70]

Sweden

Regional transport authority in Västra Götaland in southwestern Sweden is responsible for all public transport and for transport offers to citizens with special needs. This is an example of DRT used for people with special needs (paratransit).[74]

Switzerland

DRT services have operated in some sparsely populated areas (under 100 p/km2) since 1995. PostBus Switzerland Ltd, the national post company, has operated a DRT service called PubliCar, formerly also Casa Car.[75]

United Kingdom

Some DRT schemes were operating under the UK bus-operating regulations of 1986, allowed by having core start and finish points and a published schedule.[76] Regulations concerning bus service registration and application of bus-operating grants for England and Wales were amended in 2004 to allow registration of fully flexible pre-booked DRT services.[76] Some services, such as LinkUp, only pick up passengers at 'meeting points', but can set down at the passenger's destination.

The Greenwich Association of the Disabled had earlier developed a prototype service, GAD-About, which offered pre-booked door-to-door transport for its members, inspired by similar minibus usage in church and youth clubs. That was then cloned as an easily scalable module, under the aegis of London Transport, to become the Dial-a-Ride service launched as part the general services of Transport for London (TfL), rather than as a bus service.

United States

 
Dial a Ride in New Jersey, 1974
 
Minibuses operating on SafeRides, an overnight demand-responsive service operated by the Champaign-Urbana Mass Transit District in Champaign and Urbana, Illinois

The large majority of 1,500 rural systems in the US provide demand-response service; there are also about 400 urban DRT systems.[90]

California

Colorado

Florida

Illinois

Maryland

New York

North Carolina

Pennsylvania

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Virginia

Washington State

Washington, DC

See also

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January 31, 2023
demand, responsive, transport, also, known, demand, responsive, transit, demand, responsive, service, dial, ride, transit, sometimes, dart, flexible, transport, services, microtransit, emergency, medical, transport, nemt, form, shared, private, quasi, public, . Demand responsive transport DRT also known as demand responsive transit demand responsive service 1 Dial a Ride 2 transit sometimes DART 3 flexible transport services 4 Microtransit 5 or Non Emergency Medical Transport NEMT 5 is a form of shared private or quasi public transport for groups traveling where vehicles alter their routes each journey based on particular transport demand without using a fixed route or timetabled journeys 6 These vehicles typically pick up and drop off passengers in locations according to passengers needs and can include taxis buses or other vehicles 7 8 Passengers can typically summon the service with a mobile phone app or by telephone telephone is particularly relevant to older users who may not be conversant with technology 9 Demand responsive bus service of the Oxford Bus Company in 2018 One of the most widespread types of demand responsive transport DRT is to provide a public transport service in areas of low passenger demand where a regular bus service is not considered to be financially viable such as rural and peri urban areas 10 Services may also be provided for particular types of passengers One example is the paratransit programs for people with a disability The provision of public transport in this manner emphasises one of its functions as a social service rather than creating a viable movement network 11 12 13 Contents 1 Definition 2 Comparison of demand responsiveness by type 2 1 Shared vehicle 2 1 1 Shared journey 3 Operation 4 Health and environmental effects 5 Licensing 6 Effectiveness 7 List of current DRT systems by country 7 1 Australia 7 2 Austria 7 3 Belgium 7 4 Canada 7 5 Czech Republic 7 6 Denmark 7 7 Finland 7 8 Germany 7 9 Hong Kong 7 10 Iceland 7 11 Italy 7 12 Japan 7 13 Luxembourg 7 14 New Zealand 7 15 Poland 7 16 Russia 7 17 Sweden 7 18 Switzerland 7 19 United Kingdom 7 20 United States 7 20 1 California 7 20 2 Colorado 7 20 3 Florida 7 20 4 Illinois 7 20 5 Maryland 7 20 6 New York 7 20 7 North Carolina 7 20 8 Pennsylvania 7 20 9 South Carolina 7 20 10 Tennessee 7 20 11 Texas 7 20 12 Virginia 7 20 13 Washington State 7 20 14 Washington DC 8 See also 9 ReferencesDefinition Edit DRT and other kinds of transportDRT can be used to refer to many different types of transport When taxicabs were first introduced to many cities they were hailed as an innovative form of DRT They are still referred to as DRT in some jurisdictions around the world as their very nature is to take people from point to point based on their needs 14 15 6 More recently DRT generally refers to a type of public transport They are distinct from fixed route services as they do not always operate to a specific timetable or route 16 While specific operations vary widely generally a particular area is designated for service by DRT Once a certain number of people have requested a trip the most efficient route will then be calculated depending on the origins and destinations of passengers Share taxis are another form of DRT They are usually operated on an ad hoc basis but also do not have fixed routes or times and change their route and frequency depending on demand 17 Some DRT systems operate as a service that can deviate from a fixed route These operate along a fixed alignment or path at specific times but may deviate to collect or drop off passengers who have requested the deviation 1 18 Comparison of demand responsiveness by type EditFully flexible route fully flexible schedule no booking car bike footShared vehicle Edit Fully flexible route fully flexible schedule booking taxi Fully flexible route fully flexible schedule no booking hackney carriage taxiShared journey Edit highly flexible route highly flexible schedule mobile booking microtransit some degree of flexible route or schedule no booking share taxi taxibus some degree of flexible route or schedule booking paratransit fixed route and fixed schedule no booking public transportOperation EditDRT services are restricted to a defined operating zone within which journeys must start and finish Journeys may be completely free form or following skeleton routes and schedules 10 varied as required with users given a specified pick up point and a time window for collection 10 Some DRT systems may have defined termini at one or both ends of a route such as an urban centre airport or transport interchange for onward connections DRT systems require passengers to request a journey by booking with a central dispatcher 10 16 who determines the journey options available given the user s location and destination DRT systems take advantage of fleet telematics technology in the form of vehicle location systems scheduling and dispatching software and hand held in vehicle computing 10 19 Vehicles used for DRT services are typically small minibuses sufficient for low ridership which allow the service to provide as near a door to door service as practical by using narrower residential streets 10 In some cases taxicabs are hired by the DRT provider to serve their routes on request DRT schemes may be fully or partially funded by the local transit authority with operators selected by public tendering or other methods Other schemes may be partially or fully self funded as community centred not for profit social enterprises such as a community interest company in the UK They may also be provided by private companies for commercial reasons some conventional bus operating companies have set up DRT style airport bus services which compete with larger private hire airport shuttle companies citation needed Health and environmental effects EditDRT can potentially reduce the number of vehicles on the road and hence pollution and congestion if many people are persuaded to use it instead of private cars or taxis 9 For a model of a hypothetical large scale demand responsive public transport system for the Helsinki metropolitan area simulation results published in 2005 demonstrated that in an urban area with one million inhabitants trip aggregation could reduce the health environmental and other detrimental impacts of car traffic typically by 50 70 and if implemented could attract about half of the car passengers and within a broad operational range would require no public subsidies 20 Licensing EditDRT schemes may require new or amended legislation or special dispensation to operate as they do not meet the traditional licensing model of authorised bus transport providers or licensed taxicab operators The status has caused controversy between bus and taxi operators when the DRT service picks up passengers without pre booking due to the licensing issues 21 22 Issues may also arise surrounding tax and fuel subsidy for DRT services Effectiveness EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it April 2021 Ridership on DRT services is usually quite low less than ten passengers per hour but DRT can provide coverage effectively 23 24 List of current DRT systems by country EditSince the mid 2010s several DRT projects started up but failed In the US several DRT operators appeared and promptly failed due to either lack of customers or health and safety issues 2019 trials in London found that satisfaction was really high users scored the service at 4 8 5 and praised ease of use safety cleanliness and accessibility But low take up misunderstandings about who the service was for and safety concerns about unlit stops together with problems due to the covid pandemic from 2020 caused the trials to fail 9 Lukas Foljanty a shared mobility enthusiast and market expert keeps track of the different DRT schemes around the world and thinks a tipping point may have been reached in 2022 There were at least 450 schemes around the world and in 2021 fifty four new projects started within a three month period 9 David Carnero of Europe wide DRT technology company Padam said that successful DRT requires subsidies must be delivered at scale and must be part of an integrated rather than competitive transport policy 9 Australia Edit CoastConnect first mile last mile demand responsive transport service in Woy Woy New South Wales 25 operated by Community Transport Central Coast Limited and Liftango Kan go demand responsive transport service in Hervey Bay Queensland 26 and Toowoomba Queensland 27 SmartLink demand responsive transport service in Blue Mountains 28 Skybus hotel transfer service in Melbourne Victoria 29 Telebus in Melbourne Victoria providing demand responsive bus services to some outer suburbs of the metropolitan area since the 1970s 30 31 Flexiride in Melbourne Victoria replaced Telebus services in 2021 32 Austria Edit RufbusLinie 326 Leopoldschlag Summerau Freistadt 33 W3 Shuttle 34 Belgium Edit Belbus has been working since 1991 in the Flemish RegionCanada Edit Belleville Ontario BT Let s Go operated by Belleville Transit replaces fixed route night bus services with an on demand transit service This provides stop to stop scheduled pick ups and drop offs requested by riders through a web based application Buses are dynamically routed to riders in real time by an autonomous algorithm 35 36 Cobourg Ontario operated by Cobourg Transit it plans to be a complete replacement of fixed route bus transit service and will require residents to book a stop in advance It is undergoing a pilot right now and is scheduled to be fully implemented with the town s WHEELS transit service and replace fixed route transit on June 14 2021 37 Edmonton Alberta Edmonton Transit Service offers On Demand Transit in designated areas not served by scheduled routes 38 Guelph Ontario Works in addition to fixed route service 39 Niagara Falls Ontario TransCab Service operated by Niagara Falls Transit 40 provides service to the Montrose Junction section of the city during the daytime and early evening Toronto Ontario Wheel Trans Winnipeg Manitoba WT On Request operated by Winnipeg Transit replaces regular fixed transit route service in three neighbourhoods during low use hours and provides door to door transit service in one inner city neighbourhood during daytime hours 41 Czech Republic Edit Main article cs poptavkova doprava Radiobus has operated across the country since 2004 Since 2011 it has been part of the general public transport system to supplement the existing system during times of low demand It uses fixed timetables but vehicles only operate when called by passenger 42 DHD has operated since 2003 Its primary purpose was for collecting workers from sparsely populated rural areas DHD provides bookings and administrative support however the buses themselves are operated by several local transport companies 43 Denmark Edit Fynbus provides door to door DRT service on the island of FunenFinland Edit Main article fi kutsuohjattu joukkoliikenne Akaa Akaakyyti 44 Inkoo Inkyyti 45 Jakobstad Vippari 46 Porvoo Kylakyyti 47 Riihimaki R kyyti 48 Uusikaupunki Ukikyyti 49 Germany Edit Berlin Allygator Shuttle 50 Clevershuttle BerlKonig Braunschweig Lower Saxony Anruflinien Taxi ALT and Anruflinien Bus ALB 51 Cologne AnrufLinienFahrt ALF an on demand minibus service that operates in predominantly rural areas of the city 52 Dresden Anruf Linien Bus Verkehrsgesellschaft Meissen 53 Duisburg myBUS 54 Elbe Elster Anruf Linienbus a DRT bus service operated by the regional public transport authority in Herzberg Sonnewalde Umland and Finsterwalde 55 Freyung Bavaria FreyFahrt 56 Hamburg MOIA Volkswagen AG Mobilitatsdienstleistungen de Munich IsarTiger Rostock REBUS Regional Bus Rostock Districts of Tirschenreuth Neustadt an der Waldnaab and Schwandorf Baxi a mix between taxis and buses taking passengers from stops to any destination within the districts 57 58 59 Hong Kong Edit Red minibuses which serve non franchised routes across the country depending on routes allow passengers to reserve their seats by phone such that operators and drivers are able to know where passengers are and how many there are in deploying their vehicles 60 61 Iceland Edit Public transport authority in the Icelandic capital of Reykjavik and the surrounding municipalities Manages public bus transport and disabled transport but does not have its own vehicles About 1300 enquiries and thousand trips a day Uses 60 vehicles and 10 20 more for school transport for children with special needs 62 Italy Edit Following some pioneering DRT schemes implemented in the 1980s a second wave of systems were launched from the mid 1990s There are now DRT schemes in urban and peri urban areas as well as in rural communities Operated by both public transport companies and private service providers the DRT schemes are offered either as intermediate collective transport services for generic users or as schemes for specific user groups DRT schemes operate in major cities including Rome Milan Genoa Florence and in several mid to small size towns including Alessandria Aosta Cremona Livorno Mantova Parma Empoli Siena and Sarzana AlloBus and AlloNuit demand responsive transport service in Aosta Aoste DrinBus demand responsive transport service in Genoa 63 PersonalBus demand responsive transport service in Florence ProntoBus demand responsive transport service in Livorno and Sarzana EccoBus demand responsive transport service in Alessandria StradiBus demand responsive transport service in Cremona Radiobus demand responsive transport service in MilanJapan Edit Main article ja デマンドバス More than 200 of the 1700 local governments in Japan have introduced DRT public transport services Luxembourg Edit Flexibus several Flexibus services operate in different parts of the country The system operates on the basis of passengers calling a central point from which optimal routes for the vehicles are calculated 64 Kussbus private door to door bus service primarily for commuter purposes 65 New Zealand Edit MyWay in Timaru a replacement of the usual bus service with demand responsive transport service 66 Poland Edit The first ever demand responsive transport scheme in Poland called Tele Bus has been operated since 2007 in Krakow by MPK the local public transport company see also Tramways in Krakow 67 68 Russia Edit Po puti or On The Way is the first ever demand responsive transport scheme in Russia 69 Launched on October 1 2021 70 and operated by Mosgortrans it serves two zones in NAO and TAO Moscow both often referred to as TiNAO 71 72 in Russian Zone 1 includes Filimonkovskoye Sosenskoye Desyonovskoye and Voskresenskoye Settlements with the Prokshino metro station Zone 2a introduced on November 1 2021 includes Ryazanovskoye Settlement with the Silikatnaya railway station Line D2 Starting from December 24 2021 the Shcherbinka railway station also D2 was added to zone 2a whereas zone 1 was expanded by adding more blocks of Filimonkovskoye Settlement and southern areas of Desyonovskoye Settlement 73 Further enlargement is announced 70 Sweden Edit Regional transport authority in Vastra Gotaland in southwestern Sweden is responsible for all public transport and for transport offers to citizens with special needs This is an example of DRT used for people with special needs paratransit 74 Switzerland Edit DRT services have operated in some sparsely populated areas under 100 p km2 since 1995 PostBus Switzerland Ltd the national post company has operated a DRT service called PubliCar formerly also Casa Car 75 United Kingdom Edit Some DRT schemes were operating under the UK bus operating regulations of 1986 allowed by having core start and finish points and a published schedule 76 Regulations concerning bus service registration and application of bus operating grants for England and Wales were amended in 2004 to allow registration of fully flexible pre booked DRT services 76 Some services such as LinkUp only pick up passengers at meeting points but can set down at the passenger s destination The Greenwich Association of the Disabled had earlier developed a prototype service GAD About which offered pre booked door to door transport for its members inspired by similar minibus usage in church and youth clubs That was then cloned as an easily scalable module under the aegis of London Transport to become the Dial a Ride service launched as part the general services of Transport for London TfL rather than as a bus service Connecting Communities Suffolk Links Suffolk Demand Responsive Transport Aberfoyle 77 Fox Connect Leicestershire ran by National Express Group 78 Go2 1 Sevenoaks DRT services implemented during the COVID 19 pandemic 79 with app provided by ViaVan Indiego Plus Warwick 80 Kent Karrier Kent 81 MK Connect Milton Keynes 82 Novus Flex Leicestershire ran by Vectare 83 Ring n Ride Strathclyde 84 Slide Bristol 2 real time service by Padam 3 Surrey Connect Mole Valley Digital DRT service launched in 2021 covering the Mole Valley area Service put in place by Surrey County Council with Padam Mobility and a community transport operator ArrivaClick Kent 85 Watford 86 and Speke 87 Connect2Wiltshire Wiltshire Dengie DaRT 99 connecting passengers from the Maldon district with Broomfield and St Peter s Hospitals 88 Fflecsi Wales DRT services implemented during the COVID 19 pandemic with app provided by ViaVan and co ordinated by Transport for Wales Herts Lynx Stevenage Buntingford Royston and the surrounding towns and villages which don t have good transport bus coverage The digital DRT solution was put in place by Hertfordshire County Council with Padam Mobility and Uno a commercial bus operator CallConnect Lincolnshire LinkUp Tyne amp Wear Closed 2011 London Dial a Ride Nippy Bus Somerset Scarborough Dial A Ride North Yorkshire 89 West Midlands On Demand Coventry Leamington Spa Warwick Parkway and the surrounding villages which don t have good bus connection United States Edit Dial a Ride in New Jersey 1974 Minibuses operating on SafeRides an overnight demand responsive service operated by the Champaign Urbana Mass Transit District in Champaign and Urbana Illinois The large majority of 1 500 rural systems in the US provide demand response service there are also about 400 urban DRT systems 90 California Edit Demand Responsive Van Service 16 Demand Response Shuttle Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge 16 Demand Responsive Transit Redwood National and State Parks 16 Colorado Edit Call n Ride service Regional Transportation District Denver 91 Florida Edit Flex Service Votran New Smyrna Beach 92 NeighborLink Lynx Central Florida 93 SNAP UF Transporation and Parking Services Gainesville 94 Illinois Edit Call n Ride Pace Bus Chicago metropolitan area 95 Safe Rides Champaign Urbana Mass Transit District Champaign Urbana metropolitan area evening and overnight service only Maryland Edit Ride On Flex Ride On Montgomery County 96 New York Edit Access A Ride Metropolitan Transportation Authority New York City Bee Line Paratransit Bee Line Bus System Westchester CountyNorth Carolina Edit Dial A Ride GWTA Goldsboro 97 Flex Service Greenway Transit Taylorsville amp Burke County Hybrid of fixed amp on demand Night Shuttle Tar River Transit Rocky Mount 98 Qualla Community Resident Transportation Cherokee Transit Jackson County Hybrid of fixed amp on demand 99 Rural General Public Service MTS Charlotte metropolitan area 100 Trailblazer Routes BCMM Asheville metropolitan area Hybrid of fixed amp on demand 101 Pennsylvania Edit Flex Connect Ponono Pony Monroe County Only designated stops 102 South Carolina Edit Tel A Ride CARTA Charleston 103 Tennessee Edit Ready MATA Memphis Groove MemphisTexas Edit GoLink DART Dallas area 104 Virginia Edit Care and Care Plus GRTC Greater Richmond Region 105 Washington State Edit Zone Service 106 and Flex Service 107 Whatcom Transportation Authority Whatcom County Dial a Ride Transit Community Transit Snohomish County 108 Metro Access King County Metro King County 109 Finley Service Ben Franklin Transit Tri Cities Washington 110 Washington DC Edit MetroAccess WMATA Washington DCSee also EditHail and ride Microtransit Open data Paratransit Share taxi Traffic assignment Wardrop equilibriumReferences Edit a b NTD Glossary Archived 2013 11 13 at the Wayback Machine US National Transit Database Dial a Ride Transport for London Retrieved 11 August 2022 DART Dial A Ride Transit Service King County Metro Transit Retrieved 11 August 2022 CONNECT is a Coordination Action in the Sustainable Development Thematic Area of the European Union s 6th Framework Program successfully ended on December 2005 a b What is Demand Responsive Transport a b What is Demand Responsive Transport PDF Transport for Communities Archived from the original PDF on 14 January 2019 Retrieved 7 January 2019 Synopsis of DRT Archived 2010 06 20 at the Wayback Machine European Commission Directorate General for Energy and Transport Brake Jenny Nelson John D Wright Steve December 2004 Demand responsive transport towards the emergence of a new market segment Journal of Transport Geography 12 4 323 337 doi 10 1016 j jtrangeo 2004 08 011 a b c d e Laker Laura 11 August 2022 All aboard How on demand public transport is getting back on the road The Guardian a b c d e f www drtbus co uk Archived 2008 03 19 at the Wayback Machine What is DRT Social benefits of buses valuing the social impacts GOV UK Retrieved 7 January 2019 Integrated Public Transport Service Planning Guidelines PDF Transport for New South Wales Retrieved 7 January 2019 Mees Paul 2000 A very public solution transport in the dispersed city Melbourne Melbourne University Press ISBN 9780522848670 Demand Responsive Transport DRT Stirling Council Retrieved 7 January 2019 On demand Transport A discussion paper for future innovation PDF www transport wa gov au The Government of Western Australia Retrieved 7 January 2019 a b c d e Demand Response Transit Service Archived 2008 09 24 at the Wayback Machine The Central Federal Lands Highway Division US department of Transportation Grava Sigurd September 2002 Urban transportation systems choices for communities McGraw Hill ISBN 9780071384179 Telebuses www ptv vic gov au Public Transport Victoria Retrieved 7 January 2019 Using smart technologies to revitalize demand responsive transport Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems 1 3 275 293 1994 Jouni T Tuomisto Marko Tainio An economic way of reducing health environmental and other pressures of urban traffic a decision analysis on trip aggregation BioMed Central November 25 2005 Shuttle faces probe into illegal fares Archived 2007 11 02 at the Wayback Machine Edinburgh Evening News 13 September 2007 Row over Edinburgh Airport shuttle service Archived 2007 12 24 at the Wayback Machine UK Airport News info 15 October 2007 A Guide for Planning and Operating Flexible Public Transportation Services Human Transit Can a flexible route solve the problem of low ridership due to low density Archived 2015 09 06 at the Wayback Machine CoastConnect Transport for NSW Community Transport Central Coast Limited Archived from the original on 26 June 2019 Retrieved 28 October 2019 qconnect Hervey Bay Kango Timetable PDF Queensland Department of Main Roads and Transport Qconnect Archived from the original PDF on 1 March 2017 Retrieved 17 January 2019 Kan go Toowoomba Translink State of Queensland Archived from the original on 17 January 2019 Retrieved 17 January 2019 SmartLink Archived 2008 09 29 at the Wayback Machine Community Transport by Great Community Transport SkyBus SkyBus Link Free city hotel shuttle Skybus Retrieved 17 January 2019 Telebuses ptv vic gov au Public Transport Victoria Retrieved 17 January 2019 Wang Fei MEETING OLDER PERSONS MOBILITY AND ACCESS NEEDS A RE THINK ON PUBLIC TRANSPORT PDF Department of Infrastructure Victoria Retrieved 17 January 2019 Victoria Public Transport On demand bus service FlexiRide expands to Chirnside Park Lilydale Mooroolbark and Croydon Public Transport Victoria Retrieved 2023 01 03 Gemeinde Rainbach im Muhlkreis Gemeinde Informationen fur Einwohner Fahrplane rainbach at Retrieved 17 January 2019 W shuttle Archived from the original on 2020 08 11 How Belleville Ont is using technology to tackle transit troubles CBC Retrieved 17 January 2019 Pantonium On Demand Transit btletsgo ca Retrieved 17 January 2019 Cobourg s On Demand Bus Service Archived from the original on 2021 03 30 On Demand Transit City of Edmonton RideCo blog Launch five new services in 2 weeks June 2021 Archived from the original on 2021 06 02 TransCab Service City of Niagara Falls Canada City of Niagara Falls City of Niagara Falls Website Retrieved 2021 01 31 About WT On Request Winnipeg Transit Retrieved 12 August 2021 RadioBUS www audis cz Audis Bus Retrieved 17 January 2019 Dispeink hromadn dopravy www hromadnadoprava cz DHD Akaakyyti Akaan kaupunki in Finnish Retrieved 2022 08 02 Inkyyti Inkoo Vippari joukkoliikenne Kylakyyti R kyyti Ukikyyti Shuttle service makes it snappy Smart Cities World 2 February 2018 Retrieved 17 January 2019 Braunschweiger Verkehrs GmbH Anruflinien Taxi www verkehr bs de Retrieved 17 January 2019 AnrufLinienFahrt ALF anrufen oder online buchen und wir kommen www mvg online de MVG Retrieved 17 January 2019 Anruf Linien Bus Verkehrsgesellschaft Meissen in German Retrieved 17 January 2019 myBUS jetzt mit gratis WLAN www dvg duisburg de in German DVG Duisburger Verkehrsgesellschaft Retrieved 17 January 2019 Neu im Angebot Anruf Linienbus Lausitzer Rundschau LAUSITZER RUNDSCHAU Retrieved 17 January 2019 freYfahrt OPNV nach Bedarf und via Internet bestellbar Wirtschaft News in German Suddeutsche de Archived from the original on 17 January 2019 Retrieved 17 January 2019 Baxi TIR in German Retrieved 26 September 2020 Baxi NEW in German Retrieved 26 September 2020 Baxi SAD in German Retrieved 26 September 2020 RMB Route Aberdeen Shek Tong Tsui www 16seats net www 16seats net Retrieved 17 January 2019 RMB Route Sai Kung Causeway Bay www 16seats net www 16seats net Retrieved 17 January 2019 Case Study Reykjavik and surrounding district Trapeze 2017 Archived from the original on 10 January 2017 Retrieved 28 April 2016 Drinbus network and timetables in Italian AZIENDA MOBILITA E TRASPORTI SpA Retrieved 11 August 2022 Flexibus Sales Lentz Retrieved 17 January 2019 Laura Ducoli Lisa 8 March 2018 Kussbus Redefining the daily commute luxtimes lu Luxembourg Times Retrieved 17 January 2019 MyWay by Metro Timaru s on demand public transport service Retrieved 3 January 2022 MPK SA in Cracow Tele Bus MPK 28 May 2011 Archived from the original on 28 May 2011 Retrieved 17 January 2019 Tele Bus Krakow Vimeo MPK The On The Way mobility on demand service is launched in Moscow today Moscow Transport Portal transport mos ru Retrieved 2022 01 26 a b Po puti i transport mos ru Retrieved 2022 01 26 Chto takoe TiNAO rasshifrovka Portal novoj Moskvy nmao ru Retrieved 2022 01 26 Prefektura TiNAO goroda Moskvy tinao mos ru Retrieved 2022 01 26 GUP Mosgortrans V TiNAO uvelichilas zona raboty servisa Po puti www mosgortrans ru Retrieved 2022 01 26 Multiple forms of transport in just one work stream www trapezegroup eu in Swahili Retrieved 17 January 2019 PubliCar www postauto ch Retrieved 17 January 2019 a b Registration of Flexible Local Bus Services and Related BSOG Regulations UK Department for Transport Demand Responsive Transport DRT Stirling Council 10 August 2022 DRT developments in Leicestershire Part 2 BusAndTrainUser 2022 08 04 Retrieved 2022 08 20 Baldwin Frank 2020 04 17 Go2 on demand bus service for Sevenoaks area introduced by Go Coach to keep buses running during coronavirus crisis My Sevenoaks Community Retrieved 2022 08 20 New on demand bus service for Hatton and Warwick launching next week www warwickshireworld com 2022 05 20 Retrieved 2022 08 20 Kent Karrier Kent County Council Archived from the original on 2013 01 18 Retrieved 11 August 2022 MK Connect service makes over 100 000 journeys across Milton Keynes in 6 months MKFM Retrieved 2022 08 20 DRT developments in Leicestershire Part 1 BusAndTrainUser 2022 08 02 Retrieved 2022 08 20 Ring n Ride SPT Archived from the original on 2009 03 25 Retrieved 2009 04 01 The bus service of the future Kent Online 2020 11 29 Retrieved 2022 08 20 1 5 million minibus service could face axe if users fail to rise Watford Observer Retrieved 2022 08 20 Grimsditch Lee 2020 07 30 Arriva Click say they will not be returning to Liverpool Liverpool Echo Retrieved 2022 08 20 News and Events Archived 2012 04 26 at the Wayback Machine Home Guidebook for Rural Demand Response Transportation Measuring Assessing and Improving Performance PDF document of The Transportation Research Board p 100 FlexRide NSB Flex www votran org 2016 02 25 Retrieved 2021 01 31 Solodev 2018 02 06 NeighborLink Public Transportation Services for Orange Se www golynx com Retrieved 2021 01 31 SNAP TAPS taps ufl edu Retrieved 2023 01 11 Wronski Richard 4 November 2011 Pace sees growth of Call n Ride shuttles Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on 2015 08 22 Ride On Flex www montgomerycountymd gov Retrieved 2019 06 06 Rivera Marcus 2021 01 31 System map click on 2nd orange link Archived from the original on 2015 06 22 Evening Service www tarrivertransit org Retrieved 2021 01 31 Cherokee NC Community Transit Elderly amp Handicap Transportation www cherokeetransit com Retrieved 2021 01 31 Rivera Marcus 2021 01 31 Mts webpage Archived from the original on 2018 05 15 Transportation Trailblazer Routes www buncombecounty org Retrieved 2021 01 31 Flex Connect www gomcta com Retrieved 2021 01 31 Tel A Ride CARTA www ridecarta com Retrieved 2019 06 06 DART org GoLink dart org Retrieved 2021 01 31 GRTC CARE On Demand GRTC ridegrtc com Retrieved 2022 01 03 Zone Service Whatcom Transportation Authority Retrieved 2022 11 28 Flex Service Whatcom Transportation Authority Retrieved 2022 11 28 DART Retrieved 2019 06 06 Access Transportation King County Metro May 31 2019 Retrieved June 6 2019 Finley Ben Franklin Transit Archived from the original on June 16 2012 Retrieved May 19 2013 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Demand responsive 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