Toowoomba

For the warships, see HMAS Toowoomba. For the region, see Toowoomba Region. For the central suburb, see Toowoomba City, Queensland.

Toowoomba (/təˈwʊmbə/ tə-WUUM-bə, nicknamed 'The Garden City' and 'T-Bar'^[4]) is a city in the Toowoomba Region of the Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia.^[5] It is 125 km (78 mi) west of Queensland's capital city Brisbane by road.^[6] The urban population of Toowoomba as of the 2021 census was 142,163,^[1] having grown at an average annual rate of 1.45% over the previous two decades.^[7] Toowoomba is the second-most-populous inland city in the country after the nation's capital of Canberra,^[8] and hence the largest city on the Darling Downs. It is the third largest regional centre in Queensland,^[9] often referred to as the capital of the Darling Downs.

Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates)

Toowoomba Queensland
(From left to right) Alfred Thomas Memorial, Toowoomba City Hall Toowoomba Court House, Queens Park Toowoomba Bypass, Clifford House Laurel Bank Park
Toowoomba
Coordinates	27°34′S 151°57′E / 27.567°S 151.950°E / -27.567; 151.950
Population	142,163 (2021 census)^[1] (16th)
• Density	285.411/km^2 (739.21/sq mi)
Established	1849
Postcode(s)	4350
Elevation	691 m (2,267 ft)^[2]
Area	498.1 km^2 (192.3 sq mi)^[3] (2011 urban)
Time zone	AEST (UTC+10)
Location	132 km (82 mi) W of Brisbane 84 km (52 mi) ESE of Dalby
LGA(s)	Toowoomba Region
County	Aubigny
State electorate(s)	Toowoomba North Toowoomba South Condamine
Federal division(s)	Groom
Mean max temp^[2] Mean min temp^[2] Annual rainfall^[2] 23.1 °C 74 °F 12.6 °C 55 °F 726.4 mm 28.6 in

Toowoomba is one of the oldest inland cities in Australia having been founded in 1849 on the lands of the Giabal and Jarowair. Its location was a key meeting place along the ancient pathways that led to Australia’s largest Indigenous festival in the sacred Bunya Mountains.^[10] Toowoomba’s centre streets were named after the history of the House of Stuart, and the city later became the viceregal summer retreat of Queensland’s governors. It was the scene of several major events during Australia’s Victorian period, such as the War of Southern Queensland and Battle of One Tree Hill, and during the Federation period becoming a major artistic and cultural centre with the emergence of the Austral Society.

A cathedral and university city, Toowoomba is known for its preserved Victorian-era and traditional Queenslander architecture, historic churches and gardens, food and coffee culture,^[11] street art and laneways, and numerous nature trails. The city experiences a distinct four seasons and is home to festivals including the Autumn Feast and the Carnival of Flowers. Toowoomba is also a centre of higher learning in the country and its institutions include the University of Southern Queensland. Prominent landmarks include Queens and Laurel Bank Park, the Empire Theatre, St James' Palace, and Mt Meewah. The surrounding region of the Darling Downs is known for its rolling hills and pastures, agricultural produce, and historic homesteads.

Etymology

The exact origin of the city's current name is unknown, although it is widely accepted that the name derives from an Aboriginal language.^[12]

When Toowoomba was first discovered by Europeans, it was named "Drayton Swamp" (in reference to the Toowoomba Swamp) and was often nicknamed "The Swamp". One theory is that after European settlement, the local Aboriginal people referred to it as "Tawampa", which is borrowed from "The Swamp".^[12]

Another theory is that it derives from the name "Toogoom". This theory was first proposed by author Steele Rudd in a letter to the Toowoomba City Council. He claimed that his father told him that in 1848, he first saw Toowoomba and that he assisted in laying it out the following year. He believed that it derived from the native name "Toogoom" because of the reeds that grew in the area.^[12]

Another theory was proposed by the wife of businessman James Alford. She claimed to have asked the Aboriginals what they called the area; they replied with "Woomba Woomba", meaning "the springs and the water underneath". However, she claimed that the Alfords thought this would not be a suitable name for their house and store, so they added the prefix "too-" and omitted one "Woomba" (as this would be a synonym of "two Woomba"), hence "Toowoomba".^[12]

In 1875, William Henry Groom wrote an account of Toowoomba. He stated that "Toowoomba" derived from the Aboriginal term "great in the future". However, he did not provide a source for his information.^[12]

Another theory was proposed by botanist Archibald Meston in a book titled A Geographical History of Queensland. He wrote:^[12]

"Toowoom" or "Choowom" was the local blacks' name for a small native melon (Cucumis pubescens) which grew plentifully on the site of the township. The terminal "ba" is equal to the adverb "There", so the whole word means "melons there", and to an Aborigine it meant "the place where the melon grows".

While this melon still exists and can be found in areas along the Balonne and Warrego Rivers, as well as in areas closer to Toowoomba, there is no evidence that the melon grew near the Toowoomba swamps.

A man named Enoggera Charlie proposed another theory in a news story he wrote for the Sydney Morning Herald. He claimed that when he was looking for work as a tar boy, he camped overnight near the Toowoomba Swamp. He claimed that when he asked a shepherd about the naming of the Toowoomba Swamp, he was told that near the junction of the East and West Swamps, there was a log with an inscription informing swagmen of the way to a well-known homestead where food rations were available. He claimed that the inscription read "To Woombrah".^[12]

A man named Ardlaw Lawrence put forward his theory shortly after Enoggera Charlie. He suggested that the name was an Anglicised form of "Boowoomga", which comes from the term for "thunder" in the dialect spoken by the Aboriginal tribe inhabiting areas along the Upper Burnett River (including the town of Gayndah). However, it is highly unlikely that this theory is correct, as this dialect was not spoken in the Darling Downs region (but rather in the Wide Bay-Burnett region) and Lawrence did not state why he transferred the name to the Darling Downs.^[12] In fact, the distance between Toowoomba and Gayndah is just over 218 kilometres as the crow flies.

In 1899, George Essex Evans published his theory in a pamphlet. He wrote that "Toowoomba" was an Aboriginal word meaning "meeting of the waters", although no evidence was provided to support this claim.^[12]

Geography

 

A panorama of Toowoomba looking south-west from Mount Lofty

Toowoomba is on the crest of the Great Dividing Range, around 700 metres (2,300 ft) above sea level. A few streets are on the eastern side of the edge of the range, but most of the city is west of the divide.

The city occupies the edge of the range and the low ridges behind it. Two valleys run north from the southern boundary, each arising from springs either side of Middle Ridge near Spring Street at an altitude of around 680 m. These waterways, East Creek and West Creek, flow together just north of the CBD to form Gowrie Creek.

Gowrie Creek drains to the west across the Darling Downs and is a tributary of the Condamine River, part of the Murray–Darling basin. The water flowing down Gowrie Creek makes its way some 3,000 km (1,900 mi) to the mouth of the Murray River near Adelaide in South Australia. Rain which falls on the easternmost streets of Toowoomba flows east to Moreton Bay a distance of around 170 km (110 mi).

The rich volcanic soil in the region helps maintain the 150 public parks that are scattered across the city. Jacaranda, camphor laurel and plane trees line many of the city streets. The city's reputation as 'The Garden City' is highlighted during the Australian Carnival of Flowers festival held in September each year. Deciduous trees from around the world line many of the parks, giving a display of autumn colour.^[13]

Suburbs

The City of Toowoomba includes the following suburbs:

Centenary Heights Cotswold Hills^2 Cranley Darling Heights Drayton

East Toowoomba Glenvale^2 Harlaxton Harristown

Kearneys Spring Middle Ridge Mount Kynoch Mount Lofty Newtown

North Toowoomba Prince Henry Heights Rangeville Redwood Rockville

South Toowoomba Toowoomba City (the city centre) Torrington^2 Wilsonton Wilsonton Heights

² - from former Shire of Jondaryan

History

Main article: History of Toowoomba, Queensland

 

Ruthven Street, Toowoomba, Queensland, ca. 1928

Traditional owners

Giabal and Jarowair are recognised as the two main Aboriginal language groups of the Toowoomba with Giabal extending south of the city while Jarowair extends north of the city.^[10] The Jarowair (also known as Yarowair, Yarow-wair, Barrunggam, Yarrowair, Yarowwair and Yarrow-weir) language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Toowoomba Regional Council, particularly Toowoomba north to Crows Nest and west to Oakey.^[14]

This traditional landscape changed dramatically with the settlement of Drayton in the 1840s and the pastoral expansion west. Those Aboriginal Australians that survived the frontier conflict of this time were pushed to the fringe of society in camps and later moved to missions such as Deebing Creek, Durundur and later Barambah (now Cherbourg). There is evidence that local Aboriginal Australians were working on the properties to the west of Toowoomba in this contact period. Ceremonies such as the Bonye Bonye festival remained active until the late 19th century – groups from south east and south west Queensland as well as northern New South Wales gathered at Gummingurru, near Gowrie (west of Toowoomba) prior to attending the festival. The Gummingurru site is being restored and remains an important ceremonial place for not only the traditional groups but neighbouring groups.^[10]

European exploration and settlement

 

Royal Bull's Head Inn, the building that contributed to Toowoomba's early development

Toowoomba's colonial history traces back to 1816 when English botanist and explorer Allan Cunningham arrived in Australia from Brazil and in June 1827 discovered 4 million acres (16,000 km²) of rich farming and grazing land, which became known as the Darling Downs,^[15] bordered on the east by the Great Dividing Range and 160 kilometres (100 mi) west of the settlement of Moreton Bay. Thirteen years later when George and Patrick Leslie established Toolburra Station 56 miles (90 km) south-west of Toowoomba the first settlers arrived on the Downs and established a township of bark-slab shops called The Springs which was soon renamed Drayton. Land for the town was first surveyed in 1849, then again in 1853.^[16]

Towards the end of the 1840s Drayton had grown to the point where it had its own newspaper, general store, trading post and the Royal Bull's Head Inn, which was built by William Horton and still stands today. Horton is regarded as the true founder of Toowoomba despite not being the first European person to live there. Drovers and wagon masters spread the news of the new settlement at Toowoomba. By 1858 Toowoomba was growing fast. It had a population of 700, three hotels and many stores. Land selling at £4 per acre (£10 per hectare) in 1850 was by then £150 per acre (£370 per hectare). Governor Bowen granted the wish of locals and a new municipality was proclaimed on 24 November 1860.^{[citation needed]}

The first town council election took place on 4 January 1861 and William Henry Groom won. The railway from Ipswich was opened in 1867, bringing with it business development.^[17] In 1892, the Under Secretary of Public Land proclaimed Toowoomba and the surrounding areas as a township and in 1904 Toowoomba was declared a city. Pastoralism replaced agriculture and dairying by the 1900s.^[17]

In July 1902, 80 subdivided allotments of "The Lilley Estate" owned by the late Sir Charles Lilley, were advertised to be auctioned by Scholefield & Godsall.^[18] A map advertising the auction shows that the estate was bordered by Bridge, Mary and Lindsay Streets and overlooking and adjoining the Royal Agricultural Society's Showgrounds.^[19]

The Rotary Club of Toowoomba was established in 1930.^{[citation needed]}

During World War II, Toowoomba was the location of RAAF No.7 Inland Aircraft Fuel Depot (IAFD), completed in 1942 and closed on 29 August 1944. Usually consisting of 4 tanks, 31 fuel depots were built across Australia for the storage and supply of aircraft fuel for the RAAF and the US Army Air Forces at a total cost of £900,000 ($1,800,000).^[20]

Toowoomba was named as Australia's Tidiest Town in 2008.^[21]

On 10 January 2011, Toowoomba suffered a catastrophic flash flood. Unusually heavy rainfall had occurred in the preceding days, causing the city's waterways to become swollen. Around midday, an intense storm moved in from the northeast,^[22] completely overwhelming East Creek and West Creek which run through the CBD. 149.6 mm (5.89 in) fell in one day^[23] with rainfall peaking at 144 mm/h (5.7 in/h) over one 10-minute interval.^[22] The flood caused damage to properties and infrastructure, and resulted in the deaths of 2 people in Toowoomba.^[22]

At the 2016 census, the Urban Centre of Toowoomba recorded a population of 100,032 people. Of these:^[24]

• Age distribution: Residents had a similar distribution of ages to the country overall. The median age was 38 years, the same as the national median of 38 years. Children aged under 15 years made up 19.1% of the population (national average is 18.7%) and people aged 65 years and over made up 13.1% of the population (national average is 10.7%).
• Ethnic diversity : 79.1% were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 66.7%; the next most common countries of birth were England 1.9%, New Zealand 1.4%, India 1.2%, Philippines 0.8% and South Africa 0.6%. At home, 84.6% of residents only spoke English; the next most common languages spoken at home were Arabic 0.8%, Mandarin 0.8%, Dinka 0.4%, Tagalog 0.3% and Punjabi 0.3%.
• Finances: The median household weekly income was $1,206, compared to the national median of $1,438. This difference is also reflected in real estate, with the median mortgage payment being $1,517 per month, compared to the national median of $1,755.
• Housing: The majority (76.3%) of occupied private dwellings were separate houses, 16.1% were semi-detached (row or terrace houses, townhouses etc.), and 6.4% were flats, units or apartments. The average household size was 2.4 people.
• Transport: On the day of the Census, 0.8% of employed people travelled to work on public transport, and 77.9% by car (either as driver or as passenger).

Climate

Toowoomba has a warm humid subtropical climate (with warm summers and cool winters).^[25] Compared to other parts of Queensland, Toowoomba experiences more frequent high winds, hail, frost and fog and is considered cooler than many other towns and cities in Queensland.^[26] The city is rather sunny, receiving 107.2 clear days annually.

Daily maximum temperatures in Toowoomba average 28 °C (82 °F) in summer and 17 °C (63 °F) in winter.^[27] Unlike most of inland Queensland, summer temperatures above 33 °C (91 °F) are uncommon, whilst winter days rarely warm above 23 °C (73 °F). Winter nights seldom drop below freezing; however, in a situation unique among Queensland cities, snow has been reported on the higher parts of the city on several occasions. Light frost will be experienced several nights each winter in the city centre, more often in the western suburbs. According to the Bureau of Meteorology, the highest temperature ever recorded in Toowoomba was 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) on 12 February 2017, while the lowest was −4.4 °C (24.1 °F) on 12 July 1965.^[27]

Average annual rainfall, according to the Bureau of Meteorology, is 735 mm (28.9 in), which peaks in the warm season.^[27] Rainfall in the eastern suburbs along the Great Dividing Range nudges 1,000 mm (39 in) per year. The majority of Toowoomba's rain falls from November to March, with January and February being the peak rainy months. Like most of south-east Queensland, severe thunderstorms can be a threat and Toowoomba may occasionally be affected by ex-tropical cyclones.

Climate data for Toowoomba Airport, Queensland, Australia (1996–present normals and extremes); 641 m AMSL
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	39.5 (103.1)	40.8 (105.4)	36.1 (97.0)	30.6 (87.1)	29.0 (84.2)	27.9 (82.2)	24.5 (76.1)	32.0 (89.6)	34.9 (94.8)	36.4 (97.5)	37.5 (99.5)	38.3 (100.9)	40.8 (105.4)
Mean maximum °C (°F)	33.0 (91.4)	32.0 (89.6)	29.9 (85.8)	26.6 (79.9)	22.6 (72.7)	20.0 (68.0)	19.8 (67.6)	22.8 (73.0)	27.2 (81.0)	29.9 (85.8)	31.4 (88.5)	32.5 (90.5)	33.0 (91.4)
Average high °C (°F)	28.4 (83.1)	27.5 (81.5)	26.1 (79.0)	23.3 (73.9)	19.8 (67.6)	17.0 (62.6)	16.7 (62.1)	18.7 (65.7)	22.3 (72.1)	24.5 (76.1)	26.3 (79.3)	27.6 (81.7)	23.2 (73.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)	23.1 (73.6)	22.6 (72.7)	21.3 (70.3)	18.4 (65.1)	14.9 (58.8)	12.3 (54.1)	11.8 (53.2)	13.2 (55.8)	16.5 (61.7)	18.8 (65.8)	20.6 (69.1)	22.2 (72.0)	18.0 (64.4)
Average low °C (°F)	17.7 (63.9)	17.6 (63.7)	16.4 (61.5)	13.5 (56.3)	10.0 (50.0)	7.5 (45.5)	6.6 (43.9)	7.5 (45.5)	10.5 (50.9)	12.9 (55.2)	14.8 (58.6)	16.6 (61.9)	12.6 (54.7)
Mean minimum °C (°F)	15.0 (59.0)	15.0 (59.0)	14.0 (57.2)	10.3 (50.5)	5.6 (42.1)	3.0 (37.4)	2.5 (36.5)	3.5 (38.3)	6.4 (43.5)	9.7 (49.5)	11.5 (52.7)	13.5 (56.3)	2.5 (36.5)
Record low °C (°F)	12.6 (54.7)	11.7 (53.1)	9.3 (48.7)	3.1 (37.6)	−0.8 (30.6)	−1.5 (29.3)	−1.8 (28.8)	−1.7 (28.9)	1.9 (35.4)	2.7 (36.9)	5.6 (42.1)	9.0 (48.2)	−1.8 (28.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	90.9 (3.58)	111.3 (4.38)	89.3 (3.52)	26.7 (1.05)	45.2 (1.78)	35.7 (1.41)	29.5 (1.16)	29.5 (1.16)	34.3 (1.35)	69.4 (2.73)	73.5 (2.89)	101.3 (3.99)	736.6 (29)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	7.5	7.8	7.7	4.1	4.8	4.8	3.9	3.7	4.3	6.7	6.4	7.7	69.4
Average relative humidity (%)	61.0	65.5	62.5	60.0	61.0	65.0	61.0	53.5	51.0	51.0	57.0	58.0	58.9
Average dew point °C (°F)	15.6 (60.1)	16.2 (61.2)	14.4 (57.9)	11.4 (52.5)	8.3 (46.9)	6.7 (44.1)	5.1 (41.2)	4.5 (40.1)	6.9 (44.4)	8.9 (48.0)	11.9 (53.4)	14.3 (57.7)	10.4 (50.6)
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1996–present normals and extremes)^[28]

Architecture and Heritage

Main article: List of sites on the Queensland Heritage Register in Toowoomba

 

St. James Church of England during construction in 1869

 

New and old buildings in Ruthven Street, Toowoomba CBD

Toowoomba's history has been preserved in its buildings. Examples of architecture drawing from the city's wealthy beginnings include Toowoomba City Hall which was Queensland's first purpose-built town hall,^[17] the National Trust Royal Bull's Head Inn and many examples in the heritage-listed Russell Street. Immediately to the east of the CBD is the Caledonian Estate, an area of turn-of-the-20th-century housing, ranging from humble workers cottages to large stately homes, in the classic wooden Queenslander style.^[29]

Toowoomba is also home to the Empire Theatre, which was originally opened in June 1911, as a silent movie house. In February 1933, fire broke out, almost completely destroying the building.^[30] However, the Empire was rebuilt and reopened in November 1933. The architectural styling of the new Empire Theatre was art deco, in keeping with the trend of the 1930s. After years of neglect, the Empire Theatre was extensively renovated in the late 1990s, but retains much of its art deco architecture and decorations,^[30] especially the proscenium arch. Able to seat approximately 1,500 people, the Empire Theatre is now the largest regional theatre in Australia.^[31]

The city also is home to the Cobb & Co Museum, hailing to the famous mail company's beginnings as a small mail run in the 1800s to transport mail and passengers to Brisbane and beyond. It also houses Australia's largest collection of horse-drawn vehicles. The museum has undergone a A$8 million redevelopment before reopening in September 2010.^[32]

Heritage listings

Main article: List of heritage sites in Toowoomba, Queensland

Toowoomba has many heritage-listed sites, with over fifty on the Queensland Heritage Register in addition to listings on other local heritage registers.

Governance

Main articles: Politics of Toowoomba, Queensland and List of Mayors of Toowoomba

Toowoomba is the seat of the Toowoomba Region local government area. The city is represented in the Parliament of Queensland by three seats: Toowoomba North, Toowoomba South and Condamine. In the Commonwealth Parliament, Toowoomba forms part of the Division of Groom, which is held by Garth Hamilton for the Liberal National Party of Queensland.^{[citation needed]}

The current Mayor of Toowoomba is Paul Antonio, who was elected in 2012 and is currently serving his third term.

Crime

Toowoomba has had a large amount of crime over the past years, but is still on average less than other parts of Queensland. In 2018, the Royal Automobile Club of Queensland described Toowoomba as "one of Queensland's car theft hot spots", noting that there were insurance claims for over 3,000 cars stolen over a three-year period from Harristown alone.^[33]

Economy

The Australian Defence Force is also present in the local community, with the city providing housing and amenities for many of the personnel based at the Oakey Army Aviation Centre (in Oakey, 29 km (18 mi) NW of Toowoomba) and Borneo Barracks at Cabarlah to the city's North. The headquarters of Heritage Bank, which is Australia's largest mutual bank, FK Gardners and Wagners are located in Toowoomba. Toowoomba itself, acts as the service centre for an economic area that reaches from the Western edge of Ipswich in the East, to Northern New South Wales in the south and the QLD Border to the west.^[34][35][36]

Education

Toowoomba is a major education centre with a strong presence of boarders from Western Queensland attending Schools such as Toowoomba Grammar, Fairholme College, Downlands College and The Glennie School.

Primary

State Darling Heights State School Drayton State School is the oldest school in Toowoomba. Fairview Heights State School Gabbinbar State School Glenvale State School Harlaxton State School Harristown State Primary School Middle Ridge State School Newtown State School Rangeville State School Rockville State School Toowoomba East State School Toowoomba North State School Toowoomba South State School is the oldest school in Toowoomba proper. Wilsonton State School

Private/Religious Christian Outreach College Toowoomba Concordia Lutheran College (2 campuses) Darling Downs Christian School Downlands College independent Catholic Co-educational Day and Boarding school Fairholme College The Glennie School Grammar Junior Glenvale Christian School Holy Name Catholic Primary School Mater Dei Our Lady of Lourdes School Sacred Heart School St Anthony's Primary School Toowoomba St Thomas More's School St Saviours Primary School Toowoomba Anglican College and Preparatory School Toowoomba Christian College

Secondary

State Centenary Heights State High School Toowoomba Flexi School (annexe of Centenary Heights State High School) Clifford Park Special School Harristown State High School Toowoomba State High School Wilsonton State High School

Private/Religious Christian Outreach College Christian co-educational school. Concordia College Darling Downs Christian School Downlands College independent Catholic Co-educational Day and Boarding school Fairholme College a Presbyterian Church of Queensland school. The Glennie School- Anglican day and boarding school St Joseph's College St. Mary's College St Saviour's, Toowoomba's oldest Catholic school St Ursula's College Independent Catholic day and boarding school for girls Toowoomba Anglican College and Preparatory School Toowoomba Christian College Toowoomba Grammar School, independent grammar school (est.1875). Mary Mackillop Secondary College- forms part of the existing primary campus in Highfields, opened in 2016

Tertiary

• University of Southern Queensland
• TAFE Queensland South West (Formerly SQIT) has extensive campuses to the east of the CBD.
• University of Queensland has a small centre in Toowoomba.
• Griffith University has a small health training facility in Toowoomba.

Culture

Festivals

 

The annual Flower Festival is a chance to show off Toowoomba's parks and gardens at their best

 

The Alfred Thomas Memorial in Queens Park during the Carnival of Flowers

Toowoomba is nationally^[37] renowned for the annual Carnival of Flowers, held each year in September. Many of the city's major parks and gardens are especially prepared for the carnival, including an important home garden competition and parade of flower floats. Buses bring people from around the nation,^[38] and a popular way to arrive at the carnival from Brisbane is on chartered antique steam and diesel trains,^[39] which captures the yester-year aspect of travel to Toowoomba with 19th-century wooden carriages.^{[citation needed]}

In 1953 the Carnival of Flowers was the subject of a sponsored film produced by the Queensland Minister for Lands and Irrigation. The Carnival of Flowers depicts the floral parade, the home gardens competition and the crowning of the Floral Queen and is a wonderful portrait of life in 1950s Queensland.^[40]

In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, Carnival of Flowers was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as an "Events and festivals".^[41]

The Toowoomba Carnival of Flowers received the Gold Award for Major Festival and Event at the Queensland Tourism Awards in 2015, 2016 & 2017, and Australian Tourism Awards in 2016 & 2017. In 2017, 255,639 people recorded as having attended the event^[42]

Toowoomba also hosts 'First Coat Art and Music Festival'.^[43] First Coat is a street art festival, held annually in May. As a result of the festival, over 50 pieces of large-scale, public art exist throughout the Toowoomba CBD, which has led to a transformation of previously underutilised lane and alleyways, as well as a reduction in costs associated with graffiti management.^[44]

Toowoomba was previously home to Easterfest (which was held annually over the Easter weekend.) The event has not continued after 2015.^[45]

The "Food and Wine Festival", which usually spans 3 days, happens every year at Carnival of flowers time. It provides entertainment, food and drinks and is a spectacle of the Carnival.^[46]

Food

Toowoomba is home to the Weis Bar (until 2020 when production ceases and moves to Minto, NSW), Home Ice Cream,^[47] Homestyle Bake and possibly the Lamington. Toowoomba has a thriving cafe and restaurant scene that is often compared to Melbourne in its maturity and depth.^{[citation needed]}

Sport

Rugby league is a popular sport in Toowoomba. A team representing Toowoomba used to compete in the Bulimba Cup tournament. Toowoomba currently does not host a team in any of the major national competitions but was home to the Toowoomba Clydesdales in the Queensland Cup state league. The Clydesdales were the feeder team for Brisbane Broncos in the National Rugby League (NRL) from 1999 to 2006.^[48] The Clysedales dropped out of the Queensland Cup after the 2006 season due to financial difficulties and are no longer a feeder club for the Brisbane Broncos.^[49] Toowoomba Sports Ground (Clive Berghofer Stadium) has hosted trial National Rugby League (NRL) matches since 2003 and premiership matches have been played since 2018 with an average attendance of 7,559 and a record crowd of 10,000 in 2004.^[50]

Toowoomba features a semi-professional football club, South West Queensland Thunder, that has a large following within the community. Toowoomba is the headquarters of Football Darling Downs which administers football in Toowoomba and surrounding towns and regions. Toowoomba is home to 12 clubs including South West Queensland Thunder - Fairholme College, Garden City Raiders, Highfields, Rockville Rovers, St Albans, South Toowoomba Hawks, St Ursula's College, University of Southern Queensland, West Wanderers and Willowburn. A-League pre-season matches have been held at Toowoomba Sports Ground since 2006 with a record crowd of 4,571.^[50]

Australian rules football is played by four senior teams in the AFL Darling Downs competition: Coolaroo, Toowoomba Tigers, University of Southern Queensland and South Toowoomba. The sport has gained popularity amongst juniors with eleven clubs in the region. The four Senior Toowoomba clubs compete with five other clubs in towns such as Dalby, Gatton, Goondiwindi, Highfields and Warwick. In 2006, Brad Howard became the first draftee from Toowoomba to the Australian Football League (AFL). Despite the code's popularity, Toowoomba has never hosted an AFL match, even with a capacity upgrade in 2022, the city's premier venue Rockville Park is not currently up to AFL standard.^[51]

Toowoomba has clubs for other sports including cricket (Toowoomba Cricket Inc), archery, swimming, tennis, softball, baseball, netball (Toowoomba Netball Association), hockey (Toowoomba Hockey Association), gridiron (Chargers) and basketball (Toowoomba Basketball Association). The city is also home to the Toowoomba Mountaineers basketball team, which participates in the Queensland Basketball League (QBL).

Toowoomba also shares two prestigious golf courses; Toowoomba Golf Club Middle Ridge, and City Golf Club Toowoomba. These two clubs, as well as several other clubs in the district, conduct an annual Pennant season. Each club take on each other in Match play and in several different divisions to be crowned the Pennant winners of the Year. City Golf Club also hosted the Queensland PGA Championship from 2009 to 2013.^[52][53]

Sport at both junior and senior level in Toowoomba and surrounding areas is promoted by Sports Darling Downs, a non-profit organisation based in Toowoomba.

Toowoomba is home to Clifford Park Racecourse. Clifford Park Racecourse was acquired as a 160-acre (0.65 km²) block in 1861.

The Toowoomba Turf Club was formed in 1882 and the first recorded Toowoomba Cup was run in 1919. In 1992, the club made Australian racing history by staging the first race ever run under electric lights: the Fosters Toowoomba Cup, which was won by Waigani Drive. In 1996 the club staged the first night race meeting in Australia.^[54]

Toowoomba has a number of rugby union teams, including University of Southern Queensland Rugby Union Club, Toowoomba Rangers Rugby Union Club, Toowoomba City Rugby Club, which compete in the Darling Downs Rugby Union competition, against such teams as the Roma Echidnas, the Condamine Cods, the Dalby Wheatmen, the Goondiwindi Emus, the Warwick Water Rats and the University of Queensland Rugby Union Club (Gatton Campus).

Cycling is a popular sport in Toowoomba. The Tour of Toowoomba in 2010 became a round of the Subaru National Road Series and attracted 15 teams. A proposal to stage a National Road Series event in Toowoomba was first presented to the Toowoomba Cycling Club in late 2009 by John Osborne OAM, a lifelong cycling enthusiast. The inaugural FKG Tour of Toowoomba was won by Patrick Shaw riding for the Virgin Blue RBS Morgan team. Patrick was later named Cycling Australia's Road Cyclist of the Year – 2010.^[55]

Founded in 1950, the Toowoomba Auto Club ran races at the nearby Leyburn Airfield and Lowood Airfield Circuits in the 1950s and 1960s, and also ran races on the streets of Middle Ridge as part of the Carnival of Flowers in 1958, 1960 and 1961, with the feature races won by Glynn Scott, Alec Mildren and Arnold Glass respectively.^[56] The club built the Echo Valley facility, initially as a hillclimbing venue officially opened on 18 September 1966,^[56] with the facility now operating as a motocross track.^[57] The Australian Hillclimb Championship was held on Prince Henry Drive in 1955 and 1961.^[58] From 1923 to 1928 racing for both motorcycle speedway and for cars was held at Werrington Park Speedway on a site south of the Toowoomba City Aerodrome.^[59]

Toowoomba is home to four parkrun events: Toowoomba (founded 2013 at Queens Park),^[60] Highfields (founded 2015),^[61] South Toowoomba (founded 2018)^[62] and Picnic Point (founded 2023).^[63] Toowoomba's parkrun events are some of the best attended in Australia with as many as 500 participants.^[64]

Community groups

The Toowoomba branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at 263 Margaret Street and the Toowoomba City Business Women's branch meets at 161 Margaret Street.^[65]

There are 6 Rotary clubs operating within Toowoomba. All are active within the community raising funds annually in excess of $200,000. The Rotary Cub of Toowoomba meets at Burke and Wills Hotel, 554 Ruthven Street.^{[citation needed]}

Media

Print

• The Darling Downs Gazette (June 1858 to October 1922^[66])
• The Chronicle (since July 1861^[66])
• High Country Herald
• The Coffee Gazette (since October 2014)
• Darling Downs Star (July 1955 to September 2003^[66])
• Toowoomba's Mail (since September 2003^[66])
• Toowoomba Telegraph (October 2012^[67] to July 2013^[68])

Television

Toowoomba is serviced by three commercial national network stations and two national non-commercial network stations. These are Seven Queensland, SCA 10 (Network 10), WIN Television (Nine Network), ABC Television and Special Broadcasting Service. Each broadcasts television services in digital format, with analogue transmissions having been deactivated on 6 December 2011.^[69]

• Seven Queensland (STQ), 7two, 7mate, 7Bravo, 7flix, 7Bravo: Seven Network owned and operated channels.
• WIN Television, 9Gem, 9Go!, 9Life: Nine Network affiliated channels.
• SCA 10, 10 Bold, 10 Peach, 10 Shake, Sky News Regional: Network 10 affiliated channels.
• Special Broadcasting Service, SBS, SBS Viceland, SBS Food, SBS World Movies, SBS WorldWatch and NITV
• Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ABC TV, ABC TV Plus, ABC Kids, ABC Me, ABC News

Of the three commercial networks, Seven Queensland and WIN Television both air 30-minute local news bulletins at 6pm each weeknight, produced from newsrooms in the city but broadcast from studios in Maroochydore and Wollongong respectively. Southern Cross Nine aired a regional Queensland edition of Nine News from Brisbane, featuring local opt-outs for Toowoomba and the Darling Downs from August 2017^[70] to February 2019.^[71]

Brisbane metropolitan commercial channels BTQ-7 (Seven Network), QTQ-9 (Nine Network) and TVQ-10 (Network Ten) broadcasting from transmission towers at Mount Coot-tha can also be received in some parts of Toowoomba.

Radio

Toowoomba has many different radio stations including FM and AM channels. Below is a list of some stations available in Toowoomba.

• Hit 100.7 Darling Downs (100.7 FM)
• Triple M Darling Downs 864^[72] (864 AM)
• ABC Southern Queensland^[72] (747 AM)
• 92.9 Voice FM ^[72] (92.9 FM)
• River949 (94.9 FM)
• ABC News Radio (96.7 FM)
• Power FM (88.0 FM)
• Community Radio (101.7 FM)
• Triple J (103.3 FM / 104.1 FM)
• ABC Local Radio Queensland (104.9 FM)
• ABC Classic FM (107.3 FM)
• 4WK (963 AM)
• 4AK (1242 AM)
• The Breeze (1620 AM)

Transport

There is a suburban bus service operated by Bus Queensland Toowoomba throughout the city. This is a Translink service. Stonestreets Coaches operate many school services in the city.^{[citation needed]}

There are frequent inter-city bus services between Toowoomba and Brisbane, and other centres operated by Greyhound Australia and Murrays.^[73] Toowoomba was the headquarters for McCafferty's Coaches that operated a national long-distance coach network until its sale to Greyhound Australia in 2004.^{[citation needed]}

Toowoomba station has a twice-weekly rail service from Brisbane to Charleville and return on Queensland Rail's The Westlander.^[74] Toowoomba is criss-crossed by several railway lines that are used for freight, and idle railway stations can be found in the suburbs (including Ballard, Drayton, Harlaxton and Harristown), dating to when these localities were separate centres.

Toowoomba is served by Toowoomba Wellcamp Airport, which is serviced by Bonza,^[75] QantasLink and Regional Express Airlines, with flights to Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne,^[75] Townsville,^[75] Whitsundays^[75] and destinations west of the city.

Toowoomba City Aerodrome is located in Toowoomba's outer suburb of Wilsonton (27°32′28″S 151°54′47″E / 27.541°S 151.913°E / -27.541; 151.913 (Toowoomba City Aerodrome)). The city's former airport is now primarily used by the Royal Flying Doctor Service, LifeFlight and the Darling Downs Aero Club.^[76]

Infrastructure

Health

Toowoomba is serviced by four hospitals: Toowoomba Base Hospital, which is a public hospital and one of the largest hospitals in regional Australia, this will soon be replaced via a redevelopment at the Baillie Henderson Hospital site; a specialist psychiatric hospital called Baillie Henderson Hospital; and two private hospitals: St. Andrew's Toowoomba Hospital and St. Vincents Hospital. There is also the Toowoomba Hospice which is a community-based private healthcare facility which provides palliative care to the terminally ill.^[77]

Water

Toowoomba's third water storage Cressbrook Dam was completed in 1983 and supplied water to Toowoomba in 1988. It has a full capacity of about 80,000 megalitres (2.8 billion cubic feet) bringing total capacity of the three dams, Cooby, Perseverance, and Cressbrook, to 126,000 megalitres (4.4 billion cubic feet).^[78][79][80] The city also has underground supplies in fractured basalt of the rock unit known as the Main Range Volcanics. Toowoomba also sits above the eastern edge of the Great Artesian Basin and to the west underground water is available beneath unconsolidated alluvium.^[81]

Rainfall during the period from 1998 to 2005 was 30% below the long term average, consistent with a prolonged drought; with this trend continuing through to the spring of 2007. In mid-2005, the water situation for the city was becoming critical with water supply levels below 30%.^[82] Environmental flows from Cressbrook Dam into Cressbrook Creek were allowed to cease as Toowoomba approached level five water restrictions.^[82] During March 2006 the surface water storage in the dams fell below 25% of full capacity, falling further to 12.8% on 10 March 2008 and reaching an all-time low of 7.7% in December 2009.^[83]

The former Toowoomba Mayor Di Thorley proposed a controversial potable reuse project under the Toowoomba Water Futures plan which would result in water reclaimed from the Wetalla Sewage Treatment Plant being returned to Cooby Dam to provide 25% of the potable water supply for Toowoomba. Other water supply options include importing water from Oakey Creek Groundwater Management Area (average TDS 1660 mg/L), importing water from Condamine Groundwater Management Area (average TDS 740 mg/L), and water from coal seam gas production (TDS 1200–4300 mg/L).^[84]

 

Their Royal Highnesses, The Duke and Duchess of York, with Mayor James Douglas Annand in Toowoomba, 1927.

On 29 July 2006, Toowoomba City Council conducted a poll of Toowoomba residents on the proposal to use this multi-barrier filtration system for filtering sewage for drinking purposes. The poll question was: "Do you support the addition of purified recycled water to Toowoomba's water supply via Cooby Dam as proposed by Water Futures – Toowoomba?" 38% of voters supported the proposal and 62% opposed. This meant that despite dams reaching critical levels, the city rejected the use of recycled water in a plebiscite. Since the public rejection in 2006 of adding recycled sewage to the drinking water supply, water conservation measures have included harvesting stormwater for use in public parks and adding filtered groundwater to the town water supply. The city was under level 5 water restrictions as of 26 September 2006. This prohibits residents from using town water on their lawns, gardens or cars, and residents are strongly urged to cut down on water consumption.^[85][86]

In 2007, the Toowoomba City Council commenced a bore drilling program to augment the dwindling dam supplies and constructed several subartesian bores across the city and one artesian bore at Wetalla in the city's north. Many of the subartesian bores provided potable water with a reliable yield and have been developed into production however the artesian bore's water quality was very poor, prohibiting development as a potable source. This was an expensive setback for the city as the cost was over A$2 million for drilling to over 700 m (2,300 ft). In January 2008, yield testing had been stalled due to the unavailability of appropriate pumping equipment. The Toowoomba Regional Council began supplementing the city's water supply with bore water from the Great Artesian Basin in September 2009.^[87] Groundwater has become a significant contributor to the city's water supply needs and now constitutes one third of the total volume of water treated for reticulated supply (160 megalitres (5,700,000 cu ft) per week).^[88]

The state government has built a $187 million pipeline from Wivenhoe Dam to Toowoomba. Water pumping along the 38 km (24 mi) pipeline to Cressbrook Dam began in January 2010.^[89]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Toowoomba

Sister cities

Toowoomba has sister city relations with three international cities: Wanganui, New Zealand; Takatsuki, Japan; and Paju, South Korea.^[90]

Religion

The 2021 census recorded the following statistics for religious affiliation in Toowoomba: No religion 32.5%; Catholic 20.2%; Anglican 14.2%; Other Christian 5.1%.^[1]

Toowoomba Wesleyan Methodist Church is at 267 North Street, Wilsonton Heights (27°32′16″S 151°55′38″E / 27.5379°S 151.9273°E / -27.5379; 151.9273 (Toowoomba Wesleyan Methodist Church)).^[91] It is part of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia.^[92]

Toowoomba Chinese Wesleyan Methodist Church is at 21 Kookaburra Court, Glenvale (27°34′09″S 151°53′33″E / 27.5691°S 151.8924°E / -27.5691; 151.8924 (Toowoomba Chinese Wesleyan Methodist Church)). It is part of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia.^[92]

Harrison (2006) has noted the appeal of Toowoomba as 'fertile ground' for fundamentalist Christian movements, particularly those with a religio-political outlook.^[93] This was exemplified by the Logos Foundation under the leadership of Howard Carter in the 1980s.^[94]

References

1. Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Toowoomba". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 23 December 2022.  
2. "Toowoomba". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
3. "2011 Census Community Profiles: Toowoomba". ABS Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
4. Harris, Meghan (3 August 2016). "9 things you know if you grew up in Toowoomba". Toowoomba Chronicle. from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
5. "Toowoomba – town in Toowoomba Region (entry 34970)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
6. "Google Maps". web page. 28 April 2015. from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
7. Statistics (26 July 2022). "Population estimates by Significant Urban Area and Remoteness Area (ASGS2016), 2001 to 2021". abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
8. Southern Queensland, University. "Why UniSQ Toowoomba". UniSQ.edu. UniSQ. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
9. "3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2011–12". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 30 April 2013. from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
10. . State Library of Queensland. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
11. "Foodie heaven: Toowoomba's culinary revival". The Courier Mail. Queensland, Australia. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2023 – via Courier Mail.
12. https://www.tr.qld.gov.au/our-region/history/historic-locations/117-historic-toowoomba-region-locations#^{[bare URL]}
13. "Toowoomba autumn tourism turns new leaf". ABC News Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 May 2002. Retrieved 24 September 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
14. "Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map". State Library of Queensland. 2020. from the original on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
15. "Dictionary of Australian Biography Cl-Cu". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Project Gutenberg Australia. from the original on 26 July 2015.
16. . Toowoomba Regional Council. 14 May 2008. Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
17. Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland) (2000). Heritage Trails of the Great South East. State of Queensland. pp. 74–76. ISBN 0-7345-1008-X.
18. "Advertising". Darling Downs Gazette. Vol. XLIV, no. 10, 572. Queensland, Australia. 19 July 1902. p. 4. from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
19. "The Lilley Estate". hdl:10462/deriv/18438. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
20. Australia. Royal Australian Air Force. Historical Section (1995), Logistics units, AGPS Press, ISBN 978-0-644-42798-2
21. . Toowoomba Regional Council. Archived from the original on 16 August 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
22. "Findings of Inquest" (PDF). Office Of The State Coroner. 5 June 2012. (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
23. "Daily rainfall - Middle Ridge". BOM Daily Rainfall. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2011. from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
24. Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Toowoomba (UCL)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.  
25. "Designing for Queensland's climate" (PDF). Queensland Government. pp. 3, 35. (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
26. (PDF). Queensland Government. p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
27. "Climate statistics for Australian locations: Toowoomba Airport". Bureau of Meteorology. from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
28. "Toowoomba Airport, QLD Climate (1996–present normals and extremes)". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
29. "Peter Snow & Co - Real Estate in East Toowoomba | Rangeville | Kearneys Spring | Middle Ridge". Petersnow.com.au. from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
30. "Empire Theatre marks 95th anniversary". ABC News Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 June 2006. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
31. , Toowoomba Regional Council, March 2012, archived from the original on 27 September 2012
32. Hackney, Peter (4 September 2010). "Cobb & Co Museum reopens". The Toowoomba Chronicle. APN News & Media. from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
33. "Toowoomba one of Queensland's car theft hot spots". Royal Automobile Club of Queensland. 2 May 2018. from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
34. "Get into touch". Heritage Bank. from the original on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
35. . FK Gardner & Sons Group. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
36. "Contact". Newlands. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
37. . about-australia.com.au. n.d. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
38. "Train buffs have chance to go loco – Family Fun – Finda". EZI Drive Coaches and Mini Buses. 2007. from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
39. . Toowoomba Chronicle. 17 September 2008. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
40. "National Film and Sound Archive: 'Carnival of Flowers' on australianscreen online". Aso.gov.au. from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
41. Bligh, Anna (10 June 2009). . Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
42. "History - TCOF". Toowoomba Carnival of Flowers. Toowoomba Regional Council. 26 February 2018. from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
43. "First Coat — Home". www.firstcoat.com.au. from the original on 13 May 2017.
44. "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
45. "Easterfest cancelled, organisers announce end of an era". Chronicle. from the original on 24 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
46. "Food and Wine Festival". Toowoomba Carnival of Flowers. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
47. "About Home Ice Cream". Home Ice Cream. from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
48. Clydesdales gone forever: Martin – Toowoomba Chronicle – 7 December 2006 08:00:00.0 – localsport 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
49. SportsNews.com.au: Aspley new Brisbane Broncos feeder club 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
50. Toowoomba Sports Grounds Austadiums
51. Rockville Park clubhouse amenities upgrade 27 June 2022
52. McCullough, Glen (3 November 2012). "City Golf Club hoping to confirm PGA Championship return". Toowoomba Chronicle. Thechronicle.com.au. from the original on 15 September 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
53. . Pga.org.au. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
54. Club History^{[permanent dead link]}. Toowoomba Turf Club. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
55. "Background | FKG Tour of Toowoomba". Touroftoowoomba.com.au. 21 November 2013. from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
56. Walker, Terry (1995). Fast Tracks. Sydney: Turton & Armstrong. pp. 62, 98. ISBN 0908031556.
57. "The Track". Toowoomba Motocross Club. from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
58. Davis, Pedr (1986). The Macquarie Dictionary of Motoring. p. 483. ISBN 0949757357.
59. Walker, Terry (1995). Fast Tracks. pp. 182–183. ISBN 0908031556.
60. Toowoomba Parkrun Event History
61. Highfields Parkrun Event History
62. South Toowoomba Parkrun Event History
63. Picnic Point Parkrun Event History
64. Parkrun Australia Attendance records
65. "Branch Locations". Queensland Country Women's Association. from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
66. About us 14 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Toowoomba Chronicle. Toowoomba Newspapers. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
67. Toowoomba Telegraph 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. jf media. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
68. "Staff out of work as Toowoomba Telegraph closes | Toowoomba Chronicle". Thechronicle.com.au. 31 July 2013. from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
69. Regional digital TV timetable 16 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Government
70. (14 August 2017) Nine News Darling Downs launches tonight 11 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Triple M. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
71. McKnight, Robert (15 February 2019) Channel 9 axes two news bulletins 11 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine, TV Blackbox. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
72. "Top radio stations in Toowoomba | Listen live & for free". au.radio.net. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
73. . Greyhound.com.au. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
74. Westlander timetable 22 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Queensland Rail. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
75. "New airline Bonza officially launches in Toowoomba". The Field Guide. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
76. "Council officially renames Toowoomba's aerodrome". from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
77. "Our Services". Toowoomba Hospice. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
78. . Toowoombarc.qld.gov.au. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
79. . Toowoombarc.qld.gov.au. Archived from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
80. . Toowoombarc.qld.gov.au. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
81. . Toowoombarc.qld.gov.au. Archived from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
82. "Govt urged to review water agreement". ABC News Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 August 2005. from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
83. Gleeson, Anthea (22 September 2010). "Expert not ready to 'call' drought". Warwick Daily News. APN News & Media. from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
84. Water Future 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Toowoomba City Council. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
85. "Toowoomba says no to recycled water - National". smh.com.au. from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
86. "Recycled water poll: five years on | Toowoomba Chronicle". Thechronicle.com.au. 13 August 2011. from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
87. Gaynor, Mitch (20 September 2009). "Toowoomba taps into bore water as drought continues". The Sunday Mail. Queensland Newspapers. from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
88. "Weekly Water Consumption Figures". Toowoomba City Council. 10 March 2008. from the original on 8 December 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
89. "Pipeline sparks water price assurance". ABC Southern Queensland. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 29 January 2010. from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
90. . Toowoomba Regional Council. 9 September 2008. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
91. "Toowoomba". Wesleyan Methodist Church Australia. from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
92. "South Queensland". Wesleyan Methodist Church Australia. from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
93. "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
94. Roberts, G., Sex Scandal Divides Bible Belt, Sydney Morning Herald, 12 October 1990

Attribution

  This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Language Resources for Toowoomba and Darling Downs published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence, accessed on 16 August 2018.

Further reading

• Knowles, J. (1959) Toowoomba as a Railway Centre, Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, January 1959 pp. 10–16.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toowoomba, Queensland.

 

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Toowoomba.

• Toowoomba.org – Toowoomba's Homepage
• Toowoomba Tourist Information
• Toowoomba Historical Society Inc newsletter archive, State Library of Queensland
• Peter Fischmann Toowoomba photographs 1985-1989, State Library of Queensland
• Qld Open House Toowoomba website archive, State Library of Queensland
• Toowoomba Art Society newsletter archive, State Library of Queensland
• Toowoomba Carnival of Flowers Photographs, State Library of Queensland
• Toowoomba Railway goods shed archival record, State Library of Queensland