fbpx
Wikipedia

Developed country

February 15, 2024

"Industrial nation" redirects here. For the magazine, see Industrialnation.
Not to be confused with Developing country.
For the investing classification, see Developed market.

A developed country, or high-income country,[3][4] is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are the gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living.[5] Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate. Different definitions of developed countries are provided by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; moreover, HDI ranking is used to reflect the composite index of life expectancy, education, and income per capita. Another commonly used measure of a developed country is the threshold of GDP (PPP) per capita of at least US$22,000. In 2023, 40 countries fit all four criteria, while an additional 15 countries fit three out of four.

  Developed countries (IMF)
  Developing countries (IMF)
  Least developed countries (UN)
  Data unavailable

World map showing country classifications per the IMF[1] and the UN[2] (last updated April 2023). "Developed economies" according to this classification scheme are shown in blue. The map does not include classifications by the World Bank.

Developed countries have generally more advanced post-industrial economies, meaning the service sector provides more wealth than the industrial sector. They are contrasted with developing countries, which are in the process of industrialisation or are pre-industrial and almost entirely agrarian, some of which might fall into the category of Least Developed Countries. As of 2023, advanced economies comprise 57.3% of global GDP based on nominal values and 41.1% of global GDP based on purchasing-power parity (PPP) according to the IMF.[6]

Definition and criteria edit

 
UNCTAD members classifications
  List A
  List B, consisting predominantly of developed countries
  List C
  List D
  To be assigned

Economic criteria have tended to dominate discussions. One such criterion is the income per capita; countries with the high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita would thus be described as developed countries. Another economic criterion is industrialisation; countries in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors of industry dominate would thus be described as developed. More recently, another measure, the Human Development Index (HDI), which combines an economic measure, national income, with other measures, indices for life expectancy and education has become prominent. This criterion would define developed countries as those with a very high (HDI) rating. The index, however, does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking of some of the most advanced countries, such as the G7 members and others.[7][8]

According to the United Nations Statistics Division:

There is no established convention for the designation of "developed" and "developing" countries or areas in the United Nations system.[9]

And it notes that:

The designations "developed" and "developing" are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.[10]

Nevertheless, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development considers that this categorization can continue to be applied:

The developed economies broadly comprise Northern America and Europe, Israel, Japan and the Republic of Korea, as well as Australia and New Zealand.[11]

Similar terms edit

See also: Global North and Global South

Terms linked to the concept developed country include "advanced country", "industrialized country", "more developed country" (MDC), "more economically developed country" (MEDC), "Global North country", "first world country", and "post-industrial country". The term industrialized country may be somewhat ambiguous, as industrialisation is an ongoing process that is hard to define. The first industrialized country was the United Kingdom, followed by Belgium. Later it spread further to Germany, United States, France and other Western European countries. According to some economists such as Jeffrey Sachs, however, the current divide between the developed and developing world is largely a phenomenon of the 20th century.[12]

Mathis Wackernagel calls the binary labeling of countries as "neither descriptive nor explanatory. It is merely a thoughtless and destructive endorsement of GDP fetish. In reality, there are not two types of countries, but over 200 countries, all faced with the same laws of nature, yet each with unique features."[13]

A 2021 analysis proposes the term emerged to describe markets, economies, or countries that have graduated from emerging market status, but have not yet reached the level equivalent to developed countries.[14] Multinational corporations from these emerging markets present unique patterns of overseas expansion and knowledge acquisition from foreign countries.

Economy lists by various criteria edit

Human Development Index (HDI) edit

Main articles: Human Development Index and List of countries by Human Development Index
 
The world map representing Human Development Index categories (based on 2021 data, published in 2022)
  •   Very high
  •   High
  •   Medium
  •   Low
  •   No data
 
World map of countries or territories by Human Development Index scores in increments of 0.050 (based on 2021 data, published in 2022)
  •   ≥ 0.950
  •   0.900–0.950
  •   0.850–0.899
  •   0.800–0.849
  •   0.750–0.799
  •   0.700–0.749
  •   0.650–0.699
  •   0.600–0.649
  •   0.550–0.599
  •   0.500–0.549
  •   0.450–0.499
  •   0.400–0.449
  •   ≤ 0.399
  •   Data unavailable

The UN HDI is a statistical measure that gauges an economy's level of human development. While there is a strong correlation between having a high HDI score and being a prosperous economy, the UN points out that the HDI accounts for more than income or productivity. Unlike GDP per capita or per capita income, the HDI takes into account how income is turned "into education and health opportunities and therefore into higher levels of human development."

Since 1990, Norway (2001–2006, 2009–2019), Japan (1990–1991 and 1993), Canada (1992 and 1994–2000) and Iceland (2007–2008) have had the highest HDI score.

The following countries ranked from 1 to 66 in the year 2021 are considered to be of "very high human development":[15]

Table of countries by HDI
Rank Nation/region HDI
2021 data (2022 report)​[15] Change since 2015​[16] 2021 data (2022 report)​[15] Average annual growth (2010–2021)​[16]
1      Switzerland 0.962   0.19%
2     Norway 0.961   0.19%
3     Iceland 0.959   0.56%
4   (3)   Hong Kong 0.952   0.44%
5   (3)   Australia 0.951   0.27%
6     Denmark 0.948   0.34%
7   (2)   Sweden 0.947   0.36%
8   (6)   Ireland 0.945   0.40%
9   (5)   Germany 0.942   0.16%
10   (1)   Netherlands 0.941   0.24%
11     Finland 0.940   0.29%
12   (1)   Singapore 0.939   0.29%
13   (2)   Belgium 0.937   0.25%
  (3)   New Zealand   0.15%
15   (2)   Canada 0.936   0.25%
16   (1)   Liechtenstein 0.935   0.22%
17   (3)   Luxembourg 0.930   0.18%
18   (3)   United Kingdom 0.929   0.17%
19     Japan 0.925   0.27%
  (3)   South Korea   0.35%
21   (3)   United States 0.921   0.10%
22     Israel 0.919   0.25%
23   (4)   Malta 0.918   0.58%
  (1)   Slovenia   0.28%
25   (4)   Austria 0.916   0.14%
26   (9)   United Arab Emirates 0.911   0.80%
27     Spain 0.905   0.38%
28   (3)   France 0.903   0.27%
29   (3)   Cyprus 0.896   0.41%
30   (1)   Italy 0.895   0.13%
31   (2)   Estonia 0.890   0.30%
32   (6)   Czechia 0.889   0.20%
33   (2)   Greece 0.887   0.19%
34   (1)   Poland 0.876   0.37%
35   (3)   Bahrain 0.875   0.73%
  (1)   Lithuania   0.35%
  (2)   Saudi Arabia   0.64%
38   (2)   Portugal 0.866   0.40%
39   (1)   Latvia 0.863   0.42%
40   (6)   Andorra 0.858   0.11%
  (5)   Croatia   0.40%
42   (1)   Chile 0.855   0.46%
  (1)   Qatar   0.23%
44 NA[Note 1]   San Marino 0.853 NA[Note 1]
45   (5)   Slovakia 0.848   0.09%
46   (1)   Hungary 0.846   0.20%
47   (4)   Argentina 0.842   0.09%
48   (6)   Turkey 0.838   1.03%
49   (3)   Montenegro 0.832   0.27%
50   (1)   Kuwait 0.831   0.20%
51   (3)   Brunei 0.829   0.01%
52   (2)   Russia 0.822   0.29%
53   (4)   Romania 0.821   0.16%
54   (3)   Oman 0.816   0.32%
55   (2)   Bahamas 0.812   0.00%
56   (4)   Kazakhstan 0.811   0.51%
57   (2)   Trinidad and Tobago 0.810   0.23%
58   (4)   Costa Rica 0.809   0.43%
    Uruguay   0.25%
60   (3)   Belarus 0.808   0.21%
61     Panama 0.805   0.37%
62   (1)   Malaysia 0.803   0.39%
63   (7)   Georgia 0.802   0.50%
  (2)   Mauritius   0.55%
  (4)   Serbia   0.41%
66   (6)   Thailand 0.800   0.75%

High-income economies edit

See also: Developed market

Some institutions have produced lists of developed countries: the UN (list shown above), the CIA,[17] and some providers of stock market indices (the FTSE Group, MSCI, S&P, Dow Jones, STOXX, etc.). The latter is not included here because its association of developed countries with countries with both high incomes and developed markets is not deemed as directly relevant.[why?][Note 2]

However, many other institutions have created more general lists referred to when discussing developed countries. For example, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identifies 39 "advanced economies".[18][19] The OECD's 37 members are known as the "developed countries club".[20][21][22] The World Bank identifies 81 "high income countries".[23] Other standards, such as the 30-50 Club (GDP per capita over $30,000 and population over 50 million) have been developed to categorize highly developed and influential countries.

World Bank high-income economies edit

Main articles: World Bank high-income economy and List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita
 
World Bank high-income economies in 2019

According to the World Bank the following 83 countries and territories are classified as "high-income economies". As of the 2024 fiscal year, high-income economies are those that had a GNI per capita of $13,845 or more in 2022.[24]

37 countries and territories in Europe:

22 countries and territories in the Americas:

15 countries and territories in Asia:

eight countries and territories in Oceania:

one country in Africa:

eight former high-income economies:[25]

* Between 1994 and 2009, as a part of the   Netherlands Antilles.

# Dissolved on 10 October 2010, succeeded by Curaçao and Sint Maarten.

High-income OECD members edit

According to the World Bank, the following 34 members are classified as "OECD High-Income":[26][27]

26 countries in Europe:

three countries in the Americas:

three countries in Asia:

two countries in Oceania:

Development Assistance Committee members edit

See also: Development Assistance Committee
 
Member nations of the Development Assistance Committee

There are 29 OECD member countries and the European Union—in the Development Assistance Committee (DAC),[28] a group of the world's major donor countries that discusses issues surrounding development aid and poverty reduction in developing countries.[29] The following OECD member countries are DAC members:

23 countries in Europe:

two countries in the Americas:

two countries in Asia:

two countries in Oceania:

IMF advanced economies edit

 
  Countries described as Advanced Economies by the IMF

According to the International Monetary Fund, 41 countries and territories are officially listed as "advanced economies",[1][30] with the addition of 7 microstates and dependencies modified by the CIA which were omitted from the IMF version:[17]

29 countries and dependencies in Europe classified by the IMF, 6 others given by the CIA:

Plusd

seven countries and territories in Asia:

three countries and territories in the Americas classified by the IMF, one territory given by the CIA :

two countries in Oceania:

d The CIA has modified an older version of the IMF's list of 38 Advanced Economies, noting that the IMF's Advanced Economies list "would presumably also cover the following nine smaller countries of Andorra, Bermuda, Faroe Islands, Guernsey, Holy See, Jersey, Liechtenstein, Monaco, and San Marino[...]". San Marino (2012) and Andorra (2021) were later included in the IMF's list.[17]

Paris Club members edit

 
Permanent members of the Paris Club

There are 22 permanent members in the Paris Club (French: Club de Paris), a group of officials from major creditor countries whose role is to find coordinated and sustainable solutions to the payment difficulties experienced by debtor countries.

15 countries in Europe:

three countries in the Americas:

three countries in Asia:

one country in Oceania:

Comparative table (2023) edit

Comparative table of countries with a "very high" human development (0.800 or higher), according to UNDP; "advanced" economies, according to the IMF; "high income" economies, according to the World Bank; and income per capita (purchasing power parity) higher than $25,000, according to the IMF.

Developed countries
Countries HDI[31] IMF[32] WB[24] Per capita PPP 2023[33]
2023
  Croatia Yes since 2007 Yes since 2023 Yes since 2017 Yes since 2016
2021
  San Marino Yes since 2021 Yes since 2012 Yes since 2000 Yes before 2004
2020
  Andorra Yes since 2003 Yes since 2020 Yes since 1990 Yes before 2010
2016
  Latvia Yes since 2005 Yes since 2014 Yes since 2012 Yes since 2016
2015
  Lithuania Yes since 2005 Yes since 2015 Yes since 2012 Yes since 2013
2013
  Greece Yes since 2001 Yes since 1989[34] Yes since 1996 Yes since 2013
2012
  Estonia Yes since 2003 Yes since 2011 Yes since 2006 Yes since 2012
2011
  Slovakia Yes since 2006 Yes since 2009 Yes since 2007 Yes since 2011
2009
  Czech Republic Yes since 2001 Yes since 2009 Yes since 2006 Yes since 2006
2008
  Malta Yes since 2003 Yes since 2008 Yes since 2002 Yes since 2007
  Liechtenstein Yes since 2000 Yes since 2008 Yes since 1990 Yes since 1987[35]
  Monaco Yes before 1990[36] Yes since 2008 Yes before 1990 Yes since 1987[37]
2007
  Slovenia Yes since 1998 Yes since 2007 Yes since 1997 Yes since 2006
  Portugal Yes since 2005 Yes since 1989[34] Yes since 1994 Yes since 2007
2006
  Israel Yes since 1991 Yes since 1997[38] Yes since 1987 Yes since 2006
  South Korea Yes since 1999 Yes since 1997[38] Yes since 2001 Yes since 2006
2003
  New Zealand Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 2003
2002
  Cyprus Yes since 2001 Yes since 2001 Yes since 1988 Yes since 2002
  Taiwan N/A[Note 4] Yes since 1997[38] Yes since 1987 Yes since 2002
2001
  Spain Yes since 1995 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 2001
1999
  Singapore Yes since 1999 Yes since 1997[38] Yes since 1987 Yes since 1991
  Finland Yes since 1994 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1999
  United Kingdom Yes since 1992 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1999
1998
  Ireland Yes since 1996 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1998
  Iceland Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1998
  Sweden Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1998
  France Yes since 1993 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1998
1997
  Australia Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1997
  Belgium Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1997
  Canada Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1997
1996
  Italy Yes since 1995 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1996
  Austria Yes since 1992 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1996
  Germany Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1996
  Japan Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1996
1995
  Netherlands Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1995
1994
  Denmark Yes since 1991 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1994
1992
  Luxembourg Yes since 1992 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1986
  United States Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1992
1988
  Norway Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1988
1987
   Switzerland Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1986
In process
Countries HDI[31] IMF[32] WB[24] per capita PPP 2023[33]
  Uruguay Yes since 2014 No Yes since 2012 Yes since 2022
  Chile Yes since 2007 No Yes since 2012 Yes since 2021
  Trinidad and Tobago Yes since 2021 No Yes since 2006 Yes since 2006
  Romania Yes since 2013 No Yes since 2021 Yes since 2017
  Panama Yes since 2019 No Yes since 2021 Yes since 2015
  Bahamas Yes since 2016 No Yes since 1987 Yes since 1999
  Hungary Yes since 2005 No Yes since 2014 Yes since 2014
  Poland Yes since 2003 No Yes since 2009 Yes since 2014
  Kuwait Yes since 2014 No Yes since 1987 Yes since 1992
  Bahrain Yes since 2012 No Yes since 2001 Yes since 1983
  Oman Yes since 2012 No Yes since 2007 Yes since 1990
  Saudi Arabia Yes since 2010 No Yes since 2004 Yes before 1980
  United Arab Emirates Yes since 2004 No Yes since 1987 Yes before 1980
  Brunei Yes since 1999 No Yes since 1990 Yes before 1985
  Qatar Yes since 1996 No Yes since 1987 Yes before 1980
Other recognitions
Countries HDI[31] IMF[32] WB[24] per capita PPP 2023[33]
  Serbia Yes since 2019 No No Yes since 2023
  Costa Rica Yes since 2019 No No Yes since 2022
  Mauritius Yes since 2019 No No Yes since 2022
  Argentina Yes since 2006 No No Yes since 2022
  Montenegro Yes since 2013 No No Yes since 2022
  Bulgaria Yes since 2015 No No Yes since 2021
  Kazakhstan Yes since 2015 No No Yes since 2018
  Malaysia Yes since 2016 No No Yes since 2017
  Saint Kitts and Nevis No No Yes since 2012 Yes since 2017
  Russia Yes since 2013 No No Yes since 2017
  Seychelles No No Yes since 2014 Yes since 2016
  Turkey Yes since 2015 No No Yes since 2015
  Barbados No No Yes since 2006 No
  Dominican Republic No No No Yes since 2023
  Guyana No No Yes since 2022 Yes since 2022
  Thailand Yes since 2021 No No No
  Maldives No No No Yes since 2021
  Georgia Yes since 2019 No No No
  Nauru No data No Yes since 2019 No
  Antigua and Barbuda No No Yes since 2012 Yes since 2023
  Belarus Yes since 2012 No No No

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b HDI not available before 2018 in latest report
  2. ^ The Developed Countries Glossary 20 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine entry reads: "The following countries are classified by FTSE as developed countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium/Luxembourg, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong (China), Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States."
  3. ^ Geographically a part of Asia, geopolitically a part of Europe.
  4. ^ The HDI annual report compiled by the UNDP does not include Taiwan because it is no longer a UN member state, and is neither included as part of the People's Republic of China by the UNDP when calculating data for China.[39] Taiwan's Statistical Bureau calculated its HDI to be 0.926 based on UNDP's 2010 methodology,[40][41] which would place Taiwan well within the group of "Very high human development" at 19th globally in 2021 within the 2022 UNDP report.[42][43]

References edit

  1. ^ a b "World Economic and Financial Surveys World Economic Outlook Database—WEO Groups and Aggregates Information". International Monetary Fund. from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  2. ^ Least Developed Countries 17 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine (2018 list 21 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine)
  3. ^ "Fiscal Policy and Inclusive Growth in Advanced Countries: Their Experience and Implications for Asia" (PDF). adb.org. Asian Development Bank. December 2014. (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  4. ^ "Advanced Countries Will Benefit Most from Progress in Technology, with Lesser Benefits to Other Nations". rand.org. RAND Corporation. 1 June 2006. from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  5. ^ Developed Economy Definition 22 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Investopedia (16 April 2010). Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  6. ^ International Monetary Fund. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023". International Monetary Fund. from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  7. ^ The Courier. Commission of the European Communities. 1994. from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  8. ^ "Human development index". Economics Help. from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  9. ^ "Millennium Development Indicators: World and regional groupings". United Nations Statistics Division. 2003. Note b. from the original on 10 February 2005. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  10. ^ "Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49): Developed Regions". United Nations Statistics Division. from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  11. ^ "UNCTADstat - Classifications". from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  12. ^ Sachs, Jeffrey (2005). The End of Poverty. New York, New York: The Penguin Press. ISBN 1-59420-045-9.
  13. ^ Wackernagel, Mathis; Beyers, Bert (2019). Ecological Footprint: Managing Our Biocapacity Budget. Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-86571-911-8. from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  14. ^ Lee, Eun Su; Liu, Wei; Yang, Jing Yu (23 September 2021). "Neither developed nor emerging: Dual paths for outward FDI and home country innovation in emerged market MNCs". International Business Review. 32 (2): 101925. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2021.101925. ISSN 0969-5931. S2CID 244268711.
  15. ^ a b c Human Development Report 2021-22: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. pp. 272–276. ISBN 978-9-211-26451-7. (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
February 15, 2024
developed, country, industrial, nation, redirects, here, magazine, industrialnation, confused, with, developing, country, investing, classification, developed, market, developed, country, high, income, country, sovereign, state, that, high, quality, life, deve. Industrial nation redirects here For the magazine see Industrialnation Not to be confused with Developing country For the investing classification see Developed market A developed country or high income country 3 4 is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations Most commonly the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are the gross domestic product GDP gross national product GNP the per capita income level of industrialization amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living 5 Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate Different definitions of developed countries are provided by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank moreover HDI ranking is used to reflect the composite index of life expectancy education and income per capita Another commonly used measure of a developed country is the threshold of GDP PPP per capita of at least US 22 000 In 2023 40 countries fit all four criteria while an additional 15 countries fit three out of four Developed countries IMF Developing countries IMF Least developed countries UN Data unavailableWorld map showing country classifications per the IMF 1 and the UN 2 last updated April 2023 Developed economies according to this classification scheme are shown in blue The map does not include classifications by the World Bank Developed countries have generally more advanced post industrial economies meaning the service sector provides more wealth than the industrial sector They are contrasted with developing countries which are in the process of industrialisation or are pre industrial and almost entirely agrarian some of which might fall into the category of Least Developed Countries As of 2023 update advanced economies comprise 57 3 of global GDP based on nominal values and 41 1 of global GDP based on purchasing power parity PPP according to the IMF 6 Contents 1 Definition and criteria 1 1 Similar terms 2 Economy lists by various criteria 2 1 Human Development Index HDI 2 2 High income economies 2 2 1 World Bank high income economies 2 2 2 High income OECD members 2 3 Development Assistance Committee members 2 4 IMF advanced economies 2 5 Paris Club members 3 Comparative table 2023 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksDefinition and criteria edit nbsp UNCTAD members classifications List A List B consisting predominantly of developed countries List C List D To be assignedEconomic criteria have tended to dominate discussions One such criterion is the income per capita countries with the high gross domestic product GDP per capita would thus be described as developed countries Another economic criterion is industrialisation countries in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors of industry dominate would thus be described as developed More recently another measure the Human Development Index HDI which combines an economic measure national income with other measures indices for life expectancy and education has become prominent This criterion would define developed countries as those with a very high HDI rating The index however does not take into account several factors such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country This situation tends to lower the ranking of some of the most advanced countries such as the G7 members and others 7 8 According to the United Nations Statistics Division There is no established convention for the designation of developed and developing countries or areas in the United Nations system 9 And it notes that The designations developed and developing are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process 10 Nevertheless the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development considers that this categorization can continue to be applied The developed economies broadly comprise Northern America and Europe Israel Japan and the Republic of Korea as well as Australia and New Zealand 11 Similar terms edit See also Global North and Global South Terms linked to the concept developed country include advanced country industrialized country more developed country MDC more economically developed country MEDC Global North country first world country and post industrial country The term industrialized country may be somewhat ambiguous as industrialisation is an ongoing process that is hard to define The first industrialized country was the United Kingdom followed by Belgium Later it spread further to Germany United States France and other Western European countries According to some economists such as Jeffrey Sachs however the current divide between the developed and developing world is largely a phenomenon of the 20th century 12 Mathis Wackernagel calls the binary labeling of countries as neither descriptive nor explanatory It is merely a thoughtless and destructive endorsement of GDP fetish In reality there are not two types of countries but over 200 countries all faced with the same laws of nature yet each with unique features 13 A 2021 analysis proposes the term emerged to describe markets economies or countries that have graduated from emerging market status but have not yet reached the level equivalent to developed countries 14 Multinational corporations from these emerging markets present unique patterns of overseas expansion and knowledge acquisition from foreign countries Economy lists by various criteria editHuman Development Index HDI edit Main articles Human Development Index and List of countries by Human Development Index nbsp The world map representing Human Development Index categories based on 2021 data published in 2022 Very high High Medium Low No data nbsp World map of countries or territories by Human Development Index scores in increments of 0 050 based on 2021 data published in 2022 0 950 0 900 0 950 0 850 0 899 0 800 0 849 0 750 0 799 0 700 0 749 0 650 0 699 0 600 0 649 0 550 0 599 0 500 0 549 0 450 0 499 0 400 0 449 0 399 Data unavailableThe UN HDI is a statistical measure that gauges an economy s level of human development While there is a strong correlation between having a high HDI score and being a prosperous economy the UN points out that the HDI accounts for more than income or productivity Unlike GDP per capita or per capita income the HDI takes into account how income is turned into education and health opportunities and therefore into higher levels of human development Since 1990 Norway 2001 2006 2009 2019 Japan 1990 1991 and 1993 Canada 1992 and 1994 2000 and Iceland 2007 2008 have had the highest HDI score The following countries ranked from 1 to 66 in the year 2021 are considered to be of very high human development 15 Table of countries by HDI Rank Nation region HDI2021 data 2022 report 15 Change since 2015 16 2021 data 2022 report 15 Average annual growth 2010 2021 16 1 nbsp nbsp Switzerland 0 962 nbsp 0 19 2 nbsp nbsp Norway 0 961 nbsp 0 19 3 nbsp nbsp Iceland 0 959 nbsp 0 56 4 nbsp 3 nbsp Hong Kong 0 952 nbsp 0 44 5 nbsp 3 nbsp Australia 0 951 nbsp 0 27 6 nbsp nbsp Denmark 0 948 nbsp 0 34 7 nbsp 2 nbsp Sweden 0 947 nbsp 0 36 8 nbsp 6 nbsp Ireland 0 945 nbsp 0 40 9 nbsp 5 nbsp Germany 0 942 nbsp 0 16 10 nbsp 1 nbsp Netherlands 0 941 nbsp 0 24 11 nbsp nbsp Finland 0 940 nbsp 0 29 12 nbsp 1 nbsp Singapore 0 939 nbsp 0 29 13 nbsp 2 nbsp Belgium 0 937 nbsp 0 25 nbsp 3 nbsp New Zealand nbsp 0 15 15 nbsp 2 nbsp Canada 0 936 nbsp 0 25 16 nbsp 1 nbsp Liechtenstein 0 935 nbsp 0 22 17 nbsp 3 nbsp Luxembourg 0 930 nbsp 0 18 18 nbsp 3 nbsp United Kingdom 0 929 nbsp 0 17 19 nbsp nbsp Japan 0 925 nbsp 0 27 nbsp 3 nbsp South Korea nbsp 0 35 21 nbsp 3 nbsp United States 0 921 nbsp 0 10 22 nbsp nbsp Israel 0 919 nbsp 0 25 23 nbsp 4 nbsp Malta 0 918 nbsp 0 58 nbsp 1 nbsp Slovenia nbsp 0 28 25 nbsp 4 nbsp Austria 0 916 nbsp 0 14 26 nbsp 9 nbsp United Arab Emirates 0 911 nbsp 0 80 27 nbsp nbsp Spain 0 905 nbsp 0 38 28 nbsp 3 nbsp France 0 903 nbsp 0 27 29 nbsp 3 nbsp Cyprus 0 896 nbsp 0 41 30 nbsp 1 nbsp Italy 0 895 nbsp 0 13 31 nbsp 2 nbsp Estonia 0 890 nbsp 0 30 32 nbsp 6 nbsp Czechia 0 889 nbsp 0 20 33 nbsp 2 nbsp Greece 0 887 nbsp 0 19 34 nbsp 1 nbsp Poland 0 876 nbsp 0 37 35 nbsp 3 nbsp Bahrain 0 875 nbsp 0 73 nbsp 1 nbsp Lithuania nbsp 0 35 nbsp 2 nbsp Saudi Arabia nbsp 0 64 38 nbsp 2 nbsp Portugal 0 866 nbsp 0 40 39 nbsp 1 nbsp Latvia 0 863 nbsp 0 42 40 nbsp 6 nbsp Andorra 0 858 nbsp 0 11 nbsp 5 nbsp Croatia nbsp 0 40 42 nbsp 1 nbsp Chile 0 855 nbsp 0 46 nbsp 1 nbsp Qatar nbsp 0 23 44 NA Note 1 nbsp San Marino 0 853 NA Note 1 45 nbsp 5 nbsp Slovakia 0 848 nbsp 0 09 46 nbsp 1 nbsp Hungary 0 846 nbsp 0 20 47 nbsp 4 nbsp Argentina 0 842 nbsp 0 09 48 nbsp 6 nbsp Turkey 0 838 nbsp 1 03 49 nbsp 3 nbsp Montenegro 0 832 nbsp 0 27 50 nbsp 1 nbsp Kuwait 0 831 nbsp 0 20 51 nbsp 3 nbsp Brunei 0 829 nbsp 0 01 52 nbsp 2 nbsp Russia 0 822 nbsp 0 29 53 nbsp 4 nbsp Romania 0 821 nbsp 0 16 54 nbsp 3 nbsp Oman 0 816 nbsp 0 32 55 nbsp 2 nbsp Bahamas 0 812 nbsp 0 00 56 nbsp 4 nbsp Kazakhstan 0 811 nbsp 0 51 57 nbsp 2 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago 0 810 nbsp 0 23 58 nbsp 4 nbsp Costa Rica 0 809 nbsp 0 43 nbsp nbsp Uruguay nbsp 0 25 60 nbsp 3 nbsp Belarus 0 808 nbsp 0 21 61 nbsp nbsp Panama 0 805 nbsp 0 37 62 nbsp 1 nbsp Malaysia 0 803 nbsp 0 39 63 nbsp 7 nbsp Georgia 0 802 nbsp 0 50 nbsp 2 nbsp Mauritius nbsp 0 55 nbsp 4 nbsp Serbia nbsp 0 41 66 nbsp 6 nbsp Thailand 0 800 nbsp 0 75 High income economies edit See also Developed market Some institutions have produced lists of developed countries the UN list shown above the CIA 17 and some providers of stock market indices the FTSE Group MSCI S amp P Dow Jones STOXX etc The latter is not included here because its association of developed countries with countries with both high incomes and developed markets is not deemed as directly relevant why Note 2 However many other institutions have created more general lists referred to when discussing developed countries For example the International Monetary Fund IMF identifies 39 advanced economies 18 19 The OECD s 37 members are known as the developed countries club 20 21 22 The World Bank identifies 81 high income countries 23 Other standards such as the 30 50 Club GDP per capita over 30 000 and population over 50 million have been developed to categorize highly developed and influential countries World Bank high income economies edit Main articles World Bank high income economy and List of countries by GNI nominal per capita nbsp World Bank high income economies in 2019According to the World Bank the following 83 countries and territories are classified as high income economies As of the 2024 fiscal year high income economies are those that had a GNI per capita of 13 845 or more in 2022 24 37 countries and territories in Europe nbsp Andorra nbsp Austria nbsp Belgium nbsp nbsp Channel Islands nbsp Croatia nbsp Czech Republic nbsp Denmark nbsp Estonia nbsp Faroe Islands nbsp Finland nbsp France nbsp Germany nbsp Gibraltar nbsp Greece nbsp Hungary nbsp Iceland nbsp Ireland nbsp Isle of Man nbsp Italy nbsp Liechtenstein nbsp Latvia nbsp Lithuania nbsp Luxembourg nbsp Malta nbsp Monaco nbsp Netherlands nbsp Norway nbsp Poland nbsp Portugal nbsp Romania nbsp San Marino nbsp Slovakia nbsp Slovenia nbsp Spain nbsp Sweden nbsp Switzerland nbsp United Kingdom 22 countries and territories in the Americas nbsp Antigua and Barbuda nbsp Aruba nbsp Bahamas nbsp Barbados nbsp Bermuda nbsp British Virgin Islands nbsp Canada nbsp Cayman Islands nbsp Chile nbsp Curacao nbsp Greenland nbsp Guyana nbsp Panama nbsp Puerto Rico nbsp Saint Martin nbsp Sint Maarten nbsp Saint Kitts and Nevis nbsp Turks and Caicos Islands nbsp Trinidad and Tobago nbsp United States nbsp Uruguay nbsp U S Virgin Islands 15 countries and territories in Asia nbsp Bahrain nbsp Brunei nbsp Cyprus Note 3 nbsp Hong Kong nbsp Israel nbsp Japan nbsp Kuwait nbsp Macau nbsp Oman nbsp Qatar nbsp Saudi Arabia nbsp Singapore nbsp South Korea nbsp Taiwan nbsp United Arab Emirates eight countries and territories in Oceania nbsp American Samoa nbsp Australia nbsp French Polynesia nbsp Guam nbsp Nauru nbsp New Caledonia nbsp New Zealand nbsp Northern Mariana Islands one country in Africa nbsp Seychelles eight former high income economies 25 nbsp Argentina 2014 2017 nbsp Equatorial Guinea 2007 14 nbsp Mauritius 2019 nbsp Mayotte 1990 nbsp Netherlands Antilles 1994 2009 nbsp Palau 2016 20 nbsp Russia 2012 14 nbsp Venezuela 2014 Between 1994 and 2009 as a part of the nbsp Netherlands Antilles Dissolved on 10 October 2010 succeeded by Curacao and Sint Maarten High income OECD members edit According to the World Bank the following 34 members are classified as OECD High Income 26 27 26 countries in Europe nbsp Austria nbsp Belgium nbsp Czech Republic nbsp Denmark nbsp Estonia nbsp Finland nbsp France nbsp Germany nbsp Greece nbsp Hungary nbsp Iceland nbsp Ireland nbsp Italy nbsp Latvia nbsp Lithuania nbsp Luxembourg nbsp Netherlands nbsp Norway nbsp Poland nbsp Portugal nbsp Slovakia nbsp Slovenia nbsp Spain nbsp Sweden nbsp Switzerland nbsp United Kingdom three countries in the Americas nbsp Canada nbsp Chile nbsp United States three countries in Asia nbsp Israel nbsp Japan nbsp South Korea two countries in Oceania nbsp Australia nbsp New Zealand Development Assistance Committee members edit See also Development Assistance Committee nbsp Member nations of the Development Assistance CommitteeThere are 29 OECD member countries and the European Union in the Development Assistance Committee DAC 28 a group of the world s major donor countries that discusses issues surrounding development aid and poverty reduction in developing countries 29 The following OECD member countries are DAC members 23 countries in Europe nbsp Austria nbsp Belgium nbsp Czech Republic nbsp Denmark nbsp Finland nbsp France nbsp Germany nbsp Greece nbsp Hungary nbsp Iceland nbsp Ireland nbsp Italy nbsp Luxembourg nbsp Netherlands nbsp Norway nbsp Poland nbsp Portugal nbsp Slovakia nbsp Slovenia nbsp Spain nbsp Sweden nbsp Switzerland nbsp United Kingdom two countries in the Americas nbsp Canada nbsp United States two countries in Asia nbsp Japan nbsp South Korea two countries in Oceania nbsp Australia nbsp New Zealand IMF advanced economies edit nbsp Countries described as Advanced Economies by the IMFAccording to the International Monetary Fund 41 countries and territories are officially listed as advanced economies 1 30 with the addition of 7 microstates and dependencies modified by the CIA which were omitted from the IMF version 17 29 countries and dependencies in Europe classified by the IMF 6 others given by the CIA nbsp Andorra nbsp Austria nbsp Belgium nbsp Croatia nbsp Cyprus nbsp Czech Republic nbsp Denmark nbsp Estonia nbsp Finland nbsp France nbsp Germany nbsp Greece nbsp Iceland nbsp Ireland nbsp Italy nbsp Latvia nbsp Lithuania nbsp Luxembourg nbsp Malta nbsp Netherlands nbsp Norway nbsp Portugal nbsp San Marino nbsp Slovakia nbsp Slovenia nbsp Spain nbsp Sweden nbsp Switzerland nbsp United KingdomPlusd nbsp Faroe Islands nbsp Guernsey nbsp Holy See nbsp Jersey nbsp Liechtenstein nbsp Monaco seven countries and territories in Asia nbsp Hong Kong nbsp Israel nbsp Japan nbsp Macau nbsp Singapore nbsp South Korea nbsp Taiwan three countries and territories in the Americas classified by the IMF one territory given by the CIA nbsp Canada nbsp Puerto Rico nbsp United States nbsp Bermuda d two countries in Oceania nbsp Australia nbsp New Zealand d The CIA has modified an older version of the IMF s list of 38 Advanced Economies noting that the IMF s Advanced Economies list would presumably also cover the following nine smaller countries of Andorra Bermuda Faroe Islands Guernsey Holy See Jersey Liechtenstein Monaco and San Marino San Marino 2012 and Andorra 2021 were later included in the IMF s list 17 Paris Club members edit nbsp Permanent members of the Paris ClubThere are 22 permanent members in the Paris Club French Club de Paris a group of officials from major creditor countries whose role is to find coordinated and sustainable solutions to the payment difficulties experienced by debtor countries 15 countries in Europe nbsp Austria nbsp Belgium nbsp Denmark nbsp Finland nbsp France nbsp Germany nbsp Ireland nbsp Italy nbsp Netherlands nbsp Norway nbsp Russia nbsp Spain nbsp Sweden nbsp Switzerland nbsp United Kingdom three countries in the Americas nbsp Brazil nbsp Canada nbsp United States three countries in Asia nbsp Israel nbsp Japan nbsp South Korea one country in Oceania nbsp AustraliaComparative table 2023 editComparative table of countries with a very high human development 0 800 or higher according to UNDP advanced economies according to the IMF high income economies according to the World Bank and income per capita purchasing power parity higher than 25 000 according to the IMF Developed countriesCountries HDI 31 IMF 32 WB 24 Per capita PPP 2023 33 2023 nbsp Croatia Yes since 2007 Yes since 2023 Yes since 2017 Yes since 20162021 nbsp San Marino Yes since 2021 Yes since 2012 Yes since 2000 Yes before 20042020 nbsp Andorra Yes since 2003 Yes since 2020 Yes since 1990 Yes before 20102016 nbsp Latvia Yes since 2005 Yes since 2014 Yes since 2012 Yes since 20162015 nbsp Lithuania Yes since 2005 Yes since 2015 Yes since 2012 Yes since 20132013 nbsp Greece Yes since 2001 Yes since 1989 34 Yes since 1996 Yes since 20132012 nbsp Estonia Yes since 2003 Yes since 2011 Yes since 2006 Yes since 20122011 nbsp Slovakia Yes since 2006 Yes since 2009 Yes since 2007 Yes since 20112009 nbsp Czech Republic Yes since 2001 Yes since 2009 Yes since 2006 Yes since 20062008 nbsp Malta Yes since 2003 Yes since 2008 Yes since 2002 Yes since 2007 nbsp Liechtenstein Yes since 2000 Yes since 2008 Yes since 1990 Yes since 1987 35 nbsp Monaco Yes before 1990 36 Yes since 2008 Yes before 1990 Yes since 1987 37 2007 nbsp Slovenia Yes since 1998 Yes since 2007 Yes since 1997 Yes since 2006 nbsp Portugal Yes since 2005 Yes since 1989 34 Yes since 1994 Yes since 20072006 nbsp Israel Yes since 1991 Yes since 1997 38 Yes since 1987 Yes since 2006 nbsp South Korea Yes since 1999 Yes since 1997 38 Yes since 2001 Yes since 20062003 nbsp New Zealand Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 20032002 nbsp Cyprus Yes since 2001 Yes since 2001 Yes since 1988 Yes since 2002 nbsp Taiwan N A Note 4 Yes since 1997 38 Yes since 1987 Yes since 20022001 nbsp Spain Yes since 1995 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 20011999 nbsp Singapore Yes since 1999 Yes since 1997 38 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1991 nbsp Finland Yes since 1994 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1999 nbsp United Kingdom Yes since 1992 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 19991998 nbsp Ireland Yes since 1996 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1998 nbsp Iceland Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1998 nbsp Sweden Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1998 nbsp France Yes since 1993 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 19981997 nbsp Australia Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1997 nbsp Belgium Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1997 nbsp Canada Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 19971996 nbsp Italy Yes since 1995 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1996 nbsp Austria Yes since 1992 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1996 nbsp Germany Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1996 nbsp Japan Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 19961995 nbsp Netherlands Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 19951994 nbsp Denmark Yes since 1991 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 19941992 nbsp Luxembourg Yes since 1992 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1986 nbsp United States Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 19921988 nbsp Norway Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 19881987 nbsp Switzerland Yes before 1990 Yes since 1945 Yes since 1987 Yes since 1986In processCountries HDI 31 IMF 32 WB 24 per capita PPP 2023 33 nbsp Uruguay Yes since 2014 No Yes since 2012 Yes since 2022 nbsp Chile Yes since 2007 No Yes since 2012 Yes since 2021 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago Yes since 2021 No Yes since 2006 Yes since 2006 nbsp Romania Yes since 2013 No Yes since 2021 Yes since 2017 nbsp Panama Yes since 2019 No Yes since 2021 Yes since 2015 nbsp Bahamas Yes since 2016 No Yes since 1987 Yes since 1999 nbsp Hungary Yes since 2005 No Yes since 2014 Yes since 2014 nbsp Poland Yes since 2003 No Yes since 2009 Yes since 2014 nbsp Kuwait Yes since 2014 No Yes since 1987 Yes since 1992 nbsp Bahrain Yes since 2012 No Yes since 2001 Yes since 1983 nbsp Oman Yes since 2012 No Yes since 2007 Yes since 1990 nbsp Saudi Arabia Yes since 2010 No Yes since 2004 Yes before 1980 nbsp United Arab Emirates Yes since 2004 No Yes since 1987 Yes before 1980 nbsp Brunei Yes since 1999 No Yes since 1990 Yes before 1985 nbsp Qatar Yes since 1996 No Yes since 1987 Yes before 1980Other recognitionsCountries HDI 31 IMF 32 WB 24 per capita PPP 2023 33 nbsp Serbia Yes since 2019 No No Yes since 2023 nbsp Costa Rica Yes since 2019 No No Yes since 2022 nbsp Mauritius Yes since 2019 No No Yes since 2022 nbsp Argentina Yes since 2006 No No Yes since 2022 nbsp Montenegro Yes since 2013 No No Yes since 2022 nbsp Bulgaria Yes since 2015 No No Yes since 2021 nbsp Kazakhstan Yes since 2015 No No Yes since 2018 nbsp Malaysia Yes since 2016 No No Yes since 2017 nbsp Saint Kitts and Nevis No No Yes since 2012 Yes since 2017 nbsp Russia Yes since 2013 No No Yes since 2017 nbsp Seychelles No No Yes since 2014 Yes since 2016 nbsp Turkey Yes since 2015 No No Yes since 2015 nbsp Barbados No No Yes since 2006 No nbsp Dominican Republic No No No Yes since 2023 nbsp Guyana No No Yes since 2022 Yes since 2022 nbsp Thailand Yes since 2021 No No No nbsp Maldives No No No Yes since 2021 nbsp Georgia Yes since 2019 No No No nbsp Nauru No data No Yes since 2019 No nbsp Antigua and Barbuda No No Yes since 2012 Yes since 2023 nbsp Belarus Yes since 2012 No No NoSee also editDigital divide First World privilege First World problem Fourth World Globalization G8 G7 List of countries by wealth per adult Multinational corporation Western BlocNotes edit a b HDI not available before 2018 in latest report The Developed Countries Glossary Archived 20 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine entry reads The following countries are classified by FTSE as developed countries Australia Austria Belgium Luxembourg Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong China Ireland Israel Italy Japan Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Singapore South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom and the United States Geographically a part of Asia geopolitically a part of Europe The HDI annual report compiled by the UNDP does not include Taiwan because it is no longer a UN member state and is neither included as part of the People s Republic of China by the UNDP when calculating data for China 39 Taiwan s Statistical Bureau calculated its HDI to be 0 926 based on UNDP s 2010 methodology 40 41 which would place Taiwan well within the group of Very high human development at 19th globally in 2021 within the 2022 UNDP report 42 43 References edit a b World Economic and Financial Surveys World Economic Outlook Database WEO Groups and Aggregates Information International Monetary Fund Archived from the original on 3 March 2023 Retrieved 2 June 2022 Least Developed Countries Archived 17 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine 2018 list Archived 21 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine Fiscal Policy and Inclusive Growth in Advanced Countries Their Experience and Implications for Asia PDF adb org Asian Development Bank December 2014 Archived PDF from the original on 26 July 2021 Retrieved 8 July 2021 Advanced Countries Will Benefit Most from Progress in Technology with Lesser Benefits to Other Nations rand org RAND Corporation 1 June 2006 Archived from the original on 21 August 2021 Retrieved 8 July 2021 Developed Economy Definition Archived 22 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Investopedia 16 April 2010 Retrieved 12 July 2013 International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook Database April 2023 International Monetary Fund Archived from the original on 13 April 2023 Retrieved 30 April 2023 The Courier Commission of the European Communities 1994 Archived from the original on 15 March 2020 Retrieved 20 January 2021 Human development index Economics Help Archived from the original on 17 December 2020 Retrieved 23 September 2018 Millennium Development Indicators World and regional groupings United Nations Statistics Division 2003 Note b Archived from the original on 10 February 2005 Retrieved 13 May 2017 Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications M49 Developed Regions United Nations Statistics Division Archived from the original on 11 July 2017 Retrieved 13 May 2017 UNCTADstat Classifications Archived from the original on 6 October 2022 Retrieved 30 September 2022 Sachs Jeffrey 2005 The End of Poverty New York New York The Penguin Press ISBN 1 59420 045 9 Wackernagel Mathis Beyers Bert 2019 Ecological Footprint Managing Our Biocapacity Budget Gabriola Island BC Canada New Society Publishers p 132 ISBN 978 0 86571 911 8 Archived from the original on 30 December 2019 Retrieved 20 January 2021 Lee Eun Su Liu Wei Yang Jing Yu 23 September 2021 Neither developed nor emerging Dual paths for outward FDI and home country innovation in emerged market MNCs International Business Review 32 2 101925 doi 10 1016 j ibusrev 2021 101925 ISSN 0969 5931 S2CID 244268711 a b c Human Development Report 2021 22 Uncertain Times Unsettled Lives Shaping our Future in a Transforming World PDF United Nations Development Programme 8 September 2022 pp 272 276 ISBN 978 9 211 26451 7 Archived PDF from the original on 8 September 2022 Retrieved 8 September 2022 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help a b Human Development Report 2021 22 Uncertain Times Unsettled Lives Shaping our Future in a Transforming World PDF United Nations Development Programme 8 September 2022 pp 277 280 ISBN 978 9 211 26451 7 a, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.