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Wikipedia

Wine (software)

April 13, 2024

Wine[a] is a free and open-source compatibility layer to allow application software and computer games developed for Microsoft Windows to run on Unix-like operating systems. Developers can compile Windows applications against WineLib to help port them to Unix-like systems. Wine is predominantly written using black-box testing reverse-engineering, to avoid copyright issues. No code emulation or virtualization occurs. Wine is primarily developed for Linux and macOS.

Wine
winecfg configures Wine
Original author(s)Bob Amstadt, Eric Youngdale
Developer(s)Wine authors[1]
(1,755)
Initial release4 July 1993; 30 years ago (1993-07-04)
Stable release
9.0[2]  / 16 January 2024
Repositorygitlab.winehq.org/wine/wine
Written inC
Operating system
PlatformIA-32, x86-64, ARM
Available inMultilingual
TypeCompatibility layer
LicenseLGPL-2.1-or-later[5][6]
Websitewinehq.org

In a 2007 survey by desktoplinux.com of 38,500 Linux desktop users, 31.5% of respondents reported using Wine to run Windows applications.[8] This plurality was larger than all x86 virtualization programs combined, and larger than the 27.9% who reported not running Windows applications.[9]

History edit

 

Bob Amstadt, the initial project leader, and Eric Youngdale started the Wine project in 1993 as a way to run Windows applications on Linux. It was inspired by two Sun Microsystems products, Wabi for the Solaris operating system, and the Public Windows Initiative,[10] which was an attempt to get the Windows API fully reimplemented in the public domain as an ISO standard but rejected due to pressure from Microsoft in 1996.[11] Wine originally targeted 16-bit applications for Windows 3.x, but as of 2010 focuses on 32-bit and 64-bit versions which have become the standard on newer operating systems. The project originated in discussions on Usenet in comp.os.linux in June 1993.[12] Alexandre Julliard has led the project since 1994.

The project has proven time-consuming and difficult for the developers, mostly because of incomplete and incorrect documentation of the Windows API. While Microsoft extensively documents most Win32 functions, some areas such as file formats and protocols have no publicly or incomplete available specification from Microsoft, and Windows also includes undocumented low-level functions, undocumented behavior and obscure bugs that Wine must duplicate precisely in order to allow some applications to work properly.[13] Consequently, the Wine team has reverse-engineered many function calls and file formats in such areas as thunking.[citation needed]

The Wine project originally released Wine under the same MIT License as the X Window System, but owing to concern about proprietary versions of Wine not contributing their changes back to the core project,[14] work as of March 2002 has used the LGPL for its licensing.[15]

Wine officially entered beta with version 0.9 on 25 October 2005.[16] Version 1.0 was released on 17 June 2008,[17] after 15 years of development. Version 1.2 was released on 16 July 2010,[18] version 1.4 on 7 March 2012,[19] version 1.6 on 18 July 2013,[20] version 1.8 on 19 December 2015[21] and version 9.0 on 16 January 2024.[22] Development versions are released roughly every two weeks.

Wine-staging is an independently maintained set of aggressive patches not deemed ready by WineHQ developers for merging into the Wine repository, but still considered useful by the wine-compholio fork. It mainly covers experimental functions and bug fixes. Since January 2017, patches in wine-staging begins to be actively merged into the WineHQ upstream as wine-compholio transferred the project to Alistair Leslie-Hughes, a key WineHQ developer. As of 2019, WineHQ also provides pre-built versions of wine-staging.[23]

Corporate sponsorship edit

The main corporate sponsor of Wine is CodeWeavers, which employs Julliard and many other Wine developers to work on Wine and on CrossOver, CodeWeavers' supported version of Wine. CrossOver includes some application-specific tweaks not considered suitable for the upstream version, as well as some additional proprietary components.[24]

The involvement of Corel for a time assisted the project, chiefly by employing Julliard and others to work on it. Corel had an interest in porting WordPerfect Office, its office suite, to Linux (especially Corel Linux). Corel later cancelled all Linux-related projects after Microsoft made major investments in Corel, stopping their Wine effort.[25]

Other corporate sponsors include Google, which hired CodeWeavers to fix Wine so Picasa ran well enough to be ported directly to Linux using the same binary as on Windows; Google later paid for improvements to Wine's support for Adobe Photoshop CS2.[26] Wine is also a regular beneficiary of Google's Summer of Code program.[27]

Valve works with CodeWeavers to develop Proton, a Wine-based compatibility layer for Microsoft Windows games to run on Linux-based operating systems. Proton includes several patches that upstream Wine does not accept for various reasons, such as Linux-specific implementations of Win32 functions. Valve's involvement in the development of Proton (and, thus, the improvement of Linux gaming) has helped to improve Wine compatibility with Windows games.[28]

Design edit

The goal of Wine is to implement the Windows APIs fully or partially that are required by programs that the users of Wine wish to run on top of a Unix-like system.

Basic architecture edit

The programming interface of Microsoft Windows consists largely of dynamic-link libraries (DLLs). These contain a huge number of wrapper sub-routines for the system calls of the kernel, the NTOS kernel-mode program (ntoskrnl.exe). A typical Windows program calls some Windows DLLs, which in turn calls user-mode gdi/user32 libraries, which in turn uses the kernel32.dll (win32 subsystem) responsible for dealing with the kernel through system calls. The system-call layer is considered private to Microsoft programmers as documentation is not publicly available, and published interfaces all rely on subsystems running on top of the kernel. Besides these, there are a number of programming interfaces implemented as services that run as separate processes. Applications communicate with user-mode services through RPCs.[29]

Wine implements the Windows application binary interface (ABI) entirely in user space, rather than as a kernel module. Wine mostly mirrors the hierarchy, with services normally provided by the kernel in Windows[30] instead provided by a daemon known as the wineserver, whose task is to implement basic Windows functionality, as well as integration with the X Window System, and translation of signals into native Windows exceptions. Although Wineserver implements some aspects of the Windows kernel, it is not possible to use native Windows drivers with it, due to Wine's underlying architecture.[29]

Libraries and applications edit

Wine allows for loading both Windows DLLs and Unix shared objects for its Windows programs. Its built-in implementation of the most basic Windows DLLs, namely NTDLL, KERNEL32, GDI32, and USER32, uses the shared object method because they must use functions in the host operating system as well. Higher-level libraries, such as WineD3D, are free to use the DLL format. In many cases users can choose to load a DLL from Windows instead of the one implemented by Wine. Doing so can provide functionalities not yet implemented by Wine, but may also cause malfunctions if it relies on something else not present in Wine.[29]

Wine tracks its state of implementation through automated unit testing done at every git commit.[31]

Graphics and gaming edit

While most office software does not make use of complex GPU-accelerated graphics APIs, computer games do. To run these games properly, Wine would have to forward the drawing instructions to the host OS, and even translate them to something the host can understand.

DirectX is a collection of Microsoft APIs for rendering, audio and input. As of 2019, Wine 4.0 contains a DirectX 12 implementation for Vulkan API, and DirectX 11.2 for OpenGL.[32] Wine 4.0 also allows Wine to run Vulkan applications by handing draw commands to the host OS, or in the case of macOS, by translating them into the Metal API by MoltenVK.[32]

XAudio
As of February 2019, Wine 4.3 uses the FAudio library (and Wine 4.13 included a fix for it) to implement the XAudio2 audio API (and more).[33][34]
XInput and Raw Input
Wine, since 4.0 (2019), supports game controllers through its builtin implementations of these libraries. They are built as Unix shared objects as they need to access the controller interfaces of the underlying OS, specifically through SDL.[32]
Direct2D
Wine 4.0 supports Direct2D 1.2.[32]

Direct3D edit

Much of Wine's DirectX effort goes into building WineD3D, a translation layer from Direct3D and DirectDraw API calls into OpenGL. As of 2019, this component supports up to DirectX 11.[32] As of 12 December 2016, Wine is good enough to run Overwatch with D3D11.[35] Besides being used in Wine, WineD3D DLLs have also been used on Windows itself, allowing for older GPUs to run games using newer DirectX versions and for old DDraw-based games to render correctly.[36]

Some work is ongoing to move the Direct3D backend to Vulkan API. Direct3D 12 support in 4.0 is provided by a "vkd3d" subproject,[32] and WineD3D has in 2019 been experimentally ported to use the Vulkan API.[37] Another implementation, DXVK, translates Direct3D 9, 10, and 11 calls using Vulkan as well and is a separate project.[38]

Wine, when patched, can alternatively run Direct3D 9 API commands directly via a free and open-source Gallium3D State Tracker (aka Gallium3D GPU driver) without translation into OpenGL API calls. In this case, the Gallium3D layer allows a direct pass-through of DX9 drawing commands which results in performance improvements of up to a factor of 2.[39] As of 2020, the project is named Gallium.Nine. It is available now as a separate standalone package and no longer needs a patched Wine version.[40]

User interface edit

Wine is usually invoked from the command-line interpreter: wine program.exe.[41]

winecfg edit

 
A screenshot showing how Wine can be configured to mimic different versions of Windows, going as far back as Windows 2.0 in the 32-bit version (64-bit Wine supports only 64-bit versions of Windows)

There is the utility winecfg that starts a graphical user interface with controls for adjusting basic options.[42] It is a GUI configuration utility included with Wine. Winecfg makes configuring Wine easier by making it unnecessary to edit the registry directly, although, if needed, this can be done with the included registry editor (similar to Windows regedit).

Third-party applications edit

 
PlayOnLinux

Some applications require more tweaking than simply installing the application in order to work properly, such as manually configuring Wine to use certain Windows DLLs. The Wine project does not integrate such workarounds into the Wine codebase, instead preferring to focus solely on improving Wine's implementation of the Windows API. While this approach focuses Wine development on long-term compatibility, it makes it difficult for users to run applications that require workarounds. Consequently, many third-party applications have been created to ease the use of those applications that do not work out of the box within Wine itself. The Wine wiki maintains a page of current and obsolete third-party applications.[43]

  • Winetricks is a script to install some basic components (typically Microsoft DLLs and fonts) and tweak settings required for some applications to run correctly under Wine.[44] It can fully automate the install of a number of applications and games, including applying any needed workarounds. Winetricks has a GUI.[45] The Wine project will accept bug reports for users of Winetricks, unlike most third-party applications. It is maintained by Wine developer Austin English.[46]
  • Q4Wine is an open GUI for advanced setup of Wine.
  • Wine-Doors is an application management tool for the GNOME desktop which adds functionality to Wine. Wine-Doors is an alternative to WineTools which aims to improve upon WineTools' features and extend on the original idea with a more modern design approach.[47]
  • IEs4Linux is a utility to install all versions of Internet Explorer, including versions 4 to 6 and version 7 (in beta).[48]
  • Wineskin is a utility to manage Wine engine versions and create wrappers for macOS.[49]
  • PlayOnLinux is an application to ease the installation of Windows applications (primarily games). There is also a corresponding Macintosh version called PlayOnMac.
  • Lutris is an open-source application to easily install Windows games on Linux.[50]
  • Bordeaux is a proprietary Wine GUI configuration manager that runs winelib applications. It also supports installation of third-party utilities, installation of applications and games, and the ability to use custom configurations. Bordeaux currently runs on Linux, FreeBSD, PC-BSD, Solaris, OpenSolaris, OpenIndiana,[51][52] and macOS computers.
  • Bottles is an open-source graphical Wine prefix and runners manager for Wine based on GTK4+Libadwaita. It provides a repository-based dependency installation system and bottle versioning to restore a previous state.[53]
  • WineGUI is a free and open-source graphical interface to manage Wine. It allows you to easily create Wine bottles and install Windows applications or games.[54]

Functionality edit

 
App compatibility progress over time, according to Wine AppDB test results.
  Software works flawlessly
  Software works flawlessly after configuration
  Minor problems with the software
  Major problems with the software
  Completely non-functional software
 
WineHQ application ratings over the time.

The developers of the Direct3D portions of Wine have continued to implement new features such as pixel shaders to increase game support.[55] Wine can also use native DLLs directly, thus increasing functionality, but then a license for Windows is needed unless the DLLs were distributed with the application itself.

Wine also includes its own open-source implementations of several Windows programs, such as Notepad, WordPad, Control Panel, Internet Explorer, and Windows Explorer.[56]

The Wine Application Database (AppDB) is a community-maintained on-line database about which Windows programs works with Wine and how well they work.

Backward compatibility edit

Wine ensures good backward compatibility with legacy Windows applications, including those written for Windows 3.1x.[57] Wine can mimic different Windows versions required for some programs, going as far back as Windows 2.0.[58] However, Windows 1.x and Windows 2.x support was removed from Wine development version 1.3.12. If DOSBox is installed on the system[citation needed] (see below on MS-DOS), Wine development version 1.3.12 and later nevertheless show the "Windows 2.0" option for the Windows version to mimic, but Wine still will not run most Windows 2.0 programs because MS-DOS and Windows functions are not currently integrated.

Backward compatibility in Wine is generally superior to that of Windows, as newer versions of Windows can force users to upgrade legacy Windows applications, and may break unsupported software forever as there is nobody adjusting the program for the changes in the operating system. In many cases, Wine can offer better legacy support than newer versions of Windows with "Compatibility Mode". Wine can run 16-bit Windows programs (Win16) on a 64-bit operating system, which uses an x86-64 (64-bit) CPU,[59] a functionality not found in 64-bit versions of Microsoft Windows.[60][61] WineVDM allows 16-bit Windows applications to run on 64-bit versions of Windows.[62]

Wine partially supports Windows console applications, and the user can choose which backend to use to manage the console (choices include raw streams, curses, and user32).[63] When using the raw streams or curses backends, Windows applications will run in a Unix terminal.

64-bit applications edit

Preliminary support for 64-bit Windows applications was added to Wine 1.1.10, in December 2008.[64] As of April 2019, the support is considered stable. The two versions of Wine are built separately, and as a result only building wine64 produces an environment only capable of running x86-64 applications.[65]

As of April 2019, Wine has stable support for a WoW64 build, which allows both 32-bit and 64-bit Windows applications to run inside the same Wine instance. To perform such a build, one must first build the 64-bit version, and then build the 32-bit version referencing the 64-bit version. Just like Microsoft's WoW64, the 32-bit build process will add parts necessary for handling 32-bit programs to the 64-bit build.[65] This functionality is seen from at least 2010.[66]

MS-DOS edit

Early versions of Microsoft Windows run on top of MS-DOS, and Windows programs may depend on MS-DOS programs to be usable. Wine does not have good support for MS-DOS, but starting with development version 1.3.12, Wine tries running MS-DOS programs in DOSBox if DOSBox is available on the system.[67] However, due to a bug, current versions[needs update] of Wine incorrectly identify Windows 1.x and Windows 2.x programs as MS-DOS programs, attempting to run them in DOSBox (which does not work).[68]

Winelib edit

Wine provides Winelib, which allows its shared-object implementations of the Windows API to be used as actual libraries for a Unix program. This allows for Windows code to be built into native Unix executables. Since October 2010, Winelib also works on the ARM platform.[69]

Non-x86 architectures edit

Support for Solaris SPARC was dropped in version 1.5.26.

ARM, Windows CE, and Windows RT edit

Wine provides some support for ARM (as well as ARM64/AArch64) processors and the Windows flavors that run on it. As of April 2019, Wine can run ARM/Win32 applications intended for unlocked Windows RT devices (but not Windows RT programs). Windows CE support (either x86 or ARM) is missing,[70] but an unofficial, pre-alpha proof-of-concept version called WineCE allows for some support.[71]

Wine for Android edit

 
WINE Solitaire running on Android

On 3 February 2013 at the FOSDEM talk in Brussels, Alexandre Julliard demonstrated an early demo of Wine running on Google's Android operating system.[72]

Experimental builds of WINE for Android (x86 and ARM) were released in late 2017. It has been routinely updated by the official developers ever since.[4] The default builds do not implement cross-architecture emulation via QEMU, and as a result ARM versions will only run ARM applications that use the Win32 API.[73]

Microsoft applications edit

Wine, by default, uses specialized Windows builds of Gecko and Mono to substitute for Microsoft's Internet Explorer and .NET Framework. Wine has built-in implementations of JScript and VBScript. It is possible to download and run Microsoft's installers for those programs through winetricks or manually.

Wine is not known to have good support for most versions of Internet Explorer (IE). Of all the reasonably recent versions, Internet Explorer 8 for Windows XP is the only version that reports a usable rating on Wine's AppDB, out-of-the-box.[74] However Google Chrome gets a gold rating (as of Wine 5.5-staging),[75] and Microsoft's IE replacement web browser Edge, is known to be based on that browser (after switching from Microsoft's own rendering engine[76]). Winetricks offer auto-installation for Internet Explorer 6 through 8, so these versions can be reasonably expected to work with its built-in workarounds.

An alternative for installing Internet Explorer directly is to use the now-defunct IEs4Linux. It is not compatible with the latest versions of Wine,[77] and the development of IEs4Linux is inactive.

Other versions of Wine edit

The core Wine development aims at a correct implementation of the Windows API as a whole and has sometimes lagged in some areas of compatibility with certain applications. Direct3D, for example, remained unimplemented until 1998,[78] although newer releases have had an increasingly complete implementation.[79]

CrossOver edit

Main article: CrossOver (software)

CodeWeavers markets CrossOver specifically for running Microsoft Office and other major Windows applications, including some games. CodeWeavers employs Alexandre Julliard to work on Wine and contributes most of its code to the Wine project under the LGPL. CodeWeavers also released a new version called CrossOver Mac for Intel-based Apple Macintosh computers on 10 January 2007.[80] Unlike upstream wine, CrossOver is notably able to run on the x64-only versions of macOS,[81] using a technique known as "wine32on64".[82]

As of 2012, CrossOver includes the functionality of both the CrossOver Games and CrossOver Pro lines therefore CrossOver Games and CrossOver Pro are no longer available as single products.[83]

CrossOver Games was optimized for running Windows video games. Unlike CrossOver, it didn't focus on providing the most stable version of Wine. Instead, experimental features are provided to support newer games.[84]

Proton edit

Main article: Proton (software)

On 21 August 2018, Valve announced a new variation of Wine, named Proton, designed to integrate with the Linux version of the company's Steam software (including Steam installations built into their Linux-based SteamOS operating system and Steam Machine computers).[85] Valve's goal for Proton is to enable Steam users on Linux to play games which lack a native Linux port (particularly back-catalog games), and ultimately, through integration with Steam as well as improvements to game support relative to mainline Wine, to give users "the same simple plug-and-play experience" that they would get if they were playing the game natively on Linux.[85] Proton entered public beta immediately upon being announced.[85]

Valve had already been collaborating with CodeWeavers since 2016 to develop improvements to Wine's gaming performance, some of which have been merged to the upstream Wine project.[85] Some of the specific improvements incorporated into Proton include Vulkan-based Direct3D 9, 10, 11, and 12 implementations via vkd3d,[86] DXVK,[87] and D9VK[88] multi-threaded performance improvements via esync,[89] improved handling of fullscreen games, and better automatic game controller hardware support.[85]

Proton is fully open-source and available via GitHub.[90]

WINE@Etersoft edit

Main article: WINE@Etersoft

The Russian company Etersoft has been developing a proprietary version of Wine since 2006. WINE@Etersoft supports popular Russian applications (for example, 1C:Enterprise by 1C Company).[91]

Other projects using Wine source code edit

Other projects using Wine source code include:

  • OTVDM,[92] a 16-bit app compatibility layer for 64-bit Windows.
  • ReactOS, a project to write an operating system compatible with Windows NT versions 5.x and up (which includes Windows 2000 and its successors) down to the device driver level. ReactOS uses Wine source code considerably, but because of architectural differences, ReactOS code (such as DLLs written specifically for it, like ntdll, user32, kernel32, gdi32, and advapi) is not generally reused in Wine.[93] In July 2009, Aleksey Bragin, the ReactOS project lead, started[94] a new ReactOS branch called Arwinss,[95] and it was officially announced in January 2010.[96] Arwinss is an alternative implementation of the core Win32 components, and uses mostly unchanged versions of Wine's user32.dll and gdi32.dll.
  • WineBottler,[97] a wrapper around Wine in the form of a normal Mac application. It manages multiple Wine configurations for different programs in the form of "bottles."
  • Wineskin, an open source Wine GUI configuration manager for macOS. Wineskin creates a wrapper around Wine in the form of a normal Mac Application. The wrapper can also be used to make a distributable "port" of software.[98]
  • Odin, a project to run Win32 binaries on OS/2 or convert them to OS/2 native format. The project also provides the Odin32 API to compile Win32 programs for OS/2.
  • Virtualization products such as Parallels Desktop for Mac and VirtualBox use WineD3D to make use of the GPU.
  • WinOnX, a commercial package of Wine for macOS that includes a GUI for adding and managing applications and virtual machines.[99]
  • WineD3D for Windows, a compatibility wrapper which emulates old Direct3D versions and features that were removed by Microsoft in recent Windows releases, using OpenGL. This sometimes gets older games working again.[100]
  • Apple Game Porting Toolkit, a suite of software introduced at Apple's Worldwide Developer Conference in June 2023 to facilitate porting games from Windows to Mac.[101]

Discontinued edit

  • Cedega / WineX: TransGaming Inc. (now Findev Inc. since the sale of its software businesses) produced the proprietary Cedega software. Formerly known as WineX, Cedega represented a fork from the last MIT-licensed version of Wine in 2002. Much like CrossOver Games, TransGaming's Cedega was targeted towards running Windows video games. On 7 January 2011, TransGaming Inc. announced continued development of Cedega Technology under the GameTree Developer Program. TransGaming Inc. allowed members to keep using their Cedega ID and password until 28 February 2011.[102]
  • Cider: TransGaming also produced Cider, a library for Apple–Intel architecture Macintoshes. Instead of being an end-user product, Cider (like Winelib) is a wrapper allowing developers to adapt their games to run natively on Intel Mac without any changes in source code.
  • Darwine: a port of the Wine libraries to Darwin and Mac OS X for the PowerPC and Intel x86 (32-bit) architectures, created by the OpenDarwin team in 2004.[103][104] Its PowerPC version relied on QEMU.[105] Darwine was merged back into Wine in 2009.[106][107]
  • E/OS LX: a project attempting to allow any program designed for any operating system to be run without the need to actually install any other operating system.
  • Pipelight: a custom version of Wine (wine-compholio) that acts as a wrapper for Windows NPAPI plugins within Linux browsers.[108] This tool permits Linux users to run Microsoft Silverlight, the Microsoft equivalent of Adobe Flash, and the Unity web plugin, along with a variety of other NPAPI plugins. The project provides an extensive set of patches against the upstream Wine project,[109] some of which were approved and added to upstream Wine. Pipelight is largely obsolete, as modern browsers no longer support NPAPI plugins and Silverlight has been deprecated by Microsoft.[110]

Reception edit

The Wine project has received a number of technical and philosophical complaints and concerns over the years.

Security edit

Because of Wine's ability to run Windows binary code, concerns have been raised over native Windows viruses and malware affecting Unix-like operating systems[111] as Wine can run limited malware made for Windows. A 2018 security analysis found that 5 out of 30 malware samples were able to successfully run through Wine, a relatively low rate that nevertheless posed a security risk.[112] For this reason the developers of Wine recommend never running it as the superuser.[113] Malware research software such as ZeroWine[114] runs Wine on Linux in a virtual machine, to keep the malware completely isolated from the host system. An alternative to improve the security without the performance cost of using a virtual machine, is to run Wine in an LXC container, as Anbox software is doing by default with Android.

Another security concern is when the implemented specifications are ill-designed and allow for security compromise. Because Wine implements these specifications, it will likely also implement any security vulnerabilities they contain. One instance of this problem was the 2006 Windows Metafile vulnerability, which saw Wine implementing the vulnerable SETABORTPROC escape.[115][116]

Wine vs. native Unix applications edit

A common concern about Wine is that its existence means that vendors are less likely to write native Linux, macOS, and BSD applications. As an example of this, it is worth considering IBM's 1994 operating system, OS/2 Warp.[original research?] An article describes the weaknesses of OS/2 which killed it, the first one being:

OS/2 offered excellent compatibility with DOS and Windows 3.1 applications. No, this is not an error. Many application vendors argued that by developing a DOS or Windows app, they would reach the OS/2 market in addition to DOS/Windows markets and they didn't develop native OS/2 applications.[117]

However, OS/2 had many problems with end user acceptance. Perhaps the most serious was that most computers sold already came with DOS and Windows, and many people didn't bother to evaluate OS/2 on its merits due to already having an operating system. "Bundling" of DOS and Windows and the chilling effect this had on the operating system market frequently came up in United States v. Microsoft Corporation.

The Wine project itself responds to the specific complaint of "encouraging" the continued development for the Windows API on one of its wiki pages:

For most people there remain a handful of programs locking them in to Windows. It's obvious there will never be a Microsoft Office ported to Linux, however older versions of programs like TurboTax won't be ported either. Similarly, there are tens of thousands of games and internal corporate applications which will never be ported. If you want to use Linux and rely on any legacy Windows application, something like Wine is essential... Wine makes Linux more useful and allows for millions of users to switch who couldn't otherwise. This greatly raises Linux marketshare, drawing more commercial and community developers to Linux.[118]

Also, the Wine Wiki page claims that Wine can help break the chicken-and-egg problem for Linux on the desktop:[119]

This brings us to the chicken and egg issue of Linux on the desktop. Until Linux can provide equivalents for the above applications, its market share on the desktop will stagnate. But until the market share of Linux on the desktop rises, no vendor will develop applications for Linux. How does one break this vicious circle?

Again, Wine can provide an answer. By letting users reuse the Windows applications they have invested time and money in, Wine dramatically lowers the barrier that prevents users from switching to Linux. This then makes it possible for Linux to take off on the desktop, which increases its market share in that segment. In turn, this makes it viable for companies to produce Linux versions of their applications, and for new products to come out just for the Linux market. This reasoning could be dismissed easily if Wine was only capable of running Solitaire. However, now it can run Microsoft Office, multimedia applications such as QuickTime and Windows Media Player, and even games such as Max Payne or Unreal Tournament 3. Almost any other complex application can be made to run well given a bit of time. And each time that work is done to add one application to this list, many other applications benefit from this work and become usable too.

Have a look at our Application Database to get an idea on what can be run under Wine.

The use of Wine for gaming has proved specifically controversial in the Linux community, as some feel it is preventing, or at least hindering, the further growth of native Linux gaming on the platform.[120][121] One quirk however is that Wine is now able to run 16-bit and even certain 32-bit applications and games that do not launch on current 64-bit Windows versions.[122] This use-case has led to running Wine on Windows itself via Windows Subsystem for Linux or third-party virtual machines,[citation needed] as well as encapsulated by means such as BoxedWine[123] and Otvdm.[124]

Microsoft edit

Until 2020, Microsoft had not made any public statements about Wine. However, the Windows Update online service will block updates to Microsoft applications running in Wine. On 16 February 2005, Ivan Leo Puoti discovered that Microsoft had started checking the Windows Registry for the Wine configuration key and would block the Windows Update for any component.[125] As Puoti noted: "It's also the first time Microsoft acknowledges the existence of Wine."

In January 2020, Microsoft cited Wine as a positive consequence of being able to reimplement APIs, in its amicus curiae brief for Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.[126]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Formerly a recursive backronym for "Wine Is Not an Emulator"[7]

References edit

  1. ^ "Wine source: wine-6.4: Authors". source.winehq.org. from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  2. ^ "Wine 9.0 Released". 16 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  3. ^ a b c "Download - WineHQ Wiki". from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  4. ^ a b "Index of /Wine-builds/Android". from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  5. ^ "Licensing - WineHQ Wiki". WineHQ. from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  6. ^ "License". WineHQ. from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  7. ^ "WineHQ - About Wine". WineHQ. from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  8. ^ "2007 Desktop Linux Market survey". 21 August 2007. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  9. ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (22 August 2007). . 2007 Desktop Linux Survey results. DesktopLinux. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010.
  10. ^ Amstadt, Bob (29 September 1993). "Wine project status". Newsgroup: comp.windows.x.i386unix. from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
  11. ^ "Sun Uses ECMA as Path to ISO Java Standardization". Computergram International. 7 May 1999. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
  12. ^ Byron A Jeff (25 August 1993). "WABI available on Linux or not". Newsgroup: comp.os.linux.misc. from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
  13. ^ Loli-Queru, Eugenia (29 October 2001). "Interview with WINE's Alexandre Julliard". OSnews (Interview). from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2008. Usually we start from whatever documentation is available, implement a first version of the function, and then as we find problems with applications that call this function we fix the behavior until it is what the application expects, which is usually quite far from what the documentation states.
  14. ^ White, Jeremy (6 February 2002). "Wine license change". from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  15. ^ Alexandre Julliard (18 February 2002). "License change vote results". from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  16. ^ "Beta!". 25 October 2005. from the original on 27 June 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  17. ^ "Announcement of version 1.0". Wine HQ. 17 June 2008. from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
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Further reading edit

  • Jeremy White's Wine Answers – Slashdot interview with Jeremy White of CodeWeavers
  • . 25 May 2004. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015.
  • Appointment of the Software Freedom Law Center as legal counsel to represent the Wine project
  • Wine: Where it came from, how to use it, where it's going – a work by Dan Kegel

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wine (software).
  • Official website  

April 13, 2024
wine, software, wine, free, open, source, compatibility, layer, allow, application, software, computer, games, developed, microsoft, windows, unix, like, operating, systems, developers, compile, windows, applications, against, winelib, help, port, them, unix, . Wine a is a free and open source compatibility layer to allow application software and computer games developed for Microsoft Windows to run on Unix like operating systems Developers can compile Windows applications against WineLib to help port them to Unix like systems Wine is predominantly written using black box testing reverse engineering to avoid copyright issues No code emulation or virtualization occurs Wine is primarily developed for Linux and macOS Winewinecfg configures WineOriginal author s Bob Amstadt Eric YoungdaleDeveloper s Wine authors 1 1 755 Initial release4 July 1993 30 years ago 1993 07 04 Stable release9 0 2 16 January 2024Repositorygitlab wbr winehq wbr org wbr wine wbr wineWritten inCOperating systemLinux 3 FreeBSD 3 ReactOS for Windows app and driver compatibility macOS 10 8 10 14 development 3 Android experimental 4 PlatformIA 32 x86 64 ARMAvailable inMultilingualTypeCompatibility layerLicenseLGPL 2 1 or later 5 6 Websitewinehq orgIn a 2007 survey by desktoplinux com of 38 500 Linux desktop users 31 5 of respondents reported using Wine to run Windows applications 8 This plurality was larger than all x86 virtualization programs combined and larger than the 27 9 who reported not running Windows applications 9 Contents 1 History 1 1 Corporate sponsorship 2 Design 2 1 Basic architecture 2 2 Libraries and applications 2 3 Graphics and gaming 2 3 1 Direct3D 3 User interface 3 1 winecfg 3 2 Third party applications 4 Functionality 4 1 Backward compatibility 4 2 64 bit applications 4 3 MS DOS 4 4 Winelib 4 5 Non x86 architectures 4 5 1 ARM Windows CE and Windows RT 4 5 2 Wine for Android 4 6 Microsoft applications 5 Other versions of Wine 5 1 CrossOver 5 2 Proton 5 3 WINE Etersoft 5 4 Other projects using Wine source code 5 5 Discontinued 6 Reception 6 1 Security 6 2 Wine vs native Unix applications 6 3 Microsoft 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistory edit nbsp Bob Amstadt the initial project leader and Eric Youngdale started the Wine project in 1993 as a way to run Windows applications on Linux It was inspired by two Sun Microsystems products Wabi for the Solaris operating system and the Public Windows Initiative 10 which was an attempt to get the Windows API fully reimplemented in the public domain as an ISO standard but rejected due to pressure from Microsoft in 1996 11 Wine originally targeted 16 bit applications for Windows 3 x but as of 2010 update focuses on 32 bit and 64 bit versions which have become the standard on newer operating systems The project originated in discussions on Usenet in comp os linux in June 1993 12 Alexandre Julliard has led the project since 1994 The project has proven time consuming and difficult for the developers mostly because of incomplete and incorrect documentation of the Windows API While Microsoft extensively documents most Win32 functions some areas such as file formats and protocols have no publicly or incomplete available specification from Microsoft and Windows also includes undocumented low level functions undocumented behavior and obscure bugs that Wine must duplicate precisely in order to allow some applications to work properly 13 Consequently the Wine team has reverse engineered many function calls and file formats in such areas as thunking citation needed The Wine project originally released Wine under the same MIT License as the X Window System but owing to concern about proprietary versions of Wine not contributing their changes back to the core project 14 work as of March 2002 has used the LGPL for its licensing 15 Wine officially entered beta with version 0 9 on 25 October 2005 16 Version 1 0 was released on 17 June 2008 17 after 15 years of development Version 1 2 was released on 16 July 2010 18 version 1 4 on 7 March 2012 19 version 1 6 on 18 July 2013 20 version 1 8 on 19 December 2015 21 and version 9 0 on 16 January 2024 22 Development versions are released roughly every two weeks Wine staging is an independently maintained set of aggressive patches not deemed ready by WineHQ developers for merging into the Wine repository but still considered useful by the wine compholio fork It mainly covers experimental functions and bug fixes Since January 2017 patches in wine staging begins to be actively merged into the WineHQ upstream as wine compholio transferred the project to Alistair Leslie Hughes a key WineHQ developer As of 2019 update WineHQ also provides pre built versions of wine staging 23 Corporate sponsorship edit The main corporate sponsor of Wine is CodeWeavers which employs Julliard and many other Wine developers to work on Wine and on CrossOver CodeWeavers supported version of Wine CrossOver includes some application specific tweaks not considered suitable for the upstream version as well as some additional proprietary components 24 The involvement of Corel for a time assisted the project chiefly by employing Julliard and others to work on it Corel had an interest in porting WordPerfect Office its office suite to Linux especially Corel Linux Corel later cancelled all Linux related projects after Microsoft made major investments in Corel stopping their Wine effort 25 Other corporate sponsors include Google which hired CodeWeavers to fix Wine so Picasa ran well enough to be ported directly to Linux using the same binary as on Windows Google later paid for improvements to Wine s support for Adobe Photoshop CS2 26 Wine is also a regular beneficiary of Google s Summer of Code program 27 Valve works with CodeWeavers to develop Proton a Wine based compatibility layer for Microsoft Windows games to run on Linux based operating systems Proton includes several patches that upstream Wine does not accept for various reasons such as Linux specific implementations of Win32 functions Valve s involvement in the development of Proton and thus the improvement of Linux gaming has helped to improve Wine compatibility with Windows games 28 Design editThe goal of Wine is to implement the Windows APIs fully or partially that are required by programs that the users of Wine wish to run on top of a Unix like system Basic architecture edit The programming interface of Microsoft Windows consists largely of dynamic link libraries DLLs These contain a huge number of wrapper sub routines for the system calls of the kernel the NTOS kernel mode program ntoskrnl exe A typical Windows program calls some Windows DLLs which in turn calls user mode gdi user32 libraries which in turn uses the kernel32 dll win32 subsystem responsible for dealing with the kernel through system calls The system call layer is considered private to Microsoft programmers as documentation is not publicly available and published interfaces all rely on subsystems running on top of the kernel Besides these there are a number of programming interfaces implemented as services that run as separate processes Applications communicate with user mode services through RPCs 29 Wine implements the Windows application binary interface ABI entirely in user space rather than as a kernel module Wine mostly mirrors the hierarchy with services normally provided by the kernel in Windows 30 instead provided by a daemon known as the wineserver whose task is to implement basic Windows functionality as well as integration with the X Window System and translation of signals into native Windows exceptions Although Wineserver implements some aspects of the Windows kernel it is not possible to use native Windows drivers with it due to Wine s underlying architecture 29 Libraries and applications edit Wine allows for loading both Windows DLLs and Unix shared objects for its Windows programs Its built in implementation of the most basic Windows DLLs namely NTDLL KERNEL32 GDI32 and USER32 uses the shared object method because they must use functions in the host operating system as well Higher level libraries such as WineD3D are free to use the DLL format In many cases users can choose to load a DLL from Windows instead of the one implemented by Wine Doing so can provide functionalities not yet implemented by Wine but may also cause malfunctions if it relies on something else not present in Wine 29 Wine tracks its state of implementation through automated unit testing done at every git commit 31 Graphics and gaming edit While most office software does not make use of complex GPU accelerated graphics APIs computer games do To run these games properly Wine would have to forward the drawing instructions to the host OS and even translate them to something the host can understand DirectX is a collection of Microsoft APIs for rendering audio and input As of 2019 Wine 4 0 contains a DirectX 12 implementation for Vulkan API and DirectX 11 2 for OpenGL 32 Wine 4 0 also allows Wine to run Vulkan applications by handing draw commands to the host OS or in the case of macOS by translating them into the Metal API by MoltenVK 32 XAudio As of February 2019 update Wine 4 3 uses the FAudio library and Wine 4 13 included a fix for it to implement the XAudio2 audio API and more 33 34 XInput and Raw Input Wine since 4 0 2019 supports game controllers through its builtin implementations of these libraries They are built as Unix shared objects as they need to access the controller interfaces of the underlying OS specifically through SDL 32 Direct2D Wine 4 0 supports Direct2D 1 2 32 Direct3D edit Much of Wine s DirectX effort goes into building WineD3D a translation layer from Direct3D and DirectDraw API calls into OpenGL As of 2019 this component supports up to DirectX 11 32 As of 12 December 2016 Wine is good enough to run Overwatch with D3D11 35 Besides being used in Wine WineD3D DLLs have also been used on Windows itself allowing for older GPUs to run games using newer DirectX versions and for old DDraw based games to render correctly 36 Some work is ongoing to move the Direct3D backend to Vulkan API Direct3D 12 support in 4 0 is provided by a vkd3d subproject 32 and WineD3D has in 2019 been experimentally ported to use the Vulkan API 37 Another implementation DXVK translates Direct3D 9 10 and 11 calls using Vulkan as well and is a separate project 38 Wine when patched can alternatively run Direct3D 9 API commands directly via a free and open source Gallium3D State Tracker aka Gallium3D GPU driver without translation into OpenGL API calls In this case the Gallium3D layer allows a direct pass through of DX9 drawing commands which results in performance improvements of up to a factor of 2 39 As of 2020 the project is named Gallium Nine It is available now as a separate standalone package and no longer needs a patched Wine version 40 User interface editWine is usually invoked from the command line interpreter wine program exe 41 winecfg edit nbsp A screenshot showing how Wine can be configured to mimic different versions of Windows going as far back as Windows 2 0 in the 32 bit version 64 bit Wine supports only 64 bit versions of Windows There is the utility winecfg that starts a graphical user interface with controls for adjusting basic options 42 It is a GUI configuration utility included with Wine Winecfg makes configuring Wine easier by making it unnecessary to edit the registry directly although if needed this can be done with the included registry editor similar to Windows regedit Third party applications edit nbsp PlayOnLinuxSome applications require more tweaking than simply installing the application in order to work properly such as manually configuring Wine to use certain Windows DLLs The Wine project does not integrate such workarounds into the Wine codebase instead preferring to focus solely on improving Wine s implementation of the Windows API While this approach focuses Wine development on long term compatibility it makes it difficult for users to run applications that require workarounds Consequently many third party applications have been created to ease the use of those applications that do not work out of the box within Wine itself The Wine wiki maintains a page of current and obsolete third party applications 43 Winetricks is a script to install some basic components typically Microsoft DLLs and fonts and tweak settings required for some applications to run correctly under Wine 44 It can fully automate the install of a number of applications and games including applying any needed workarounds Winetricks has a GUI 45 The Wine project will accept bug reports for users of Winetricks unlike most third party applications It is maintained by Wine developer Austin English 46 Q4Wine is an open GUI for advanced setup of Wine Wine Doors is an application management tool for the GNOME desktop which adds functionality to Wine Wine Doors is an alternative to WineTools which aims to improve upon WineTools features and extend on the original idea with a more modern design approach 47 IEs4Linux is a utility to install all versions of Internet Explorer including versions 4 to 6 and version 7 in beta 48 Wineskin is a utility to manage Wine engine versions and create wrappers for macOS 49 PlayOnLinux is an application to ease the installation of Windows applications primarily games There is also a corresponding Macintosh version called PlayOnMac Lutris is an open source application to easily install Windows games on Linux 50 Bordeaux is a proprietary Wine GUI configuration manager that runs winelib applications It also supports installation of third party utilities installation of applications and games and the ability to use custom configurations Bordeaux currently runs on Linux FreeBSD PC BSD Solaris OpenSolaris OpenIndiana 51 52 and macOS computers Bottles is an open source graphical Wine prefix and runners manager for Wine based on GTK4 Libadwaita It provides a repository based dependency installation system and bottle versioning to restore a previous state 53 WineGUI is a free and open source graphical interface to manage Wine It allows you to easily create Wine bottles and install Windows applications or games 54 Functionality edit nbsp App compatibility progress over time according to Wine AppDB test results Software works flawlessly Software works flawlessly after configuration Minor problems with the software Major problems with the software Completely non functional software nbsp WineHQ application ratings over the time The developers of the Direct3D portions of Wine have continued to implement new features such as pixel shaders to increase game support 55 Wine can also use native DLLs directly thus increasing functionality but then a license for Windows is needed unless the DLLs were distributed with the application itself Wine also includes its own open source implementations of several Windows programs such as Notepad WordPad Control Panel Internet Explorer and Windows Explorer 56 The Wine Application Database AppDB is a community maintained on line database about which Windows programs works with Wine and how well they work Backward compatibility edit Wine ensures good backward compatibility with legacy Windows applications including those written for Windows 3 1x 57 Wine can mimic different Windows versions required for some programs going as far back as Windows 2 0 58 However Windows 1 x and Windows 2 x support was removed from Wine development version 1 3 12 If DOSBox is installed on the system citation needed see below on MS DOS Wine development version 1 3 12 and later nevertheless show the Windows 2 0 option for the Windows version to mimic but Wine still will not run most Windows 2 0 programs because MS DOS and Windows functions are not currently integrated Backward compatibility in Wine is generally superior to that of Windows as newer versions of Windows can force users to upgrade legacy Windows applications and may break unsupported software forever as there is nobody adjusting the program for the changes in the operating system In many cases Wine can offer better legacy support than newer versions of Windows with Compatibility Mode Wine can run 16 bit Windows programs Win16 on a 64 bit operating system which uses an x86 64 64 bit CPU 59 a functionality not found in 64 bit versions of Microsoft Windows 60 61 WineVDM allows 16 bit Windows applications to run on 64 bit versions of Windows 62 Wine partially supports Windows console applications and the user can choose which backend to use to manage the console choices include raw streams curses and user32 63 When using the raw streams or curses backends Windows applications will run in a Unix terminal 64 bit applications edit Preliminary support for 64 bit Windows applications was added to Wine 1 1 10 in December 2008 64 As of April 2019 update the support is considered stable The two versions of Wine are built separately and as a result only building wine64 produces an environment only capable of running x86 64 applications 65 As of April 2019 update Wine has stable support for a WoW64 build which allows both 32 bit and 64 bit Windows applications to run inside the same Wine instance To perform such a build one must first build the 64 bit version and then build the 32 bit version referencing the 64 bit version Just like Microsoft s WoW64 the 32 bit build process will add parts necessary for handling 32 bit programs to the 64 bit build 65 This functionality is seen from at least 2010 66 MS DOS edit Early versions of Microsoft Windows run on top of MS DOS and Windows programs may depend on MS DOS programs to be usable Wine does not have good support for MS DOS but starting with development version 1 3 12 Wine tries running MS DOS programs in DOSBox if DOSBox is available on the system 67 However due to a bug current versions needs update of Wine incorrectly identify Windows 1 x and Windows 2 x programs as MS DOS programs attempting to run them in DOSBox which does not work 68 Winelib edit Wine provides Winelib which allows its shared object implementations of the Windows API to be used as actual libraries for a Unix program This allows for Windows code to be built into native Unix executables Since October 2010 Winelib also works on the ARM platform 69 Non x86 architectures edit Support for Solaris SPARC was dropped in version 1 5 26 ARM Windows CE and Windows RT edit Wine provides some support for ARM as well as ARM64 AArch64 processors and the Windows flavors that run on it As of April 2019 update Wine can run ARM Win32 applications intended for unlocked Windows RT devices but not Windows RT programs Windows CE support either x86 or ARM is missing 70 but an unofficial pre alpha proof of concept version called WineCE allows for some support 71 Wine for Android edit nbsp WINE Solitaire running on AndroidOn 3 February 2013 at the FOSDEM talk in Brussels Alexandre Julliard demonstrated an early demo of Wine running on Google s Android operating system 72 Experimental builds of WINE for Android x86 and ARM were released in late 2017 It has been routinely updated by the official developers ever since 4 The default builds do not implement cross architecture emulation via QEMU and as a result ARM versions will only run ARM applications that use the Win32 API 73 Microsoft applications edit Wine by default uses specialized Windows builds of Gecko and Mono to substitute for Microsoft s Internet Explorer and NET Framework Wine has built in implementations of JScript and VBScript It is possible to download and run Microsoft s installers for those programs through winetricks or manually Wine is not known to have good support for most versions of Internet Explorer IE Of all the reasonably recent versions Internet Explorer 8 for Windows XP is the only version that reports a usable rating on Wine s AppDB out of the box 74 However Google Chrome gets a gold rating as of Wine 5 5 staging 75 and Microsoft s IE replacement web browser Edge is known to be based on that browser after switching from Microsoft s own rendering engine 76 Winetricks offer auto installation for Internet Explorer 6 through 8 so these versions can be reasonably expected to work with its built in workarounds An alternative for installing Internet Explorer directly is to use the now defunct IEs4Linux It is not compatible with the latest versions of Wine 77 and the development of IEs4Linux is inactive Other versions of Wine editThe core Wine development aims at a correct implementation of the Windows API as a whole and has sometimes lagged in some areas of compatibility with certain applications Direct3D for example remained unimplemented until 1998 78 although newer releases have had an increasingly complete implementation 79 CrossOver edit Main article CrossOver software CodeWeavers markets CrossOver specifically for running Microsoft Office and other major Windows applications including some games CodeWeavers employs Alexandre Julliard to work on Wine and contributes most of its code to the Wine project under the LGPL CodeWeavers also released a new version called CrossOver Mac for Intel based Apple Macintosh computers on 10 January 2007 80 Unlike upstream wine CrossOver is notably able to run on the x64 only versions of macOS 81 using a technique known as wine32on64 82 As of 2012 CrossOver includes the functionality of both the CrossOver Games and CrossOver Pro lines therefore CrossOver Games and CrossOver Pro are no longer available as single products 83 CrossOver Games was optimized for running Windows video games Unlike CrossOver it didn t focus on providing the most stable version of Wine Instead experimental features are provided to support newer games 84 Proton edit Main article Proton software On 21 August 2018 Valve announced a new variation of Wine named Proton designed to integrate with the Linux version of the company s Steam software including Steam installations built into their Linux based SteamOS operating system and Steam Machine computers 85 Valve s goal for Proton is to enable Steam users on Linux to play games which lack a native Linux port particularly back catalog games and ultimately through integration with Steam as well as improvements to game support relative to mainline Wine to give users the same simple plug and play experience that they would get if they were playing the game natively on Linux 85 Proton entered public beta immediately upon being announced 85 Valve had already been collaborating with CodeWeavers since 2016 to develop improvements to Wine s gaming performance some of which have been merged to the upstream Wine project 85 Some of the specific improvements incorporated into Proton include Vulkan based Direct3D 9 10 11 and 12 implementations via vkd3d 86 DXVK 87 and D9VK 88 multi threaded performance improvements via esync 89 improved handling of fullscreen games and better automatic game controller hardware support 85 Proton is fully open source and available via GitHub 90 WINE Etersoft edit Main article WINE Etersoft The Russian company Etersoft has been developing a proprietary version of Wine since 2006 WINE Etersoft supports popular Russian applications for example 1C Enterprise by 1C Company 91 Other projects using Wine source code edit Other projects using Wine source code include OTVDM 92 a 16 bit app compatibility layer for 64 bit Windows ReactOS a project to write an operating system compatible with Windows NT versions 5 x and up which includes Windows 2000 and its successors down to the device driver level ReactOS uses Wine source code considerably but because of architectural differences ReactOS code such as DLLs written specifically for it like ntdll user32 kernel32 gdi32 and advapi is not generally reused in Wine 93 In July 2009 Aleksey Bragin the ReactOS project lead started 94 a new ReactOS branch called Arwinss 95 and it was officially announced in January 2010 96 Arwinss is an alternative implementation of the core Win32 components and uses mostly unchanged versions of Wine s user32 dll and gdi32 dll WineBottler 97 a wrapper around Wine in the form of a normal Mac application It manages multiple Wine configurations for different programs in the form of bottles Wineskin an open source Wine GUI configuration manager for macOS Wineskin creates a wrapper around Wine in the form of a normal Mac Application The wrapper can also be used to make a distributable port of software 98 Odin a project to run Win32 binaries on OS 2 or convert them to OS 2 native format The project also provides the Odin32 API to compile Win32 programs for OS 2 Virtualization products such as Parallels Desktop for Mac and VirtualBox use WineD3D to make use of the GPU WinOnX a commercial package of Wine for macOS that includes a GUI for adding and managing applications and virtual machines 99 WineD3D for Windows a compatibility wrapper which emulates old Direct3D versions and features that were removed by Microsoft in recent Windows releases using OpenGL This sometimes gets older games working again 100 Apple Game Porting Toolkit a suite of software introduced at Apple s Worldwide Developer Conference in June 2023 to facilitate porting games from Windows to Mac 101 Discontinued edit Cedega WineX TransGaming Inc now Findev Inc since the sale of its software businesses produced the proprietary Cedega software Formerly known as WineX Cedega represented a fork from the last MIT licensed version of Wine in 2002 Much like CrossOver Games TransGaming s Cedega was targeted towards running Windows video games On 7 January 2011 TransGaming Inc announced continued development of Cedega Technology under the GameTree Developer Program TransGaming Inc allowed members to keep using their Cedega ID and password until 28 February 2011 102 Cider TransGaming also produced Cider a library for Apple Intel architecture Macintoshes Instead of being an end user product Cider like Winelib is a wrapper allowing developers to adapt their games to run natively on Intel Mac without any changes in source code Darwine a port of the Wine libraries to Darwin and Mac OS X for the PowerPC and Intel x86 32 bit architectures created by the OpenDarwin team in 2004 103 104 Its PowerPC version relied on QEMU 105 Darwine was merged back into Wine in 2009 106 107 E OS LX a project attempting to allow any program designed for any operating system to be run without the need to actually install any other operating system Pipelight a custom version of Wine wine compholio that acts as a wrapper for Windows NPAPI plugins within Linux browsers 108 This tool permits Linux users to run Microsoft Silverlight the Microsoft equivalent of Adobe Flash and the Unity web plugin along with a variety of other NPAPI plugins The project provides an extensive set of patches against the upstream Wine project 109 some of which were approved and added to upstream Wine Pipelight is largely obsolete as modern browsers no longer support NPAPI plugins and Silverlight has been deprecated by Microsoft 110 Reception editThe Wine project has received a number of technical and philosophical complaints and concerns over the years Security edit Because of Wine s ability to run Windows binary code concerns have been raised over native Windows viruses and malware affecting Unix like operating systems 111 as Wine can run limited malware made for Windows A 2018 security analysis found that 5 out of 30 malware samples were able to successfully run through Wine a relatively low rate that nevertheless posed a security risk 112 For this reason the developers of Wine recommend never running it as the superuser 113 Malware research software such as ZeroWine 114 runs Wine on Linux in a virtual machine to keep the malware completely isolated from the host system An alternative to improve the security without the performance cost of using a virtual machine is to run Wine in an LXC container as Anbox software is doing by default with Android Another security concern is when the implemented specifications are ill designed and allow for security compromise Because Wine implements these specifications it will likely also implement any security vulnerabilities they contain One instance of this problem was the 2006 Windows Metafile vulnerability which saw Wine implementing the vulnerable SETABORTPROC escape 115 116 Wine vs native Unix applications edit A common concern about Wine is that its existence means that vendors are less likely to write native Linux macOS and BSD applications As an example of this it is worth considering IBM s 1994 operating system OS 2 Warp original research An article describes the weaknesses of OS 2 which killed it the first one being OS 2 offered excellent compatibility with DOS and Windows 3 1 applications No this is not an error Many application vendors argued that by developing a DOS or Windows app they would reach the OS 2 market in addition to DOS Windows markets and they didn t develop native OS 2 applications 117 However OS 2 had many problems with end user acceptance Perhaps the most serious was that most computers sold already came with DOS and Windows and many people didn t bother to evaluate OS 2 on its merits due to already having an operating system Bundling of DOS and Windows and the chilling effect this had on the operating system market frequently came up in United States v Microsoft Corporation The Wine project itself responds to the specific complaint of encouraging the continued development for the Windows API on one of its wiki pages For most people there remain a handful of programs locking them in to Windows It s obvious there will never be a Microsoft Office ported to Linux however older versions of programs like TurboTax won t be ported either Similarly there are tens of thousands of games and internal corporate applications which will never be ported If you want to use Linux and rely on any legacy Windows application something like Wine is essential Wine makes Linux more useful and allows for millions of users to switch who couldn t otherwise This greatly raises Linux marketshare drawing more commercial and community developers to Linux 118 Also the Wine Wiki page claims that Wine can help break the chicken and egg problem for Linux on the desktop 119 This brings us to the chicken and egg issue of Linux on the desktop Until Linux can provide equivalents for the above applications its market share on the desktop will stagnate But until the market share of Linux on the desktop rises no vendor will develop applications for Linux How does one break this vicious circle Again Wine can provide an answer By letting users reuse the Windows applications they have invested time and money in Wine dramatically lowers the barrier that prevents users from switching to Linux This then makes it possible for Linux to take off on the desktop which increases its market share in that segment In turn this makes it viable for companies to produce Linux versions of their applications and for new products to come out just for the Linux market This reasoning could be dismissed easily if Wine was only capable of running Solitaire However now it can run Microsoft Office multimedia applications such as QuickTime and Windows Media Player and even games such as Max Payne or Unreal Tournament 3 Almost any other complex application can be made to run well given a bit of time And each time that work is done to add one application to this list many other applications benefit from this work and become usable too Have a look at our Application Database to get an idea on what can be run under Wine The use of Wine for gaming has proved specifically controversial in the Linux community as some feel it is preventing or at least hindering the further growth of native Linux gaming on the platform 120 121 One quirk however is that Wine is now able to run 16 bit and even certain 32 bit applications and games that do not launch on current 64 bit Windows versions 122 This use case has led to running Wine on Windows itself via Windows Subsystem for Linux or third party virtual machines citation needed as well as encapsulated by means such as BoxedWine 123 and Otvdm 124 Microsoft edit Until 2020 Microsoft had not made any public statements about Wine However the Windows Update online service will block updates to Microsoft applications running in Wine On 16 February 2005 Ivan Leo Puoti discovered that Microsoft had started checking the Windows Registry for the Wine configuration key and would block the Windows Update for any component 125 As Puoti noted It s also the first time Microsoft acknowledges the existence of Wine In January 2020 Microsoft cited Wine as a positive consequence of being able to reimplement APIs in its amicus curiae brief for Google LLC v Oracle America Inc 126 See also edit nbsp Free and open source software portal nbsp Linux portalAnbox Columbia Cycada Darling software Executor software List of free and open source software packages Linux kernel API Mono software PlayOnLinux PlayOnMac ReactOS Windows Interface Source Environment Windows Subsystem for LinuxNotes edit Formerly a recursive backronym for 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