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Wikipedia

Mono (software)

January 26, 2023

Mono is a free and open-source .NET Framework-compatible software framework. Originally by Ximian, it was later acquired by Novell, and is now being led by Xamarin, a subsidiary of Microsoft[5] and the .NET Foundation. Mono can be run on many software systems.

Mono
Diagram of Mono architecture
Original author(s)Ximian
Developer(s).NET Foundation and Xamarin (a Microsoft subsidiary)
Initial releaseJune 30, 2004; 18 years ago (2004-06-30)
Stable release
6.12.0.182[1]  / 14 June 2022; 7 months ago (14 June 2022)
Preview release
6.12.0.184 / August 4, 2022; 5 months ago (2022-08-04)[2]
Repository
  • github.com/mono/mono
Written inC, C#, XML
Operating systemWindows, macOS, Linux, IBM AIX, IBM i[3]
PlatformIA-32, x64, IA-64, ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, SPARC, S390
TypeSoftware framework
LicenseMIT License[4]
Websitewww.mono-project.com

History

 
Mono booth at OSCON 2009 in San Jose, California
Release history[6]
Date Version[7] Notes
2004-06-30 1.0[8] C# 1.0 support
2004-09-21 1.1[9]
2006-11-09 1.2[10] C# 2.0 support
2008-10-06 2.0[11] Mono's APIs are now in par with .NET 2.0. Introduces the C# 3.0 and Visual Basic 8 compilers. New Mono-specific APIs: Mono.Cecil, Mono.Cairo and Mono.Posix. Gtk# 2.12 is released. The Gendarme verification tool and Mono Linker are introduced.
2009-01-13 2.2[12] Mono switches its JIT engine to a new internal representation[13] that gives it a performance boost and introduces SIMD support in the Mono.Simd[14] Mono.Simd namespace.
Mono introduces Full Ahead of Time compilation that allows developers to create full static applications and debuts the C# Compiler as a Service[15] and the C# Interactive Shell[16] (C# REPL)
2009-03-30 2.4[17] This release mostly polishes all the features that shipped in 2.2 and became the foundation for the Long-Term support of Mono in SUSE Linux.
2009-12-15 2.6[18] The Mono runtime is now able to use LLVM as a code generation backend and this release introduces Mono co-routines, the Mono Soft Debugger and the CoreCLR security system required for Moonlight and other Web-based plugins.
On the class library System.IO.Packaging, WCF client, WCF server, LINQ to SQL debut. The Interactive shell supports auto-completion and the LINQ to SQL supports multiple database backends. The xbuild build system is introduced.
2010-09-22 2.8[19] Defaults to .NET 4.0 profile, C# 4.0 support, new generational garbage collector, includes Parallel Extensions, WCF Routing, CodeContracts, ASP.NET 4.0, drops the 1.0 profile support; the LLVM engine tuned to support 99.9% of all generated code, runtime selectable llvm and gc; incorporates Dynamic Language Runtime, MEF, ASP.NET MVC2, OData Client open-source code from Microsoft;. Will become release 3.0
2011-02-15 2.10[20]
2012-10-18 3.0[21] C# 5.0 support, async support, Async Base Class Library Upgrade and MVC4 - Partial, no async features support.
2013-07-24 3.2[22] Default Garbage Collector is now the SGEN, instead of Boehm
2014-03-31 3.4[23]
2014-08-12 3.6[24]
2014-09-04 3.8[25]
2014-10-04 3.10[26]
2015-01-13 3.12[27]
2015-04-29 4.0[28] Defaults to .NET 4.5 profile and ships only .NET 4.5 assemblies, defaults to C# 6.0. First release to integrate Microsoft open-source .NET Core code
2017-05-10 5.0[29] Shipping Roslyn C# compiler to enable C#7 support; Shipping msbuild and deprecating xbuild for better compatibility; Enabling concurrent SGen garbage collector to reduce time spent in GC; Introducing the AppleTLS stack on macOS for HTTPS connections; Continued Progress on .NET Class Library convergence; Updated libjpeg in macOS package
2017-07-14 5.2[30] Support for .NET Standard 2.0, strong assembly names, and experimental default interface members.
2017-10-05 5.4[31] The JIT Runtime now supports concurrent method compilation and various other Performance Optimisations; Added .NET 4.7 reference assemblies
2018-02-01 5.8[32] Initial WebAssembly port; Modes for the SGen GC; Includes Roslyn's csi (C# interactive) REPL tool
2018-02-26 5.10[33] The Interpreter is now included in the default installation; runtime now supports Default Interface Methods; WebAssembly considered reliable now; Support for .NET 4.7.1 / C# 7.2 / F# 4.1
2018-05-08 5.12[34] Port to IBM AIX/i; now includes VB.NET compiler; option to use jemalloc
2018-08-07 5.14[35] Major Windows.Forms update to improve compatibility with .NET
2018-10-08 5.16[36] Hybrid suspend garbage collector; Client certificate support; C# 7.3 support
2018-12-21 5.18[37] .NET 4.7.2 support; more CoreFX code is used
2019-07-17 6.0[38] C# compiler defaults to version C# 8.0 RC; Various stability improvement in debugger support; Mono Interpreter is feature complete and stable
2019-09-23 6.4[39] C# compiler support for C# 8 language version; .NET Standard 2.1 support
2019-12-10 6.6[40] Added .NET 4.8 reference assemblies
2020-01-15 6.8[41] Various Bugfixes
2020-05-19 6.10[42] Various Bugfixes
2020-11-24 6.12[43] Various Bugfixes

When Microsoft first announced their .NET Framework in June 2000 it was described as "a new platform based on Internet standards",[44] and in December of that year the underlying Common Language Infrastructure was published as an open standard, "ECMA-335",[45] opening up the potential for independent implementations.[46] Miguel de Icaza of Ximian believed that .NET had the potential to increase programmer productivity and began investigating whether a Linux version was feasible.[47] Recognizing that their small team could not expect to build and support a full product, they launched the Mono open-source project, on July 19, 2001 at the O'Reilly conference.

After three years of development, Mono 1.0 was released on June 30, 2004.[48] Mono evolved from its initial focus of a developer platform for Linux desktop applications to supporting a wide range of architectures and operating systems - including embedded systems.[49]

Novell acquired Ximian in 2003. After Novell was acquired by Attachmate in April 2011, Attachmate announced hundreds of layoffs for the Novell workforce,[50] putting in question the future of Mono.[51][52]

On May 16, Miguel de Icaza announced in his blog that Mono would continue to be supported by Xamarin, a company he founded after being laid off from Novell. The original Mono team had also moved to the new company. Xamarin planned to keep working on Mono and had planned to rewrite the proprietary .NET stacks for iOS and Android from scratch, because Novell still owned MonoTouch and Mono for Android at the time.[53] After this announcement, the future of the project was questioned, MonoTouch and Mono for Android being in direct competition with the existing commercial offerings now owned by Attachmate, and considering that the Xamarin team would have difficulties proving that they did not use technologies they formerly developed when they were employed by Novell for the same work.[54] However, in July 2011, Novell, now a subsidiary of Attachmate, and Xamarin, announced that it granted a perpetual license to Xamarin for Mono, MonoTouch and Mono for Android, which officially took stewardship of the project.[55][56]

Current status and roadmap

Mono's current version is 6.0.0 (as of August 2019). This version provides the core API of the .NET Framework and support for Visual Basic.NET and C# 7.0. LINQ to Objects, XML, and SQL are part of the distribution. Windows Forms 2.0 is also supported, but not actively developed, and as such its support on Mono is incomplete.[57] Version 4.0 was the first version that incorporates Microsoft original source code that was released by Microsoft as part of the .NET Core project.

As of January 14, 2021, Mono has full support for all the features in .NET 4.7 except Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) (which the Mono team do not plan to support due to the amount of work it would need)[57] and Windows Workflow Foundation (WF), and with only limited support for Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) and the ASP.NET async stack. However, System.Web and WCF are candidates for 'almost immediate' porting from the .NET reference source back to Mono.[58] Some missing parts of the .NET Framework are under development in an experimental Mono subproject called Olive.[59]

The Mono project has also created a Visual Basic .NET compiler and a runtime designed for running VB.NET applications. It is currently being developed by Rolf Bjarne Kvinge.

Moonlight

Main article: Moonlight (runtime)

An open-source implementation of Microsoft Silverlight, called Moonlight, has been included since Mono 1.9.[60] Moonlight 1.0, which supports the Silverlight 1.0 APIs, was released January 20, 2009. Moonlight 2.0 supports Silverlight 2.0 and some features of Silverlight 3.0.[61] A preview release of Moonlight 3.0 was announced in February 2010 and contains updates to Silverlight 3 support.[62]

The Moonlight project was abandoned on May 29, 2012.[63] According to Miguel, two factors sealed the fate of the project: Microsoft added "artificial restrictions" that "made it useless for desktop programming", and the technology had not gained enough traction on the Web. In addition, Silverlight itself was deprecated by Microsoft by 2012.

Mono components

Mono consists of three groups of components:

  1. Core components
  2. Mono/Linux/GNOME development stack
  3. Microsoft compatibility stack

The core components include the C# compiler, the virtual machine for the Common Language Infrastructure and the core class libraries. These components are based on the Ecma-334 and Ecma-335 standards,[64] allowing Mono to provide a standards compliant, free and open-source CLI virtual machine. Microsoft issued a statement that covers both standards under their Community Promise license.[65]

The Mono/Linux/GNOME development stack provide tools for application development while using the existing GNOME and free and open-source libraries. These include: Gtk# for graphical user interface (GUI) development, Mozilla libraries for working with the Gecko rendering engine, Unix integration libraries (Mono.Posix), database connectivity libraries, a security stack, and the XML schema language RelaxNG. Gtk# allows Mono applications to integrate into the Gnome desktop as native applications. The database libraries provide connectivity to the object-relational database db4o, Firebird, Microsoft SQL Server (MSSQL), MySQL, Open Database Connectivity (ODBC), Oracle, PostgreSQL, SQLite, and many others. The Mono project tracks developing database components at its website.[66]

The Microsoft compatibility stack provides a pathway for porting Windows .NET applications to Linux. This group of components include ADO.NET, ASP.NET, and Windows Forms, among others. As these components are not covered by Ecma standards, some of them remain subject to patent fears and concerns.

Framework architecture

The major components of Mono include:

Code Execution Engine

The Mono runtime contains a code execution engine that translates ECMA CIL byte codes into native code and supports a number of processors: ARM, MIPS (in 32-bit mode only), SPARC, PowerPC, S390 (in 64-bit mode), x86, x86-64 and IA-64 for 64-bit modes.

The code generator is exposed in three modes:

  • Just-in-time (JIT) compilation: The runtime will turn ECMA CIL byte codes into native code as the code runs.
  • Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation: this code turns the ECMA CIL byte codes (typically found on a .exe or .dll file) and generates native code stored in an operating system, architecture and CPU specific file (for a foo.exe file, it would produce foo.exe.so on Linux). This mode of operation compiles most of the code that is typically done at runtime. There are some exceptions like trampolines and other administrative code that still require the JIT to function, so AOT images are not fully standalone.
  • Full Static Compilation: this mode is only supported on a handful of platforms and takes the Ahead-of-Time compilation process one step further and generates all the trampolines, wrappers and proxies that are required into a static file that can be statically linked into a program and completely eliminates the need for a JIT at runtime. This is used on Apple's iOS, Sony's PlayStation 3 and Microsoft's Xbox 360 operating systems.[citation needed]

Starting with Mono 2.6, it is possible to configure Mono to use the LLVM as the code generation engine instead of Mono's own code generation engine. This is useful for high performance computing loads and other situations where the execution performance is more important than the startup performance.

Starting with the Mono 2.7 preview, it is no longer necessary to pick one engine over the other at configuration time. The code generation engine can be selected at startup by using the --llvm or --nollvm command line arguments, and it defaults to the fast-starting Mono code generation engine.

Starting with Mono 5.18, support for LLVM is a default configuration option. Previous versions required a special LLVM fork, but now mono can fall back to its own code generator when it encounters something not handled by LLVM.[67]

Garbage collector

As of Mono 2.8, the Mono runtime ships with two garbage collectors: a generational collector and the Boehm-Demers-Weiser Conservative Garbage Collector. The Boehm garbage collector could exhibit memory leaks on certain classes of applications, making it unsuitable for some long-running server applications.[68][69] Mono switched to Simple Generational GC (SGen-GC) as the default collector in version 3.1.1.

The SGen garbage collector has many advantages over a traditional conservative scanner. It uses generational garbage collection where new objects are allocated from a nursery, during the garbage collection cycle, all objects that survived are migrated to an older generation memory pool. The idea being that many objects are transient and can quickly be collected and only a handful of objects are long-term objects that live for the entire life of the application. To improve performance this collector assigns memory pools to each thread to let threads allocate new memory blocks without having to coordinate with other threads. Migration of objects from the nursery to the old generation is done by copying the data from the nursery to the old generation pool and updating any live pointers that point to the data to point to the new location. This can be expensive for large objects, so Mono's SGen uses a separate pool of memory for large objects (Large Object Section) and uses a mark-and-sweep algorithm for those objects.[68]

Class library

The class library provides a comprehensive set of facilities for application development. They are primarily written in C#, but due to the Common Language Specification they can be used by any .NET language. The class library is structured into namespaces, and deployed in shared libraries known as assemblies. Speaking of the .NET Framework is primarily referring to this class library.[70]

Namespaces and assemblies

Namespaces are a mechanism for logically grouping similar classes into a hierarchical structure. This prevents naming conflicts. The structure is implemented using dot-separated words, where the most common top-level namespace is System, such as System.IO and System.Net. There are other top-level namespaces as well, such as Accessibility and Windows. A user can define a namespace by placing elements inside a namespace block.

Assemblies are the physical packaging of the class libraries. These are .dll files, just like (but not to be confused with) Win32 shared libraries. Examples of assemblies are mscorlib.dll, System.dll, System.Data.dll and Accessibility.dll. Namespaces are often distributed among several assemblies and one assembly can be composed of several files.

Common Language Infrastructure and Common Language Specification

The Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) as implemented by the Common Language Runtime (CLR), is implemented by the Mono executable. The runtime compiles and executes .NET applications. The common language infrastructure is defined by the ECMA standard.[64] To run an application, you must invoke the runtime with the relevant parameters.

The Common Language Specification (CLS) is specified in chapter 6 of ECMA-335 and defines the interface to the CLI, such as conventions like the underlying types for Enum. The Mono compiler generates an image that conforms to the CLS. This is the Common Intermediate Language. The Mono runtime takes this image and runs it. The ECMA standard formally defines a library that conforms to the CLS as a framework.

Managed and unmanaged code

Within a native .NET/Mono application, all code is managed; that is, it is governed by the CLI's style of memory management and thread safety. Other .NET or Mono applications can use legacy code, which is referred to as unmanaged, by using the System.Runtime.InteropServices libraries to create C# bindings. Many libraries which ship with Mono use this feature of the CLI, such as Gtk#.

Mono-specific innovations

Mono has innovated in some areas with new extensions to the core C# and CLI specifications:

  • C# Compiler as a Service (Use the C# compiler as a library).[15]
  • C# Interactive Shell.[16]
  • SIMD support[14] as part of the Mono.SIMD namespace, where method calls to special vector types are directly mapped to the underlying processor CPU SIMD instructions.
  • Full static compilation of .NET code[71] (used on Mono/iPhone, Mono/PS3).
  • Mono coroutines (used to implement micro-threading code and continuations, mostly for game developers).[72]
  • Assembly injection to live processes.[73]
  • Use of LLVM as JIT backend.
  • Cxxi and CppSharp direct interop with C++ code and libraries.

In addition, Mono is available on a variety of operating systems and architectures.[74]

System requirements

Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10, macOS or Linux

Related projects

Several projects extend Mono and allow developers to use it in their development environment. These projects include:

Cross-platform:

  • Banshee Media Player (stalled), a cross-platform music media player built with Mono and Gtk# and also a driver of dozens of C#-based libraries and projects for media handling.
  • Beagle (unmaintained), a search system for Unix systems.
  • Gecko#, bindings for embedding the layout engine used in Mozilla (Gecko).
  • Gtk#, C# wrappers around the underlying GTK and GNOME libraries, written in C and available on Linux, MacOS and Windows.
  • Mono Migration Analyzer (MoMA), a tool which aids Windows .NET developers in finding areas in their code that might not be cross-platform and therefore not work in Mono on Linux and other Unixes. Not upgraded since Mono 2.8 (2013); use Microsoft's .NET Portability Analyzer (dotnet-apiport) instead.
  • MonoCross, a cross-platform model–view–controller design pattern where the Model and Controller are shared across platforms and the Views are unique for each platform for an optimized User Interface. The framework requires Xamarin.iOS and Xamarin.Android.
  • MvvmCross, a cross-platform Model View ViewModel framework utilizing Xamarin.iOS and Xamarin.Android for developing mobile apps.
  • MonoDevelop an open-source and cross-platform integrated development environment that supports building applications for ASP.NET, Gtk#, Meego, MonoTouch and Silverlight/Moonlight.
  • Moonlight (discontinued), an implementation of Silverlight that uses Mono.
  • OpenTK, a managed binding for OpenGL, OpenCL and OpenAL.
  • QtSharp, C# bindings for the Qt framework.
  • Resco MobileBusiness, a cross-platform developer solution for mobile clients.
  • Resco MobileCRM, a cross-platform developer solution for mobile clients synchronized with Microsoft Dynamics CRM.
  • ServiceStack a high-performance open-source .NET REST web services framework that simplifies the development of XML, JSON and SOAP web services.
  • SparkleShare an open-source client software that provides cloud storage and file synchronization services.
  • Tao (superseded by OpenTK), a collection of graphics and gaming bindings (OpenGL, SDL, GLUT, Cg).
  • Xwt, a GUI toolkit that maps API calls to native platform calls of the underlying platform, exposing one unified API across different platforms and making possible for the graphical user interfaces to have native look and feel on different platforms. It enables building GUI-based desktop applications that run on multiple platforms, without having to customizing code for different platforms. Xwt API is mapped to a set of native controls on each supported platform. Features that are not available on specific platforms are emulated by using native widgets, which is referred to as hosting in the Xwt context.[75] Xwt was partially used as GUI toolkit (beside GTK#) in the development of the Xamarin Studio.[76] Supported "backend" engines are: WPF engine and Gtk engine (using Gtk#) on Windows, Cocoa engine (using MonoMac) and Gtk engine (using Gtk#) on Mac OS X, and Gtk engine (using Gtk#) on Linux.[77]

macOS:

  • Cocoa# – wrappers around the native macOS toolkit (Cocoa) (deprecated).
  • Monobjc – a set of bindings for macOS programming.
  • MonoMac – newer bindings for macOS programming, based on the MonoTouch API design.

Mobile platforms:

  • MonoDroid. Mono for the Android operating system. With bindings for the Android APIs.
  • MonoTouch. Mono for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touches. With bindings to the iOS APIs.

Windows:

  • MonoTools for Visual Studio A Visual Studio plugin that allows Windows developers to target Linux and macOS right from Visual Studio and integrates with SUSE Studio.

Other implementations

Microsoft has a version of .NET 2.0 now available only for Windows XP, called the Shared Source CLI (Rotor). Microsoft's shared source license may be insufficient for the needs of the community (it explicitly forbids commercial use).

Free Software Foundation's decommissioned Portable.NET project.[78]

MonoDevelop

Main article: MonoDevelop

MonoDevelop is a free GNOME integrated development environment primarily designed for C# and other .NET languages such as Nemerle, Boo, and Java (via IKVM.NET), although it also supports languages such as C, C++, Python, and Vala. MonoDevelop was originally a port of SharpDevelop to Gtk#, but it has since evolved to meet the needs of Mono developers. The IDE includes class management, built-in help, code completion, Stetic (a GUI designer), project support, and an integrated debugger.

The MonoDoc browser provides access to API documentation and code samples. The documentation browser uses wiki-style content management, allowing developers to edit and improve the documentation.

Xamarin.iOS and Xamarin.Android

Xamarin.iOS and Xamarin.Android, both developed by Xamarin, are implementations of Mono for iPhone and Android-based smartphones. Previously available only for commercial licensing,[79] after Microsoft's acquisition of Xamarin in 2016, the Mono runtime itself was relicensed under MIT license[80] and both Xamarin.iOS and Xamarin.Android are being made free and open-source.[81]

Xamarin.iOS

Release History
Date Version Notes
2009-09-14 MonoTouch 1.0[82] Initial release
2010-04-05 MonoTouch 2.0[83] iPad support
2010-04-16 MonoTouch 3.0[84] iPhone 4 support
2011-04-06 MonoTouch 4.0[85] iOS 4 support
2011-10-12 MonoTouch 5.0[86] iOS 5 support
2012-09-19 MonoTouch 6.0[87] iOS 6 support
2013-02-20 Xamarin.iOS 6.2[88] Visual Studio support
2013-07-24 Xamarin.iOS 6.4[89] .NET 4.5 async/await support
2013-06-19 Xamarin.iOS 7.0[90] XCode 5 and iOS 7 support
2014-09-10 Xamarin.iOS 8.0[91] iOS 8 and Xcode 6 support
2015-09-16 Xamarin.iOS 9.0[92] iOS 9 and Xcode 7 support
2016-09-13 Xamarin.iOS 10.0[93] iOS 10 and Xcode 8 support
2017-09-19 Xamarin.iOS 11.0[94] iOS 11 and Xcode 9 support
2018-09-14 Xamarin.iOS 12.0[95] iOS 12 and Xcode 10 support
2019-09-13 Xamarin.iOS 13.0[96] iOS 13 and Xcode 11 support
2020-09-20 Xamarin.iOS 14.0[97] iOS 14 and Xcode 12 support

Xamarin.iOS (previously named MonoTouch) is a library that allows developers to create C# and .NET based applications that run on the iPhone, iPod and iPad devices. It is based on the Mono framework and developed in conjunction with Novell. Unlike Mono applications, Xamarin.iOS "Apps" are compiled down to machine code targeted specifically at the Apple iPhone and iPad.[98] This is necessary because the iOS kernel prevents just-in-time compilers from executing on the device.

The Xamarin.iOS stack is made up of:

  • Compilers
    • C# from the Mono Project
    • Third-party compilers like RemObject's Oxygene can target Xamarin.iOS also
  • Core .NET libraries
  • Development SDK:
    • Linker – used to bundle only the code used in the final application
    • mtouch – the Native compiler and tool used to deploy to the target device
    • Interface Builder integration tools
  • Libraries that bind the native CocoaTouch APIs
  • Xamarin Studio IDE

Xamarin Studio is used as the primary IDE, however additional links to Xcode and the iOS simulator have been written.

From April to early September 2010, the future of MonoTouch was put in doubt as Apple introduced new terms for iPhone developers that apparently prohibits them from developing in languages other than C, C++ and Objective-C, and the use of a middle layer between the iOS platform and iPhone applications. This made the future of MonoTouch, and other technologies such as Unity, uncertain.[99] Then, in September 2010, Apple rescinded this restriction, stating that they were relaxing the language restrictions that they had put in place earlier that year.[100][101]

Xamarin.Android

Xamarin.Android (formerly known as Mono for Android), initially developed by Novell and continued by Xamarin, is a proprietary[citation needed][102] implementation of Mono for Android-based smart-phones.[103][104][105] It was first released on April 6, 2011.[106] Mono for Android was developed to allow developers to more easily write cross-platform applications that will run on all mobile platforms.[107] In an interview with H-Online, Miguel de Icaza stated, "Our vision is to allow developers to reuse their engine and business logic code across all mobile platforms and swapping out the user interface code for a platform-specific API."[108]

In August 2010, a Microsoft spokesman, Tom Hanrahan of Microsoft's Open Source Technology Centre, stated, in reference to the lawsuit filed by Oracle against Google over Android's use of Java, that "The type of action Oracle is taking against Google over Java is not going to happen. If a .NET port to Android was through Mono it would fall under the Microsoft Community Promise Agreement."[109][110]

The Xamarin.Android stack consists of the following components:

  • Mono runtime
  • An Android UI designer[111]
  • Libraries:
    • Core .NET class libraries
    • Libraries that bind the native Android/Java APIs
  • SDK tools to package, deploy and debug
  • Xamarin Studio and Visual Studio 2010 integration to design the UI, remotely debug, and deploy.

License

Mono is dual licensed by Xamarin, similar to other products such as Qt and the Mozilla Application Suite. Mono's C# compiler and tools are released under the GNU General Public License (GPLv2 only) (starting with version 2.0 of Mono, the Mono C# compiler source code is also available under the MIT X11 License),[112] the runtime libraries under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPLv2 only) and the class libraries under the MIT License. These are all free software and open-source licenses and hence Mono is free and open-source software.

The license of the C# compiler was changed from the GPL to the MIT X11 license[113] to allow the compiler code to be reused in a few instances where the GPL would have prevented such:

  • Mono's Compiler as a Service
    • The Mono interactive Shell
    • The Mono embeddable C# compiler
  • Mono's implementation of the C# 4.0 dynamic binder.
  • MonoDevelop's built-in parser and AST graph

On March 18, 2016, Microsoft's acquisition of Xamarin was officially closed.[114] On March 31, 2016, Microsoft announced at Microsoft Build that they'll completely re-license Mono under the MIT License even in scenarios where previously a commercial license was necessary,[115] and Microsoft stated that they won't assert any "applicable patents" against parties that are "using, selling, offering for sale, importing, or distributing Mono."[116][117] It was also announced that Xamarin had contributed the Mono Project to the .NET Foundation.[116]

Mono and Microsoft's patents

Further information: Criticism of Microsoft § Mono patent concerns

Software developed with Mono

 
Banshee media player

Many programs covering a range of applications have been developed using the Mono application programming interface (API) and C#. Some programs written for the Linux Desktop include Banshee, Beagle, F-Spot, Gbrainy, Docky/GNOME Do, MonoTorrent, Pinta, and Tomboy. The program, Logos 5 Bible Study Software (OS X Version), was written for the MacOS.

A number of video games, such as The Sims 3 and Second Life (for their scripting languages), OpenSimulator virtual world server, or games built with the Unity or MonoGame game engines, also make use of Mono.[118] OpenRA bundles its Apple Disk Image and Linux AppImages with Mono essentially removing almost all dependencies from the game.[119]

See also

References

Citations

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  3. ^ Introducing Mono on AIX and IBM i
  4. ^ "FAQ: Licensing". Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  5. ^ "Microsoft to acquire Xamarin and empower more developers to build apps on any device". Official Microsoft Blog. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
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Sources

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mono (software).
  • Official website  
  • Main Page for the port to Apple Inc.'s hand-held products

January 26, 2023
mono, software, this, article, needs, updated, please, help, update, this, article, reflect, recent, events, newly, available, information, march, 2016, mono, free, open, source, framework, compatible, software, framework, originally, ximian, later, acquired, . This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information March 2016 Mono is a free and open source NET Framework compatible software framework Originally by Ximian it was later acquired by Novell and is now being led by Xamarin a subsidiary of Microsoft 5 and the NET Foundation Mono can be run on many software systems MonoDiagram of Mono architectureOriginal author s XimianDeveloper s NET Foundation and Xamarin a Microsoft subsidiary Initial releaseJune 30 2004 18 years ago 2004 06 30 Stable release6 12 0 182 1 14 June 2022 7 months ago 14 June 2022 Preview release6 12 0 184 August 4 2022 5 months ago 2022 08 04 2 Repositorygithub wbr com wbr mono wbr monoWritten inC C XMLOperating systemWindows macOS Linux IBM AIX IBM i 3 PlatformIA 32 x64 IA 64 ARM MIPS PowerPC SPARC S390TypeSoftware frameworkLicenseMIT License 4 Websitewww wbr mono project wbr com Contents 1 History 2 Current status and roadmap 2 1 Moonlight 3 Mono components 4 Framework architecture 4 1 Code Execution Engine 4 2 Garbage collector 4 3 Class library 4 3 1 Namespaces and assemblies 4 4 Common Language Infrastructure and Common Language Specification 4 5 Managed and unmanaged code 4 6 Mono specific innovations 4 7 System requirements 4 8 Related projects 4 9 Other implementations 5 MonoDevelop 6 Xamarin iOS and Xamarin Android 6 1 Xamarin iOS 6 2 Xamarin Android 7 License 8 Mono and Microsoft s patents 9 Software developed with Mono 10 See also 11 References 11 1 Citations 11 2 Sources 12 External linksHistory Edit Mono booth at OSCON 2009 in San Jose California Release history 6 Date Version 7 Notes2004 06 30 1 0 8 C 1 0 support2004 09 21 1 1 9 2006 11 09 1 2 10 C 2 0 support2008 10 06 2 0 11 Mono s APIs are now in par with NET 2 0 Introduces the C 3 0 and Visual Basic 8 compilers New Mono specific APIs Mono Cecil Mono Cairo and Mono Posix Gtk 2 12 is released The Gendarme verification tool and Mono Linker are introduced 2009 01 13 2 2 12 Mono switches its JIT engine to a new internal representation 13 that gives it a performance boost and introduces SIMD support in the Mono Simd 14 Mono Simd namespace Mono introduces Full Ahead of Time compilation that allows developers to create full static applications and debuts the C Compiler as a Service 15 and the C Interactive Shell 16 C REPL 2009 03 30 2 4 17 This release mostly polishes all the features that shipped in 2 2 and became the foundation for the Long Term support of Mono in SUSE Linux 2009 12 15 2 6 18 The Mono runtime is now able to use LLVM as a code generation backend and this release introduces Mono co routines the Mono Soft Debugger and the CoreCLR security system required for Moonlight and other Web based plugins On the class library System IO Packaging WCF client WCF server LINQ to SQL debut The Interactive shell supports auto completion and the LINQ to SQL supports multiple database backends The xbuild build system is introduced 2010 09 22 2 8 19 Defaults to NET 4 0 profile C 4 0 support new generational garbage collector includes Parallel Extensions WCF Routing CodeContracts ASP NET 4 0 drops the 1 0 profile support the LLVM engine tuned to support 99 9 of all generated code runtime selectable llvm and gc incorporates Dynamic Language Runtime MEF ASP NET MVC2 OData Client open source code from Microsoft Will become release 3 02011 02 15 2 10 20 2012 10 18 3 0 21 C 5 0 support async support Async Base Class Library Upgrade and MVC4 Partial no async features support 2013 07 24 3 2 22 Default Garbage Collector is now the SGEN instead of Boehm2014 03 31 3 4 23 2014 08 12 3 6 24 2014 09 04 3 8 25 2014 10 04 3 10 26 2015 01 13 3 12 27 2015 04 29 4 0 28 Defaults to NET 4 5 profile and ships only NET 4 5 assemblies defaults to C 6 0 First release to integrate Microsoft open source NET Core code2017 05 10 5 0 29 Shipping Roslyn C compiler to enable C 7 support Shipping msbuild and deprecating xbuild for better compatibility Enabling concurrent SGen garbage collector to reduce time spent in GC Introducing the AppleTLS stack on macOS for HTTPS connections Continued Progress on NET Class Library convergence Updated libjpeg in macOS package2017 07 14 5 2 30 Support for NET Standard 2 0 strong assembly names and experimental default interface members 2017 10 05 5 4 31 The JIT Runtime now supports concurrent method compilation and various other Performance Optimisations Added NET 4 7 reference assemblies2018 02 01 5 8 32 Initial WebAssembly port Modes for the SGen GC Includes Roslyn s csi C interactive REPL tool2018 02 26 5 10 33 The Interpreter is now included in the default installation runtime now supports Default Interface Methods WebAssembly considered reliable now Support for NET 4 7 1 C 7 2 F 4 12018 05 08 5 12 34 Port to IBM AIX i now includes VB NET compiler option to use jemalloc2018 08 07 5 14 35 Major Windows Forms update to improve compatibility with NET2018 10 08 5 16 36 Hybrid suspend garbage collector Client certificate support C 7 3 support2018 12 21 5 18 37 NET 4 7 2 support more CoreFX code is used2019 07 17 6 0 38 C compiler defaults to version C 8 0 RC Various stability improvement in debugger support Mono Interpreter is feature complete and stable2019 09 23 6 4 39 C compiler support for C 8 language version NET Standard 2 1 support2019 12 10 6 6 40 Added NET 4 8 reference assemblies2020 01 15 6 8 41 Various Bugfixes2020 05 19 6 10 42 Various Bugfixes2020 11 24 6 12 43 Various BugfixesWhen Microsoft first announced their NET Framework in June 2000 it was described as a new platform based on Internet standards 44 and in December of that year the underlying Common Language Infrastructure was published as an open standard ECMA 335 45 opening up the potential for independent implementations 46 Miguel de Icaza of Ximian believed that NET had the potential to increase programmer productivity and began investigating whether a Linux version was feasible 47 Recognizing that their small team could not expect to build and support a full product they launched the Mono open source project on July 19 2001 at the O Reilly conference After three years of development Mono 1 0 was released on June 30 2004 48 Mono evolved from its initial focus of a developer platform for Linux desktop applications to supporting a wide range of architectures and operating systems including embedded systems 49 Novell acquired Ximian in 2003 After Novell was acquired by Attachmate in April 2011 Attachmate announced hundreds of layoffs for the Novell workforce 50 putting in question the future of Mono 51 52 On May 16 Miguel de Icaza announced in his blog that Mono would continue to be supported by Xamarin a company he founded after being laid off from Novell The original Mono team had also moved to the new company Xamarin planned to keep working on Mono and had planned to rewrite the proprietary NET stacks for iOS and Android from scratch because Novell still owned MonoTouch and Mono for Android at the time 53 After this announcement the future of the project was questioned MonoTouch and Mono for Android being in direct competition with the existing commercial offerings now owned by Attachmate and considering that the Xamarin team would have difficulties proving that they did not use technologies they formerly developed when they were employed by Novell for the same work 54 However in July 2011 Novell now a subsidiary of Attachmate and Xamarin announced that it granted a perpetual license to Xamarin for Mono MonoTouch and Mono for Android which officially took stewardship of the project 55 56 Current status and roadmap EditMono s current version is 6 0 0 as of August 2019 update This version provides the core API of the NET Framework and support for Visual Basic NET and C 7 0 LINQ to Objects XML and SQL are part of the distribution Windows Forms 2 0 is also supported but not actively developed and as such its support on Mono is incomplete 57 Version 4 0 was the first version that incorporates Microsoft original source code that was released by Microsoft as part of the NET Core project As of January 14 2021 Mono has full support for all the features in NET 4 7 except Windows Presentation Foundation WPF which the Mono team do not plan to support due to the amount of work it would need 57 and Windows Workflow Foundation WF and with only limited support for Windows Communication Foundation WCF and the ASP NET async stack However System Web and WCF are candidates for almost immediate porting from the NET reference source back to Mono 58 Some missing parts of the NET Framework are under development in an experimental Mono subproject called Olive 59 The Mono project has also created a Visual Basic NET compiler and a runtime designed for running VB NET applications It is currently being developed by Rolf Bjarne Kvinge Moonlight Edit Main article Moonlight runtime An open source implementation of Microsoft Silverlight called Moonlight has been included since Mono 1 9 60 Moonlight 1 0 which supports the Silverlight 1 0 APIs was released January 20 2009 Moonlight 2 0 supports Silverlight 2 0 and some features of Silverlight 3 0 61 A preview release of Moonlight 3 0 was announced in February 2010 and contains updates to Silverlight 3 support 62 The Moonlight project was abandoned on May 29 2012 63 According to Miguel two factors sealed the fate of the project Microsoft added artificial restrictions that made it useless for desktop programming and the technology had not gained enough traction on the Web In addition Silverlight itself was deprecated by Microsoft by 2012 Mono components EditMono consists of three groups of components Core components Mono Linux GNOME development stack Microsoft compatibility stackThe core components include the C compiler the virtual machine for the Common Language Infrastructure and the core class libraries These components are based on the Ecma 334 and Ecma 335 standards 64 allowing Mono to provide a standards compliant free and open source CLI virtual machine Microsoft issued a statement that covers both standards under their Community Promise license 65 The Mono Linux GNOME development stack provide tools for application development while using the existing GNOME and free and open source libraries These include Gtk for graphical user interface GUI development Mozilla libraries for working with the Gecko rendering engine Unix integration libraries Mono Posix database connectivity libraries a security stack and the XML schema language RelaxNG Gtk allows Mono applications to integrate into the Gnome desktop as native applications The database libraries provide connectivity to the object relational database db4o Firebird Microsoft SQL Server MSSQL MySQL Open Database Connectivity ODBC Oracle PostgreSQL SQLite and many others The Mono project tracks developing database components at its website 66 The Microsoft compatibility stack provides a pathway for porting Windows NET applications to Linux This group of components include ADO NET ASP NET and Windows Forms among others As these components are not covered by Ecma standards some of them remain subject to patent fears and concerns Framework architecture EditThe major components of Mono include Code Execution Engine Class Libraries Base Class Library NET Compatibility Class Libraries Mono specific class libraries Cross platform class libraries for both Mono and NET Gtk Mono Cecil Mono CSharp Text Templating Unix specific class libraries POSIX Filesystem in Userspace FUSE curses Platform specific class libraries bindings for Mac iOS Android MeeGo CLI Assemblies CLI Metadata Mono s Common Language Runtime Compatible with the ECMA Common Language Infrastructure NET Common Language Runtime Mono specific enhancements Mono SIMD support Mono co routines and continuations Mono specific enhancements Native interop services and COM interop Security Transparent Code FrameworkCode Execution Engine Edit The Mono runtime contains a code execution engine that translates ECMA CIL byte codes into native code and supports a number of processors ARM MIPS in 32 bit mode only SPARC PowerPC S390 in 64 bit mode x86 x86 64 and IA 64 for 64 bit modes The code generator is exposed in three modes Just in time JIT compilation The runtime will turn ECMA CIL byte codes into native code as the code runs Ahead of Time AOT compilation this code turns the ECMA CIL byte codes typically found on a exe or dll file and generates native code stored in an operating system architecture and CPU specific file for a foo exe file it would produce foo exe so on Linux This mode of operation compiles most of the code that is typically done at runtime There are some exceptions like trampolines and other administrative code that still require the JIT to function so AOT images are not fully standalone Full Static Compilation this mode is only supported on a handful of platforms and takes the Ahead of Time compilation process one step further and generates all the trampolines wrappers and proxies that are required into a static file that can be statically linked into a program and completely eliminates the need for a JIT at runtime This is used on Apple s iOS Sony s PlayStation 3 and Microsoft s Xbox 360 operating systems citation needed Starting with Mono 2 6 it is possible to configure Mono to use the LLVM as the code generation engine instead of Mono s own code generation engine This is useful for high performance computing loads and other situations where the execution performance is more important than the startup performance Starting with the Mono 2 7 preview it is no longer necessary to pick one engine over the other at configuration time The code generation engine can be selected at startup by using the llvm or nollvm command line arguments and it defaults to the fast starting Mono code generation engine Starting with Mono 5 18 support for LLVM is a default configuration option Previous versions required a special LLVM fork but now mono can fall back to its own code generator when it encounters something not handled by LLVM 67 Garbage collector Edit As of Mono 2 8 the Mono runtime ships with two garbage collectors a generational collector and the Boehm Demers Weiser Conservative Garbage Collector The Boehm garbage collector could exhibit memory leaks on certain classes of applications making it unsuitable for some long running server applications 68 69 Mono switched to Simple Generational GC SGen GC as the default collector in version 3 1 1 The SGen garbage collector has many advantages over a traditional conservative scanner It uses generational garbage collection where new objects are allocated from a nursery during the garbage collection cycle all objects that survived are migrated to an older generation memory pool The idea being that many objects are transient and can quickly be collected and only a handful of objects are long term objects that live for the entire life of the application To improve performance this collector assigns memory pools to each thread to let threads allocate new memory blocks without having to coordinate with other threads Migration of objects from the nursery to the old generation is done by copying the data from the nursery to the old generation pool and updating any live pointers that point to the data to point to the new location This can be expensive for large objects so Mono s SGen uses a separate pool of memory for large objects Large Object Section and uses a mark and sweep algorithm for those objects 68 Class library Edit The class library provides a comprehensive set of facilities for application development They are primarily written in C but due to the Common Language Specification they can be used by any NET language The class library is structured into namespaces and deployed in shared libraries known as assemblies Speaking of the NET Framework is primarily referring to this class library 70 Namespaces and assemblies Edit Namespaces are a mechanism for logically grouping similar classes into a hierarchical structure This prevents naming conflicts The structure is implemented using dot separated words where the most common top level namespace is System such as System IO and System Net There are other top level namespaces as well such as Accessibility and Windows A user can define a namespace by placing elements inside a namespace block Assemblies are the physical packaging of the class libraries These are dll files just like but not to be confused with Win32 shared libraries Examples of assemblies are mscorlib dll System dll System Data dll and Accessibility dll Namespaces are often distributed among several assemblies and one assembly can be composed of several files Common Language Infrastructure and Common Language Specification Edit The Common Language Infrastructure CLI as implemented by the Common Language Runtime CLR is implemented by the Mono executable The runtime compiles and executes NET applications The common language infrastructure is defined by the ECMA standard 64 To run an application you must invoke the runtime with the relevant parameters The Common Language Specification CLS is specified in chapter 6 of ECMA 335 and defines the interface to the CLI such as conventions like the underlying types for Enum The Mono compiler generates an image that conforms to the CLS This is the Common Intermediate Language The Mono runtime takes this image and runs it The ECMA standard formally defines a library that conforms to the CLS as a framework Managed and unmanaged code Edit Within a native NET Mono application all code is managed that is it is governed by the CLI s style of memory management and thread safety Other NET or Mono applications can use legacy code which is referred to as unmanaged by using the System Runtime InteropServices libraries to create C bindings Many libraries which ship with Mono use this feature of the CLI such as Gtk Mono specific innovations Edit Mono has innovated in some areas with new extensions to the core C and CLI specifications C Compiler as a Service Use the C compiler as a library 15 C Interactive Shell 16 SIMD support 14 as part of the Mono SIMD namespace where method calls to special vector types are directly mapped to the underlying processor CPU SIMD instructions Full static compilation of NET code 71 used on Mono iPhone Mono PS3 Mono coroutines used to implement micro threading code and continuations mostly for game developers 72 Assembly injection to live processes 73 Use of LLVM as JIT backend Cxxi and CppSharp direct interop with C code and libraries In addition Mono is available on a variety of operating systems and architectures 74 System requirements Edit Windows 7 Windows 8 Windows 8 1 Windows 10 macOS or Linux Related projects Edit Several projects extend Mono and allow developers to use it in their development environment These projects include Cross platform Banshee Media Player stalled a cross platform music media player built with Mono and Gtk and also a driver of dozens of C based libraries and projects for media handling Beagle unmaintained a search system for Unix systems Gecko bindings for embedding the layout engine used in Mozilla Gecko Gtk C wrappers around the underlying GTK and GNOME libraries written in C and available on Linux MacOS and Windows Mono Migration Analyzer MoMA a tool which aids Windows NET developers in finding areas in their code that might not be cross platform and therefore not work in Mono on Linux and other Unixes Not upgraded since Mono 2 8 2013 use Microsoft s NET Portability Analyzer dotnet apiport instead MonoCross a cross platform model view controller design pattern where the Model and Controller are shared across platforms and the Views are unique for each platform for an optimized User Interface The framework requires Xamarin iOS and Xamarin Android MvvmCross a cross platform Model View ViewModel framework utilizing Xamarin iOS and Xamarin Android for developing mobile apps MonoDevelop an open source and cross platform integrated development environment that supports building applications for ASP NET Gtk Meego MonoTouch and Silverlight Moonlight Moonlight discontinued an implementation of Silverlight that uses Mono OpenTK a managed binding for OpenGL OpenCL and OpenAL QtSharp C bindings for the Qt framework Resco MobileBusiness a cross platform developer solution for mobile clients Resco MobileCRM a cross platform developer solution for mobile clients synchronized with Microsoft Dynamics CRM ServiceStack a high performance open source NET REST web services framework that simplifies the development of XML JSON and SOAP web services SparkleShare an open source client software that provides cloud storage and file synchronization services Tao superseded by OpenTK a collection of graphics and gaming bindings OpenGL SDL GLUT Cg Xwt a GUI toolkit that maps API calls to native platform calls of the underlying platform exposing one unified API across different platforms and making possible for the graphical user interfaces to have native look and feel on different platforms It enables building GUI based desktop applications that run on multiple platforms without having to customizing code for different platforms Xwt API is mapped to a set of native controls on each supported platform Features that are not available on specific platforms are emulated by using native widgets which is referred to as hosting in the Xwt context 75 Xwt was partially used as GUI toolkit beside GTK in the development of the Xamarin Studio 76 Supported backend engines are WPF engine and Gtk engine using Gtk on Windows Cocoa engine using MonoMac and Gtk engine using Gtk on Mac OS X and Gtk engine using Gtk on Linux 77 macOS Cocoa wrappers around the native macOS toolkit Cocoa deprecated Monobjc a set of bindings for macOS programming MonoMac newer bindings for macOS programming based on the MonoTouch API design Mobile platforms MonoDroid Mono for the Android operating system With bindings for the Android APIs MonoTouch Mono for the iPhone iPad and iPod Touches With bindings to the iOS APIs Windows MonoTools for Visual Studio A Visual Studio plugin that allows Windows developers to target Linux and macOS right from Visual Studio and integrates with SUSE Studio Other implementations Edit Microsoft has a version of NET 2 0 now available only for Windows XP called the Shared Source CLI Rotor Microsoft s shared source license may be insufficient for the needs of the community it explicitly forbids commercial use Free Software Foundation s decommissioned Portable NET project 78 MonoDevelop EditMain article MonoDevelop MonoDevelop is a free GNOME integrated development environment primarily designed for C and other NET languages such as Nemerle Boo and Java via IKVM NET although it also supports languages such as C C Python and Vala MonoDevelop was originally a port of SharpDevelop to Gtk but it has since evolved to meet the needs of Mono developers The IDE includes class management built in help code completion Stetic a GUI designer project support and an integrated debugger The MonoDoc browser provides access to API documentation and code samples The documentation browser uses wiki style content management allowing developers to edit and improve the documentation Xamarin iOS and Xamarin Android EditXamarin iOS and Xamarin Android both developed by Xamarin are implementations of Mono for iPhone and Android based smartphones Previously available only for commercial licensing 79 after Microsoft s acquisition of Xamarin in 2016 the Mono runtime itself was relicensed under MIT license 80 and both Xamarin iOS and Xamarin Android are being made free and open source 81 Xamarin iOS Edit Release History Date Version Notes2009 09 14 MonoTouch 1 0 82 Initial release2010 04 05 MonoTouch 2 0 83 iPad support2010 04 16 MonoTouch 3 0 84 iPhone 4 support2011 04 06 MonoTouch 4 0 85 iOS 4 support2011 10 12 MonoTouch 5 0 86 iOS 5 support2012 09 19 MonoTouch 6 0 87 iOS 6 support2013 02 20 Xamarin iOS 6 2 88 Visual Studio support2013 07 24 Xamarin iOS 6 4 89 NET 4 5 async await support2013 06 19 Xamarin iOS 7 0 90 XCode 5 and iOS 7 support2014 09 10 Xamarin iOS 8 0 91 iOS 8 and Xcode 6 support2015 09 16 Xamarin iOS 9 0 92 iOS 9 and Xcode 7 support2016 09 13 Xamarin iOS 10 0 93 iOS 10 and Xcode 8 support2017 09 19 Xamarin iOS 11 0 94 iOS 11 and Xcode 9 support2018 09 14 Xamarin iOS 12 0 95 iOS 12 and Xcode 10 support2019 09 13 Xamarin iOS 13 0 96 iOS 13 and Xcode 11 support2020 09 20 Xamarin iOS 14 0 97 iOS 14 and Xcode 12 supportXamarin iOS previously named MonoTouch is a library that allows developers to create C and NET based applications that run on the iPhone iPod and iPad devices It is based on the Mono framework and developed in conjunction with Novell Unlike Mono applications Xamarin iOS Apps are compiled down to machine code targeted specifically at the Apple iPhone and iPad 98 This is necessary because the iOS kernel prevents just in time compilers from executing on the device The Xamarin iOS stack is made up of Compilers C from the Mono Project Third party compilers like RemObject s Oxygene can target Xamarin iOS also Core NET libraries Development SDK Linker used to bundle only the code used in the final application mtouch the Native compiler and tool used to deploy to the target device Interface Builder integration tools Libraries that bind the native CocoaTouch APIs Xamarin Studio IDEXamarin Studio is used as the primary IDE however additional links to Xcode and the iOS simulator have been written From April to early September 2010 the future of MonoTouch was put in doubt as Apple introduced new terms for iPhone developers that apparently prohibits them from developing in languages other than C C and Objective C and the use of a middle layer between the iOS platform and iPhone applications This made the future of MonoTouch and other technologies such as Unity uncertain 99 Then in September 2010 Apple rescinded this restriction stating that they were relaxing the language restrictions that they had put in place earlier that year 100 101 Xamarin Android Edit Xamarin Android formerly known as Mono for Android initially developed by Novell and continued by Xamarin is a proprietary citation needed 102 implementation of Mono for Android based smart phones 103 104 105 It was first released on April 6 2011 106 Mono for Android was developed to allow developers to more easily write cross platform applications that will run on all mobile platforms 107 In an interview with H Online Miguel de Icaza stated Our vision is to allow developers to reuse their engine and business logic code across all mobile platforms and swapping out the user interface code for a platform specific API 108 In August 2010 a Microsoft spokesman Tom Hanrahan of Microsoft s Open Source Technology Centre stated in reference to the lawsuit filed by Oracle against Google over Android s use of Java that The type of action Oracle is taking against Google over Java is not going to happen If a NET port to Android was through Mono it would fall under the Microsoft Community Promise Agreement 109 110 The Xamarin Android stack consists of the following components Mono runtime An Android UI designer 111 Libraries Core NET class libraries Libraries that bind the native Android Java APIs SDK tools to package deploy and debug Xamarin Studio and Visual Studio 2010 integration to design the UI remotely debug and deploy License EditMono is dual licensed by Xamarin similar to other products such as Qt and the Mozilla Application Suite Mono s C compiler and tools are released under the GNU General Public License GPLv2 only starting with version 2 0 of Mono the Mono C compiler source code is also available under the MIT X11 License 112 the runtime libraries under the GNU Lesser General Public License LGPLv2 only and the class libraries under the MIT License These are all free software and open source licenses and hence Mono is free and open source software The license of the C compiler was changed from the GPL to the MIT X11 license 113 to allow the compiler code to be reused in a few instances where the GPL would have prevented such Mono s Compiler as a Service The Mono interactive Shell The Mono embeddable C compiler Mono s implementation of the C 4 0 dynamic binder MonoDevelop s built in parser and AST graphOn March 18 2016 Microsoft s acquisition of Xamarin was officially closed 114 On March 31 2016 Microsoft announced at Microsoft Build that they ll completely re license Mono under the MIT License even in scenarios where previously a commercial license was necessary 115 and Microsoft stated that they won t assert any applicable patents against parties that are using selling offering for sale importing or distributing Mono 116 117 It was also announced that Xamarin had contributed the Mono Project to the NET Foundation 116 Mono and Microsoft s patents EditFurther information Criticism of Microsoft Mono patent concernsSoftware developed with Mono Edit Banshee media player GNOME Do Many programs covering a range of applications have been developed using the Mono application programming interface API and C Some programs written for the Linux Desktop include Banshee Beagle F Spot Gbrainy Docky GNOME Do MonoTorrent Pinta and Tomboy The program Logos 5 Bible Study Software OS X Version was written for the MacOS A number of video games such as The Sims 3 andSecond Life for their scripting languages OpenSimulator virtual world server or games built with the Unity or MonoGame game engines also make use of Mono 118 OpenRA bundles its Apple Disk Image and Linux AppImages with Mono essentially removing almost all dependencies from the game 119 See also Edit Free and open source software portalCommon Language Runtime NET Framework NET an open source framework and successor to NET Framework Standard Libraries CLI Base Class Library BCL Comparison of application virtual machines DotGNU A free software umbrella project which includes Portable NET MonoDevelop An open source IDE targeting both Mono and Microsoft NET Framework platforms Moonlight runtime an open source implementation of Microsoft s Silverlight developed by the Mono Project Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure Microsoft s shared source implementation of NET formerly codenamed Rotor mod mono A module for the Apache HTTP Server that allows hosting of ASP NET pages and other assemblies on multiple platforms by use of MonoReferences EditCitations Edit https www mono project com docs about mono releases 6 12 0 182 Tags mono mono GitHub GitHub Introducing Mono on AIX and IBM i FAQ Licensing Retrieved 3 July 2020 Microsoft to acquire Xamarin and empower more developers to build apps on any device Official Microsoft Blog Retrieved 2016 02 24 Mono Releases Mono project com Retrieved 2015 04 04 OldReleases Mono project com Retrieved 2013 07 17 Mono 1 0 Release Notes Mono project com Retrieved 2013 07 17 Mono 1 1 1 Development Release Mono project com Retrieved 2013 07 17 Mono 1 2 Release Notes Mono project com Retrieved 2013 07 17 Release Notes Mono 2 0 Mono project com 2008 10 06 Retrieved 2013 07 17 Release Notes Mono 2 2 Mono project com Retrieved 2013 07 17 Linear IR Mono Mono project com Retrieved 2013 07 17 a b Mono s SIMD Support Making Mono safe for Gaming Miguel de Icaza Tirania org 2008 11 03 Retrieved 2013 07 17 a b Mono s C Compiler as a Service on Windows Miguel de Icaza Tirania org 2010 04 27 Retrieved 2013 07 17 a b CsharpRepl Mono Mono project com Retrieved 2013 07 17 Release Notes Mono 2 4 Mono project com Retrieved 2013 07 17 Release Notes Mono 2 6 Mono project com Retrieved 2013 07 17 Release Notes Mono 2 8 Mono project com Retrieved 2013 07 17 Release Notes Mono 2 10 Mono project com Retrieved 2013 07 17 Release Notes Mono 3 0 Mono project com Retrieved 2013 09 23 Release Notes Mono 3 2 Mono project com Retrieved 2013 09 23 Release Notes Mono 3 4 Mono project com Retrieved 2015 04 04 Release Notes Mono 3 6 Mono project com Retrieved 2015 04 04 Release Notes Mono 3 8 Mono project com Retrieved 2015 04 04 Release Notes Mono 3 10 Mono project com Retrieved 2015 04 04 Release Notes Mono 3 12 Mono project com Retrieved 2015 04 04 Release Notes Mono 4 0 Mono project com Retrieved 2015 05 03 Release Notes Mono 5 0 Mono project com Retrieved 2017 05 13 Mono 5 2 0 Release Notes Mono 5 4 0 Release Notes Mono 5 8 0 Release Notes Mono 5 10 0 Release Notes Mono 5 12 0 Release Notes Mono 5 14 0 Release Notes Mono 5 16 0 Release Notes Mono 5 18 0 Release Notes Mono 6 0 0 Release Notes Mono 6 4 0 Release Notes Mono 6 6 0 Release Notes Mono 6 8 0 Release Notes Mono 6 10 0 Release Notes Mono 6 12 0 Release Notes Bonisteel Steven June 23 2000 Microsoft sees nothing but NET ahead ZDNet Archived from the original on November 5 2011 Retrieved April 5 2011 ECMA 335 Part I IV ECMA 335 1st edition December 2001 PDF Wilcox Joe Shankland Stephen June 28 2001 Microsoft edges into sharing code ZDNet Mono list Mono early history 2003 10 13 Archived from the original on 2011 06 06 Retrieved 2005 03 30 OSS NET implementation Mono 1 0 released Ars Technica ArsTechnica 30 June 2004 Retrieved 2009 10 23 Supported Platforms Mono website Koep Paul 2011 05 02 Employees say hundreds laid off at Novell s Provo office KSL TV Retrieved 2011 05 07 J Vaughan Nichols Steven 2011 05 04 Is Mono dead Is Novell dying ZDNet Retrieved 2011 05 07 Clarke Gavin 2011 05 03 NET Android and iOS clones stripped by Attachmate The Register Retrieved 2011 05 07 Announcing Xamarin Miguel de Icaza Tirania org 2011 05 16 Retrieved 2013 07 17 The Death and Rebirth of Mono infoq com 2011 05 17 Retrieved 2011 05 29 Even if they aren t supporting it they do own a product that is in direct competition with Xamarin s future offerings Without some sort of legal arrangement between Attachmate and Xamarin the latter would face the daunting prospect of proving that their new development doesn t use any the technology that the old one did Considering that this is really just a wrapper around the native API it would be hard to prove you had a clean room implementation even for a team that wasn t intimately familiar with Attachmate s code SUSE and Xamarin Partner to Accelerate Innovation and Support Mono Customers and Community Novell 2011 07 18 Retrieved 2011 07 18 The agreement grants Xamarin a broad perpetual license to all intellectual property covering Mono MonoTouch Mono for Android and Mono Tools for Visual Studio Xamarin will also provide technical support to SUSE customers using Mono based products and assume stewardship of the Mono open source community project de Icaza Miguel 2011 07 18 Novell Xamarin Partnership around Mono Retrieved 2011 07 18 a b de Icaza Miguel 2011 03 07 GDC 2011 Retrieved 2011 03 11 We have no plans on building WPF We just do not have the man power to build an implementation in any reasonable time frame For tools that are mostly OpenGL DirectX based use Windows Forms keeping in mind that some bug fixing or work around on their part might be needed as our Windows Forms is not actively developed Mono compatibility list Mono Project Roadmap Mono Mono project com Retrieved 2013 07 17 MoonlightRoadmap Mono Team Retrieved 2008 11 08 Releasing Moonlight 2 Roadmap to Moonlight 3 and 4 Miguel de Icaza Tirania org 2009 12 17 Retrieved 2013 07 17 Moonlight 3 0 Preview 1 Miguel de Icaza Tirania org 2010 02 03 Retrieved 2013 07 17 Xamarin abandons its Silverlight for Linux technology ZDNet a b Ecma 335 Technet com Archived from the original on 2013 05 23 Retrieved 2009 07 07 Database Access Mono Mono LLVM Mono a b Compacting GC mono project com Retrieved 2008 12 16 Boehm Hans J Advantages and Disadvantages of Conservative Garbage Collection Xerox PARC Archived from the original on 2013 07 24 Retrieved 2008 12 16 NET Framework Architecture official Mono documentation de Icaza Miguel Static Compilation in Mono Continuations Mono de Icaza Miguel Monovation Assembly Injection into Live Processes Supported Platforms Mono Narayanaswamy Anand 23 Nov 2012 Build Cross Platform Applications with Xwt InfoQ Archived from the original on 2016 04 15 Retrieved 2016 04 15 de Icaza Miguel 22 February 2013 The Making of Xamarin Studio InfoQ Archived from the original on 2016 04 15 Retrieved 2016 04 15 Xwt Read Me Xwt on GitHub 15 Jan 2012 Archived from the original on 2016 04 16 Retrieved 2016 04 15 DotGNU Project Retrieved 2 June 2014 FAQ os xamarin com 2011 08 01 MonoTouch is a commercial product based on the open source Mono project and is licensed on a per developer basis Mono relicensed MIT www mono project com 2016 03 31 Xamarin for Everyone blog xamarin com 2016 03 31 we are announcing today our commitment to open source the Xamarin SDKs for Android iOS and Mac under the MIT license in the coming months de Icaza Miguel MonoTouch 1 0 goes live MonoTouch 2 0 0 Xamarin MonoTouch 3 0 0 Xamarin MonoTouch 4 0 0 Xamarin MonoTouch 5 0 Xamarin MonoTouch 6 0 Xamarin Xamarin iOS 6 2 Xamarin Xamarin iOS 6 4 Xamarin 8 July 2022 iOS 7 and Xamarin Ready When You Are Xamarin Blog 2013 09 18 Retrieved 2021 03 20 iOS 8 Bigger and Better with Xamarin Xamarin Blog 2014 09 10 Retrieved 2021 03 20 Xamarin for iOS 9 Search Deeper Xamarin Blog 2015 09 16 Retrieved 2021 03 20 Major Updates iOS 10 Android Nougat and Other Tasty Bits Xamarin Blog 2016 09 13 Retrieved 2021 03 20 spouliot Xamarin iOS 11 0 Release Notes Xamarin docs microsoft com Retrieved 2021 03 20 spouliot Xamarin iOS 12 0 Release Notes Xamarin docs microsoft com Retrieved 2021 03 20 spouliot Xamarin iOS 13 0 Release Notes Xamarin docs microsoft com Retrieved 2021 03 20 spouliot Xamarin iOS 14 0 Release Notes Xamarin docs microsoft com Retrieved 2021 03 20 MonoTouch and iPhone 4 Applications built with MonoTouch are native applications indistinguishable from other native applications Apple takes aim at Adobe or Android 9 April 2010 Statement by Apple on App Store Review Guidelines Based on their input today we are making some important changes to our iOS Developer Program license in sections 3 3 1 3 3 2 and 3 3 9 to relax some restrictions we put in place earlier this year In particular we are relaxing all restrictions on the development tools used to create iOS apps as long as the resulting apps do not download any code This should give developers the flexibility they want while preserving the security we need Great News for MonoTouch Users With these new terms the ambiguity is gone and C lovers and enthusiasts can go back to using MonoTouch Developers that like garbage collection and their strongly typed languages can resume their work How is Mono for Android licensed Mono for Android FAQ 2011 08 28 Retrieved 2012 03 29 Novell s Mono project bringing Net development to Android NetworkWorld Novell s Mono project bringing Net development to Android InfoWorld 16 March 2010 MonoDroid NET Support Coming to Android TechieBuzz 18 October 2022 Mono for Android brings C to Android Heise Online 2011 04 07 Retrieved 2011 04 07 Novell Mono C is developing MonoDroid Android Community 18 February 2010 This will make it easier for developers to make cross platform apps as well as bring some of the existing apps that are made using MonoTouch to Android Mono for Android H Online Our vision is to allow developers to reuse their engine and business logic code across all mobile platforms and swapping out the user interface code for a platform specific API Microsoft won t stop Mono NET on Android TechWorld The type of action Oracle is taking against Google over Java is not going to happen If a NET port to Android was through Mono it would fall under the Microsoft Community Promise Agreement Microsoft says NET on Android is safe no litigation like Oracle Developer Fusion Xamarin Designer for Android Visual Studio Magazine On May 14 Xamarin announced Mono for Android 4 2 Mono C Compiler Under MIT X11 License Novell Inc 2008 04 08 Archived from the original on 2008 05 13 Retrieved 2008 04 09 de Icaza Miguel Mono C compiler now also MIT X11 licensed Xamarin for Everyone Xamarin Blog Xamarin 31 March 2016 Archived from the original on 2016 04 12 Retrieved 2016 04 12 Anderson Tim 31 March 2016 Microsoft to make Xamarin tools and code free and open source The Register a b Ferraira Bruno 31 March 2016 Xamarin now comes free with Visual Studio The Tech Report Microsoft Patent Promise for Mono Mono on GitHub Mono Project 2016 03 28 Archived from the original on 2016 04 12 Retrieved 2016 04 12 Companies using Mono Mono project Mono project Retrieved 30 August 2015 Paul Chote OpenRA Playtest 20190825 2019 08 25 Sources Edit This article incorporates text from Mono s homepage which was then under the GNU Free Documentation License de Icaza Miguel October 13 2003 Mono list Mono early history Archived from the original mailing list on June 6 2011 Retrieved December 6 2005 Dumbill Edd March 11 2004 Will Mono Become the Preferred Platform for Linux Development ONLamp Archived from the original on October 19 2006 Retrieved October 14 2006 Loli Queru Eugenia February 22 2005 Mono Applications Aplenty OSNews Retrieved December 6 2005 Kerner Sean Michael November 18 2005 Mono Project Goes Virtual Internet News Retrieved October 14 2006 Kerner Sean Michael November 9 2006 Months Late Novell Ships Mono 1 2 internetnews com Northcutt Corey October 12 2006 In the World of mod mono Ubiquity Archived from the original on February 23 2007 Retrieved October 14 2006 Campbell Sean October 8 2008 Interview with Joseph Hill Product Manager Mono Novell HSIB Retrieved October 8 2008 Smith Tim September 9 2010 A Brief Introduction to the Java and NET Patent Issues InfoQ Retrieved September 13 2010 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mono software Official website MonoTouch Main Page for the port to Apple Inc s hand held products Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mono software amp oldid 1119638444, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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