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Chengdu-Chongqing dialect

January 01, 1970

Chengdu-Chongqing dialect or Cheng–Yu (Chinese: 成渝; pinyin: Chéng-Yú; Sichuanese Pinyin: Cen2yu2, local pronunciation: [tsʰən˨˩y˨˩]) is the most widely used branch of Southwestern Mandarin, with about 90 million speakers. It is named after Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan, and Chongqing, which was split from Sichuan in 1997. It is spoken mainly in northern and eastern Sichuan, the northeastern part of the Chengdu Plain, several cities or counties in southwestern Sichuan (Panzhihua, Dechang, Yanyuan, Huili and Ningnan), southern Shaanxi and western Hubei.[1][2]

Chengdu-Chongqing dialect
成渝话
Pronunciation[tsʰən˨˩y˨˩xua˨˨˦]
Native toChina
RegionSichuan, Chongqing, Hubei and Shaanxi
Native speakers
(undated figure of About 90 million[citation needed])
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologchen1267  Chengdu Mandarin
Chengdu-Chongqing is the largest deep-green area.

This uniform dialect is formed after the great migration movement in Ming and Qing dynasty, and is greatly influenced by the Chinese varieties of Mandarin the immigrants spoke from Hubei, Xiang and Gan. So it keeps fewer characteristics of Sichuan's original Ba-Shu Chinese than other Sichuanese dialects, such as Minjiang dialect.

Distributions edit

Chengdu-Chongqing Dialect is spoken within central Chongqing, Chengdu and surrounding provinces. Chengdu-Chongqing dialect is a branch of Sichuan dialect.[3]

Academically, Chongqing dialects are spoken in main urban area of Chongqing, with one-fifth population of the Chongqing city.[4][5]

In a broad sense, Chongqing dialect is spoken with all districts of Chongqing City. Eg: Tongliang District, Hechuan District, Fuling District, Zhanjiang District, etc. Chongqing dialect its considered as a branch of Southwestern Mandarin.[6]

The Chengdu-Chongqing dialect is mutually intelligible with dialects spoken in its satellite districts such Sichuan. But, as all public schools and most broadcast communication in urban Chongqing use Mandarin exclusively, nearly all speakers of the dialect are good at Chongqing dialect and Mandarin. Owing to migration within China, traditional Chongqing dialect is getting similar to Mandarin, many residents of the city cannot speak the local dialect but can usually understand it, and get fluent to it after a few months or years in the area.[6]

History edit

With Chinese government declared movement to Chongqing during the World War II, Chongqing became the Provisional capital of the republic of China,[7] when migration boost the population of the city. Chongqing dialect mixes the merits of various local dialects, with wits and humor, gains popularity with its users.

Phonology edit

Tone edit

Chengdu-Chongqing dialect has four phonemic tones: dark level tone, light level tone, rising tone and departing tone. These tones are of same pitch as Sichuan dialects (Minjiang, Renfu, Yajin).[8]

District Dark level tone Light level tone Rising tone Departing tone
Chengdu 55 31 53 213
Chongqing 55 21 42 214
Guangyuan 55 21 42 214
Nanchong 55 21 53 14
Jinyang 55 31 52 13
Wanzhou 55 213 42 215
Yichang 55 12 42 35
Qianjiang 55 31 53 24
QIanjiang 55 31 53 24
Panzhihua 55 31 53 213

Initial edit

The Chengdu-Chongqing dialect in most regions doesn't have tongue retroflex (tʂ group initials), except for Bazhong district and Panxi area (except for Panzhihua), where the consonants of the tongue curling are similar but not the same as Mandarin. Chongqing dialect with 45 districts using has 20 initials, 5 initials do not exist: [ʈʂ], [ʈʂʰ], [ʂ], [ʐ~ɻ], [ȵ]; Chengdu dialect with 77 districts using has 21 initials, 4 initials do not exist: [ʈʂ], [ʈʂʰ], [ʂ], [ʐ~ɻ].[9]

The following is the initial consonant inventory of Chengdu-Chongqing dialect:[9]

Bilabial Labiodental Coronal Alveolo-palatal Velar
Plosive plain b [p] d [t] g [k]
aspirated p [pʰ] t [tʰ] k [kʰ]
Affricate plain z [ts] j [tɕ]
aspirated c [tsʰ] q [tɕʰ]
Fricative Voiceless f [f] s [s] x [ɕ] h [x]
voiced v [v] r [z]
Nasal m [m] ng [ŋ]
Lateral sound l [l]
Zero ∅

In particular, the consonants of Chengdu are comparable but not identical to those in Mandarin. See the inventories below:[10]

Labial Coronal Alveopalatal vela
Plosive p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ
Affricate ts tsʰ tɕ tɕʰ
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Liquid l, r
Fricative f v s z ɕ x
Glide ɥ j w

Final edit

A final, the remainder of syllable after the initial, consists of an optional medial glide, a vowel and an optional final consonants. There are 42 types of finals in Sichuan dialect; four Sichuanese finals do not exist in Beijing: [ɛ], [iai], [uɛ], and [yo]. On the other hand, three Beijing finals do not exist in Sichuanese: [ɤ], [iŋ], and [əŋ]. Chengdu dialect with 62 districts using has 36 finals, Chongqing dialect with 37 districts using it has 37 finals.[9]

The following is the inventory of Sichuanese finals, transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet:

-Ø -i or -u nasal finals
Ø- /z̩/ i /ɚ/ er /a/ a /o/ o /ɛ/ e /ai/ ai /ei/ ei /au/ ao /əu/ ou /an/ an /ən/ en /aŋ/ ang /oŋ/ ong
i- /i/ i /ia/ ia /iɛ/ ie /iai/ iai /iau/ iao /iəu/ iu /ian/ ian /in/ in /iaŋ/ iang
u- /u/ u /ua/ ua /uɛ/ ue /uai/ uai /uei/ ui /uan/ uan /uən/ un /uaŋ/ uang
y- /y/ ü /yo/ üo /ye/ üe /yn/ ün /yoŋ/ iong

Vowels and consonants edit

The tones of the Chongqing-Chengdu dialect are very similar, but not the same as that of Sichuanese. About one third of Sichuan dialects have a special entering tone, with a relatively independent set of finals, e.g.: [iæ], [uæ], [ʊ], [ɘ], [ɐ], [iɐ], [uɐ], [ɔ], [yʊ], [yɵ], etc. These vowels keep the throat tight, ensuring the muscles of the larynx and oral cavity stay tense during pronunciation, so that the entire syllable exhibits a rough and tight state.[11]

The vowels in Chengdu are given below:[12]

Front Central Back
High i y u
Mid ε ə ɔ
Low ɑ

The following table shows the tense vowels of Chengdu-Chongqing dialect, and a comparison with other Sichuanese dialects:[13]

Example Chengdu-Chongqing Minjiang Renshou-Fushun
Chengdu Chongqing Luzhou Zigong
搭 [a] [a] [æ] [a]
说 [o] [o] [ɵ] [o]
黑 [ɛ] [ɛ] [e] [ɛ]
踢 [iɛ] [i] [ie] [i]
出 [u] [u] [ɵ] [u]
欲 [yo] [yu] [yɵ] [yi]
湿 [z̩] [z̩] [ə] [z̩]
掐 [ia] [ia] [iæ] [ia]
刮 [ua] [ua] [uæ] [ua]
铁 [iɛ] [iɛ] [ie] [iɛ]
获 [uɛ] [uɛ] [ɵ] [ue]
阅 [yɛ] [yɛ] [yɵ] [yɛ]
药 [yo] [yo] [yɵ] [yo]

Literary and colloquial readings of Chongqing-Chengdu dialect edit

Affected by Mandarin for a long time, literary and colloquial readings appear in the Chongqing-Chengdu dialect. Colloquial readings are usually the inherent reading style from the ancient Sichuan dialect, mainly appearing in high-frequency everyday communication; literary readings are close to modern Mandarin, normally appearing in written language. The literary and colloquial readings have been developing in the recent decades. However, affected by the promotion of Mandarin Chinese by the Chinese government, literary readings are becoming dominant, and some pronunciations have the tendency to disappear.[14] Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters in Chengdu are shown below.[15] Note: the table is only based on 《成都语音的初步研究》in 1958, the changes of Chengdu dialect in recent years are not considered:

Example Colloquial reading Literary Reading
严 ŋan2 nʲian2
下 xa4 ɕia4
等 tʰən4 tən3
横 xuan3 xuən2
胯 kʰa2 kʰua4
逼 pie1 pi2

Vocabulary edit

As a branch of Sichuanese, Chengdu-Chongqing dialect is mainly composed of three parts: ancient Ba-Shu Chinese, vocabulary brought by immigrants in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and lingua franca of ancient China.

Chengdu-Chongqing dialect is a branch of Sichuan dialect, which is very different compared with other Chinese. Yunnan dialect, which is considered very similar to Sichuan dialect, only shares 58.3% identical words.[16] Sichuan dialect is also influenced by Xiang Chinese and Gan Chinese, the vocabulary of Sichuan dialect is very different from northern Mandarin, with only 47.8% similar vocabulary.[17]

Recently, many loanwords have been introduced to Chengdu and Chongqing from standard Mandarin and English. Meanwhile, new words are developing Chengdu and Chongqing, which then spread at a dramatic speed through China.[18][19] For example, “雄起”(xióng qǐ) (meaning to "cheer up"), is a typical Chengdu-Chongqing word that gets popular in China, equivalent to "加油" (jiāyóu) in standard Mandarin.

References edit

  1. ^ 李蓝（2009年第1期），《西南官话的分区（稿）》，方言
  2. ^ Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987). Language Atlas of China. Longman. Map B6. ISBN 978-962-359-085-3.
  3. ^ Chen, Shunting; van de Weijer, Jeroen (2018-09-01). "Consonant–vowel interaction in Sichuan Chinese: An element-based analysis". Lingua. 212: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2018.05.001. ISSN 0024-3841. S2CID 171472267.
  4. ^ Shiyu, Zhai (1996). 《重庆方言志》 (in Chinese). 西南师范大学出版社.
  5. ^ Shen, Hong (2010). 重庆方言与城市文化 (in Chinese). 重庆大学出版社. pp. 26–32.
  6. ^ a b Shiyu, Zhai (1996). 《重庆方言志》 (in Chinese). 西南师范大学出版社.
  7. ^ Yaojian, Yang (29 April 2015). "回望1937：国民政府迁都重庆". 人民网. from the original on 2016-04-22.
  8. ^ Zhen, Shangling (March 1960). "《四川方言音系》". 四川大学学报（社会科学版）.
  9. ^ a b c 甄尚灵等 (1960). "《四川方言音系》". 四川大学学报（社会科学版）.
  10. ^ Chen, Shunting; van de Weijer, Jeroen (2018-09-01). "Consonant–vowel interaction in Sichuan Chinese: An element-based analysis". Lingua. 212: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2018.05.001. ISSN 0024-3841. S2CID 171472267.
  11. ^ Jiang, Yu (May 2004). 四川官话雅棉小片入声归阴平研究. 汕头大学.
  12. ^ Chen, Shunting; van de Weijer, Jeroen (2018-09-01). "Consonant–vowel interaction in Sichuan Chinese: An element-based analysis". Lingua. 212: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2018.05.001. ISSN 0024-3841. S2CID 171472267.
  13. ^ Jiang, Yu (May 2004). 《四川官话雅棉小片入声归阴平研究. 汕头大学.
  14. ^ Rongchang Cui, Lingli Song. 普通话对成都话语音的影响，语文建设. 1999
  15. ^ Shangling, Zhen (1958). "成都语音的初步研究". 四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版）.
  16. ^ Cui, Rongchang; 崔荣昌. (1996). Sichuan fang yan yu Ba Shu wen hua (Di 1 ban ed.). Chengdu: Sichuan da xue chu ban she. ISBN 7-5614-1296-7. OCLC 38066742.
  17. ^ Cui, Rongchang; 崔荣昌. (1996). Sichuan fang yan yu Ba Shu wen hua (Di 1 ban ed.). Chengdu: Sichuan da xue chu ban she. ISBN 7-5614-1296-7. OCLC 38066742.
  18. ^ Chen, Hong (February 2008). "《重庆言子儿的文化透视》". 重庆大学学报(社会科学版).
  19. ^ Quanwen Yang, Keying Lu (May 2005). "《当代成都言词新例释——兼论其造词心理与民间文化意蕴》". 西华师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版.

January 01, 1970
chengdu, chongqing, dialect, cheng, chinese, 成渝, pinyin, chéng, sichuanese, pinyin, cen2yu2, local, pronunciation, tsʰən, most, widely, used, branch, southwestern, mandarin, with, about, million, speakers, named, after, chengdu, capital, city, sichuan, chongqi. Chengdu Chongqing dialect or Cheng Yu Chinese 成渝 pinyin Cheng Yu Sichuanese Pinyin Cen2yu2 local pronunciation tsʰen y is the most widely used branch of Southwestern Mandarin with about 90 million speakers It is named after Chengdu the capital city of Sichuan and Chongqing which was split from Sichuan in 1997 It is spoken mainly in northern and eastern Sichuan the northeastern part of the Chengdu Plain several cities or counties in southwestern Sichuan Panzhihua Dechang Yanyuan Huili and Ningnan southern Shaanxi and western Hubei 1 2 Chengdu Chongqing dialect成渝话Pronunciation tsʰen y xua Native toChinaRegionSichuan Chongqing Hubei and ShaanxiNative speakers undated figure of About 90 million citation needed Language familySino Tibetan SiniticChineseMandarinSouthwestern MandarinSichuaneseChengdu Chongqing dialectLanguage codesISO 639 3 Glottologchen1267 Chengdu MandarinChengdu Chongqing is the largest deep green area This uniform dialect is formed after the great migration movement in Ming and Qing dynasty and is greatly influenced by the Chinese varieties of Mandarin the immigrants spoke from Hubei Xiang and Gan So it keeps fewer characteristics of Sichuan s original Ba Shu Chinese than other Sichuanese dialects such as Minjiang dialect Contents 1 Distributions 2 History 3 Phonology 3 1 Tone 3 2 Initial 3 3 Final 3 4 Vowels and consonants 3 5 Literary and colloquial readings of Chongqing Chengdu dialect 4 Vocabulary 5 ReferencesDistributions editChengdu Chongqing Dialect is spoken within central Chongqing Chengdu and surrounding provinces Chengdu Chongqing dialect is a branch of Sichuan dialect 3 Academically Chongqing dialects are spoken in main urban area of Chongqing with one fifth population of the Chongqing city 4 5 In a broad sense Chongqing dialect is spoken with all districts of Chongqing City Eg Tongliang District Hechuan District Fuling District Zhanjiang District etc Chongqing dialect its considered as a branch of Southwestern Mandarin 6 The Chengdu Chongqing dialect is mutually intelligible with dialects spoken in its satellite districts such Sichuan But as all public schools and most broadcast communication in urban Chongqing use Mandarin exclusively nearly all speakers of the dialect are good at Chongqing dialect and Mandarin Owing to migration within China traditional Chongqing dialect is getting similar to Mandarin many residents of the city cannot speak the local dialect but can usually understand it and get fluent to it after a few months or years in the area 6 History editWith Chinese government declared movement to Chongqing during the World War II Chongqing became the Provisional capital of the republic of China 7 when migration boost the population of the city Chongqing dialect mixes the merits of various local dialects with wits and humor gains popularity with its users Phonology editTone edit Chengdu Chongqing dialect has four phonemic tones dark level tone light level tone rising tone and departing tone These tones are of same pitch as Sichuan dialects Minjiang Renfu Yajin 8 District Dark level tone Light level tone Rising tone Departing tone Chengdu 55 31 53 213 Chongqing 55 21 42 214 Guangyuan 55 21 42 214 Nanchong 55 21 53 14 Jinyang 55 31 52 13 Wanzhou 55 213 42 215 Yichang 55 12 42 35 Qianjiang 55 31 53 24 QIanjiang 55 31 53 24 Panzhihua 55 31 53 213 Initial edit The Chengdu Chongqing dialect in most regions doesn t have tongue retroflex tʂ group initials except for Bazhong district and Panxi area except for Panzhihua where the consonants of the tongue curling are similar but not the same as Mandarin Chongqing dialect with 45 districts using has 20 initials 5 initials do not exist ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ʂ ʐ ɻ ȵ Chengdu dialect with 77 districts using has 21 initials 4 initials do not exist ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ʂ ʐ ɻ 9 The following is the initial consonant inventory of Chengdu Chongqing dialect 9 Bilabial Labiodental Coronal Alveolo palatal Velar Plosive plain b p d t g k aspirated p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ Affricate plain z ts j tɕ aspirated c tsʰ q tɕʰ Fricative Voiceless f f s s x ɕ h x voiced v v r z Nasal m m ng ŋ Lateral sound l l Zero In particular the consonants of Chengdu are comparable but not identical to those in Mandarin See the inventories below 10 Labial Coronal Alveopalatal vela Plosive p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ Affricate ts tsʰ tɕ tɕʰ Nasal m n ɲ ŋ Liquid l r Fricative f v s z ɕ x Glide ɥ j w Final edit A final the remainder of syllable after the initial consists of an optional medial glide a vowel and an optional final consonants There are 42 types of finals in Sichuan dialect four Sichuanese finals do not exist in Beijing ɛ iai uɛ and yo On the other hand three Beijing finals do not exist in Sichuanese ɤ iŋ and eŋ Chengdu dialect with 62 districts using has 36 finals Chongqing dialect with 37 districts using it has 37 finals 9 The following is the inventory of Sichuanese finals transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet O i or u nasal finals O z i ɚ er a a o o ɛ e ai ai ei ei au ao eu ou an an en en aŋ ang oŋ ong i i i ia ia iɛ ie iai iai iau iao ieu iu ian ian in in iaŋ iang u u u ua ua uɛ ue uai uai uei ui uan uan uen un uaŋ uang y y u yo uo ye ue yn un yoŋ iong Vowels and consonants edit The tones of the Chongqing Chengdu dialect are very similar but not the same as that of Sichuanese About one third of Sichuan dialects have a special entering tone with a relatively independent set of finals e g iae uae ʊ ɘ ɐ iɐ uɐ ɔ yʊ yɵ etc These vowels keep the throat tight ensuring the muscles of the larynx and oral cavity stay tense during pronunciation so that the entire syllable exhibits a rough and tight state 11 The vowels in Chengdu are given below 12 Front Central Back High i y u Mid e e ɔ Low ɑ The following table shows the tense vowels of Chengdu Chongqing dialect and a comparison with other Sichuanese dialects 13 Example Chengdu Chongqing Minjiang Renshou Fushun Chengdu Chongqing Luzhou Zigong 搭 a a ae a 说 o o ɵ o 黑 ɛ ɛ e ɛ 踢 iɛ i ie i 出 u u ɵ u 欲 yo yu yɵ yi 湿 z z e z 掐 ia ia iae ia 刮 ua ua uae ua 铁 iɛ iɛ ie iɛ 获 uɛ uɛ ɵ ue 阅 yɛ yɛ yɵ yɛ 药 yo yo yɵ yo Literary and colloquial readings of Chongqing Chengdu dialect edit Affected by Mandarin for a long time literary and colloquial readings appear in the Chongqing Chengdu dialect Colloquial readings are usually the inherent reading style from the ancient Sichuan dialect mainly appearing in high frequency everyday communication literary readings are close to modern Mandarin normally appearing in written language The literary and colloquial readings have been developing in the recent decades However affected by the promotion of Mandarin Chinese by the Chinese government literary readings are becoming dominant and some pronunciations have the tendency to disappear 14 Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters in Chengdu are shown below 15 Note the table is only based on 成都语音的初步研究 in 1958 the changes of Chengdu dialect in recent years are not considered Example Colloquial reading Literary Reading 严 ŋan 2 nʲian 2 下 xa 4 ɕia 4 等 tʰen 4 ten 3 横 xuan 3 xuen 2 胯 kʰa 2 kʰua 4 逼 pie 1 pi 2Vocabulary editAs a branch of Sichuanese Chengdu Chongqing dialect is mainly composed of three parts ancient Ba Shu Chinese vocabulary brought by immigrants in Ming and Qing Dynasties and lingua franca of ancient China Chengdu Chongqing dialect is a branch of Sichuan dialect which is very different compared with other Chinese Yunnan dialect which is considered very similar to Sichuan dialect only shares 58 3 identical words 16 Sichuan dialect is also influenced by Xiang Chinese and Gan Chinese the vocabulary of Sichuan dialect is very different from northern Mandarin with only 47 8 similar vocabulary 17 Recently many loanwords have been introduced to Chengdu and Chongqing from standard Mandarin and English Meanwhile new words are developing Chengdu and Chongqing which then spread at a dramatic speed through China 18 19 For example 雄起 xiong qǐ meaning to cheer up is a typical Chengdu Chongqing word that gets popular in China equivalent to 加油 jiayou in standard Mandarin References edit 李蓝 2009年第1期 西南官话的分区 稿 方言 Wurm Stephen Adolphe Li Rong Baumann Theo Lee Mei W 1987 Language Atlas of China Longman Map B6 ISBN 978 962 359 085 3 Chen Shunting van de Weijer Jeroen 2018 09 01 Consonant vowel interaction in Sichuan Chinese An element based analysis Lingua 212 1 9 doi 10 1016 j lingua 2018 05 001 ISSN 0024 3841 S2CID 171472267 Shiyu Zhai 1996 重庆方言志 in Chinese 西南师范大学出版社 Shen Hong 2010 重庆方言与城市文化 in Chinese 重庆大学出版社 pp 26 32 a b Shiyu Zhai 1996 重庆方言志 in Chinese 西南师范大学出版社 Yaojian Yang 29 April 2015 回望1937 国民政府迁都重庆 人民网 Archived from the original on 2016 04 22 Zhen Shangling March 1960 四川方言音系 四川大学学报 社会科学版 a b c 甄尚灵等 1960 四川方言音系 四川大学学报 社会科学版 Chen Shunting van de Weijer Jeroen 2018 09 01 Consonant vowel interaction in Sichuan Chinese An element based analysis Lingua 212 1 9 doi 10 1016 j lingua 2018 05 001 ISSN 0024 3841 S2CID 171472267 Jiang Yu May 2004 四川官话雅棉小片入声归阴平研究 汕头大学 Chen Shunting van de Weijer Jeroen 2018 09 01 Consonant vowel interaction in Sichuan Chinese An element based analysis Lingua 212 1 9 doi 10 1016 j lingua 2018 05 001 ISSN 0024 3841 S2CID 171472267 Jiang Yu May 2004 四川官话雅棉小片入声归阴平研究 汕头大学 Rongchang Cui Lingli Song 普通话对成都话语音的影响 语文建设 1999 Shangling Zhen 1958 成都语音的初步研究 四川大学学报 哲学社会科学版 Cui Rongchang 崔荣昌 1996 Sichuan fang yan yu Ba Shu wen hua Di 1 ban ed Chengdu Sichuan da xue chu ban she ISBN 7 5614 1296 7 OCLC 38066742 Cui Rongchang 崔荣昌 1996 Sichuan fang yan yu Ba Shu wen hua Di 1 ban ed Chengdu Sichuan da xue chu ban she ISBN 7 5614 1296 7 OCLC 38066742 Chen Hong February 2008 重庆言子儿的文化透视 重庆大学学报 社会科学版 Quanwen Yang Keying Lu May 2005 当代成都言词新例释 兼论其造词心理与民间文化意蕴 西华师范大学学报 哲学社会科学版 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chengdu Chongqing dialect amp oldid 1187012748, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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