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Chaulukya dynasty

April 24, 2023

Not to be confused with Chalukya dynasty.

The Chaulukya dynasty (IAST: Caulukya), also Solanki dynasty, was a dynasty that ruled parts of what are now Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India, between c. 940 CE and c. 1244 CE. Their capital was located at Anahilavada (modern Patan). At times, their rule extended to the Malwa region in present-day Madhya Pradesh. The family is also known as the "Solanki dynasty" in the vernacular literature. They belonged to the Solanki clan of Rajputs.[3][4][5]

Chaulukyas of Gujarat
(Solankis)
c. 940 CE–1244 CE
A Chaulukya-Paramara coin, circa 950-1050 CE. Stylized rendition of Chavda dynasty coins: Indo-Sassanian style bust right; pellets and ornaments around / Stylised fire altar; pellets around.[1]
Map of the Chaulukyas circa 1150 CE.[2]
CapitalAnahilavada (modern Patan)
Religion
Hinduism, Jainism
GovernmentMonarchy
History 
• Established
c. 940 CE
• Disestablished
1244 CE
Today part ofIndia

Mularaja, the founder of the dynasty, supplanted the last ruler of the Chavda dynasty around 940 CE. His successors fought several battles with the neighbouring rulers such as the Chudasamas, the Paramaras and the Chahamanas of Shakambhari. During the reign of Bhima I, the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud invaded the kingdom and raided the Somnath temple during 1024-1025 CE. The Chaulukyas soon recovered, and the kingdom reached its zenith under the rule of Jayasimha Siddharaja and Kumarapala in the 12th century. Several minor dynasties, such as the Chahamanas of Jalor and the Chahamanas of Naddula, served as Chaulukya vassals during this period. After Kumarapala's death, the kingdom was gradually weakened by internal rebellions; uprisings by feudatories; and invasions by the Paramaras, the Ghurids, the Yadavas and others. Taking advantage of this, the Vaghelas, who had earlier served as Chaulukya generals, usurped the power and established a new dynasty in the 1240s.

Several princely state rulers of the Solanki clan claimed descent from the Chaulukyas.

Name

The dynasty used the self-designation "Chaulukya" in all but four of its records.[6] The four exceptions are:[7]

Hemachandra, a Jain scholar in the Chaulukya court, generally used the terms "Chaulukya" and "Chulukya".[7] His Dvyasraya Mahakavya mentions the variants "Chulakya", "Chalukka", and "Chulukka"; his Kumarapala-Charita mentions another variant "Chuluga". The Chaulukya court poet Someshvara describes the dynasty as "Chaulukya" (in Kirti-Kaumudi) and "Chulukya" (in the Abu inscription of Vastupala and Tejapala).[8]

"Solanki" or "Solankhi" is a vernacular form of the term.[9]

Origins

 
Find spots of inscriptions issued during the Chaulukya rule.[10]

The word "Chaulukya" is thought to be a variant of the word "Chalukya". Several other dynasties were known by the name "Chalukya", including the Chalukyas of Vatapi, Navasarika, Vemulavada, Kalyani, Vengi and Lata. These dynasties are sometimes thought to be branches of the same family, but the relationship between all of them is not certain. Unlike the Chalukyas of Kalyani and Vengi, the Chaulukyas of Gujarat never claimed a shared descent or any other association with the earliest Chalukya dynasty — the Chalukyas of Vatapi. Moreover, they never used the term "Chalukya" to describe themselves.[6]

However, the Chaulukyas of Gujarat shared a myth of origin with the Chalukyas of Kalyani and Vengi. According to this legend, the progenitor of the dynasty was created by Brahma.[6] The version of the legend mentioned in the Vadnagar prashasti inscription of Kumarapala is as follows: the deities once asked the creator god Brahma to protect them from the danavas (demons). Brahma then created a hero from his chuluka (pot or folded palm in Sanskrit), which was filled with Ganges water. This hero was named "Chulukya", and became the progenitor of the dynasty. A variation of this legend is mentioned by Abhayatilaka Gani in his commentary on Hemachandra's Dvyashraya-Kavya. According to this version, Brahma produced the hero to support the earth, after his other creations disappointed him. These stories are of no historical value, as it was customary for contemporary royal houses to claim mythical and heroic origins. The Kumarapala-Bhupala-Charita of Jayasimha Suri presents Chulukya as a historical warrior, whose capital was Madhupadma. Mularaja was his descendant, with nearly a hundred generations separating the two.[11] This account may be partly historical: Madhupadma has been identified variously as a location outside Gujarat, including present-day Mathura.[12]

 
Coin of the Chaulukyas of Anahillapataka, King Kumarapala, c. 1145 – c. 1171.[13]

C. V. Vaidya theorized that the Chaulukyas were different from the Chalukyas. G. H. Ojha opposed this theory, pointing out that an inscription of the Lata Chalukya ruler Kirtiraja describes his family as "Chalukya", while an inscription of his grandson Trilochanapala describes the family as "Chaulukya".[8] According to Asoke Majumdar, while these similar-sounding names suggest a common origin for all these dynasties, there is no concrete evidence to draw any definitive conclusion.[6] Majumdar theorized that the Chaulukyas were connected to the Sulikas or the Chulikas, a tribe mentioned in several ancient records. This tribe is described as living on the northern frontier of ancient India. However, Majumdar admitted that there is not enough evidence to regard this theory as conclusive.[14]

In later times, Chaulukyas were anachronistically classified as "Rajputs", despite the fact that the Rajput identity did not even exist at that time.[15][16] The Rajputs actually originated in the 16th century,[17][18] however several martial groups during the Ghaznavid and Ghurid invasions were stated to be Rajputs by later legendary accounts.[19][20] According to the Agnikula myth mentioned in a 16th-century recension of the legendary epic poem Prithviraj Raso, four Rajput clans including the Chaulukyas were born from a fire-pit on Mount Abu. A section of colonial-era historians interpreted this mythical account to suggest that these clans were foreigners who came to India after the decline of the Gupta Empire around the 5th century CE, and were admitted in the Hindu caste system after performing a fire ritual.[21][22]

The Chaulukya rulers have been called "Gurjararāja" and "Gurjareśvara" ("ruler of Gurjara").[23] Based on this legend, D. R. Bhandarkar and others theorized that the Chaulukyas were a branch of Gurjaras, whom they believed to be a tribe of foreign origin.[24] Bhandarkar and Augustus Hoernle also believed that the name of the "Lata" region changed to "Gurjaratra" (later Gujarat) during the Chaulukya reign, presumably because they were Gurjaras.[25]

However, this foreign-origin theory is weakened by a number of factors. The Chaulukyas did not claim an Agnikula origin for themselves:[26] it was the neighbouring Paramara rulers who used the legend to explain their own origin.[27] The inscriptions from the reign of Bhima II prove that the Chaulukyas knew about the Agnikula legend, but associated it with the Paramaras, not themselves.[28] The earliest copies of Prithviraj Raso do not mention this legend either.[28] The legend that includes the Chaulukyas among the fire-born clans is first mentioned by the 16th century poets, who may have extended the Paramara legend to include other dynasties, in order to foster Rajput unity against the Mughals.[29] Moreover, there is no evidence that the Chaulukya territory area came to be known as "Gurjaratra" during the Chaulukya reign.[25] "Gurjara" and "Lata" were two distinct historical regions in northern and southern parts of present-day Gujarat respectively, and the term "Lata" was never used to describe the whole of Gujarat.[30] The Chaulukya kings were called "Gurjararāja" and "Gurjareśvara" because they ruled the territory which was already called Gurjara by their time.[23][31] Several other kings who held similar epithets had earlier ruled this territory: these include the Gurjara-Pratiharas and the Gurjaras of Nandipuri.[32] Historian Asoke Kumar Majumdar points out that even the southern Ganga chief Marasimha II assumed the title "king of Gurjaras" after defeating a northern king on behalf of the Rashtrakutas.[31]

History

Early rulers

 
A 1010 CE copper-plate inscription from the reign of Durlabharaja

The Chaulukyas were one of the several dynasties that rose to power amid the decline of the Gurjara-Pratihara and the Rashtrakuta empires.[33] In the mid-tenth century CE, the dynasty's founder Mularaja supplanted Samantasimha, the last Chavda king.[34] According to legends, he was a nephew of Samantasimha.[35] According to the 12th century chronicler Hemachandra, Mularaja defeated Graharipu, the king of Saurashtra.[36] He also defeated the Lata Chalukya chief Barapa, aided by his son Chamundaraja.[37]

Chamundaraja succeeded Mularaja around 996 CE. During his reign, the Paramara king Sindhuraja appears to have invaded the Lata region, which was under Chaulukya suzerainty. Mularaja forced Sindhuraja to retreat; the 14th century chronicler Jayasimha Suri claims that Chamundaraja killed Sindhuraja in a battle, but this claim appears to be doubtful, as it does not appear in any earlier source.[38] Sometime before 1007 CE, the Lata region was captured by the Chalukyas of Kalyani led by Satyashraya.[39]

Around 1008 CE, Chamundaraja retired after appointing his son Vallabharaja as the next king. Legendary accounts state that he set out for a pilgrimage to Varanasi. During this journey, he was insulted by a ruler whose kingdom lay on the way to Varanasi. He returned to the Chaulukya capital, and asked his son to avenge his insult. Vallabharaja died of smallpox during a march to the enemy kingdom, which is identified as the Paramara kingdom of Malwa by some chroniclers.[40]

Chamundaraja's other son Durlabharaja became the next king in c. 1008 CE. He invaded the Lata region, and defeated the Lata Chalukya ruler Kirtiraja (or Kirtipala), who was a vassal of the Kalyani Chalukyas. However, Kirtiraja regained control of the region within a short time, before being defeated by the Paramara king Bhoja.[41]

Neighbouring rivalries

 
The Somnath temple today.

Durlabharaja was succeeded by his nephew Bhima I, who faced an invasion from the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud during 1024-1025 CE. Bhima fled to Kanthkot, as Mahmud entered the Chaulukya territory unopposed and sacked the Somnath temple.[42] After Mahmud's departure, Bhima restored the Chaulukya rule. He crushed revolts by the Paramara chiefs of Arbuda, who used to serve as Chaulukya vassals.[43] Bhima also defeated and imprisoned Krishnadeva, a ruler of the Paramara branch of Bhinmal. He unsuccessfully fought against the Naddula Chahamana ruler Anahilla. Anahilla's sons Balaprasada and Jendraraja defeated Bhima and forced him to release Krishnadeva.[44] Later legendary accounts credit Bhima with a victory against Hammuka, a ruler of Sindh, although the accuracy of this claim is not certain.[45]

Semi-legendary accounts suggest that Bhima formed an alliance with the Kalachuri king Lakshmi-Karna, and the two played an important role in the downfall of the Paramara king Bhoja around 1055 CE. According to the 14th century chronicler Merutunga, Bhima and Lakshmi-Karna invaded Bhoja's kingdom of Malwa from two opposite directions, and Bhoja died of a disease during this invasion.[46] Some Chaulukya chroniclers boast that Bhima annexed Bhoja's capital Dhara or that he captured Bhoja alive, but these claims are not corroborated by historical evidence.[47] After Bhoja's death, a rivalry developed between the Bhima and Lakshmi-Karna over sharing the spoils of their victory.[48]

Bhima's son Karna succeeded him around 1064 CE. Bhoja's brother Udayaditya, supported by the Shakambhari Chahamana king Vigraharaja III, forced Karna to retreat from Malwa.[49][50] Meanwhile, the Kalachuris managed to capture the Lata region. By 1074 CE, Karna evicted the Kalachuris from Lata, and annexed the region to the Chaulukya kingdom, before losing it to one Trivikramapala within three years.[51]

The Naddula Chahamana ruler Prithvipala defeated Karna, and his successor Jojalladeva occupied the Chaulukya capital Anahilapataka, possibly when Karna was busy at another place.[52] The Shakambhari Chahamana king Durlabharaja III also appears to have achieved some military success against Karna, although the Chahamana descriptions of this victory are highly exaggerated.[53] According to legendary chronicles, Karna also defeated Bhil and Koli tribals, who used to raid the Chaulukya territories. He established a city called Karnavati after defeating a Bhil chief named Asha (Āśā). Karnavati is identified with modern Ahmedabad by some, but this is not certain.[54]

Imperial expansion

 
Vishnu and attendants, Gujarat, India, Solanki period, c. 1026 AD. Dallas Museum of Art.

Karna's son Jayasimha Siddharaja (r. c. 1092–1142 CE) greatly expanded the Chaulukya power. He defeated Khangara alias Navaghana, the Chudasama king of Saurashtra.[55] The Naddula Chahamana ruler Asharaja, who had been dethroned by his rival Ratnapala, became a vassal of Jayasimha sometime before 1143 CE.[56]

Jayasimha defeated the Shakambhari Chahamana ruler Arnoraja.[57] Later, however, Jayasimha accepted Arnoraja as an ally, and the Chahamana ruler married Jayasimha's daughter Kanchanadevi.[58] The couple's son (and thus Jayasimha's grandson) Someshvara, was brought up at the Chaulukya court.[59] Someshvara's sons Prithviraja III (better known as Prithviraj Chauhan) and Hariraja were also born in Gujarat.[60]

During the 1135-1136 CE, Jayasimha annexed the Paramara kingdom of Malwa, with support from Asharaja and Arnoraja. The Paramara kings defeated by him were Naravarman and his successor Yashovarman.[61] Jayasimha continued his eastward march, and reached as far as the Chandela kingdom ruled by Madanavarman. The Chaulukya-Chandela conflict was inconclusive, with both the sides claiming victory.[62] Jayasimha also defeated several minor rulers, including Sindhuraja, who was probably a Soomra king of Sindh.[63]

 
Jain Shvetambara Tirthankara in Meditation, Chaulukya period now in Metropolitan Museum of Art, c. 1000 – c. 1050

Jayasimha was succeeded by his relative Kumarapala, who spent his early life in exile to avoid persecution by Jayasimha.[64] After Jayasimha's death, Kumarapala came back to the Chaulukya capital and ascended the throne in 1043 CE, with help of his brother-in-law Kanhadadeva.[65] Arnoraja opposed Kumarapala's ascension to the throne, but Kumarapala defeated him decisively.[66] Kumarapala seems to have helped Asharaja's son Katukaraja capture the throne of Naddula.[67] Katukaraja's younger brother and successor Alhanadeva continued to rule as Kumarapala's vassal.[68] Arnoraja's son Vigraharaja IV subdued Kumarapala's Chahamana feudatories at Naddula.[69] The Shakambhari Chahamana-Chaulukya relations seem to have become more cordial when Arnoraja's son (and Jayasimha's grandson) Someshvara became the Chahamana king in later years, possibly with support from Kumarapala.[70]

After Jayasimha's death, the Paramara king Jayavarman I regained control of Malwa, but he was soon dethroned by an usurper named Ballala. Kumarapala captured Malwa from Ballala, who was killed by Kumarapala's Arbuda Paramara feudatory Yashodhavala in a battle.[71] Kumarapala subdued a rebellion by his vassal Vikramasimha, a Paramara chief of Arbuda.[72] The Paramara branch at Kiradu continued to acknowledge Kumarapala's suzerainty.[73]

In the early 1160s, Kumarapala sent an army against Mallikarjuna, the Shilahara king of northern Konkana. This campaign was probably triggered by a Shilahara raid in southern Gujarat, and ended with Mallikarjuna's death.[74] Kumarapala's Naddula Chahamana feudatory Alhana put down disturbances in Saurashtra at Kumarapala's request.[75]

Historical evidence suggests that Kumarapala's empire extended from Chittor and Jaisalmer in the north to the Vindhyas and the Tapti river in the south (ignoring his raid of the Shilahara kingdom of northern Konkana). In the west, it included Kachchha and Saurashtra; in the east, it extended up to at least Vidisha (Bhilsa).[76]

Kumarapala was succeeded by Ajayapala, who retained Kumarapala's territories, but died after a short reign.[77] Ajayapala's young sons Mularaja II and Bhima II succeeded him one after other. During this period, the Ghurid king Muhammad of Ghor invaded the Chaulukya kingdom in 1178 CE. In the ensuing battle at Kasahrada (or Kayadara), Muhammad was defeated by a large army, which included loyal Chaulukya feudatories such as the Naddula Chahamana ruler Kelhanadeva, the Jalor Chahamana ruler Kirtipala, and the Arbuda Paramara ruler Dharavarsha.[78][79]

Decline

class=notpageimage|
The Chaulukyas and main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the Ghurid Empire invasion of the subcontinent.[80][81]

Taking advantage of the young age of Bhima II, some provincial governors rebelled against him in order to establish independent states. His loyal Vaghela feudatory Arnoraja came to his rescue, and died fighting the rebels. Arnoraja's descendants Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala became powerful during Bhima's reign.[82]

During Bhima's reign, the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala II seems to have raided the Lata region.[83] The Yadava ruler Bhillama V also invaded Gujarat, but was forced to retreat by Bhima's feudatory Kelhanadeva.[83] The Shakambhari Chahamana king Prithviraja III also fought with the Chaulukyas, but Bhima's general Jagaddeva managed to conclude a peace treaty with Prithviraja sometime before 1187 CE.[84]

By the mid-1190s CE, the Ghurids defeated the Prithviraja and the other major Hindu kings of northern India. On 4 February 1197 CE, the Ghurid general Qutb al-Din Aibak invaded Bhima's capital Anahilapataka, and inflicted a massive defeat on the Chaulukyas.[85] Bhima's generals Lavanaprasada and Shridhara later forced the Ghurids to retreat, and the capital was back under the Chaulukya rule by 1201 CE.[86]

Subhatavarman, the Paramara king of Malwa, invaded the Lata region around 1204 CE, taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the Ghurid invasions. He probably also sacked the Chaulukya capital Anahilapataka.[87] Once again, Lavanaprasada and Shridhara saved the kingdom by forcing Subhatavarman to retreat.[88] During 1205-1210 CE, Bhima's relative Jayantasimha (or Jayasimha) usurped the throne. In the early 1210s, Subhatavarman's successor Arjunavarman defeated Jayantasimha, and later established a matrimonial alliance with him.[88] Bhima managed to regain control of the throne during 1223-1226 CE.[89]

Meanwhile, the Yadavas invaded the southern part of the Chaulukya kingdom, led by Bhillama's successors Jaitugi and Simhana. During these invasions, the Chaulukya feudatories in the northern region of Marwar rebelled. Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala warded off the Yadava invasions, and also subdued the rebellions.[90] The Guhilas of Medapata (Guhilots of Mewar) also rebelled against Bhima sometime between 1207 and 1227 CE, and declared their independence.[91]

By the end of Bhima's reign, Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala assumed regal titles such as Maharajadhiraja ("king of great kings") and Maharaja ("great king"). However, the two continued to nominally acknowledge Bhima (and his successor Tribhuvanapala) as their overlord. After Tribhuvanapala, they seized the throne, establishing the Vaghela dynasty.[92]

Architecture

Main article: Chaulukya style
 
Dilwara Temples, constructed by Chaulukya ministers

Māru-Gurjara architecture, or "Chaulukya style",[93][94] is a style of north Indian temple architecture that originated in Gujarat and Rajasthan from the 11th to 13th centuries, under the Chaulukya dynasty (or Solaṅkī dynasty).[95] Although originating as a regional style in Hindu temple architecture, it became especially popular in Jain temples and, mainly under Jain patronage, later spread across India and to diaspora communities around the world.[96]

Religion

 
The Rani ki vav was constructed during the rule of the Chaulukya dynasty. It is located on the banks of Saraswati river.[97]

Most of the dynasty's rulers were Shaivaite, although they also patronized Jainism.[98] The dynasty's founder Mularaja is said to have built Mulavasatika temple for Digambara Jains and the Mulanatha-Jinadeva temple for the Svetambara Jains.[34] The earliest of the Dilwara Temples and the Modhera Sun Temple were constructed during the reign of Bhima I. According to popular tradition, his queen Udayamati also commissioned the Queen's step-well.[99] Kumarapala started patronizing Jainism at some point in his life, and the subsequent Jain accounts portray him as the last great royal patron of Jainism.[76] The Chaulukya rulers also endowed mosques to maintain good relationship with the Muslim traders.[100]

Claimed descendants

The Vaghela dynasty, which succeeded the Chaulukyas, claimed descent from a sister of Kumarapala.[101]

Various princely state dynasties calling themselves Solanki (the vernacular form of Chaulukya) claimed descent from the Chaulukyas as well. These included the rulers of the Lunavada State, which was a tributary to the Marathas before coming under the British rule.[102]

List of rulers

The Chalukya rulers of Gujarat, with approximate dates of reign, are as follows:[103][104]

List of Chaulukya (Solanki) dynasty rulers
Serial No. Ruler Reign (CE)
1 Mularaja 940–995
2 Chamundaraja 996–1008
3 Vallabharaja 1008
4 Durlabharaja 1008–1022
5 Bhima I 1022–1064
6 Karna 1064–1092
7 Jayasimha Siddharaja 1092–1142
8 Kumarapala 1142–1171
9 Ajayapala 1171–1175
10 Mularaja II 1175–1178
11 Bhima II 1178–1240
12 Tribhuvanapala 1240–1244

Family tree

Chaulukya dynasty
Mularaja I
(1)
r. c. 941-996
Chamundaraja
(2)
r. c. 996-1008
Vallabharaja
(3)
r. c. 1008		Durlabharaja
(4)
r. c. 1008-1022		Nagaraja
Bhima I
(5)
r. c. 1022-1064
KshemarajaKarna
(6)
r. c. 1064-1092
DevaprasadaJayasimha
Siddharaja
(7)
r. c. 1092-1142
Tribhuvanpala
Kumarapala
(8)
r. c. 1143-1172
Ajayapala
(9)
r. c. 1172-1175
Mularaja II
(10)
r. c. 1175-1178		Bhima II
(11)
r. c. 1178-1240		Tribhuvanapala
(12)
r. c. 1240-1244

List of feudatories

References

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  54. ^ Tommaso Bobbio 2015, p. 164.
  55. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 69.
  56. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 70.
  57. ^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 47.
  58. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 71.
  59. ^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 156.
  60. ^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 69.
  61. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 74–75.
  62. ^ R. K. Dikshit 1976, p. 133.
  63. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 80–81.
  64. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 92.
  65. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 99–103.
  66. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 106–108.
  67. ^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 253.
  68. ^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 254.
  69. ^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 149.
  70. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 109.
  71. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 112.
  72. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 109–110.
  73. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 111.
  74. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 113-114.
  75. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 116.
  76. ^ a b Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 119.
  77. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 130–131.
  78. ^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 138.
  79. ^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 259.
  80. ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37, 147. ISBN 0226742210.
  81. ^ Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765. Penguin UK. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-14-196655-7.
  82. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 139.
  83. ^ a b Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 140.
  84. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 141.
  85. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 143.
  86. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 145-146.
  87. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 146.
  88. ^ a b Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 148.
  89. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 160-161.
  90. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 149–155.
  91. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 156.
  92. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 163-164.
  93. ^ Gujarat. Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust. 2007. p. 404. Architecture of the temples, forts, step-wells and lakes was highly developed in Gujarat during the Solanki period (942 to 1304 A.D.). Temples of this period resemble the temples of Rajasthan. The temple architecture style developed during this period is known as 'Muru-Gurjar' style. Generally the temples of Gujarat of this period are known as the temples of Chaulukya style.
  94. ^ Hegewald, note 3. Mitchell (1977) uses "Solanki style", while Harle is reluctant to tie the style to a specific name.
  95. ^ Mitchell (1977), 123; Hegewald
  96. ^ Hegewald
  97. ^ "Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
  98. ^ Kantilal F. Sompura (1968). The Structural Temples of Gujarat, Upto 1600 A.D. Gujarat University. p. 97. ISBN 9780861862450.
  99. ^ Vinod Chandra Srivastava 2008, p. 857.
  100. ^ Edward A. Alpers 2014, p. 57.
  101. ^ P.B. Udgaonkar 1986, p. 215.
  102. ^ David P. Henige 2004, p. 125.
  103. ^ Romila Thapar 2008, p. 236.
  104. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 199.

Bibliography

  • A. K. Majumdar (1956). Chaulukyas of Gujarat. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. OCLC 4413150.
  • Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956). Chaulukyas of Gujarat. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. OCLC 4413150.
  • Cynthia Talbot (2015). The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107118560.
  • Dasharatha Sharma (1959). Early Chauhān Dynasties. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9780842606189.
  • David P. Henige (2004). Princely States of India: A Guide to Chronology and Rulers. Orchid. ISBN 978-974-524-049-0.
  • Durga Prasad Dikshit (1980). Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 9780836406450.
  • Edward A. Alpers (2014). The Indian Ocean in World History. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-0-19-533787-7.
  • Ganga Prasad Yadava (1982). Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works. Concept.
  • Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, ISBN 0300062176
  • Hegewald, Julia A. B. (2011). "The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora". Ars Orientalis. 45 (20191029). doi:10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005. ISSN 2328-1286.
  • Jadunath Sarkar (1960). Military History of India. Orient Longmans. ISBN 9780861251551.
  • Jai Narayan Asopa (1976). Origin of the Rajputs. Bharatiya. OCLC 483180949.
  • John E. Cort, ed. (1998). Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3785-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Jonah Blank (2001). Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras. University of Chicago Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-226-05676-0.
  • Michell, George, (1977) The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms, 1977, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-53230-1
  • Michell, George (1990), The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu, 1990, Penguin Books, ISBN 0140081445
  • Krishna Narain Seth (1978). The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa. Progress. OCLC 8931757.
  • N. Jayapalan (2001). History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. ISBN 978-81-7156-928-1.
  • P.B. Udgaonkar (1986). Political Institutions & Administration. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-2087-6.
  • Romila Thapar (2008). Somanatha. Penguin. ISBN 9780143064688.
  • R. B. Singh (1964). History of the Chāhamānas. N. Kishore. OCLC 11038728.
  • R. K. Dikshit (1976). The Candellas of Jejākabhukti. Abhinav. ISBN 9788170170464.
  • Shanta Rani Sharma (2012). "Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras". Indian Historical Review. 39 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1177/0376983612449525. S2CID 145175448.
  • Tommaso Bobbio (2015). Urbanisation, Citizenship and Conflict in India: Ahmedabad 1900-2000. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-51400-8.
  • Vinod Chandra Srivastava (2008). History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D. Concept. p. 857. ISBN 978-81-8069-521-6.

External links

  •   Media related to Chaulukya dynasty at Wikimedia Commons
  • Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). "A map of the Chaulukya territory". A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (b). ISBN 0226742210.

April 24, 2023
chaulukya, dynasty, confused, with, chalukya, dynasty, iast, caulukya, also, solanki, dynasty, dynasty, that, ruled, parts, what, gujarat, rajasthan, north, western, india, between, 1244, their, capital, located, anahilavada, modern, patan, times, their, rule,. Not to be confused with Chalukya dynasty The Chaulukya dynasty IAST Caulukya also Solanki dynasty was a dynasty that ruled parts of what are now Gujarat and Rajasthan in north western India between c 940 CE and c 1244 CE Their capital was located at Anahilavada modern Patan At times their rule extended to the Malwa region in present day Madhya Pradesh The family is also known as the Solanki dynasty in the vernacular literature They belonged to the Solanki clan of Rajputs 3 4 5 Chaulukyas of Gujarat Solankis c 940 CE 1244 CEA Chaulukya Paramara coin circa 950 1050 CE Stylized rendition of Chavda dynasty coins Indo Sassanian style bust right pellets and ornaments around Stylised fire altar pellets around 1 Map of the Chaulukyas circa 1150 CE 2 CapitalAnahilavada modern Patan ReligionHinduism JainismGovernmentMonarchyHistory Establishedc 940 CE Disestablished1244 CEPreceded by Succeeded byChavda dynastyChalukyas of Lata Vaghela dynastyCutch StateToday part ofIndiaMularaja the founder of the dynasty supplanted the last ruler of the Chavda dynasty around 940 CE His successors fought several battles with the neighbouring rulers such as the Chudasamas the Paramaras and the Chahamanas of Shakambhari During the reign of Bhima I the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud invaded the kingdom and raided the Somnath temple during 1024 1025 CE The Chaulukyas soon recovered and the kingdom reached its zenith under the rule of Jayasimha Siddharaja and Kumarapala in the 12th century Several minor dynasties such as the Chahamanas of Jalor and the Chahamanas of Naddula served as Chaulukya vassals during this period After Kumarapala s death the kingdom was gradually weakened by internal rebellions uprisings by feudatories and invasions by the Paramaras the Ghurids the Yadavas and others Taking advantage of this the Vaghelas who had earlier served as Chaulukya generals usurped the power and established a new dynasty in the 1240s Several princely state rulers of the Solanki clan claimed descent from the Chaulukyas Contents 1 Name 2 Origins 3 History 3 1 Early rulers 3 2 Neighbouring rivalries 3 3 Imperial expansion 3 4 Decline 4 Architecture 5 Religion 6 Claimed descendants 7 List of rulers 8 Family tree 9 List of feudatories 10 References 10 1 Bibliography 11 External linksNameThe dynasty used the self designation Chaulukya in all but four of its records 6 The four exceptions are 7 Chaulukika in the Kadi grant of Mularaja Saulkika in a grant of Chamundaraja Chaulakya in the Sambhar inscription of Jayasimha Chaullakya in the Jalor inscription of KumarapalaHemachandra a Jain scholar in the Chaulukya court generally used the terms Chaulukya and Chulukya 7 His Dvyasraya Mahakavya mentions the variants Chulakya Chalukka and Chulukka his Kumarapala Charita mentions another variant Chuluga The Chaulukya court poet Someshvara describes the dynasty as Chaulukya in Kirti Kaumudi and Chulukya in the Abu inscription of Vastupala and Tejapala 8 Solanki or Solankhi is a vernacular form of the term 9 Origins Find spots of inscriptions issued during the Chaulukya rule 10 The word Chaulukya is thought to be a variant of the word Chalukya Several other dynasties were known by the name Chalukya including the Chalukyas of Vatapi Navasarika Vemulavada Kalyani Vengi and Lata These dynasties are sometimes thought to be branches of the same family but the relationship between all of them is not certain Unlike the Chalukyas of Kalyani and Vengi the Chaulukyas of Gujarat never claimed a shared descent or any other association with the earliest Chalukya dynasty the Chalukyas of Vatapi Moreover they never used the term Chalukya to describe themselves 6 However the Chaulukyas of Gujarat shared a myth of origin with the Chalukyas of Kalyani and Vengi According to this legend the progenitor of the dynasty was created by Brahma 6 The version of the legend mentioned in the Vadnagar prashasti inscription of Kumarapala is as follows the deities once asked the creator god Brahma to protect them from the danavas demons Brahma then created a hero from his chuluka pot or folded palm in Sanskrit which was filled with Ganges water This hero was named Chulukya and became the progenitor of the dynasty A variation of this legend is mentioned by Abhayatilaka Gani in his commentary on Hemachandra s Dvyashraya Kavya According to this version Brahma produced the hero to support the earth after his other creations disappointed him These stories are of no historical value as it was customary for contemporary royal houses to claim mythical and heroic origins The Kumarapala Bhupala Charita of Jayasimha Suri presents Chulukya as a historical warrior whose capital was Madhupadma Mularaja was his descendant with nearly a hundred generations separating the two 11 This account may be partly historical Madhupadma has been identified variously as a location outside Gujarat including present day Mathura 12 Coin of the Chaulukyas of Anahillapataka King Kumarapala c 1145 c 1171 13 C V Vaidya theorized that the Chaulukyas were different from the Chalukyas G H Ojha opposed this theory pointing out that an inscription of the Lata Chalukya ruler Kirtiraja describes his family as Chalukya while an inscription of his grandson Trilochanapala describes the family as Chaulukya 8 According to Asoke Majumdar while these similar sounding names suggest a common origin for all these dynasties there is no concrete evidence to draw any definitive conclusion 6 Majumdar theorized that the Chaulukyas were connected to the Sulikas or the Chulikas a tribe mentioned in several ancient records This tribe is described as living on the northern frontier of ancient India However Majumdar admitted that there is not enough evidence to regard this theory as conclusive 14 In later times Chaulukyas were anachronistically classified as Rajputs despite the fact that the Rajput identity did not even exist at that time 15 16 The Rajputs actually originated in the 16th century 17 18 however several martial groups during the Ghaznavid and Ghurid invasions were stated to be Rajputs by later legendary accounts 19 20 According to the Agnikula myth mentioned in a 16th century recension of the legendary epic poem Prithviraj Raso four Rajput clans including the Chaulukyas were born from a fire pit on Mount Abu A section of colonial era historians interpreted this mythical account to suggest that these clans were foreigners who came to India after the decline of the Gupta Empire around the 5th century CE and were admitted in the Hindu caste system after performing a fire ritual 21 22 The Chaulukya rulers have been called Gurjararaja and Gurjaresvara ruler of Gurjara 23 Based on this legend D R Bhandarkar and others theorized that the Chaulukyas were a branch of Gurjaras whom they believed to be a tribe of foreign origin 24 Bhandarkar and Augustus Hoernle also believed that the name of the Lata region changed to Gurjaratra later Gujarat during the Chaulukya reign presumably because they were Gurjaras 25 However this foreign origin theory is weakened by a number of factors The Chaulukyas did not claim an Agnikula origin for themselves 26 it was the neighbouring Paramara rulers who used the legend to explain their own origin 27 The inscriptions from the reign of Bhima II prove that the Chaulukyas knew about the Agnikula legend but associated it with the Paramaras not themselves 28 The earliest copies of Prithviraj Raso do not mention this legend either 28 The legend that includes the Chaulukyas among the fire born clans is first mentioned by the 16th century poets who may have extended the Paramara legend to include other dynasties in order to foster Rajput unity against the Mughals 29 Moreover there is no evidence that the Chaulukya territory area came to be known as Gurjaratra during the Chaulukya reign 25 Gurjara and Lata were two distinct historical regions in northern and southern parts of present day Gujarat respectively and the term Lata was never used to describe the whole of Gujarat 30 The Chaulukya kings were called Gurjararaja and Gurjaresvara because they ruled the territory which was already called Gurjara by their time 23 31 Several other kings who held similar epithets had earlier ruled this territory these include the Gurjara Pratiharas and the Gurjaras of Nandipuri 32 Historian Asoke Kumar Majumdar points out that even the southern Ganga chief Marasimha II assumed the title king of Gurjaras after defeating a northern king on behalf of the Rashtrakutas 31 HistoryEarly rulers A 1010 CE copper plate inscription from the reign of Durlabharaja The Chaulukyas were one of the several dynasties that rose to power amid the decline of the Gurjara Pratihara and the Rashtrakuta empires 33 In the mid tenth century CE the dynasty s founder Mularaja supplanted Samantasimha the last Chavda king 34 According to legends he was a nephew of Samantasimha 35 According to the 12th century chronicler Hemachandra Mularaja defeated Graharipu the king of Saurashtra 36 He also defeated the Lata Chalukya chief Barapa aided by his son Chamundaraja 37 Chamundaraja succeeded Mularaja around 996 CE During his reign the Paramara king Sindhuraja appears to have invaded the Lata region which was under Chaulukya suzerainty Mularaja forced Sindhuraja to retreat the 14th century chronicler Jayasimha Suri claims that Chamundaraja killed Sindhuraja in a battle but this claim appears to be doubtful as it does not appear in any earlier source 38 Sometime before 1007 CE the Lata region was captured by the Chalukyas of Kalyani led by Satyashraya 39 Around 1008 CE Chamundaraja retired after appointing his son Vallabharaja as the next king Legendary accounts state that he set out for a pilgrimage to Varanasi During this journey he was insulted by a ruler whose kingdom lay on the way to Varanasi He returned to the Chaulukya capital and asked his son to avenge his insult Vallabharaja died of smallpox during a march to the enemy kingdom which is identified as the Paramara kingdom of Malwa by some chroniclers 40 Chamundaraja s other son Durlabharaja became the next king in c 1008 CE He invaded the Lata region and defeated the Lata Chalukya ruler Kirtiraja or Kirtipala who was a vassal of the Kalyani Chalukyas However Kirtiraja regained control of the region within a short time before being defeated by the Paramara king Bhoja 41 Neighbouring rivalries The Somnath temple today Durlabharaja was succeeded by his nephew Bhima I who faced an invasion from the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud during 1024 1025 CE Bhima fled to Kanthkot as Mahmud entered the Chaulukya territory unopposed and sacked the Somnath temple 42 After Mahmud s departure Bhima restored the Chaulukya rule He crushed revolts by the Paramara chiefs of Arbuda who used to serve as Chaulukya vassals 43 Bhima also defeated and imprisoned Krishnadeva a ruler of the Paramara branch of Bhinmal He unsuccessfully fought against the Naddula Chahamana ruler Anahilla Anahilla s sons Balaprasada and Jendraraja defeated Bhima and forced him to release Krishnadeva 44 Later legendary accounts credit Bhima with a victory against Hammuka a ruler of Sindh although the accuracy of this claim is not certain 45 Semi legendary accounts suggest that Bhima formed an alliance with the Kalachuri king Lakshmi Karna and the two played an important role in the downfall of the Paramara king Bhoja around 1055 CE According to the 14th century chronicler Merutunga Bhima and Lakshmi Karna invaded Bhoja s kingdom of Malwa from two opposite directions and Bhoja died of a disease during this invasion 46 Some Chaulukya chroniclers boast that Bhima annexed Bhoja s capital Dhara or that he captured Bhoja alive but these claims are not corroborated by historical evidence 47 After Bhoja s death a rivalry developed between the Bhima and Lakshmi Karna over sharing the spoils of their victory 48 Bhima s son Karna succeeded him around 1064 CE Bhoja s brother Udayaditya supported by the Shakambhari Chahamana king Vigraharaja III forced Karna to retreat from Malwa 49 50 Meanwhile the Kalachuris managed to capture the Lata region By 1074 CE Karna evicted the Kalachuris from Lata and annexed the region to the Chaulukya kingdom before losing it to one Trivikramapala within three years 51 The Naddula Chahamana ruler Prithvipala defeated Karna and his successor Jojalladeva occupied the Chaulukya capital Anahilapataka possibly when Karna was busy at another place 52 The Shakambhari Chahamana king Durlabharaja III also appears to have achieved some military success against Karna although the Chahamana descriptions of this victory are highly exaggerated 53 According to legendary chronicles Karna also defeated Bhil and Koli tribals who used to raid the Chaulukya territories He established a city called Karnavati after defeating a Bhil chief named Asha Asa Karnavati is identified with modern Ahmedabad by some but this is not certain 54 Imperial expansion Vishnu and attendants Gujarat India Solanki period c 1026 AD Dallas Museum of Art Karna s son Jayasimha Siddharaja r c 1092 1142 CE greatly expanded the Chaulukya power He defeated Khangara alias Navaghana the Chudasama king of Saurashtra 55 The Naddula Chahamana ruler Asharaja who had been dethroned by his rival Ratnapala became a vassal of Jayasimha sometime before 1143 CE 56 Jayasimha defeated the Shakambhari Chahamana ruler Arnoraja 57 Later however Jayasimha accepted Arnoraja as an ally and the Chahamana ruler married Jayasimha s daughter Kanchanadevi 58 The couple s son and thus Jayasimha s grandson Someshvara was brought up at the Chaulukya court 59 Someshvara s sons Prithviraja III better known as Prithviraj Chauhan and Hariraja were also born in Gujarat 60 During the 1135 1136 CE Jayasimha annexed the Paramara kingdom of Malwa with support from Asharaja and Arnoraja The Paramara kings defeated by him were Naravarman and his successor Yashovarman 61 Jayasimha continued his eastward march and reached as far as the Chandela kingdom ruled by Madanavarman The Chaulukya Chandela conflict was inconclusive with both the sides claiming victory 62 Jayasimha also defeated several minor rulers including Sindhuraja who was probably a Soomra king of Sindh 63 Jain Shvetambara Tirthankara in Meditation Chaulukya period now in Metropolitan Museum of Art c 1000 c 1050 Jayasimha was succeeded by his relative Kumarapala who spent his early life in exile to avoid persecution by Jayasimha 64 After Jayasimha s death Kumarapala came back to the Chaulukya capital and ascended the throne in 1043 CE with help of his brother in law Kanhadadeva 65 Arnoraja opposed Kumarapala s ascension to the throne but Kumarapala defeated him decisively 66 Kumarapala seems to have helped Asharaja s son Katukaraja capture the throne of Naddula 67 Katukaraja s younger brother and successor Alhanadeva continued to rule as Kumarapala s vassal 68 Arnoraja s son Vigraharaja IV subdued Kumarapala s Chahamana feudatories at Naddula 69 The Shakambhari Chahamana Chaulukya relations seem to have become more cordial when Arnoraja s son and Jayasimha s grandson Someshvara became the Chahamana king in later years possibly with support from Kumarapala 70 After Jayasimha s death the Paramara king Jayavarman I regained control of Malwa but he was soon dethroned by an usurper named Ballala Kumarapala captured Malwa from Ballala who was killed by Kumarapala s Arbuda Paramara feudatory Yashodhavala in a battle 71 Kumarapala subdued a rebellion by his vassal Vikramasimha a Paramara chief of Arbuda 72 The Paramara branch at Kiradu continued to acknowledge Kumarapala s suzerainty 73 In the early 1160s Kumarapala sent an army against Mallikarjuna the Shilahara king of northern Konkana This campaign was probably triggered by a Shilahara raid in southern Gujarat and ended with Mallikarjuna s death 74 Kumarapala s Naddula Chahamana feudatory Alhana put down disturbances in Saurashtra at Kumarapala s request 75 Historical evidence suggests that Kumarapala s empire extended from Chittor and Jaisalmer in the north to the Vindhyas and the Tapti river in the south ignoring his raid of the Shilahara kingdom of northern Konkana In the west it included Kachchha and Saurashtra in the east it extended up to at least Vidisha Bhilsa 76 Kumarapala was succeeded by Ajayapala who retained Kumarapala s territories but died after a short reign 77 Ajayapala s young sons Mularaja II and Bhima II succeeded him one after other During this period the Ghurid king Muhammad of Ghor invaded the Chaulukya kingdom in 1178 CE In the ensuing battle at Kasahrada or Kayadara Muhammad was defeated by a large army which included loyal Chaulukya feudatories such as the Naddula Chahamana ruler Kelhanadeva the Jalor Chahamana ruler Kirtipala and the Arbuda Paramara ruler Dharavarsha 78 79 Decline South Asia1175 CEKARAKHANIDKHANATEQARA KHITAIGHURIDEMPIREKUMAONCHAULUKYASCHAHAMANASLATEGHAZNAVIDSPARAMARASWESTERNCHALUKYASKAKATIYASSHILA HARASCHOLASCHERASPANDYASKADAMBASHOYSALASGAHADAVALASGUHILASKACHCHAPA GHATASCHANDELASKALACHURIS TRIPURI KALACHURIS RATNAPURA SENASCHEROSNAGVANSISKAMARUPASEASTERNGANGASGUGEMARYULLOHA RASSOOMRAEMIRATEMAKRANSULTANATE class notpageimage The Chaulukyas and main South Asian polities in 1175 on the eve of the Ghurid Empire invasion of the subcontinent 80 81 Taking advantage of the young age of Bhima II some provincial governors rebelled against him in order to establish independent states His loyal Vaghela feudatory Arnoraja came to his rescue and died fighting the rebels Arnoraja s descendants Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala became powerful during Bhima s reign 82 During Bhima s reign the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala II seems to have raided the Lata region 83 The Yadava ruler Bhillama V also invaded Gujarat but was forced to retreat by Bhima s feudatory Kelhanadeva 83 The Shakambhari Chahamana king Prithviraja III also fought with the Chaulukyas but Bhima s general Jagaddeva managed to conclude a peace treaty with Prithviraja sometime before 1187 CE 84 By the mid 1190s CE the Ghurids defeated the Prithviraja and the other major Hindu kings of northern India On 4 February 1197 CE the Ghurid general Qutb al Din Aibak invaded Bhima s capital Anahilapataka and inflicted a massive defeat on the Chaulukyas 85 Bhima s generals Lavanaprasada and Shridhara later forced the Ghurids to retreat and the capital was back under the Chaulukya rule by 1201 CE 86 Subhatavarman the Paramara king of Malwa invaded the Lata region around 1204 CE taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the Ghurid invasions He probably also sacked the Chaulukya capital Anahilapataka 87 Once again Lavanaprasada and Shridhara saved the kingdom by forcing Subhatavarman to retreat 88 During 1205 1210 CE Bhima s relative Jayantasimha or Jayasimha usurped the throne In the early 1210s Subhatavarman s successor Arjunavarman defeated Jayantasimha and later established a matrimonial alliance with him 88 Bhima managed to regain control of the throne during 1223 1226 CE 89 Meanwhile the Yadavas invaded the southern part of the Chaulukya kingdom led by Bhillama s successors Jaitugi and Simhana During these invasions the Chaulukya feudatories in the northern region of Marwar rebelled Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala warded off the Yadava invasions and also subdued the rebellions 90 The Guhilas of Medapata Guhilots of Mewar also rebelled against Bhima sometime between 1207 and 1227 CE and declared their independence 91 By the end of Bhima s reign Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala assumed regal titles such as Maharajadhiraja king of great kings and Maharaja great king However the two continued to nominally acknowledge Bhima and his successor Tribhuvanapala as their overlord After Tribhuvanapala they seized the throne establishing the Vaghela dynasty 92 ArchitectureMain article Chaulukya style Dilwara Temples constructed by Chaulukya ministers Maru Gurjara architecture or Chaulukya style 93 94 is a style of north Indian temple architecture that originated in Gujarat and Rajasthan from the 11th to 13th centuries under the Chaulukya dynasty or Solaṅki dynasty 95 Although originating as a regional style in Hindu temple architecture it became especially popular in Jain temples and mainly under Jain patronage later spread across India and to diaspora communities around the world 96 Sun Temple Modhera constructed by Bhima I Rudra Mahalaya Temple renovated or rebuilt by Jayasimha Taranga Jain temple constructed by Kumarapala Kiradu temples constructed by Chaulukya feudatoriesReligion The Rani ki vav was constructed during the rule of the Chaulukya dynasty It is located on the banks of Saraswati river 97 Most of the dynasty s rulers were Shaivaite although they also patronized Jainism 98 The dynasty s founder Mularaja is said to have built Mulavasatika temple for Digambara Jains and the Mulanatha Jinadeva temple for the Svetambara Jains 34 The earliest of the Dilwara Temples and the Modhera Sun Temple were constructed during the reign of Bhima I According to popular tradition his queen Udayamati also commissioned the Queen s step well 99 Kumarapala started patronizing Jainism at some point in his life and the subsequent Jain accounts portray him as the last great royal patron of Jainism 76 The Chaulukya rulers also endowed mosques to maintain good relationship with the Muslim traders 100 Claimed descendantsThe Vaghela dynasty which succeeded the Chaulukyas claimed descent from a sister of Kumarapala 101 Various princely state dynasties calling themselves Solanki the vernacular form of Chaulukya claimed descent from the Chaulukyas as well These included the rulers of the Lunavada State which was a tributary to the Marathas before coming under the British rule 102 List of rulersThe Chalukya rulers of Gujarat with approximate dates of reign are as follows 103 104 List of Chaulukya Solanki dynasty rulers Serial No Ruler Reign CE 1 Mularaja 940 9952 Chamundaraja 996 10083 Vallabharaja 10084 Durlabharaja 1008 10225 Bhima I 1022 10646 Karna 1064 10927 Jayasimha Siddharaja 1092 11428 Kumarapala 1142 11719 Ajayapala 1171 117510 Mularaja II 1175 117811 Bhima II 1178 124012 Tribhuvanapala 1240 1244Family treeChaulukya dynastyMularaja I 1 r c 941 996Chamundaraja 2 r c 996 1008Vallabharaja 3 r c 1008Durlabharaja 4 r c 1008 1022NagarajaBhima I 5 r c 1022 1064KshemarajaKarna 6 r c 1064 1092DevaprasadaJayasimhaSiddharaja 7 r c 1092 1142TribhuvanpalaKumarapala 8 r c 1143 1172Ajayapala 9 r c 1172 1175Mularaja II 10 r c 1175 1178Bhima II 11 r c 1178 1240Tribhuvanapala 12 r c 1240 1244List of feudatoriesChahamanas of Naddula Chahamanas of JalorReferences Post Gupta Chaulukya Paramara coin Classical Numismatic Group Schwartzberg Joseph E 1978 A Historical atlas of South Asia Chicago University of Chicago Press p 147 map XIV 3 b ISBN 0226742210 Hermann Kulke 2004 A History of India Psychology Press p 117 ISBN 978 0 415 32919 4 When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutkas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries The better known among these dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Kathiawar and Gujarat the Chahamanas i e Chauhan of eastern Rajasthan Ajmer and Jodhpur and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi Dhillika in 736 but had then been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya 2006 Studying Early India Archaeology Texts and Historical Issues Anthem p 116 ISBN 978 1 84331 132 4 The period between the seventh and the twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal lineages in Rajasthan Gujarat Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh which came to constitute a social political category known as Rajput Some of the major lineages were the Pratiharas of Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas the Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan the Caulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Paramaras of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan David Ludden 2013 India and South Asia A Short History Simon and Schuster pp 88 89 ISBN 978 1 78074 108 6 By contrast in Rajasthan a single warrior group evolved called Rajput from Rajaputra sons of kings they rarely engaged in farming even to supervise farm labour as farming was literally beneath them farming was for their peasant subjects In the ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas Chauhans Paramaras Pawars Guhilas Sisodias and Caulukyas were splitting off from sprawling Gurjara Pratihara clans a b c d Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 5 a b Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 421 a b Jai Narayan Asopa 1976 p 43 Jai Narayan Asopa 1976 p 42 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 498 502 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 6 7 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 22 Coin of Chaulukyas of Anahillapataka Kumarapala Classical Numismatic Group Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 13 17 Peter Jackson 2003 The Delhi Sultanate A Political and Military History Cambridge University Press p 9 ISBN 978 0 521 54329 3 Cynthia Talbot 2015 pp 33 35 Irfan Habib 2002 Essays in Indian History Anthem Press p 90 ISBN 978 1 84331 061 7 David Ludden 1999 An Agrarian History of South Asia Cambridge University Press p 4 ISBN 978 0 521 36424 9 Jadunath Sarkar 1960 pp 32 Cynthia Talbot 2015 p 33 35 Ganga Prasad Yadava 1982 p 35 N Jayapalan 2001 p 146 a b Shanta Rani Sharma 2012 pp 7 8 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 8 a b Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 p 21 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 8 9 Dasharatha Sharma 1959 p 4 a b Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 9 R B Singh 1964 pp 17 18 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 12 a b Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 13 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 10 12 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 1 4 a b John E Cort 1998 p 87 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 23 24 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 25 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 34 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 34 35 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 35 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 36 39 Krishna Narain Seth 1978 pp 136 137 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 43 45 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 49 50 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 50 51 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 48 49 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 52 53 Krishna Narain Seth 1978 p 184 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 54 55 R B Singh 1964 p 127 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 57 58 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 59 60 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 60 R B Singh 1964 p 125 Tommaso Bobbio 2015 p 164 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 69 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 70 Dasharatha Sharma 1959 p 47 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 71 R B Singh 1964 p 156 Dasharatha Sharma 1959 p 69 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 74 75 R K Dikshit 1976 p 133 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 80 81 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 92 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 99 103 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 106 108 R B Singh 1964 p 253 R B Singh 1964 p 254 R B Singh 1964 p 149 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 109 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 112 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 109 110 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 111 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 113 114 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 116 a b Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 119 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 130 131 Dasharatha Sharma 1959 p 138 R B Singh 1964 p 259 Schwartzberg Joseph E 1978 A Historical atlas of South Asia Chicago University of Chicago Press pp 37 147 ISBN 0226742210 Eaton Richard M 25 July 2019 India in the Persianate Age 1000 1765 Penguin UK p 38 ISBN 978 0 14 196655 7 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 139 a b Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 140 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 141 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 143 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 145 146 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 146 a b Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 148 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 160 161 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 pp 149 155 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 156 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 163 164 Gujarat Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust 2007 p 404 Architecture of the temples forts step wells and lakes was highly developed in Gujarat during the Solanki period 942 to 1304 A D Temples of this period resemble the temples of Rajasthan The temple architecture style developed during this period is known as Muru Gurjar style Generally the temples of Gujarat of this period are known as the temples of Chaulukya style Hegewald note 3 Mitchell 1977 uses Solanki style while Harle is reluctant to tie the style to a specific name Mitchell 1977 123 Hegewald Hegewald Rani ki Vav the Queen s Stepwell at Patan Gujarat UNESCO World Heritage Centre whc unesco org Retrieved 5 December 2015 Kantilal F Sompura 1968 The Structural Temples of Gujarat Upto 1600 A D Gujarat University p 97 ISBN 9780861862450 Vinod Chandra Srivastava 2008 p 857 Edward A Alpers 2014 p 57 P B Udgaonkar 1986 p 215 David P Henige 2004 p 125 Romila Thapar 2008 p 236 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 p 199 Bibliography A K Majumdar 1956 Chaulukyas of Gujarat Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan OCLC 4413150 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 Chaulukyas of Gujarat Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan OCLC 4413150 Cynthia Talbot 2015 The Last Hindu Emperor Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past 1200 2000 Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781107118560 Dasharatha Sharma 1959 Early Chauhan Dynasties S Chand Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 9780842606189 David P Henige 2004 Princely States of India A Guide to Chronology and Rulers Orchid ISBN 978 974 524 049 0 Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 Political History of the Chalukyas of Badami Abhinav Publications ISBN 9780836406450 Edward A Alpers 2014 The Indian Ocean in World History Oxford University Press USA ISBN 978 0 19 533787 7 Ganga Prasad Yadava 1982 Dhanapala and His Times A Socio cultural Study Based Upon His Works Concept Harle J C The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent 2nd edn 1994 Yale University Press Pelican History of Art ISBN 0300062176 Hegewald Julia A B 2011 The International Jaina Style Maru Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkis throughout India and in the Diaspora Ars Orientalis 45 20191029 doi 10 3998 ars 13441566 0045 005 ISSN 2328 1286 Jadunath Sarkar 1960 Military History of India Orient Longmans ISBN 9780861251551 Jai Narayan Asopa 1976 Origin of the Rajputs Bharatiya OCLC 483180949 John E Cort ed 1998 Open Boundaries Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History SUNY Press ISBN 978 0 7914 3785 8 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint ref duplicates default link Jonah Blank 2001 Mullahs on the Mainframe Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras University of Chicago Press p 44 ISBN 978 0 226 05676 0 Michell George 1977 The Hindu Temple An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms 1977 University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 53230 1 Michell George 1990 The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India Volume 1 Buddhist Jain Hindu 1990 Penguin Books ISBN 0140081445 Krishna Narain Seth 1978 The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa Progress OCLC 8931757 N Jayapalan 2001 History of India Atlantic Publishers amp Distri ISBN 978 81 7156 928 1 P B Udgaonkar 1986 Political Institutions amp Administration Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 2087 6 Romila Thapar 2008 Somanatha Penguin ISBN 9780143064688 R B Singh 1964 History of the Chahamanas N Kishore OCLC 11038728 R K Dikshit 1976 The Candellas of Jejakabhukti Abhinav ISBN 9788170170464 Shanta Rani Sharma 2012 Exploding the Myth of the Gujara Identity of the Imperial Pratiharas Indian Historical Review 39 1 1 10 doi 10 1177 0376983612449525 S2CID 145175448 Tommaso Bobbio 2015 Urbanisation Citizenship and Conflict in India Ahmedabad 1900 2000 Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 51400 8 Vinod Chandra Srivastava 2008 History of Agriculture in India Up to C 1200 A D Concept p 857 ISBN 978 81 8069 521 6 External links Media related to Chaulukya dynasty at Wikimedia Commons Schwartzberg Joseph E 1978 A map of the Chaulukya territory A Historical atlas of South Asia Chicago University of Chicago Press p 147 map XIV 3 b ISBN 0226742210 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chaulukya dynasty amp oldid 1150806629, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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