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Caribbean literature

January 19, 2024

Caribbean literature is the literature of the various territories of the Caribbean region. Literature in English from the former British West Indies may be referred to as Anglo-Caribbean or, in historical contexts, as West Indian literature. Most of these territories have become independent nations since the 1960s, though some retain colonial ties to the United Kingdom. They share, apart from the English language, a number of political, cultural, and social ties which make it useful to consider their literary output in a single category. The more wide-ranging term "Caribbean literature" generally refers to the literature of all Caribbean territories regardless of language—whether written in English, Spanish, French, Hindustani, or Dutch, or one of numerous creoles.[1]

The literature of Caribbean is exceptional, both in language and subject. Through themes of innocence, exile and return to motherland, resistance and endurance, engagement and alienation, self determination, Caribbean literature provides a powerful platform for Post-Colonial studies and to Caribbean literatures in importance the context of all literature.

"Caribbean literature" vs. "West Indian literature" edit

As scholarship expands, there is debate about the correct term to use for literature that comes from the region. Both terms are often used interchangeably despite having different origins and referring to slightly different groups of people. Since so much of Caribbean identity is linked to "insidious racism" and "the justification of slave labor", it is usual to refer to the author of the piece for their identity preference.[2]

West Indian is defined as coming from the "West Indies", which includes "the islands of the Caribbean" and was "used first [for] indigenous population, and subsequently both [for] settlers of European origin and of people of African origin brought to the area as slaves." West Indian can also refer to things that can be "traced back" to the West Indies but the creators "live elsewhere".[3] West Indian "was a term coined by colonising European powers."[4] Caribbean, on the other hand, is defined as "of the Caribbean...its people, and their cultures" only.[5]

Further issues include language classifications like Creole Caribbean literature and Anglophone Caribbean literature. Different languages also make different references to the texts. While there is no terminology that is obsolete, the issue requires acknowledgement, since it is the literature of historically oppressed people.[2] The Spanish Caribbean islands include Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Panama as well as the islands of Venezuela and the Caribbean coast of Colombia.[6]

Territories included in the category West Indian edit

The literature of Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Curaçao, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Martin, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos and the U.S. Virgin Islands would normally be considered to belong to the wider category of West Indian literature.

Development of the concept of West Indian literature edit

The term "West Indies" first began to achieve wide currency in the 1950s, when writers such as Samuel Selvon, John Hearne, Edgar Mittelholzer, V. S. Naipaul, Andrew Salkey, and George Lamming began to be published in the United Kingdom.[7] A sense of a single literature developing across the islands was also encouraged in the 1940s by the BBC radio programme Caribbean Voices, which featured stories and poems written by West Indian authors, recorded in London under the direction of founding producer Una Marson and later Henry Swanzy, and broadcast back to the islands.[8] Magazines such as Kyk-Over-Al in Guyana, Bim in Barbados, and Focus in Jamaica, which published work by writers from across the region, also encouraged links and helped build an audience.[9]

Many—perhaps most—West Indian writers have found it necessary to leave their home territories and base themselves in the United Kingdom, the United States, or Canada in order to make a living from their work—in some cases spending the greater parts of their careers away from the territories of their birth. Critics in their adopted territories might argue that, for instance, V. S. Naipaul ought to be considered a British writer instead of a Trinidadian writer, or Jamaica Kincaid and Paule Marshall American writers, but most West Indian readers and critics still consider these writers "West Indian".

West Indian literature ranges over subjects and themes as wide as those of any other "national" literature, but in general many West Indian writers share a special concern with questions of identity, ethnicity, and language that rise out of the Caribbean historical experience.

 
Marlon James at the 2010 Brooklyn Book Festival

One unique and pervasive characteristic of Caribbean literature is the use of "dialect" forms of the national language, often termed creole. The various local variations in the language adopted from the colonial powers such as Britain, Spain, Portugal, France and the Netherlands, have been modified over the years within each country and each has developed a blend that is unique to their country. Many Caribbean authors in their writing switch liberally between the local variation—now commonly termed nation language—and the standard form of the language.[10] Two West Indian writers have won the Nobel Prize for literature: Derek Walcott (1992), born in St. Lucia, resident mostly in Trinidad during the 1960s and '70s, and partly in the United States since then; and V. S. Naipaul (2001), born in Trinidad and resident in the United Kingdom since 1950. (Saint-John Perse, who won the Nobel Prize in 1960, was born in the French territory of Guadeloupe.)

Other notable names in (anglophone) Caribbean literature have included Una Marson, Earl Lovelace, Austin Clarke, Claude McKay, Louise Bennett, Orlando Patterson, Andrew Salkey, Edward Kamau Brathwaite (who was born in Barbados and has lived in Ghana and Jamaica), Linton Kwesi Johnson, Velma Pollard and Michelle Cliff, to name only a few. In more recent times, a number of literary voices have emerged from the Caribbean as well as the Caribbean diaspora, including Kittitian Caryl Phillips (who has lived in the UK since one month of age); Edwidge Danticat, a Haitian immigrant to the United States; Anthony Kellman from Barbados, who divides his time between Barbados and the United States; Andrea Levy of the United Kingdom; Jamaicans Alecia McKenzie, who has lived in Belgium, Singapore and France, and Colin Channer and Marlon James, the author of the 2015 Man Booker Prize-winning novel A Brief History of Seven Killings (as well as John Crow's Devil, The Book of Night Women, the unpublished screenplay "Dead Men", and the short story "Under Cover of Darkness"), Antiguan Marie-Elena John, and Lasana M. Sekou from Saint Martin.

Themes of migration, landscape, nature edit

Caribbean lands and seas have been depicted as a paradise on earth by foreign artists and writers.[11] Scholars and writers in Postcolonial Studies have researched and published on this cultural phenomenon of an empty island, and the racist implications of a fantasy void of local people and their cultures.[12][13] Caribbean classic novels such as Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea (1966) have inspired films, stories, and poems by other artists who seek to decolonize the relationship of people and landscapes.[11][14]

Caribbean novelists imbue island landscape with bustling life of the locals and migrants. The migration of Caribbean workers to the Panama Canal is often used as a narrative foundation. Maryse Condé’s novel Tree of Life (1992) discusses the involvement of family ties and how people seek to improve their lot in life by working to build the Panama Canal.[15] Another contemporary classic about migrant cultures is Ramabai Espinet’s novel The Swinging Bridge (2003), which explores trauma of displacement, Indian indentureship, and the phenomena of invisibility relating to women.[16]

Caribbean stories and poems are ripe with references to storms, hurricanes, and natural disasters.[17] Derek Walcott's wrote "The Sea is History," and dramatized the impact of tropical storms and hurricanes on the locals.[18]

Caribbean writing deploys agricultural symbolism to represent the complexities of colonial rule and the intrinsic values of the lands. Native fruits and vegetables appear in colonized and decolonizing discourse. Derek Walcott describes the complications of colonialism using local fruit metaphors, such as star apples, in his poetry to connote the complexity of acidity and the sweetness.[19][20] Giannina Braschi's postcolonial work United States of Banana imagines a political and economic deal between China and Puerto Rico as the exchange of a bowl of rice for a bowl of beans, and a Lychee for a Quenepa.[21]

Poetry edit

Caribbean poetry is vast and rapidly evolving field of poetry written by people from the Caribbean region and the diaspora.

Caribbean poetry generally refers to a myriad of poetic forms, spanning epic, lyrical verse, prose poems, dramatic poetry and oral poetry, composed in Caribbean territories regardless of language. It is most often, however, written in English, Spanish, Spanglish, French, Hindustani, Dutch, or any number of creoles. Poetry in English from the former British West Indies has been referred to as Anglo-Caribbean poetry or West Indian poetry.

Since the mid-1970s, Caribbean poetry has gained increasing visibility with the publication in Britain and North America of several anthologies. Over the decades the canon has shifted and expanded, drawing both on oral and literary traditions and including more women poets and politically charged works. Caribbean writers, performance poets, newspaper poets, singer-songwriters have created a popular art form, a poetry heard by audiences all over the world. Caribbean oral poetry shares the vigour of the written tradition.

Among the most prominent Caribbean poets whose works are widely studied (and translated into other languages) are: Derek Walcott (who won the 1992 Nobel Prize for Literature), Kamau Brathwaite, Edouard Glissant, Giannina Braschi, Lorna Goodinson, Aimé Fernand Césaire, Linton Kwesi Johnson, Kwame Dawes, and Claudia Rankine.

Common themes include: exile and return to the motherland; the relationship of language to nation; colonialism and postcolonialism; self-determination and liberty; racial identity.

Women writers edit

There is great abundance of talent, styles, and subjects covered by Caribbean women writers spanning the genres of poetry, theater, short stories, essays, and novels. There is also a burgeoning field of scholarship on how women authors address women's lives under dictatorships, eroticism and the body, history and identity, migration, Afro Caribbean history, decolonization, revolution, queer theory, among countless other topics.

Major novelists include Maryse Conde (Guadeloupe), Merle Hodge (Trinidad), Paule Marshall (Barbadian-American), Cynthia McLeod (Suriname), Elizabeth Nunez (Trinidad-American ), Tiphanie Yanique (Virgin Islands), Rosario Ferre (Puerto Rico), and Michelle Cliff (Jamaica).

Poets include Mahadai Das (Guyana), Lenelle Moïse (Haiti), Pamela Mordecai (Jamaica), Lorna Goodison (Jamaica), Julia de Burgos (Puerto Rico), Giannina Braschi (Puerto Rico), Merle Collins (Grenada), Shara McCallum (Jamaica), and Oliver Senior (Jamaica).

Playwrights include Una Marson who wrote in English, and Ina Césaire (Martinique) and Simone Schwarz-Bart (France/Guadeloupe) who write in French.[22]

Epics edit

There are many epic stories, plays, and poems written in and about the Caribbean. Dating to the 16th century, Juan de Castellanos's Elegy to the Illustrious Gentlemen of the Indies (1589) is an epic in verse that traces Columbus's arrival to the conquest of Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad, and Margarita.[23] The work relates Juan Ponce de León's colonization of Puerto Rico in search for the mythic fountain of youth.[23] Later epics of the Spanish West Indies include Manuel de Jesus Galvan's national epic "The Sword and the Cross" (1954) that relates the myths and histories of the colony of Hispaniola.[23]

In the 20th century, epics approach subjects such racist legacies, economic terrorism, and the decolonization of Caribbean culture and politics.[24][25] Nobel prize winner Derek Walcott pens one of greatest modern epic written in the English language, Omeros (1990).[26] This epic poem is divided into seven books containing sixty-four chapters. Most of the poem is composed in a three-line form that is reminiscent of the terza rima form that Dante used for The Divine Comedy.[27] The work uses local island folklore and ancient Greek myths such as Homer' Iliad to address legacies of Greek, Roman, and American culture including racism and slavery.[28] Parts of the story occur on Walcott's native island St. Lucia, but there are also time travels to ancient Greece and Rome, as well as travels to modern day Lisbon, London, Dublin, Toronto.[29]

Giannina Braschi's Empire of Dreams (1988) is a postmodern epic composed of six books of poetry that blend elements of eclogues, epigrams, lyrics, prose poem, diary, jingles, Puerto Rican folklore, and political manifesto.[30] The work traces the history of the Spanish language from medieval times to contemporary Puerto Rico, Cuban, Chicano, and Nuyorican culture.[31] Braschi's later epic, written in English, is United States of Banana (2011), a geopolitical tragic-comedy about the fall of the American empire, the liberation of Puerto Rico, and the realignment of powers among Caribbean nations.[32] Mixing elements of poetry, lyric essay, Caribbean songs, and socratic dialogues, this epic tackles the subjects of global debt, financial terrorism, and decolonization.[33]

Trinidadian playwright and novelist Earl Lovelace's work has been described as performative epics that mix the rhythms of steelband and calypso with complex narratives about black power and the political, spiritual, and psychic struggles for decolonization.[34] His best known works are The Dragon Can’t Dance (1979) and Salt (1996) which won the Commonwealth Book Prize.[35]

Literary festivals edit

Many parts of the Caribbean have begun in recent years to host literary festivals, including in Anguilla, the Anguilla Lit Fest, in Trinidad and Tobago the NGC Bocas Lit Fest,[36] in Jamaica the Calabash International Literary Festival,[37] in Saint Martin/Sint Maarten the St. Martin Book Fair,[38] in Barbados Bim Literary Festival,[39] in Dominica the Nature Island Literary Festival and Book Fair,[40] Alliouagana Festival of the word[41] in Montserrat, and the Antigua and Barbuda Literary Festival.[42] The Virgin Islands Literary Festival and Book Fair

Prizes edit

Notable West Indian writers edit

(Grouped by territory of birth or upbringing)

Antigua edit

The Bahamas edit

Barbados edit

Belize edit

Bonaire edit

Cuba edit

Curaçao edit

Dominica edit

Dominican Republic edit

Grenada edit

Guadeloupe edit

Guyana edit

Haiti edit

Jamaica edit

Martinique edit

Montserrat edit

Puerto Rico edit

St Kitts and Nevis edit

St Lucia edit

Saint Martin edit

St Vincent and The Grenadines edit

Suriname edit

Trinidad and Tobago edit

Virgin Islands edit

West Indian literary periodicals edit

Further reading edit

  • Donnell, Alison, ed. (December 2020). Caribbean Literature in Transition Series. Cambridge University Press.
    • O'Callaghan, Evelyn; Watson, Tim, eds. (December 2020). Caribbean Literature in Transition, 1800-1920. Vol. 1. doi:10.1017/9781108647830. ISBN 9781108647830. S2CID 234149639.
    • Dalleo, Raphael; Forbes, Curdella, eds. (December 2020). Caribbean Literature in Transition, 1920-1970. Vol. 2. doi:10.1017/9781108850087. ISBN 9781108850087. S2CID 237977548.
    • Cummings, Ronald; Donnell, Alison, eds. (December 2020). Caribbean Literature in Transition, 1970-2020. Vol. 3. doi:10.1017/9781108564274. ISBN 9781108564274. S2CID 243659819.
  • Brown, Stewart; Wickham, John, eds. (21 March 2002). The Oxford Book of Caribbean Short Stories. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192802293.
  • Brown, Stewart; McWatt, Mark, eds. (7 May 2009). The Oxford Book of Caribbean Verse. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199561599.
  • Figueredo, D.H., ed. (30 December 2005). Encyclopedia of Caribbean Literature[2 volumes], Illustrated Edition. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313327421.
  • Joseph, Margaret Paul. Caliban in Exile: the Outsider in Caribbean Fiction, Greenwood Press, 1992.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Dash, J. Michael (1998). The Other America: Caribbean Literature in a New World Context. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
  2. ^ a b Safa, Helen I. (1987). "Popular Culture, National Identity, and Race in the Caribbean". Nieuwe West-Indische Gids / New West Indian Guide. 61 (3/4): 115–126. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002047. JSTOR 41849291. S2CID 154757755.
  3. ^ "West Indian." Oxford English Dictionary, 2018, Oxford University Press.
  4. ^ Begg, Yusuf (13 November 2011). "Cocktail Conversations: West Indian Vs Caribbean". The Economic Times.
  5. ^ "Caribbean." Oxford English Dictionary, 2018, Oxford University Press.
  6. ^ "CARIBBEAN ISLANDS :. www.caribbeanislands.com". www.caribbeanislands.com. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  7. ^ Ramchand, Kenneth. The West Indian Novel and Its Background. London: Faber, 1970.
  8. ^ Griffith, Glyne (September 2001). "Deconstructing Nationalisms: Henry Swanzy, Caribbean Voices and the Development of West Indian Literature". Small Axe. 5 (2): 1–20. doi:10.1353/smx.2001.0018. S2CID 146195981.
  9. ^ Dalleo, Raphael (2011). "Caribbean Literature and the Public Sphere". University of Virginia Press. JSTOR j.ctt6wrnqm.
  10. ^ Waters, Erika J. (2009). "Paradise Revealed: Readings in Caribbean Literature". Maine Humanities Council. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  11. ^ a b Burns, Lorna (2008). "Landscape and Genre in the Caribbean Canon: Creolizing the Poetics of Place and Paradise". Journal of West Indian Literature. 17 (1): 20–41. ISSN 0258-8501. JSTOR 23019970.
  12. ^ "The Emptying Island: Puerto Rican Expulsion in Post-Maria Time". hemisphericinstitute.org. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  13. ^ Nair, Supriya M. (2013). Pathologies of Paradise: Caribbean Detours. University of Virginia Press. JSTOR j.ctt6wrk9x.
  14. ^ "caribbean landscape in literature - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  15. ^ Garcia, Cristina. "'The 'Rich Cadence' of Carribean [sic] Life as Conveyed by Novelist". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 24 September 2020. Tree of Life is also a grand account of the Caribbean, the politics of race and immigration, and the intricate, often sordid legacy of colonialism... Albert Louis seeks his fortune helping the Americans dig the Panama Canal.
  16. ^ "The Swinging Bridge". www.litencyc.com. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  17. ^ "The Paradox of a Hurricane: Death and Love Its Wake". Literary Hub. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  18. ^ "The Hurricane - Derek Walcott". Library Journal. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  19. ^ Neumann, Birgit (3 May 2020). "'Each phrase go be soaked in salt' – vernacular worlds in Derek Walcott's poetry". Textual Practice. 34 (5): 721–742. doi:10.1080/0950236X.2020.1749378. ISSN 0950-236X. S2CID 219749941. Walcott's poetry does not content itself with decrying the effects of colonial ... like its fruits, its savour', he maintains, 'is a mixture of the acid and the sweet.
  20. ^ "The Star-Apple Kingdom by Derek Walcott". Poetry Foundation. 23 September 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  21. ^ Stavans, Ilan (27 October 2020). Aldama, Frederick Luis; O'Dwyer, Tess (eds.). Poets, philosophers, lovers : on the writings of Giannina Braschi. Pittsburgh, Pa. ISBN 978-0-8229-4618-2. OCLC 1143649021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  22. ^ Miller, Judith (1998). "Caribbean Women Playwrights: Madness, Memory, but Not Melancholia". Theatre Research International. 23 (3): 225–232. doi:10.1017/S0307883300019982. ISSN 1474-0672. S2CID 162579569.
  23. ^ a b c Paravisni-Gebert, Lizabeth (2000). "Caribbean Literature in Spanish," The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 671–680. ISBN 9781139054638.
  24. ^ Bastian, Jeannette A.; Griffin, Stanley H.; Aarons, John A. (2018). Decolonizing the Caribbean record : an archives reader. Sacramento, CA. ISBN 978-1-63400-059-8. OCLC 1021288867.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^ Hitchcock, Peter (2019), Ferdinand, Simon; Villaescusa-Illán, Irene; Peeren, Esther (eds.), "Novelization in Decolonization, or, Postcolonialism Reconsidered", Other Globes: Past and Peripheral Imaginations of Globalization, Palgrave Studies in Globalization, Culture and Society, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 177–194, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14980-2_9, ISBN 978-3-030-14980-2, S2CID 182217266, retrieved 24 September 2020
  26. ^ Als, Hilton (17 March 2017). "Derek Walcott, a Mighty Poet, Has Died". The New Yorker. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  27. ^ Lucas, Julian (23 April 2017). "In Praise of Derek Walcott's Epic of the Americas". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  28. ^ Hanes, Stephanie; Schudel, Matt (17 March 2017). "Derek Walcott, Nobel laureate whose poetry celebrated the Caribbean, dies at 87". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 24 September 2020. Walcott appropriated Greek classics, local folklore and the British literary canon in his explorations of the ambiguities of race, history and cultural identity.
  29. ^ Eastman, Helen (1 October 2015). "Talking Greeks with Derek Walcott". The Oxford Handbook of Greek Drama in the Americas. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199661305.013.043. ISBN 978-0-19-966130-5. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  30. ^ Ostriker, Alicia (1994). Empire of Dreams. O'Dwyer, Tess. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05795-4. OCLC 29703241. Poetry here dresses itself in the garb of dramatic monologue, love letter, TV commercial, diary excerpt, movie criticism, celebrity confession, literary theory, bastinado, manifesto
  31. ^ Carrión, María (1 January 1996). "Geography, (M)Other Tongues and the Role of Translation in Giannina Braschi's El imperio de los sueños". Studies in 20th & 21st Century Literature. 20 (1). doi:10.4148/2334-4415.1385. ISSN 2334-4415.
  32. ^ Stanchich, Maritza (2020). Poets, philosophers, lovers : on the writings of Giannina Braschi. Aldama, Frederick Luis, O'Dwyer, Tess. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh. ISBN 978-0-8229-4618-2. OCLC 1143649021. In Caribbean literature, (Braschi) is bringing Puerto Rico's plight into play with other nations, states, and semi-nation states of the region.
  33. ^ Riofrio, John (1 March 2020). "Falling for debt: Giannina Braschi, the Latinx avant-garde, and financial terrorism in the United States of Banana". Latino Studies. 18 (1): 66–81. doi:10.1057/s41276-019-00239-2. ISSN 1476-3443. S2CID 212759434.
  34. ^ King, Nicole (2008). "Performance and Tradition in Earl Lovelace's A Brief Conversion: The Drama of the Everyday," in Caribbean Literature after Independence: the Case of Earl Lovelace. Schwarz, Bill, 1951-, University of London. Institute for the Study of the Americas. London: Institute for the Study of the Americas, University of London. ISBN 978-1-900039-91-8. OCLC 185691280. Lovelace writes of "traces of Africa, the passions of the black dispossessed, the liturgies of the Shouter churches - he strives to imagine a society which might at last break free from its colonial past, dramatizing the political and psychic struggles of the poor for selfhood."
  35. ^ "Earl Lovelace | West Indian author". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  36. ^ "The Trinidad and Tobago Bocas Literary Festival - Bocas Lit Fest". bocaslitfest.com. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  37. ^ "Calabash 2014". calabashfestival.org. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  38. ^ "The St. Martin Book Fair". houseofnehesipublish.com. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  39. ^ "Home | BIM Bim Litfest". bimlitfest.org. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  40. ^ "Nature Island Literary Festival and Book Fair | Dominica, West Indies". dominicalitfest.com. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  41. ^ "Alliouagana Festival of the Word". litfest.ms. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  42. ^ "Antigua and Barbuda Literary Festival". facebook.com. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  43. ^ The OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature 2015-06-30 at the Wayback Machine, NGC Bocas Lit Fest.
  44. ^ "Literary Prize", Association of Caribbean Writers.
  45. ^ Ross, Jacob (5 March 2009). Pynter Bender. United Kingdom: Harper Perennial. p. 288. ISBN 978-0007222988.
  • Joseph, Margaret Paul. Caliban in Exile: the Outsider in Caribbean Fiction, Greenwood Press, 1992.

External links edit

  • "Caribbean literature (topic)" (Podcast). University of Oxford Podcasts.
  • See many works of Caribbean Literature openly available through the Digital Library of the Caribbean
  • A Bibliographical Survey of the West Indian Novel. Master's Thesis. Western Michigan University. 1972. by Ruta Mara Sani

January 19, 2024
caribbean, literature, literature, various, territories, caribbean, region, literature, english, from, former, british, west, indies, referred, anglo, caribbean, historical, contexts, west, indian, literature, most, these, territories, have, become, independen. Caribbean literature is the literature of the various territories of the Caribbean region Literature in English from the former British West Indies may be referred to as Anglo Caribbean or in historical contexts as West Indian literature Most of these territories have become independent nations since the 1960s though some retain colonial ties to the United Kingdom They share apart from the English language a number of political cultural and social ties which make it useful to consider their literary output in a single category The more wide ranging term Caribbean literature generally refers to the literature of all Caribbean territories regardless of language whether written in English Spanish French Hindustani or Dutch or one of numerous creoles 1 The literature of Caribbean is exceptional both in language and subject Through themes of innocence exile and return to motherland resistance and endurance engagement and alienation self determination Caribbean literature provides a powerful platform for Post Colonial studies and to Caribbean literatures in importance the context of all literature Contents 1 Caribbean literature vs West Indian literature 2 Territories included in the category West Indian 3 Development of the concept of West Indian literature 4 Themes of migration landscape nature 5 Poetry 6 Women writers 7 Epics 8 Literary festivals 9 Prizes 10 Notable West Indian writers 10 1 Antigua 10 2 The Bahamas 10 3 Barbados 10 4 Belize 10 5 Bonaire 10 6 Cuba 10 7 Curacao 10 8 Dominica 10 9 Dominican Republic 10 10 Grenada 10 11 Guadeloupe 10 12 Guyana 10 13 Haiti 10 14 Jamaica 10 15 Martinique 10 16 Montserrat 10 17 Puerto Rico 10 18 St Kitts and Nevis 10 19 St Lucia 10 20 Saint Martin 10 21 St Vincent and The Grenadines 10 22 Suriname 10 23 Trinidad and Tobago 10 24 Virgin Islands 11 West Indian literary periodicals 12 Further reading 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Caribbean literature vs West Indian literature editAs scholarship expands there is debate about the correct term to use for literature that comes from the region Both terms are often used interchangeably despite having different origins and referring to slightly different groups of people Since so much of Caribbean identity is linked to insidious racism and the justification of slave labor it is usual to refer to the author of the piece for their identity preference 2 West Indian is defined as coming from the West Indies which includes the islands of the Caribbean and was used first for indigenous population and subsequently both for settlers of European origin and of people of African origin brought to the area as slaves West Indian can also refer to things that can be traced back to the West Indies but the creators live elsewhere 3 West Indian was a term coined by colonising European powers 4 Caribbean on the other hand is defined as of the Caribbean its people and their cultures only 5 Further issues include language classifications like Creole Caribbean literature and Anglophone Caribbean literature Different languages also make different references to the texts While there is no terminology that is obsolete the issue requires acknowledgement since it is the literature of historically oppressed people 2 The Spanish Caribbean islands include Cuba Puerto Rico the Dominican Republic and Panama as well as the islands of Venezuela and the Caribbean coast of Colombia 6 Territories included in the category West Indian editThe literature of Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Curacao the Bahamas Barbados Belize the British Virgin Islands the Cayman Islands Dominica Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saint Martin St Kitts and Nevis St Lucia St Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos and the U S Virgin Islands would normally be considered to belong to the wider category of West Indian literature Development of the concept of West Indian literature editThe term West Indies first began to achieve wide currency in the 1950s when writers such as Samuel Selvon John Hearne Edgar Mittelholzer V S Naipaul Andrew Salkey and George Lamming began to be published in the United Kingdom 7 A sense of a single literature developing across the islands was also encouraged in the 1940s by the BBC radio programme Caribbean Voices which featured stories and poems written by West Indian authors recorded in London under the direction of founding producer Una Marson and later Henry Swanzy and broadcast back to the islands 8 Magazines such as Kyk Over Al in Guyana Bim in Barbados and Focus in Jamaica which published work by writers from across the region also encouraged links and helped build an audience 9 Many perhaps most West Indian writers have found it necessary to leave their home territories and base themselves in the United Kingdom the United States or Canada in order to make a living from their work in some cases spending the greater parts of their careers away from the territories of their birth Critics in their adopted territories might argue that for instance V S Naipaul ought to be considered a British writer instead of a Trinidadian writer or Jamaica Kincaid and Paule Marshall American writers but most West Indian readers and critics still consider these writers West Indian West Indian literature ranges over subjects and themes as wide as those of any other national literature but in general many West Indian writers share a special concern with questions of identity ethnicity and language that rise out of the Caribbean historical experience nbsp Marlon James at the 2010 Brooklyn Book FestivalOne unique and pervasive characteristic of Caribbean literature is the use of dialect forms of the national language often termed creole The various local variations in the language adopted from the colonial powers such as Britain Spain Portugal France and the Netherlands have been modified over the years within each country and each has developed a blend that is unique to their country Many Caribbean authors in their writing switch liberally between the local variation now commonly termed nation language and the standard form of the language 10 Two West Indian writers have won the Nobel Prize for literature Derek Walcott 1992 born in St Lucia resident mostly in Trinidad during the 1960s and 70s and partly in the United States since then and V S Naipaul 2001 born in Trinidad and resident in the United Kingdom since 1950 Saint John Perse who won the Nobel Prize in 1960 was born in the French territory of Guadeloupe Other notable names in anglophone Caribbean literature have included Una Marson Earl Lovelace Austin Clarke Claude McKay Louise Bennett Orlando Patterson Andrew Salkey Edward Kamau Brathwaite who was born in Barbados and has lived in Ghana and Jamaica Linton Kwesi Johnson Velma Pollard and Michelle Cliff to name only a few In more recent times a number of literary voices have emerged from the Caribbean as well as the Caribbean diaspora including Kittitian Caryl Phillips who has lived in the UK since one month of age Edwidge Danticat a Haitian immigrant to the United States Anthony Kellman from Barbados who divides his time between Barbados and the United States Andrea Levy of the United Kingdom Jamaicans Alecia McKenzie who has lived in Belgium Singapore and France and Colin Channer and Marlon James the author of the 2015 Man Booker Prize winning novel A Brief History of Seven Killings as well as John Crow s Devil The Book of Night Women the unpublished screenplay Dead Men and the short story Under Cover of Darkness Antiguan Marie Elena John and Lasana M Sekou from Saint Martin Themes of migration landscape nature editCaribbean lands and seas have been depicted as a paradise on earth by foreign artists and writers 11 Scholars and writers in Postcolonial Studies have researched and published on this cultural phenomenon of an empty island and the racist implications of a fantasy void of local people and their cultures 12 13 Caribbean classic novels such as Jean Rhys s Wide Sargasso Sea 1966 have inspired films stories and poems by other artists who seek to decolonize the relationship of people and landscapes 11 14 Caribbean novelists imbue island landscape with bustling life of the locals and migrants The migration of Caribbean workers to the Panama Canal is often used as a narrative foundation Maryse Conde s novel Tree of Life 1992 discusses the involvement of family ties and how people seek to improve their lot in life by working to build the Panama Canal 15 Another contemporary classic about migrant cultures is Ramabai Espinet s novel The Swinging Bridge 2003 which explores trauma of displacement Indian indentureship and the phenomena of invisibility relating to women 16 Caribbean stories and poems are ripe with references to storms hurricanes and natural disasters 17 Derek Walcott s wrote The Sea is History and dramatized the impact of tropical storms and hurricanes on the locals 18 Caribbean writing deploys agricultural symbolism to represent the complexities of colonial rule and the intrinsic values of the lands Native fruits and vegetables appear in colonized and decolonizing discourse Derek Walcott describes the complications of colonialism using local fruit metaphors such as star apples in his poetry to connote the complexity of acidity and the sweetness 19 20 Giannina Braschi s postcolonial work United States of Banana imagines a political and economic deal between China and Puerto Rico as the exchange of a bowl of rice for a bowl of beans and a Lychee for a Quenepa 21 Poetry editCaribbean poetry is vast and rapidly evolving field of poetry written by people from the Caribbean region and the diaspora Caribbean poetry generally refers to a myriad of poetic forms spanning epic lyrical verse prose poems dramatic poetry and oral poetry composed in Caribbean territories regardless of language It is most often however written in English Spanish Spanglish French Hindustani Dutch or any number of creoles Poetry in English from the former British West Indies has been referred to as Anglo Caribbean poetry or West Indian poetry Since the mid 1970s Caribbean poetry has gained increasing visibility with the publication in Britain and North America of several anthologies Over the decades the canon has shifted and expanded drawing both on oral and literary traditions and including more women poets and politically charged works Caribbean writers performance poets newspaper poets singer songwriters have created a popular art form a poetry heard by audiences all over the world Caribbean oral poetry shares the vigour of the written tradition Among the most prominent Caribbean poets whose works are widely studied and translated into other languages are Derek Walcott who won the 1992 Nobel Prize for Literature Kamau Brathwaite Edouard Glissant Giannina Braschi Lorna Goodinson Aime Fernand Cesaire Linton Kwesi Johnson Kwame Dawes and Claudia Rankine Common themes include exile and return to the motherland the relationship of language to nation colonialism and postcolonialism self determination and liberty racial identity Women writers editThere is great abundance of talent styles and subjects covered by Caribbean women writers spanning the genres of poetry theater short stories essays and novels There is also a burgeoning field of scholarship on how women authors address women s lives under dictatorships eroticism and the body history and identity migration Afro Caribbean history decolonization revolution queer theory among countless other topics Major novelists include Maryse Conde Guadeloupe Merle Hodge Trinidad Paule Marshall Barbadian American Cynthia McLeod Suriname Elizabeth Nunez Trinidad American Tiphanie Yanique Virgin Islands Rosario Ferre Puerto Rico and Michelle Cliff Jamaica Poets include Mahadai Das Guyana Lenelle Moise Haiti Pamela Mordecai Jamaica Lorna Goodison Jamaica Julia de Burgos Puerto Rico Giannina Braschi Puerto Rico Merle Collins Grenada Shara McCallum Jamaica and Oliver Senior Jamaica Playwrights include Una Marson who wrote in English and Ina Cesaire Martinique and Simone Schwarz Bart France Guadeloupe who write in French 22 Epics editThere are many epic stories plays and poems written in and about the Caribbean Dating to the 16th century Juan de Castellanos s Elegy to the Illustrious Gentlemen of the Indies 1589 is an epic in verse that traces Columbus s arrival to the conquest of Cuba Jamaica Trinidad and Margarita 23 The work relates Juan Ponce de Leon s colonization of Puerto Rico in search for the mythic fountain of youth 23 Later epics of the Spanish West Indies include Manuel de Jesus Galvan s national epic The Sword and the Cross 1954 that relates the myths and histories of the colony of Hispaniola 23 In the 20th century epics approach subjects such racist legacies economic terrorism and the decolonization of Caribbean culture and politics 24 25 Nobel prize winner Derek Walcott pens one of greatest modern epic written in the English language Omeros 1990 26 This epic poem is divided into seven books containing sixty four chapters Most of the poem is composed in a three line form that is reminiscent of the terza rima form that Dante used for The Divine Comedy 27 The work uses local island folklore and ancient Greek myths such as Homer Iliad to address legacies of Greek Roman and American culture including racism and slavery 28 Parts of the story occur on Walcott s native island St Lucia but there are also time travels to ancient Greece and Rome as well as travels to modern day Lisbon London Dublin Toronto 29 Giannina Braschi s Empire of Dreams 1988 is a postmodern epic composed of six books of poetry that blend elements of eclogues epigrams lyrics prose poem diary jingles Puerto Rican folklore and political manifesto 30 The work traces the history of the Spanish language from medieval times to contemporary Puerto Rico Cuban Chicano and Nuyorican culture 31 Braschi s later epic written in English is United States of Banana 2011 a geopolitical tragic comedy about the fall of the American empire the liberation of Puerto Rico and the realignment of powers among Caribbean nations 32 Mixing elements of poetry lyric essay Caribbean songs and socratic dialogues this epic tackles the subjects of global debt financial terrorism and decolonization 33 Trinidadian playwright and novelist Earl Lovelace s work has been described as performative epics that mix the rhythms of steelband and calypso with complex narratives about black power and the political spiritual and psychic struggles for decolonization 34 His best known works are The Dragon Can t Dance 1979 and Salt 1996 which won the Commonwealth Book Prize 35 Literary festivals editMany parts of the Caribbean have begun in recent years to host literary festivals including in Anguilla the Anguilla Lit Fest in Trinidad and Tobago the NGC Bocas Lit Fest 36 in Jamaica the Calabash International Literary Festival 37 in Saint Martin Sint Maarten the St Martin Book Fair 38 in Barbados Bim Literary Festival 39 in Dominica the Nature Island Literary Festival and Book Fair 40 Alliouagana Festival of the word 41 in Montserrat and the Antigua and Barbuda Literary Festival 42 The Virgin Islands Literary Festival and Book FairPrizes editCasa de las Americas Prize OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature 43 Grand Prize for Caribbean Literature Association of Caribbean Writers Guadeloupe 44 Notable West Indian writers edit Grouped by territory of birth or upbringing Antigua edit Marie Elena John Jamaica Kincaid Joanne C HillhouseThe Bahamas edit Robert Antoni Marion Bethel Ian Strachan Patricia Glinton Meicholas Robert Johnson Obediah Michael Smith Barbados edit Francis Woodbine Blackman Kamau Brathwaite Austin Clarke Frank Collymore Geoffrey Drayton Anthony Kellman George Lamming Karen Lord Paule Marshall Andrea Stuart Cynthia WilsonBelize edit Colville Young Zee EdgellBonaire edit Cola DebrotCuba edit Antonio Benitez Rojo Guillermo Cabrera Infante Alejo Carpentier Roberto Fernandez Retamar Nicolas Guillen Jorge Enrique Gonzalez Pacheco Jose Lezama Lima Dulce Maria Loynaz Jose Marti Carlos Moore writer Nancy Morejon Leonardo Padura Fuentes Virgilio Pinera Emilio Jorge Rodriguez Guillermo Rosales Severo SarduyCuracao edit Frank Martinus Arion Hemayel Martina Tip MaruggDominica edit Phyllis Shand Allfrey Lennox Honychurch Elma Napier Jean RhysDominican Republic edit Julio Vega Battle Raquel Cepeda Junot Diaz Julia Alvarez Blas JimenezGrenada edit Jacob Ross 45 Tobias S Buckell Merle Collins Gus JohnGuadeloupe edit Maryse Conde Saint John Perse Gisele Pineau Max Rippon Simone Schwarz BartGuyana edit John Agard Gaiutra Bahadur E R Braithwaite Jan Carew Martin Carter Cyril Dabydeen David Dabydeen Fred D Aguiar O R Dathorne Beryl Gilroy Wilson Harris Roy A K Heath Ruel Johnson Oonya Kempadoo Peter Kempadoo Sharon Maas Yolanda T Marshall Mark McWatt Pauline Melville Edgar Mittelholzer Grace Nichols Walter Rodney Gordon Rohlehr A J Seymour Jan Shinebourne Eric Walrond Denis WilliamsHaiti edit Edwidge Danticat Rene Depestre Marie Vieux Chauvet Myriam J A Chancy Dany Laferriere Dimitry Elias Leger Jacques Roumain Emeric Bergeaud Franketienne Beaubrun Ardouin Emile Nau Ignace Nau Lyonel Trouillot Rene PhilocteteJamaica edit Louise Bennett Coverley James Berry Erna Brodber Margaret Cezair Thompson Colin Channer Michelle Cliff Kwame Dawes Jean D Costa Herbert de Lisser Ferdinand Dennis Marcia Douglas Gloria Escoffery John Figueroa Honor Ford Smith Lorna Goodison Richard Hart John Hearne Vjange Hazle A L Hendriks Nalo Hopkinson Marlon James Linton Kwesi Johnson Roger Mais Una Marson Claude McKay Alecia McKenzie Anthony McNeill Mervyn Morris Mutabaruka Rex Nettleford Orlando Patterson Geoffrey Philp Velma Pollard Patricia Powell Claudia Rankine Barry Reckord V S Reid Joan Riley Trevor Rhone Leone Ross Andrew Salkey Dennis Scott Olive Senior M G Smith Mikey Smith Anthony C Winkler Sylvia WynterMartinique edit Marie Magdeleine Carbet Aime Cesaire Patrick Chamoiseau Frantz Fanon Edouard Glissant Raphael ConfiantMontserrat edit Howard Fergus E A Markham Yvonne Weekes Edgar Nkosi WhitePuerto Rico edit Giannina Braschi Lola Rodriguez de Tio Rosario Ferre Juan Carlos Quintero Herencia Eugenio Maria de Hostos Luis Pales Matos Julia de Burgos Aurora Levins Morales Manuel Ramos Otero Luis Rafael Sanchez Esmeralda Santiago Mayra Santos Febres Ana Lydia Vega Jose Luis Vega Francisco Arrivi Rene MarquesSt Kitts and Nevis edit Caryl PhillipsSt Lucia edit Kendel Hippolyte Jane King Vladimir Lucien Derek WalcottSaint Martin edit Lasana M SekouSt Vincent and The Grenadines edit Cecil Browne Shake Keane Philip NantonSuriname edit Clark Accord Albert Helman Cynthia McLeod Ismene KrishnadathTrinidad and Tobago edit James Christopher Aboud Lisa Allen Agostini Lauren K Alleyne Michael Anthony Robert Antoni Kevin Baldeosingh Dionne Brand Lennox Brown Wayne Brown Vahni Capildeo Ralph de Boissiere Ramabai Espinet Albert Gomes Cecil Gray Rosa Guy Errol Hill Merle Hodge C L R James Anthony Joseph Roi Kwabena Harold Sonny Ladoo John La Rose Earl Lovelace John Lyons Rabindranath Maharaj Ian McDonald Alfred Mendes Shani Mootoo Shiva Naipaul V S Naipaul Elizabeth Nunez Lakshmi Persaud M NourbeSe Philip Jennifer Rahim Kenneth Ramchand Roger Robinson Monique Roffey Lawrence Scott Samuel Selvon Frances Anne Solomon Eintou Pearl Springer Kenneth Vidia Parmasad Elizabeth Walcott Hackshaw Eric WilliamsVirgin Islands edit Cadwell Turnbull Tiphanie YaniqueWest Indian literary periodicals editThe Beacon Trinidad Bim Barbados DIALOGUE Trinidad The Caribbean Writer U S Virgin Islands Focus Jamaica Kyk Over Al Guyana The Caribbean Review of Books Trinidad Savacou journal of the Caribbean Artists Movement London UK Moko Caribbean Arts and Letters Virgin Islands Interviewing the Caribbean letters and the visual arts Jamaica Further reading editDonnell Alison ed December 2020 Caribbean Literature in Transition Series Cambridge University Press O Callaghan Evelyn Watson Tim eds December 2020 Caribbean Literature in Transition 1800 1920 Vol 1 doi 10 1017 9781108647830 ISBN 9781108647830 S2CID 234149639 Dalleo Raphael Forbes Curdella eds December 2020 Caribbean Literature in Transition 1920 1970 Vol 2 doi 10 1017 9781108850087 ISBN 9781108850087 S2CID 237977548 Cummings Ronald Donnell Alison eds December 2020 Caribbean Literature in Transition 1970 2020 Vol 3 doi 10 1017 9781108564274 ISBN 9781108564274 S2CID 243659819 Brown Stewart Wickham John eds 21 March 2002 The Oxford Book of Caribbean Short Stories Oxford University Press ISBN 9780192802293 Brown Stewart McWatt Mark eds 7 May 2009 The Oxford Book of Caribbean Verse Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199561599 Figueredo D H ed 30 December 2005 Encyclopedia of Caribbean Literature 2 volumes Illustrated Edition Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 9780313327421 Joseph Margaret Paul Caliban in Exile the Outsider in Caribbean Fiction Greenwood Press 1992 See also editAmerican poetry Caribbean poetry Creole languages Cuban literature Dub poetry Haitian literature Postcolonial Literature Postcolonial StudiesReferences edit Dash J Michael 1998 The Other America Caribbean Literature in a New World Context Charlottesville University of Virginia Press a b Safa Helen I 1987 Popular Culture National Identity and Race in the Caribbean Nieuwe West Indische Gids New West Indian Guide 61 3 4 115 126 doi 10 1163 13822373 90002047 JSTOR 41849291 S2CID 154757755 West Indian Oxford English Dictionary 2018 Oxford University Press Begg Yusuf 13 November 2011 Cocktail Conversations West Indian Vs Caribbean The Economic Times Caribbean Oxford English Dictionary 2018 Oxford University Press CARIBBEAN ISLANDS www caribbeanislands com www caribbeanislands com Retrieved 24 September 2020 Ramchand Kenneth The West Indian Novel and Its Background London Faber 1970 Griffith Glyne September 2001 Deconstructing Nationalisms Henry Swanzy Caribbean Voices and the Development of West Indian Literature Small Axe 5 2 1 20 doi 10 1353 smx 2001 0018 S2CID 146195981 Dalleo Raphael 2011 Caribbean Literature and the Public Sphere University of Virginia Press JSTOR j ctt6wrnqm Waters Erika J 2009 Paradise Revealed Readings in Caribbean Literature Maine Humanities Council Retrieved 25 April 2012 a b Burns Lorna 2008 Landscape and Genre in the Caribbean Canon Creolizing the Poetics of Place and Paradise Journal of West Indian Literature 17 1 20 41 ISSN 0258 8501 JSTOR 23019970 The Emptying Island Puerto Rican Expulsion in Post Maria Time hemisphericinstitute org Retrieved 24 September 2020 Nair Supriya M 2013 Pathologies of Paradise Caribbean Detours University of Virginia Press JSTOR j ctt6wrk9x caribbean landscape in literature Google Search www google com Retrieved 24 September 2020 Garcia Cristina The Rich Cadence of Carribean sic Life as Conveyed by Novelist Chicago Tribune Retrieved 24 September 2020 Tree of Life is also a grand account of the Caribbean the politics of race and immigration and the intricate often sordid legacy of colonialism Albert Louis seeks his fortune helping the Americans dig the Panama Canal The Swinging Bridge www litencyc com Retrieved 24 September 2020 The Paradox of a Hurricane Death and Love Its Wake Literary Hub 26 September 2017 Retrieved 24 September 2020 The Hurricane Derek Walcott Library Journal Retrieved 24 September 2020 Neumann Birgit 3 May 2020 Each phrase go be soaked in salt vernacular worlds in Derek Walcott s poetry Textual Practice 34 5 721 742 doi 10 1080 0950236X 2020 1749378 ISSN 0950 236X S2CID 219749941 Walcott s poetry does not content itself with decrying the effects of colonial like its fruits its savour he maintains is a mixture of the acid and the sweet The Star Apple Kingdom by Derek Walcott Poetry Foundation 23 September 2020 Retrieved 24 September 2020 Stavans Ilan 27 October 2020 Aldama Frederick Luis O Dwyer Tess eds Poets philosophers lovers on the writings of Giannina Braschi Pittsburgh Pa ISBN 978 0 8229 4618 2 OCLC 1143649021 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Miller Judith 1998 Caribbean Women Playwrights Madness Memory but Not Melancholia Theatre Research International 23 3 225 232 doi 10 1017 S0307883300019982 ISSN 1474 0672 S2CID 162579569 a b c Paravisni Gebert Lizabeth 2000 Caribbean Literature in Spanish The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 671 680 ISBN 9781139054638 Bastian Jeannette A Griffin Stanley H Aarons John A 2018 Decolonizing the Caribbean record an archives reader Sacramento CA ISBN 978 1 63400 059 8 OCLC 1021288867 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hitchcock Peter 2019 Ferdinand Simon Villaescusa Illan Irene Peeren Esther eds Novelization in Decolonization or Postcolonialism Reconsidered Other Globes Past and Peripheral Imaginations of Globalization Palgrave Studies in Globalization Culture and Society Cham Springer International Publishing pp 177 194 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 14980 2 9 ISBN 978 3 030 14980 2 S2CID 182217266 retrieved 24 September 2020 Als Hilton 17 March 2017 Derek Walcott a Mighty Poet Has Died The New Yorker Retrieved 24 September 2020 Lucas Julian 23 April 2017 In Praise of Derek Walcott s Epic of the Americas The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 24 September 2020 Hanes Stephanie Schudel Matt 17 March 2017 Derek Walcott Nobel laureate whose poetry celebrated the Caribbean dies at 87 The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved 24 September 2020 Walcott appropriated Greek classics local folklore and the British literary canon in his explorations of the ambiguities of race history and cultural identity Eastman Helen 1 October 2015 Talking Greeks with Derek Walcott The Oxford Handbook of Greek Drama in the Americas doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780199661305 013 043 ISBN 978 0 19 966130 5 Retrieved 24 September 2020 Ostriker Alicia 1994 Empire of Dreams O Dwyer Tess New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 05795 4 OCLC 29703241 Poetry here dresses itself in the garb of dramatic monologue love letter TV commercial diary excerpt movie criticism celebrity confession literary theory bastinado manifesto Carrion Maria 1 January 1996 Geography M Other Tongues and the Role of Translation in Giannina Braschi s El imperio de los suenos Studies in 20th amp 21st Century Literature 20 1 doi 10 4148 2334 4415 1385 ISSN 2334 4415 Stanchich Maritza 2020 Poets philosophers lovers on the writings of Giannina Braschi Aldama Frederick Luis O Dwyer Tess Pittsburgh Pa University of Pittsburgh ISBN 978 0 8229 4618 2 OCLC 1143649021 In Caribbean literature Braschi is bringing Puerto Rico s plight into play with other nations states and semi nation states of the region Riofrio John 1 March 2020 Falling for debt Giannina Braschi the Latinx avant garde and financial terrorism in the United States of Banana Latino Studies 18 1 66 81 doi 10 1057 s41276 019 00239 2 ISSN 1476 3443 S2CID 212759434 King Nicole 2008 Performance and Tradition in Earl Lovelace s A Brief Conversion The Drama of the Everyday in Caribbean Literature after Independence the Case of Earl Lovelace Schwarz Bill 1951 University of London Institute for the Study of the Americas London Institute for the Study of the Americas University of London ISBN 978 1 900039 91 8 OCLC 185691280 Lovelace writes of traces of Africa the passions of the black dispossessed the liturgies of the Shouter churches he strives to imagine a society which might at last break free from its colonial past dramatizing the political and psychic struggles of the poor for selfhood Earl Lovelace West Indian author Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 24 September 2020 The Trinidad and Tobago Bocas Literary Festival Bocas Lit Fest bocaslitfest com Retrieved 3 April 2016 Calabash 2014 calabashfestival org Retrieved 3 April 2016 The St Martin Book Fair houseofnehesipublish com Retrieved 9 August 2016 Home BIM Bim Litfest bimlitfest org Retrieved 3 April 2016 Nature Island Literary Festival and Book Fair Dominica West Indies dominicalitfest com Retrieved 3 April 2016 Alliouagana Festival of the Word litfest ms Retrieved 3 April 2016 Antigua and Barbuda Literary Festival facebook com Retrieved 3 April 2016 The OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature Archived 2015 06 30 at the Wayback Machine NGC Bocas Lit Fest Literary Prize Association of Caribbean Writers Ross Jacob 5 March 2009 Pynter Bender United Kingdom Harper Perennial p 288 ISBN 978 0007222988 Joseph Margaret Paul Caliban in Exile the Outsider in Caribbean Fiction Greenwood Press 1992 External links edit Caribbean literature topic Podcast University of Oxford Podcasts See many works of Caribbean Literature openly available through the Digital Library of the Caribbean A Bibliographical Survey of the West Indian Novel Master s Thesis Western Michigan University 1972 by Ruta Mara Sani Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Caribbean literature amp oldid 1192239086, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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