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Captaincy General of the Philippines

January 10, 2023

The Captaincy General of the Philippines (Spanish: Capitanía General de Filipinas Spanish pronunciation: [kapitaˈni.a xeneˈɾal de filiˈpinas] (listen); Tagalog: Kapitaniya Heneral ng Pilipinas) was an administrative district of the Spanish Empire in Southeast Asia governed by a governor-general as a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City until Mexican independence when it was transferred directly to Madrid.

Captaincy General of the Philippines
  • Capitanía General de Filipinas
  • Kapitaniya Heneral ng Pilipinas
1565–1898
Motto: Plus Ultra
"Further Beyond"
Anthem: Marcha Real
"Royal March"
Lesser coat of arms:
StatusCaptaincy General
Capital
Common languagesSpanish (official)
Tagalog (common)
Philippine languages, Micronesian languages
Religion
Roman Catholicism (state religion), Islam, Philippine traditional religion
GovernmentMonarchy
King 
• 1565–1598 (first)
Philip II
• 1886–1898 (last)
Alfonso XIII
Governor-General 
• 1565–1572 (first)
Miguel López de Legazpi
• 1898 (last)
Diego de los Ríos
LegislatureCortes Generales
History 
• European rule
27 April 1565
15 March 1646
24 September 1762
20 January 1872
19 August 1896
12 June 1898
10 December 1898
CurrencySpanish dollar, Spanish peseta
ISO 3166 codePH

The Captaincy General encompassed the Spanish East Indies, which included among others the Philippine Islands, the Mariana Islands, and the Caroline Islands. It was founded in 1565 with the first permanent Spanish forts.

For centuries, all the administrative, political and economic aspects of the Captaincy General were administered in Mexico City by the Viceroyalty of New Spain for the Spanish Crown. However, in 1821, following the independence of the Mexican empire, all control was transferred to Madrid. It was succeeded by the short-lived First Philippine Republic following its independence through the Philippine Revolution.

History

Main article: History of the Philippines (1565–1898)
See also: Spanish East Indies

Early explorations

 
Reception of the Manila Galleon by the Chamorro in the Ladrones Islands, ca. 1590 Boxer Codex

After a long, tolling voyage across the Pacific Ocean, Ferdinand Magellan reached the island of Guam on 6 March 1521 and anchored the three ships that were left of his fleet in Umatac Bay, before proceeding to the Philippines, where he met his death during the Battle of Mactan. Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition's chronicler and one of only 18 original crew members to survive Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe, recorded all details of the voyage.

 
Magellan landing site in Umatac Bay

Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in Umatac in 1565 and claimed the island of Guam for Spain, before proceeding to the Philippines, where, in a short period of time, they successfully incorporated into Spain's empire Cebu, Samar, Mazaua, Leyte, and Bohol, before conquering Manila.

Later (in 1569), Miguel López de Legazpi transferred the Spanish headquarters from Cebu to Panay, where they found allies, who were never conquered by Spain but were accomplished as vassals by means of pacts, peace treaties, and reciprocal alliances.[1] On 5 June 1569, Guido de Lavezaris, the royal treasurer in the archipelago, wrote to Philip II reporting about the Portuguese attack on Cebu in the preceding autumn. A letter from another official, Andres de Mirandaola (dated three days later, on 8 June), also described briefly this encounter with the Portuguese. The danger of another attack led the Spaniards to remove their camp from Cebu to Panay, which they considered a safer place. Legazpi himself, in his report to the Viceroy in New Spain (dated 1 July 1569), mentioned the same reason for the relocation of Spaniards to Panay.[2] It was in Panay that the conquest of Luzon was planned, and launched on 8 May 1570.[3] Two of Lepazpi's lieutenant-commanders, Martín de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo, conquered Luzon's northern region.

Several Pacific islands were claimed by Spain during the 16th century, including the Caroline Islands by Toribio Alonso de Salazar in 1526, Palau by Ruy López de Villalobos in 1543, Bonin Islands by Bernardo de la Torre in 1543, New Guinea by Yñigo Ortiz de Retez in 1545, Solomon Islands by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa in 1568, New Hebrides by Pedro Fernandes de Queirós in 1606, and Marquesas Islands by Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira in 1595, although Spain did not make any serious attempt to establish permanent settlements in them until the 18th century.

Spanish settlement and creation of the Captaincy General

 
Colonial Manila, c. 1826

In 1574, the Captaincy General of the Philippines was created as a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. In 1584, the Real Audiencia of Manila was established by King Felipe II, who appointed as its president the same governor of the Captaincy General of the Philippines. The Captaincy General had its capital in Cebu from 1565 to 1595, and in Manila from 1595 until 1898.

As part of the extensive governmental reforms during the early Bourbon period throughout the overseas possessions, an Intendencia was established in Manila by Royal Decree of 17 July 1784 that handled issues regarding the government finances and to promote the economy. Ciriaco González Carbajal was appointed as Oidor of the Audiencia of Manila and was instructed to abide by the Royal Ordinance of Mayors of 1782, that had been enacted in Rio de la Plata. Carbajal proposed the establishment of more Intendencias in Ilocos, Camarines, Iloilo and Cebu, and although they were created on 24 November 1786, they were later abolished by the Royal Decree of 20 November 1787.[4] A month earlier, on 23 October, the Intendencia of Manila had been attached to the Captaincy General of the Philippines.[5]

Until 1822, all General Captains were civilians, but after that year they were always chosen among the military. Throughout the second half of the 19th century, there were established many dependent local government offices and military settlements, very numerous due to a large number of islands and the extent of the districts.

Government

Spanish Colonial Bureaucracy [6]
Level of government Headed by Description
Spanish Empire Monarch of Spain Civil and Spiritual Authority (through Royal Patronage)
Council of Indies
  • Composed of 6 to 10 appointed royal councilors
  • Governed all the Spanish colonies in the King's name, and had legislative power
  • Served as the court of appeals for the colonies
Viceroyalty of New Spain (abolished after Mexico gained independence in 1821) Viceroy of New Spain Governed New Spain on the King's behalf
Central Government in Manila Captain General
  • Initially exercised executive (as Governor), legislative, judicial (as President of the Audiencia), military (as Captain General), and ecclesiastical (as Vice Patron) powers
  • By 1821 or 1875, the office became Governor General
  • Appointed by the King with the advice of the council and probably the Viceroy prior to 1821
  • Balanced by the Audiencia
Archbishop of Manila
  • Had full spiritual authority over the army and navy as military Vicar General of the islands
  • Advised the Captain General, especially in matters concerning the governance and provisioning of the Church in the Philippines
  • Ecclesiastical governor of the islands' suffragan dioceses, headed by bishops.
  • Appointed dignitaries or the staff of a diocese, if the captain general failed to do so
Real Audiencia de Manila
  • Functioned as the Supreme Court and advised the Captain General
  • Initially composed of four judges (oidores), an attorney-general (fiscal), and a constable, with attached advocates for the accused, a defender of the naturales ("natives"), and other minor officials; the number of oidores and fiscales would be increased after
  • Took charge of government upon the death of the governor (mayor) up to the arrival of his successor
Local government
Provincia/Alcaldía Mayor Bishops of Suffragan Dioceses
Alcalde Mayor (for Provinces)
  • Exercised executive and judiciary powers in the province
  • Collected tribute
  • Until the mid-19th century, he had the privilege to engage in trade (indulto de comercio), which occasioned many abuses against the local population
  • No provision was made restricting the alcalde mayor to engage in trade
Corregidor (for Districts)
  • If a provincia was large, the alcalde mayor had a corregidor to administer over corregimientos (provincial district)
  • Exercised executive and judiciary power
Junta Provincial (1893–1898)
  • Provincial council which assisted the alcalde mayor
  • Composed of a public prosecutor, finance administrator, treasurer, vicars forane, provincial doctor, and four principles of the capital elected by the capitanes municipales of the province
Pueblo/Municipio Gobernadorcillo
  • Administered over a pueblo, assisted by other pueblo officials
  • Position was initially restricted to the local married men of the elite (principalia)
  • By 1768, the position became elective. Any person elected acquired elite status, diluting the political power given by the Spanish to the hereditary datus the old Principalía class.
Capitan Municipal (1893–1898)
  • Equivalent of the pre-Maura Law gobernadorcillo
  • Head of the tribunal municipal
  • Elected by the residents of the municipio
Tribunal Municipal (1893–1898) Municipal council composed of the municipal captain, the chief lieutenant, the lieutenant of police, the lieutenant of fields and the lieutenant of livestock, all of which were elected by the residents of the municipio
Barangay Cabeza de Barangay
  • Administered over a barangay of 40 to 50 families
  • Collected tribute in the barangay
  • Position was originally hereditary among the local elites of the pre-colonial period
  • Position was made elective in 1786; the gobernadorcillo and other cabezas chose a name and presented it to the Governor General for appointment to the position in a specific barangay.
  • After three years of service, a cabeza was qualified for election to the office of the gobernadorcillo.

Political system

 
Fort San Pedro was first of many fortresses to protect the islands from invaders such as pirates and other colonizers.

The Spanish quickly organized their new colony according to their model. The first task was the reduction, or relocation of indigenous Filipinos into settlements. The earliest political system used during the conquista period was the encomienda system, which resembled the feudal system in medieval Europe. The conquistadores, friars and native nobles were granted estates, in exchange for their services to the King, and were given the privilege to collect tribute from its inhabitants. In return, the person granted the encomienda, known as an encomendero, was tasked to provide military protection to the inhabitants, justice and governance. In times of war, the encomendero was duty bound to provide soldiers for the King, in particular, for the complete defense of the colony from potential invasions of outside powers such as the Dutch, British and Chinese. The encomienda system was abused by encomenderos and by 1700 was largely replaced by administrative provinces, each headed by an alcalde mayor (provincial governor).[7] The most prominent feature of Spanish cities was the plaza, a central area for town activities such as the fiesta, and where government buildings, the church, a market area and other infrastructures were located. Residential areas lay around the plaza. During the conquista, the first task of colonization was the reduction, or relocation of the indigenous population into settlements surrounding the plaza.

National government

 
Chinese settlers in the Philippines

On the national level or social class, the King of Spain, via his Council of the Indies (Consejo de las Indias), governed through his representative in the Philippines, the Governor-General of the Philippines (Gobernador y Capitán General). With the seat of power in Intramuros, Manila, the Governor-General was given several duties: head of the supreme court, the Royal Audiencia of Manila; Commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and the economic planner of the country.[citation needed] All executive power of the local government stemmed from him and as regal patron, he had the authority to supervise mission work and oversee ecclesiastical appointments. His yearly salary was 40,000 pesos. The Governor-General was commonly a peninsular Spaniard, a Spaniard born in Spain, to ensure loyalty of the colony to the crown.

Provincial government

Main article: Provinces of the Philippines

On the local level, heading the pacified provinces (alcaldías), was the provincial governor (alcalde mayor). The unpacified military zones (corregimiento), such as Mariveles and Mindoro, were headed by the corregidores. City governments (ayuntamientos), were also headed by an alcalde mayor. Alcaldes mayores and corregidores exercised multiple prerogatives as judge, inspector of encomiendas, chief of police, tribute collector, capitan-general of the province, and even vice-regal patron. Their annual salary ranged from P300 to P2000 before 1847 and P1500 to P1600 after 1847. This could be augmented through the special privilege of "indulto de commercio" where all people were forced to do business with him. The alcalde mayor was usually an Insular (Spaniard born in the Philippines). In the 19th century, the Peninsulares began to displace the Insulares, which resulted in the political unrests of 1872, notably the 1872 Cavite mutiny and the Gomburza executions.

Municipal government

The pueblo or town was headed by the Gobernadorcillo or little governor. Among his administrative duties were the preparation of the tribute list (padron), recruitment and distribution of men for draft labor, communal public work and military conscription (quinto), postal clerk and judge in minor civil suits. He intervened in all administrative cases pertaining to his town: lands, justice, finance and the municipal police. His annual salary, however, was only P24 but he was exempted from taxation. Any native or Chinese mestizo, 25 years old, proficient in oral or written Spanish and has been a cabeza de barangay of 4 years can be a gobernadorcillo.

Any member of the Principalía, who speaks or who has knowledge of the Spanish language and has been a Cabeza de Barangay of 4 years can be a Gobernadorcillo. Among those prominent is Emilio Aguinaldo, a chinese mestizo,[8] and who was the Gobernadorcillo of Cavite El Viejo (now Kawit). The officials of the pueblo were proficient. taken from the Principalía, the noble class of pre-colonial origin. Their names are survived by prominent families in contemporary Philippine society such as Duremdes, Lindo, Tupas, Gatmaitan, Liwanag, Mallillin, Pangilinan, Panganiban, Balderas, Zabarte and Agbayani, Apalisok, Aguinaldo to name a few.[citation needed]

Barrio government

Main article: Barangay
 
Old view of a street in Cebu

Every barangay was further divided into "barrios", and the barrio government (village or district) rested on the barrio administrator (cabeza de barangay). He was responsible for peace and order, recruited men for communal public works, and collecting the barrio's taxes. Cabezas should be literate in Spanish and have good moral character and property. Cabezas who served for 25 years were exempted from forced labor.

In addition, this is where the sentiment heard as, "Mi Barrio", first came from.

The Residencia and the Visita

To check the abuse of power of royal officials, two ancient Castilian institutions were brought to the Philippines: the Residencia, dating back to the 5th century, and the Visita, which differed from the residencia in that it was conducted clandestinely by a visitador-general sent from Spain and might occur anytime within the official's term, without any previous notice. Visitas could be specific or general.

Maura law

The legal foundation for municipal governments in the country was laid with the promulgation of the Maura Law on 19 May 1893. Named after its author, Don Antonio Maura, the Spanish Minister of Colonies at the time, the law reorganized town governments in the Philippines with the aim of making them more effective and autonomous. This law created the municipal organization that was later adopted, revised, and further strengthened by the American and Filipino governments that succeeded Spanish.

Territorial divisions

 
The Murillo Velarde Map (Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas Dedicada al Rey Nuestro Señor por el Mariscal d. Campo D. Fernando Valdes Tamon Cavallº del Orden de Santiago de Govor. Y Capn), (Manila, 1734)

Until the second half of the 18th century, there were 24 provinces, 19 alcaldías mayores and five corregimientos:[9]

Corregimientos

Alcaldías mayores

Other administrative units established afterward

Established during the 19th century

 
Weapons of the Luzon people of the Philippines, c. 1900
 
Administrative Division of the Philippine Archipelago, 1898.

Until the second half of the 19th century, there existed the administrative units:

Spanish rule in the Philippines ceased in 1898 after the war with the United States, which annexed most territories, although the administrative jurisdictions remained intact.

Most of the remaining territories in the Pacific Ocean were sold to Germany during the German-Spanish Treaty of 1899.

Economy

 
A sketch of a Manila galleon used during the Manila-Acapulco trade
 
Malacañang Palace was the seat of the colonial government of the Philippines.
 
Puerta de Santa Lucia gate is one of the gates of the walled city (Intramuros), Manila.

Manila-Acapulco galleon trade

Main article: Manila galleon

Manila was the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade.[10] Manila galleons were constructed in Bicol and Cavite.[11][12] Trade between Spain and the Philippines was via the Pacific Ocean to Mexico (Manila to Acapulco), and then across the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean to Spain (Veracruz to Cádiz). Manila became a major center of trade in Asia between the 17th and 18th centuries. All sorts of products from China, Japan, Brunei, the Moluccas and even India were sent to Manila to be sold for silver 8-Real coins which came aboard the galleons from Acapulco. These goods, including silk, porcelain, spices, lacquerware and textile products were then sent to Acapulco and from there to other parts of New Spain, Peru and Europe.

The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade was the main source of income for the colony during its early years. Service was inaugurated in 1565 and continued into the early 19th century. The Galleon trade brought silver from New Spain, which was used to purchase Asian goods such as silk from China, spices from the Moluccas, lacquerware from Japan and Philippine cotton textiles.[13] These goods were then exported to New Spain and ultimately Europe by way of Manila. Thus, the Philippines earned its income through the trade of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon. To Spain, the galleon trade was the link that bound the Philippines to her.[14]

While the trade did bring some results which were beneficial to the Philippines, most effects were disadvantageous.[15] However, the trade did result in cultural and commercial exchanges between Asia and the Americas that led to the introduction of new crops and animals to the Philippines such as tomatoes, avocado, guava, papaya, pineapple, and horses.[15] These gave the colony its first real income. The trade lasted for over two hundred years, and ceased in 1815 just before the secession of American colonies from Spain.[16]

Royal Society of Friends of the Country

José de Basco y Vargas, following a royal order to form a society of intellectuals who can produce new, useful ideas, formally established the Spanish Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country, after the model of the Royal Basque Society. Composed of leading men in local and foreign scholarships and training grants in agriculture and established an academy of design. It was also credited to the carabao ban of 1782, the formation of the silversmiths and gold beaters guild and the construction of the first paper mill in the Philippines in 1825. It was introduced in 1780, vanished temporarily in 1787–1819, 1820–1822 and 1875–1822, and ceased to exist in the middle of the 1890s.

Royal Company of the Philippines

See also: Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas

On 10 March 1785, King Charles III of Spain confirmed the establishment of the Royal Philippine Company with a 25-year charter.[17] After revocated the Royal Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas that had a monopoly on Venezuelan trade, the Basque-based company was granted a monopoly on the importation of Chinese and Indian goods into the Philippines, as well as the shipping of the goods directly to Spain via the Cape of Good Hope. The Dutch and British both bitterly opposed it because they saw the company as a direct attack on their trade in Asia. It also faced the hostility of the traders of the Galleon trade (see above) who saw it as competition. This gradually resulted in the death of both institutions: The Royal Philippine Company in 1814 and the Galleon trade in 1815.[18]

The first vessel of the Royal Philippine Company to set sail was the "Nuestra Señora de los Placeres" commanded by the captain Juan Antonio Zabaleta.[19]

Taxation

 
Spanish coin minted in Manila 1829, during the reign of Ferdinand VII of Spain

Also there was the bandalâ (from the Tagalog word mandalâ, a round stack of rice stalks to be threshed), an annual forced sale and requisitioning of goods such as rice. Custom duties and income tax were also collected. By 1884, the tribute was replaced by the cedula personal, wherein everyone over 18 were required to pay for personal identification.[20] The local gobernadorcillos were responsible for collection of the tribute. Under the cedula system taxpayers were individually responsible to Spanish authorities for payment of the tax, and were subject to summary arrest for failure to show a cedula receipt.[21]

Aside from paying a tribute, all male Filipinos as well as Chinese immigrants from 16 to 60 years old were obliged to render forced labor called "polo". This labor lasted for 40 days a year, later reduced to 15 days. It took various forms such as the building and repairing of roads and bridges, construction of public buildings and churches, cutting timber in the forest, working in shipyards and serving as soldiers in military expeditions. People who rendered the forced labor was called "polistas". He could be exempted by paying the "falla" which is a sum of money. The polista were according to law, to be given a daily rice ration during their working days which they often did not receive.[22]

Resistance against Spanish rule

 
Town of Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines

Spanish colonial rule of the Philippines was constantly threatened by indigenous rebellions and invasions from the Dutch, Chinese, Japanese and British. The previously dominant groups resisted Spanish rule, refusing to pay Spanish taxes and rejecting Spanish excesses. All were defeated by Spanish Colonist and their Filipino allies by 1597. In many areas, Colonial Authorities left indigenous groups to administer their own affairs but under Spanish Colonial overlordship.

From its inception, the Captaincy General of the Philippines was governed from Mexico City as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. However, following Mexican independence in 1821, the Philippines and other Spanish Pacific islands were ruled directly from Madrid. The loss of supply routes and trading posts via Mexico presented logistical issues to the Spanish government in Madrid, isolating the Philippines and rendering them more difficult to govern efficiently.

Early resistance

Main articles: Philippine revolts against Spain and Spanish–Moro conflict

The Resistance against Spain did not immediately cease upon the conquest of the Austronesian cities. After Rajah Patis of Cebu, some indigenous Filipino nobles resisted Spanish rule. Throughout their rule, Madrid and the Colonial government in Manila had faced numerous revolts across the country, most of which they had successfully quelled while others were won through agreements with the leaders of the revolts themselves.

The Spanish–Moro conflict lasted for several hundred years. In the last quarter of the 19th century, Spain conquered portions of Mindanao and Jolo,[23] and the Moro Muslims in the Sultanate of Sulu formally recognized Spanish sovereignty.[24][25]

During the British occupation of Manila (1762–1764), Diego Silang was appointed by them as governor of Ilocos and after his assassination by fellow Filipinos, his wife Gabriela continued to lead the Ilocanos in the fight against Spanish rule. Resistance against Spanish rule was regional in character, based on ethnolinguistic groups.[26]

Hispanization did not spread to the mountainous center of northern Luzon (Except in Some areas), nor to the inland communities of Mindanao.

Freemasonry

 
From left to right, José Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce.

Freemasonry had gained a substantial following in Europe and the Americas during the 19th century and found its way to the Philippines. The Western World was quickly changing, and sought less political control from the Catholic Church.

The first Filipino Masonic lodge was Revolución. It was established by Graciano López Jaena in Barcelona and was recognized in April 1889. It did not last long after he resigned from being its Worshipful Master on 29 November 1889.

In December 1889, Marcelo H. del Pilar established the Solidaridad in Madrid with the help of Julio Llorente, its first Worshipful Master. A short time later, the Solidaridad grew, and some of its members included José Rizal, Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Baldomero Roxas, and Galicano Apacible.

In 1891, Del Pilar sent Laktaw to the Philippines to establish a Masonic lodge. Laktaw established the Nilad on 6 January 1892, the first lodge in the islands. It is estimated that by 1893, there were 35 Masonic lodges in the Philippines, of which nine were in Manila. The first Filipina Freemason was Rosario Villaruel. Rizal's sisters Trinidad and Josefa, Marina Dizon, Romualda Lanuza, Purificación Leyva, and many other women join the Masonic movement.

Freemasonry was important during the Philippine Revolution, as it pushed the reform movement and carried out propaganda work. Many of those who supported outright revolution were Freemasons like Andrés Bonifacio. In fact, the organizational framework used by Bonifacio for the Katipunan was derived from Masonic structures. It may be said that joining Masonry was one activity that both reformists and the Katipuneros shared, despite their differing views.

Gallery

  •  

    Lesser coat of arms

  •  

    Middle coat of arms

  •  

    Greater coat of arms

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 13 August – 10 December.

References

  1. ^ Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, p. 4. Also cf. Antonio Morga, Sucessos de las Islas Filipinas, 2nd ed., Paris: 1890, p. xxxiii.
  2. ^ Blair & Robertson 1911, pp. 15–16.
  3. ^ Blair & Robertson 1911, p. 73.
  4. ^ Enciclopedia GER 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Biblioteca de legislación ultramarina en forma de diccionario alfabético. Pág. 621. Compilado por: José María Zamora y Coronado. Editor: Impr. de J. M. Alegria, 1845
  6. ^ Philippine Electoral Almanac. – Revised and expanded edition. Manila: Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 2015. p. 5-12.
  7. ^ Abinales & Amoroso 2005, p. 55
  8. ^ Richard Chu (2010). Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s–1930s. BRILL. p. 284. ISBN 978-90-474-2685-1.
  9. ^ Memorias históricas y estadísticas de Filipinas y particularmente de la grande isla de Luzon. Author: Rafael Díaz Arenas. Publicado por Imprenta del Diario de Manila, 1830
  10. ^ Kane, Herb Kawainui (1996). "The Manila Galleons". In Bob Dye (ed.). Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine. Vol. I. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 25–32. ISBN 978-0-8248-1829-6.
  11. ^ Bolunia, Mary Jane Louise A. "Astilleros: the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon" (PDF). Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines. p. 1. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  12. ^ William J. McCarthy (1 December 1995). "The Yards at Cavite: Shipbuilding in the Early Colonial Philippines". International Journal of Maritime History. 7 (2): 149–162. doi:10.1177/084387149500700208. S2CID 163709949.
  13. ^ South East Asia Pottery – Philippines 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Schurz, William Lytle (1939). The Manila Galleon. Historical Conservation Society. p. 15.
  15. ^ a b Philippine History Module-based Learning. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2002. p. 83. ISBN 9789712334498.
  16. ^ Publications, Usa International Business (2007). Philippines Diplomatic Handbook. Int'l Business Publications. Spanish Control. ISBN 978-1-4330-3972-0.
  17. ^ Solidarity, vol. 2, Solidaridad Publishing House, p. 8, "The charter of the Royal Philippine Company was promulgated on 10 March 1785 tolast for 25 years."
  18. ^ De Borja & Douglass 2005, pp. 71–79
  19. ^ "Rostros de piedra; biografías de un mundo perdido" (PDF). Miaka1 Cuadernos de investigación. San Telmo Museoa. Retrieved 6 October 2014. p. 68
  20. ^ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 82–83
  21. ^ McCoy & de Jesus 2001, p. 233
  22. ^ https://www.studymode.com/essays/Polo-y-Servicio-1880531.html Polo y Servicio
  23. ^ United States War Department (1903). Annual Report of the Secretary of War. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 379–398. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  24. ^ Warren, James Francis (2007). The Sulu Zone, 1768–1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State. NUS Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-9971-69-386-2. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  25. ^ Spain (1893). Colección de los tratados, convenios y documentos internacionales celebrados por nuestros gobiernos con los estados extranjeros desde el reinado de Doña Isabel II. hasta nuestros días. Acompañados de notas histórico-críticas sobre su negociación y cumplimiento y cotejados con los textos originales... (in Spanish). pp. 120–123.
  26. ^ Sagmit & Sagmit-Mendoza 2007, p. 127

Sources

  • Abinales, P. N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005), State and Society in the Philippines, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-7425-1024-1
  • Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990), History of the Filipino People (Eighth ed.), University of the Philippines, ISBN 971-8711-06-6
  • Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. (1911). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803: Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Volume 03 of 55 (1493–1803). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. ISBN 978-0554259598. OCLC 769945704.[verification needed]
  • De Borja, Marciano R.; Douglass, William A. (2005), Basques in the Philippines, University of Nevada Press, ISBN 978-0-87417-590-5
  • McCoy, Alfred W.; de Jesus, Ed. C. (2001), Philippine social history: global trade and local transformations, Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN 978-971-550-279-5
  • Sagmit, Rosario S.; Sagmit-Mendoza, Ma. Lourdes (2007), The Filipino Moving Onward 5', Rex Bookstore, Inc., ISBN 978-971-23-4154-0

January 10, 2023
captaincy, general, philippines, spanish, capitanía, general, filipinas, spanish, pronunciation, kapitaˈni, xeneˈɾal, filiˈpinas, listen, tagalog, kapitaniya, heneral, pilipinas, administrative, district, spanish, empire, southeast, asia, governed, governor, g. The Captaincy General of the Philippines Spanish Capitania General de Filipinas Spanish pronunciation kapitaˈni a xeneˈɾal de filiˈpinas listen Tagalog Kapitaniya Heneral ng Pilipinas was an administrative district of the Spanish Empire in Southeast Asia governed by a governor general as a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City until Mexican independence when it was transferred directly to Madrid Captaincy General of the PhilippinesCapitania General de FilipinasKapitaniya Heneral ng Pilipinas1565 1898Flag Coat of armsMotto Plus Ultra Further Beyond Anthem Marcha Real Royal March source source track Lesser coat of arms StatusCaptaincy GeneralCapitalCebu 1565 1571 Manila 1571 1898 Iloilo 1898 a Common languagesSpanish official Tagalog common Philippine languages Micronesian languagesReligionRoman Catholicism state religion Islam Philippine traditional religionGovernmentMonarchyKing 1565 1598 first Philip II 1886 1898 last Alfonso XIIIGovernor General 1565 1572 first Miguel Lopez de Legazpi 1898 last Diego de los RiosLegislatureCortes GeneralesHistory European rule27 April 1565 Dutch invasion15 March 1646 British invasion24 September 1762 Cavite Mutiny20 January 1872 Philippine Revolution19 August 1896 Declaration of Independence12 June 1898 United States annexation10 December 1898CurrencySpanish dollar Spanish pesetaISO 3166 codePHPreceded by Succeeded byAncient BarangaysTondoRajahnate of MaynilaMadja asNamayanCaboloanCaintaMa iKedatuan of DapitanKingdom of ButuanRajahnate of CebuConfederate States of LanaoSultanate of MaguindanaoSultanate of SuluSanmalan Sovereign Tagalog NationFirst Philippine RepublicRepublic of ZamboangaGerman New GuineaUnited States Military Government of the Philippine IslandsGuamThe Captaincy General encompassed the Spanish East Indies which included among others the Philippine Islands the Mariana Islands and the Caroline Islands It was founded in 1565 with the first permanent Spanish forts For centuries all the administrative political and economic aspects of the Captaincy General were administered in Mexico City by the Viceroyalty of New Spain for the Spanish Crown However in 1821 following the independence of the Mexican empire all control was transferred to Madrid It was succeeded by the short lived First Philippine Republic following its independence through the Philippine Revolution Contents 1 History 1 1 Early explorations 1 2 Spanish settlement and creation of the Captaincy General 2 Government 2 1 Political system 2 1 1 National government 2 1 2 Provincial government 2 1 3 Municipal government 2 1 4 Barrio government 2 1 5 The Residencia and the Visita 2 1 6 Maura law 3 Territorial divisions 3 1 Corregimientos 3 2 Alcaldias mayores 3 3 Other administrative units established afterward 3 4 Established during the 19th century 4 Economy 4 1 Manila Acapulco galleon trade 4 2 Royal Society of Friends of the Country 4 3 Royal Company of the Philippines 4 4 Taxation 5 Resistance against Spanish rule 5 1 Early resistance 5 2 Freemasonry 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 SourcesHistory EditMain article History of the Philippines 1565 1898 See also Spanish East Indies Early explorations Edit Reception of the Manila Galleon by the Chamorro in the Ladrones Islands ca 1590 Boxer Codex After a long tolling voyage across the Pacific Ocean Ferdinand Magellan reached the island of Guam on 6 March 1521 and anchored the three ships that were left of his fleet in Umatac Bay before proceeding to the Philippines where he met his death during the Battle of Mactan Antonio Pigafetta the expedition s chronicler and one of only 18 original crew members to survive Ferdinand Magellan s circumnavigation of the globe recorded all details of the voyage Magellan landing site in Umatac Bay Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived in Umatac in 1565 and claimed the island of Guam for Spain before proceeding to the Philippines where in a short period of time they successfully incorporated into Spain s empire Cebu Samar Mazaua Leyte and Bohol before conquering Manila Later in 1569 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi transferred the Spanish headquarters from Cebu to Panay where they found allies who were never conquered by Spain but were accomplished as vassals by means of pacts peace treaties and reciprocal alliances 1 On 5 June 1569 Guido de Lavezaris the royal treasurer in the archipelago wrote to Philip II reporting about the Portuguese attack on Cebu in the preceding autumn A letter from another official Andres de Mirandaola dated three days later on 8 June also described briefly this encounter with the Portuguese The danger of another attack led the Spaniards to remove their camp from Cebu to Panay which they considered a safer place Legazpi himself in his report to the Viceroy in New Spain dated 1 July 1569 mentioned the same reason for the relocation of Spaniards to Panay 2 It was in Panay that the conquest of Luzon was planned and launched on 8 May 1570 3 Two of Lepazpi s lieutenant commanders Martin de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo conquered Luzon s northern region Several Pacific islands were claimed by Spain during the 16th century including the Caroline Islands by Toribio Alonso de Salazar in 1526 Palau by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in 1543 Bonin Islands by Bernardo de la Torre in 1543 New Guinea by Ynigo Ortiz de Retez in 1545 Solomon Islands by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa in 1568 New Hebrides by Pedro Fernandes de Queiros in 1606 and Marquesas Islands by Alvaro de Mendana de Neira in 1595 although Spain did not make any serious attempt to establish permanent settlements in them until the 18th century Spanish settlement and creation of the Captaincy General Edit Colonial Manila c 1826 In 1574 the Captaincy General of the Philippines was created as a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain In 1584 the Real Audiencia of Manila was established by King Felipe II who appointed as its president the same governor of the Captaincy General of the Philippines The Captaincy General had its capital in Cebu from 1565 to 1595 and in Manila from 1595 until 1898 As part of the extensive governmental reforms during the early Bourbon period throughout the overseas possessions an Intendencia was established in Manila by Royal Decree of 17 July 1784 that handled issues regarding the government finances and to promote the economy Ciriaco Gonzalez Carbajal was appointed as Oidor of the Audiencia of Manila and was instructed to abide by the Royal Ordinance of Mayors of 1782 that had been enacted in Rio de la Plata Carbajal proposed the establishment of more Intendencias in Ilocos Camarines Iloilo and Cebu and although they were created on 24 November 1786 they were later abolished by the Royal Decree of 20 November 1787 4 A month earlier on 23 October the Intendencia of Manila had been attached to the Captaincy General of the Philippines 5 Until 1822 all General Captains were civilians but after that year they were always chosen among the military Throughout the second half of the 19th century there were established many dependent local government offices and military settlements very numerous due to a large number of islands and the extent of the districts Government EditSpanish Colonial Bureaucracy 6 Level of government Headed by DescriptionSpanish Empire Monarch of Spain Civil and Spiritual Authority through Royal Patronage Council of Indies Composed of 6 to 10 appointed royal councilors Governed all the Spanish colonies in the King s name and had legislative power Served as the court of appeals for the coloniesViceroyalty of New Spain abolished after Mexico gained independence in 1821 Viceroy of New Spain Governed New Spain on the King s behalfCentral Government in Manila Captain General Initially exercised executive as Governor legislative judicial as President of the Audiencia military as Captain General and ecclesiastical as Vice Patron powers By 1821 or 1875 the office became Governor General Appointed by the King with the advice of the council and probably the Viceroy prior to 1821 Balanced by the AudienciaArchbishop of Manila Had full spiritual authority over the army and navy as military Vicar General of the islands Advised the Captain General especially in matters concerning the governance and provisioning of the Church in the Philippines Ecclesiastical governor of the islands suffragan dioceses headed by bishops Appointed dignitaries or the staff of a diocese if the captain general failed to do soReal Audiencia de Manila Functioned as the Supreme Court and advised the Captain General Initially composed of four judges oidores an attorney general fiscal and a constable with attached advocates for the accused a defender of the naturales natives and other minor officials the number of oidores and fiscales would be increased after Took charge of government upon the death of the governor mayor up to the arrival of his successorLocal governmentProvincia Alcaldia Mayor Bishops of Suffragan DiocesesAlcalde Mayor for Provinces Exercised executive and judiciary powers in the province Collected tribute Until the mid 19th century he had the privilege to engage in trade indulto de comercio which occasioned many abuses against the local population No provision was made restricting the alcalde mayor to engage in tradeCorregidor for Districts If a provincia was large the alcalde mayor had a corregidor to administer over corregimientos provincial district Exercised executive and judiciary powerJunta Provincial 1893 1898 Provincial council which assisted the alcalde mayor Composed of a public prosecutor finance administrator treasurer vicars forane provincial doctor and four principles of the capital elected by the capitanes municipales of the provincePueblo Municipio Gobernadorcillo Administered over a pueblo assisted by other pueblo officials Position was initially restricted to the local married men of the elite principalia By 1768 the position became elective Any person elected acquired elite status diluting the political power given by the Spanish to the hereditary datus the old Principalia class Capitan Municipal 1893 1898 Equivalent of the pre Maura Law gobernadorcillo Head of the tribunal municipal Elected by the residents of the municipioTribunal Municipal 1893 1898 Municipal council composed of the municipal captain the chief lieutenant the lieutenant of police the lieutenant of fields and the lieutenant of livestock all of which were elected by the residents of the municipioBarangay Cabeza de Barangay Administered over a barangay of 40 to 50 families Collected tribute in the barangay Position was originally hereditary among the local elites of the pre colonial period Position was made elective in 1786 the gobernadorcillo and other cabezas chose a name and presented it to the Governor General for appointment to the position in a specific barangay After three years of service a cabeza was qualified for election to the office of the gobernadorcillo Political system Edit Fort San Pedro was first of many fortresses to protect the islands from invaders such as pirates and other colonizers The Spanish quickly organized their new colony according to their model The first task was the reduction or relocation of indigenous Filipinos into settlements The earliest political system used during the conquista period was the encomienda system which resembled the feudal system in medieval Europe The conquistadores friars and native nobles were granted estates in exchange for their services to the King and were given the privilege to collect tribute from its inhabitants In return the person granted the encomienda known as an encomendero was tasked to provide military protection to the inhabitants justice and governance In times of war the encomendero was duty bound to provide soldiers for the King in particular for the complete defense of the colony from potential invasions of outside powers such as the Dutch British and Chinese The encomienda system was abused by encomenderos and by 1700 was largely replaced by administrative provinces each headed by an alcalde mayor provincial governor 7 The most prominent feature of Spanish cities was the plaza a central area for town activities such as the fiesta and where government buildings the church a market area and other infrastructures were located Residential areas lay around the plaza During the conquista the first task of colonization was the reduction or relocation of the indigenous population into settlements surrounding the plaza National government Edit Fort Santiago part of Intramuros Manila Chinese settlers in the Philippines On the national level or social class the King of Spain via his Council of the Indies Consejo de las Indias governed through his representative in the Philippines the Governor General of the Philippines Gobernador y Capitan General With the seat of power in Intramuros Manila the Governor General was given several duties head of the supreme court the Royal Audiencia of Manila Commander in chief of the army and navy and the economic planner of the country citation needed All executive power of the local government stemmed from him and as regal patron he had the authority to supervise mission work and oversee ecclesiastical appointments His yearly salary was 40 000 pesos The Governor General was commonly a peninsular Spaniard a Spaniard born in Spain to ensure loyalty of the colony to the crown Provincial government Edit Main article Provinces of the Philippines On the local level heading the pacified provinces alcaldias was the provincial governor alcalde mayor The unpacified military zones corregimiento such as Mariveles and Mindoro were headed by the corregidores City governments ayuntamientos were also headed by an alcalde mayor Alcaldes mayores and corregidores exercised multiple prerogatives as judge inspector of encomiendas chief of police tribute collector capitan general of the province and even vice regal patron Their annual salary ranged from P300 to P2000 before 1847 and P1500 to P1600 after 1847 This could be augmented through the special privilege of indulto de commercio where all people were forced to do business with him The alcalde mayor was usually an Insular Spaniard born in the Philippines In the 19th century the Peninsulares began to displace the Insulares which resulted in the political unrests of 1872 notably the 1872 Cavite mutiny and the Gomburza executions Municipal government Edit The pueblo or town was headed by the Gobernadorcillo or little governor Among his administrative duties were the preparation of the tribute list padron recruitment and distribution of men for draft labor communal public work and military conscription quinto postal clerk and judge in minor civil suits He intervened in all administrative cases pertaining to his town lands justice finance and the municipal police His annual salary however was only P24 but he was exempted from taxation Any native or Chinese mestizo 25 years old proficient in oral or written Spanish and has been a cabeza de barangay of 4 years can be a gobernadorcillo Any member of the Principalia who speaks or who has knowledge of the Spanish language and has been a Cabeza de Barangay of 4 years can be a Gobernadorcillo Among those prominent is Emilio Aguinaldo a chinese mestizo 8 and who was the Gobernadorcillo of Cavite El Viejo now Kawit The officials of the pueblo were proficient taken from the Principalia the noble class of pre colonial origin Their names are survived by prominent families in contemporary Philippine society such as Duremdes Lindo Tupas Gatmaitan Liwanag Mallillin Pangilinan Panganiban Balderas Zabarte and Agbayani Apalisok Aguinaldo to name a few citation needed Barrio government Edit Main article Barangay Old view of a street in Cebu Every barangay was further divided into barrios and the barrio government village or district rested on the barrio administrator cabeza de barangay He was responsible for peace and order recruited men for communal public works and collecting the barrio s taxes Cabezas should be literate in Spanish and have good moral character and property Cabezas who served for 25 years were exempted from forced labor In addition this is where the sentiment heard as Mi Barrio first came from The Residencia and the Visita Edit To check the abuse of power of royal officials two ancient Castilian institutions were brought to the Philippines the Residencia dating back to the 5th century and the Visita which differed from the residencia in that it was conducted clandestinely by a visitador general sent from Spain and might occur anytime within the official s term without any previous notice Visitas could be specific or general Maura law Edit The legal foundation for municipal governments in the country was laid with the promulgation of the Maura Law on 19 May 1893 Named after its author Don Antonio Maura the Spanish Minister of Colonies at the time the law reorganized town governments in the Philippines with the aim of making them more effective and autonomous This law created the municipal organization that was later adopted revised and further strengthened by the American and Filipino governments that succeeded Spanish Territorial divisions Edit The Murillo Velarde Map Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas Dedicada al Rey Nuestro Senor por el Mariscal d Campo D Fernando Valdes Tamon Cavallº del Orden de Santiago de Govor Y Capn Manila 1734 Until the second half of the 18th century there were 24 provinces 19 alcaldias mayores and five corregimientos 9 Corregimientos Edit Mariveles Cavite Zamboanga Mindanao Moro Ogtong Oton Alcaldias mayores Edit Albay Camarines later partitioned Tayabas Cagayan Ilocos later partitioned Pangasinan Pampanga Bulacan Tondo Laguna Balayan Leyte Panay Caraga Negros Calamianes Mindoro Marianas CebuOther administrative units established afterward Edit Zambales separated from Pangasinan Bataan separated from Mariveles and from Pampanga in 1754 Nueva Ecija separated from Pampanga Nueva Vizcaya separated from Cagayan in 1839 Ilocos Norte divided in two from Ilocos in 1818 Ilocos Sur divided in two from Ilocos in 1818 Camarines Norte divided in two from Camarines in 1829 Camarines Sur divided in two from Camarines in 1829 Samar separated from Leite Misamis separated from Mindanao Moro and from Cebu Iloilo separated from Panay Antique separated from Panay Abra separated from Ilocos Sur in 1846 Nueva Guipuzcoa separated from Caraga in 1847 Ticao and Masbate separated from Albay in 1846 La Union separated from Pangasinan and Ilocos Sur in 1850 Lower territories of Agno Military outposts Established during the 19th century Edit Weapons of the Luzon people of the Philippines c 1900 Administrative Division of the Philippine Archipelago 1898 Until the second half of the 19th century there existed the administrative units Luzon Island 20 administrative units Tondo Bulacan Pampanga Zambales Bataan Nueva Ecija La Union Cavite Laguna Batangas Pangasinan Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur Tayabas Abra Cagayan including Babuyan Islands Nueva Vizcaya Albay Camarines Norte Camarines Sur Mindoro Marinduque Luban Ilin one administrative unit Mindoro Batan one administrative unit Batanes Panay Island three administrative units Capiz Iloilo Antique Negros one administrative unit Negros Samar one administrative unit Samar Leite one administrative unit Leite Calamianes one administrative unit Calamianes Cebu one administrative unit Cebu Mindanao four administrative units Caraga Misamis Zamboanga Nueva Guipuzcoa Sultanate of Sulu Jolo Marianas one administrative unit Marianas capital Agana Guam Palau Bonin Islands Spratly Islands Caroline Islands Marshall Islands Special Districts four Benguet Ticao and Masbate Comandancia del Corregidor Lower territories of Agno Spanish rule in the Philippines ceased in 1898 after the war with the United States which annexed most territories although the administrative jurisdictions remained intact Most of the remaining territories in the Pacific Ocean were sold to Germany during the German Spanish Treaty of 1899 Economy Edit A sketch of a Manila galleon used during the Manila Acapulco trade Malacanang Palace was the seat of the colonial government of the Philippines Puerta de Santa Lucia gate is one of the gates of the walled city Intramuros Manila Manila Acapulco galleon trade Edit Main article Manila galleon Manila was the western hub of the trans Pacific trade 10 Manila galleons were constructed in Bicol and Cavite 11 12 Trade between Spain and the Philippines was via the Pacific Ocean to Mexico Manila to Acapulco and then across the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean to Spain Veracruz to Cadiz Manila became a major center of trade in Asia between the 17th and 18th centuries All sorts of products from China Japan Brunei the Moluccas and even India were sent to Manila to be sold for silver 8 Real coins which came aboard the galleons from Acapulco These goods including silk porcelain spices lacquerware and textile products were then sent to Acapulco and from there to other parts of New Spain Peru and Europe The Manila Acapulco Galleon Trade was the main source of income for the colony during its early years Service was inaugurated in 1565 and continued into the early 19th century The Galleon trade brought silver from New Spain which was used to purchase Asian goods such as silk from China spices from the Moluccas lacquerware from Japan and Philippine cotton textiles 13 These goods were then exported to New Spain and ultimately Europe by way of Manila Thus the Philippines earned its income through the trade of the Manila Acapulco Galleon To Spain the galleon trade was the link that bound the Philippines to her 14 While the trade did bring some results which were beneficial to the Philippines most effects were disadvantageous 15 However the trade did result in cultural and commercial exchanges between Asia and the Americas that led to the introduction of new crops and animals to the Philippines such as tomatoes avocado guava papaya pineapple and horses 15 These gave the colony its first real income The trade lasted for over two hundred years and ceased in 1815 just before the secession of American colonies from Spain 16 Royal Society of Friends of the Country Edit Jose de Basco y Vargas following a royal order to form a society of intellectuals who can produce new useful ideas formally established the Spanish Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country after the model of the Royal Basque Society Composed of leading men in local and foreign scholarships and training grants in agriculture and established an academy of design It was also credited to the carabao ban of 1782 the formation of the silversmiths and gold beaters guild and the construction of the first paper mill in the Philippines in 1825 It was introduced in 1780 vanished temporarily in 1787 1819 1820 1822 and 1875 1822 and ceased to exist in the middle of the 1890s Royal Company of the Philippines Edit See also Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas On 10 March 1785 King Charles III of Spain confirmed the establishment of the Royal Philippine Company with a 25 year charter 17 After revocated the Royal Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas that had a monopoly on Venezuelan trade the Basque based company was granted a monopoly on the importation of Chinese and Indian goods into the Philippines as well as the shipping of the goods directly to Spain via the Cape of Good Hope The Dutch and British both bitterly opposed it because they saw the company as a direct attack on their trade in Asia It also faced the hostility of the traders of the Galleon trade see above who saw it as competition This gradually resulted in the death of both institutions The Royal Philippine Company in 1814 and the Galleon trade in 1815 18 The first vessel of the Royal Philippine Company to set sail was the Nuestra Senora de los Placeres commanded by the captain Juan Antonio Zabaleta 19 Taxation Edit Spanish coin minted in Manila 1829 during the reign of Ferdinand VII of Spain Also there was the bandala from the Tagalog word mandala a round stack of rice stalks to be threshed an annual forced sale and requisitioning of goods such as rice Custom duties and income tax were also collected By 1884 the tribute was replaced by the cedula personal wherein everyone over 18 were required to pay for personal identification 20 The local gobernadorcillos were responsible for collection of the tribute Under the cedula system taxpayers were individually responsible to Spanish authorities for payment of the tax and were subject to summary arrest for failure to show a cedula receipt 21 Aside from paying a tribute all male Filipinos as well as Chinese immigrants from 16 to 60 years old were obliged to render forced labor called polo This labor lasted for 40 days a year later reduced to 15 days It took various forms such as the building and repairing of roads and bridges construction of public buildings and churches cutting timber in the forest working in shipyards and serving as soldiers in military expeditions People who rendered the forced labor was called polistas He could be exempted by paying the falla which is a sum of money The polista were according to law to be given a daily rice ration during their working days which they often did not receive 22 Resistance against Spanish rule Edit Town of Jaro Iloilo Philippines Spanish colonial rule of the Philippines was constantly threatened by indigenous rebellions and invasions from the Dutch Chinese Japanese and British The previously dominant groups resisted Spanish rule refusing to pay Spanish taxes and rejecting Spanish excesses All were defeated by Spanish Colonist and their Filipino allies by 1597 In many areas Colonial Authorities left indigenous groups to administer their own affairs but under Spanish Colonial overlordship From its inception the Captaincy General of the Philippines was governed from Mexico City as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain However following Mexican independence in 1821 the Philippines and other Spanish Pacific islands were ruled directly from Madrid The loss of supply routes and trading posts via Mexico presented logistical issues to the Spanish government in Madrid isolating the Philippines and rendering them more difficult to govern efficiently Early resistance Edit Main articles Philippine revolts against Spain and Spanish Moro conflict The Resistance against Spain did not immediately cease upon the conquest of the Austronesian cities After Rajah Patis of Cebu some indigenous Filipino nobles resisted Spanish rule Throughout their rule Madrid and the Colonial government in Manila had faced numerous revolts across the country most of which they had successfully quelled while others were won through agreements with the leaders of the revolts themselves The Spanish Moro conflict lasted for several hundred years In the last quarter of the 19th century Spain conquered portions of Mindanao and Jolo 23 and the Moro Muslims in the Sultanate of Sulu formally recognized Spanish sovereignty 24 25 During the British occupation of Manila 1762 1764 Diego Silang was appointed by them as governor of Ilocos and after his assassination by fellow Filipinos his wife Gabriela continued to lead the Ilocanos in the fight against Spanish rule Resistance against Spanish rule was regional in character based on ethnolinguistic groups 26 Hispanization did not spread to the mountainous center of northern Luzon Except in Some areas nor to the inland communities of Mindanao Freemasonry Edit From left to right Jose Rizal Marcelo H del Pilar and Mariano Ponce Freemasonry had gained a substantial following in Europe and the Americas during the 19th century and found its way to the Philippines The Western World was quickly changing and sought less political control from the Catholic Church The first Filipino Masonic lodge was Revolucion It was established by Graciano Lopez Jaena in Barcelona and was recognized in April 1889 It did not last long after he resigned from being its Worshipful Master on 29 November 1889 In December 1889 Marcelo H del Pilar established the Solidaridad in Madrid with the help of Julio Llorente its first Worshipful Master A short time later the Solidaridad grew and some of its members included Jose Rizal Pedro Serrano Laktaw Baldomero Roxas and Galicano Apacible In 1891 Del Pilar sent Laktaw to the Philippines to establish a Masonic lodge Laktaw established the Nilad on 6 January 1892 the first lodge in the islands It is estimated that by 1893 there were 35 Masonic lodges in the Philippines of which nine were in Manila The first Filipina Freemason was Rosario Villaruel Rizal s sisters Trinidad and Josefa Marina Dizon Romualda Lanuza Purificacion Leyva and many other women join the Masonic movement Freemasonry was important during the Philippine Revolution as it pushed the reform movement and carried out propaganda work Many of those who supported outright revolution were Freemasons like Andres Bonifacio In fact the organizational framework used by Bonifacio for the Katipunan was derived from Masonic structures It may be said that joining Masonry was one activity that both reformists and the Katipuneros shared despite their differing views Gallery Edit Lesser coat of arms Middle coat of arms Greater coat of armsSee also Edit Philippines portal Spain portalHistory of the Philippines 1565 1898 Spanish East Indies Spanish Filipino New Spain Governor General of the Philippines Royal Audience of Manila Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of New Spain History of the PhilippinesNotes Edit 13 August 10 December References Edit Cf William Henry Scott Cracks in the Parchment Curtain Quezon City 1998 p 4 Also cf Antonio Morga Sucessos de las Islas Filipinas 2nd ed Paris 1890 p xxxiii Blair amp Robertson 1911 pp 15 16 Blair amp Robertson 1911 p 73 Enciclopedia GER Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Biblioteca de legislacion ultramarina en forma de diccionario alfabetico Pag 621 Compilado por Jose Maria Zamora y Coronado Editor Impr de J M Alegria 1845 Philippine Electoral Almanac Revised and expanded edition Manila Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office 2015 p 5 12 Abinales amp Amoroso 2005 p 55 Richard Chu 2010 Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila Family Identity and Culture 1860s 1930s BRILL p 284 ISBN 978 90 474 2685 1 Memorias historicas y estadisticas de Filipinas y particularmente de la grande isla de Luzon Author Rafael Diaz Arenas Publicado por Imprenta del Diario de Manila 1830 Kane Herb Kawainui 1996 The Manila Galleons In Bob Dye ed Hawaiʻ Chronicles Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine Vol I Honolulu University of Hawaii Press pp 25 32 ISBN 978 0 8248 1829 6 Bolunia Mary Jane Louise A Astilleros the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon PDF Archaeology Division National Museum of the Philippines p 1 Retrieved 26 October 2015 William J McCarthy 1 December 1995 The Yards at Cavite Shipbuilding in the Early Colonial Philippines International Journal of Maritime History 7 2 149 162 doi 10 1177 084387149500700208 S2CID 163709949 South East Asia Pottery Philippines Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Schurz William Lytle 1939 The Manila Galleon Historical Conservation Society p 15 a b Philippine History Module based Learning Rex Bookstore Inc 2002 p 83 ISBN 9789712334498 Publications Usa International Business 2007 Philippines Diplomatic Handbook Int l Business Publications Spanish Control ISBN 978 1 4330 3972 0 Solidarity vol 2 Solidaridad Publishing House p 8 The charter of the Royal Philippine Company was promulgated on 10 March 1785 tolast for 25 years De Borja amp Douglass 2005 pp 71 79 Rostros de piedra biografias de un mundo perdido PDF Miaka1 Cuadernos de investigacion San Telmo Museoa Retrieved 6 October 2014 p 68 Agoncillo 1990 pp 82 83 McCoy amp de Jesus 2001 p 233 https www studymode com essays Polo y Servicio 1880531 html Polo y Servicio United States War Department 1903 Annual Report of the Secretary of War U S Government Printing Office pp 379 398 Retrieved 29 January 2021 Warren James Francis 2007 The Sulu Zone 1768 1898 The Dynamics of External Trade Slavery and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State NUS Press p 124 ISBN 978 9971 69 386 2 Retrieved 10 August 2020 Spain 1893 Coleccion de los tratados convenios y documentos internacionales celebrados por nuestros gobiernos con los estados extranjeros desde el reinado de Dona Isabel II hasta nuestros dias Acompanados de notas historico criticas sobre su negociacion y cumplimiento y cotejados con los textos originales in Spanish pp 120 123 Sagmit amp Sagmit Mendoza 2007 p 127Sources EditAbinales P N Amoroso Donna J 2005 State and Society in the Philippines Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 0 7425 1024 1 Agoncillo Teodoro A 1990 History of the Filipino People Eighth ed University of the Philippines ISBN 971 8711 06 6 Blair Emma Helen amp Robertson James Alexander eds 1911 The Philippine Islands 1493 1803 Explorations by early navigators descriptions of the islands and their peoples their history and records of the catholic missions as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts showing the political economic commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century Volume 03 of 55 1493 1803 Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne Cleveland Ohio Arthur H Clark Company ISBN 978 0554259598 OCLC 769945704 verification needed De Borja Marciano R Douglass William A 2005 Basques in the Philippines University of Nevada Press ISBN 978 0 87417 590 5 McCoy Alfred W de Jesus Ed C 2001 Philippine social history global trade and local transformations Ateneo de Manila University Press ISBN 978 971 550 279 5 Sagmit Rosario S Sagmit Mendoza Ma Lourdes 2007 The Filipino Moving Onward 5 Rex Bookstore Inc ISBN 978 971 23 4154 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Captaincy General of the Philippines amp oldid 1131960836, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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