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Calochortus

January 01, 1970

Calochortus /ˌkæləˈkɔːrtəs, -loʊ-/[3][4] is a genus of flowering plants in the lily family. The group includes herbaceous, perennial and bulbous species, all native to North America (primarily the Western United States).[5][6]

Calochortus
Sego Lily (Calochortus nuttallii)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Calochortoideae
Genus: Calochortus
Pursh
Type species
Calochortus elegans
Synonyms[2]
  • Cyclobothra D.Don
  • Mariposa (Alph.Wood) Hoover

The genus Calochortus includes mariposas (or mariposa lilies) with open wedge-shaped petals, globe lilies and fairy lanterns with globe-shaped flowers, and cat's ears and star tulips with erect pointed petals. The word Calochortus is derived from Greek and means "beautiful grass".[5]

Description edit

Calochortus flowers have six tepals. Unlike most other Liliaceae, Calochortus tepals are in two series that differ in size and color.[7] The outer three are generally narrower and more sepal-like, while the inner three are larger, usually with bright marks at the base,[8] and are often described as petals.[9] The flowers are borne on a stem that arises from a bulb, generally in the spring or early summer. Flowers can be white, yellow, pink, purple, bluish, or streaked. The insides of the petals are often very 'hairy'. These hairs, along with the nectaries, are often used in distinguishing species from each other.[5]

Species[2][10][11][12][13]
 
Calochortus catalinae
 
Calochortus clavatus
 
Calochortus eurycarpus
 
Calochortus flexuosus
 
Calochortus gunnisonii var. gunnisonii
 
Calochortus plummerae
 
Calochortus subalpinus
 
Calochortus tolmiei
 
Calochortus gunnisonii, Teller County, CO

Distribution and habitat edit

The genus Calochortus includes approximately 70 species distributed from southwestern British Columbia, through California and Mexico, to northern Guatemala and eastwards to New Mexico, Nebraska and the Dakotas. Calochortus is the most widely dispersed genus of Liliaceae on the North American Pacific Coast.[7] Of these, 28 species are endemic to California.[14]

In 1998, T.B. Patterson conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the genus, dividing it into seven main clades (see Subdivision update below). The study indicated highly localized speciation, so that different floral syndromes were strongly linked to specific habitats, as follows:[15]

Taxonomy edit

History edit

Calochortus was first proposed in 1814 by Frederick Pursh to accommodate a specimen—C. elegans—received from the Lewis and Clark expedition. [16] In the 1800s, several species were added to the genus; however, much mistakes in naming conventions led to confusion and minimal knowledge gained by the end of the century. [16]

In 1940, Francis Marion Ownbey wrote a comprehensive monograph on Calochortus, referencing morphological evidence, geographical distribution, and his own study of cytological material. Ownbey proposed a treatment dividing Calochortus into three sections (later corroborated by J.M. Beal[17]):

  1. Eucalochortus
    • Ten basic chromosomes and two known cases of tetraploidy
    • Includes subsections Pulchelli, Eleganti, Nudi, Nitidi
  2. Mariposa
    • Basic chromosome numbers between six and nine
    • Includes subsections Venusti, Macrocarpi, Nuttalliani, Gunnisoniani
  3. Cyclobothra
    • Nine basic chromosomes
    • Includes subsection Weediani

In 1985, F.N. Rasmussen developed a new treatment splitting Calochortus from Liliaceae, moving it into a separate family—Calochortaceae—based on chromosomal evidence, septicidal fruit, and a Polygonum type embryo sac formation. [18] Rasmussen found that the basic chromosome numbers of Calochortus vary between seven and twenty.

Subdivision update edit

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Thomas B. Patterson and Thomas J. Givnish gathered additional evidence to create a new Calochortus treatment, subdividing it into seven sections and providing reasoning behind Calochortus being separate from Liliaceae. In 1999, Patterson used cpDNA (specifically rbcL and ndhF sequences) isolated from frozen or silica dried leaf tissue to develop a molecular phylogeny, finding that Calochortus should be divided into seven major clades based on geographic location:[19]

  • Bay Area
  • Pacific Northwest
  • San Diego
  • Great Basin- Rocky Mountains
  • Coast Ranges- Sierra Nevada
  • Southwestern California
  • Central Mexico

Patterson also determined at the time that concerted convergence and phylogenetic niche conservatism may have confounded the idea that Calochortaceae (Calochortus) and Liliaceae are closely related. In 2002, Patterson and Givnish expanded on these arguments, showing that concerted convergence was demonstrated through independent evolution of characteristics such as bulbs and showy flowers and the distinct differences of these appearing as a result of survival in specific habitats. [20] Regarding phylogenetic niche conservatism, Patterson and Givnish make the argument that this phenomenon is present in the plesiomorphic characteristics of rhizomes, inconspicuous flowers, berries, broad leaves, and reticulate venation.

In 2004, Patterson and Givnish made the shift to lump Calochortus within Liliaceae within their paper per the recommendations of Bremer et al. (2003)[21] and Bremer, Chase, and Stevens (1998).[22] Using similar DNA collection techniques to Patterson (1999), Patterson and Givnish developed a more detailed molecular phylogeny, comparing the seven recently determined sections to Ownbey's original three and finding that Ownbey's Eucalochortus section is monophyletic, Mariposa is paraphyletic, and Cyclobothra is polyphyletic.[23] As a result of their research, Patterson and Givnish (2004) found that the two main factors of Calochortus speciation are:

  1. Poor dispersal caused by heavy, passively dispersed seeds
  2. Chromosomal evolution allowing different clades to “double up” and radiate sympatrically without hybridizing

Serpentine tolerance edit

Within Calochortus, almost one-third of species are characterized by ultramafic (form serpentine soils) habitat preferences or specific edaphic requirements, with several being endemic to their environments.[24] Thus, scientists have used serpentine tolerance in understanding evolutionary relationships within the genus. For instance, Patterson and Givnish (2004) created a serpentine tolerance phylogeny. 18 serpentine tolerant species were found (classified by occurring in whole or in part on serpentine soils) and the largest presence of tolerance was found in the Bay Area and Pacific Northwest clades—areas with unusually high numbers of serpentine rocks at the Earth's surface.[23] In addition, Patterson and Givnish (2004) found that 11 out of 18 species displayed only two origins of serpentine tolerance in evolutionary history.

Uses edit

Culinary edit

The bulbs of many species were eaten by Native Americans.[25] These bulbs were eaten raw or gathered in the fall and boiled, and the flower buds when young and fresh.[25] They were eaten by the Mormon settlers between 1853 and 1858 when famine threatened new immigrants in the Great Salt Lake Valley, due to crop failures. The bulbs are a starchy food source similar to a potato tuber.[16]

Native Americans called Calochortus "sego". They used it as food, in ceremonies and as a traditional medicinal plant.[25]

Cultivation edit

Some Calochortus species are cultivated as ornamental plants by specialty nurseries and botanic gardens to sell.[26] The bulbs are planted for their flowers, in traditional, native plant, and wildlife gardens; in rock gardens; and in potted container gardens for those needing unwatered Summer dormancy.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Tropicos, Calochortus Pursh
  2. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. ^ "Calochortus". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
  4. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  5. ^ a b c Flora of North America, Vol. 26 Page 119 Calochortus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 240. 1814.
  6. ^ Pursh, Frederick Traugott. 1813. Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, A systematic arrangement and description of the plants of North America. Containing, besides what have been described by preceding authors, many new and rare species, collected during twelve years travels and residence in that country 1: 240 in English and Latin
  7. ^ a b Dale, Nancy; Flowering Plants of the Santa Monica Mountains, Capra Press, 1986; pg. 28
  8. ^ Mathew, Brian (1987). The Smaller Bulbs. London: B.T. Batsford. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7134-4922-8.
  9. ^ Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) [1992]. Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary (rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 74. ISBN 0-87842-280-3. OCLC 25708726.
  10. ^ Gerritsen, Mary E and Parsons, R. Calochortus. Mariposa Lilies and Their Relatives. Timber Press, 2007.
  11. ^ Biota of North America Program 2034 county distribution maps
  12. ^ Espejo Serena, A. & López-Ferrari, A.R. (1994). Las Monocotiledóneas Mexicanas una Sinopsis Florística 1(3): 1-74. Consejo Nacional de la Flora de México, México D.F.
  13. ^ Gerritsen, M.E. & Parsons, R. (2007). Calochortus: Mariposa lilies & their relatives: 1-232. Timber press, Inc. Portland, U.S.A.
  14. ^ USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service, Plant Profile for Calochortus Pursh; Data contributed by John K. Kartesz and USDA-NRCS National Plant Data Center
  15. ^ P. L. Fiedler & R. K. Zebell, Flora of North America; 18. Calochortus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 240. 1814.
  16. ^ a b c Ownbey, Marion (1940). "A Monograph of the Genus Calochortus". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 27 (4): 371–560. doi:10.2307/2394384. JSTOR 2394384.
  17. ^ Beal, J. M.; Ownbey, Marion (1943). "Cytological Studies in Relation to the Classification of the Genus Calochortus. III". Botanical Gazette. 104 (4): 553–562. doi:10.1086/335169. ISSN 0006-8071.
  18. ^ Rasmussen, F. N. (1985), Dahlgren, Rolf M. T.; Clifford, H. Trevor; Yeo, Peter F. (eds.), "Superorder Liliiflorae", The Families of the Monocotyledons: Structure, Evolution, and Taxonomy, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 107–274, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-61663-1_11, ISBN 978-3-642-61663-1, retrieved 2023-12-27
  19. ^ Patterson, TB. 1999. Phylogeny, biogeography, and evolutionary trends in the core Liliales and Calochortus (Calochortaceae): Insights from DNA sequenced data (Ph.D.). United States -- Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin - Madison.
  20. ^ Patterson, Thomas B.; Givnish, Thomas J. (2002). "PHYLOGENY, CONCERTED CONVERGENCE, AND PHYLOGENETIC NICHE CONSERVATISM IN THE CORE LILIALES: INSIGHTS FROM rbcL AND ndhF SEQUENCE DATA". Evolution. 56 (2): 233–252. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01334.x. ISSN 0014-3820.
  21. ^ Bremer, B; Bremer, K; Chase, MW; Reveal, JL; Soltis, DE; Soltis, PS; Stevens, PF; Anderberg, AA; Fay, MF; Goldblatt, P; Judd, WS; Kallersjo, M; Karehed, J; Kron, KA; Lundberg, J (2003). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (4): 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x. ISSN 0024-4074.
  22. ^ Bremer, K; Chase, MW; Stevens, PF (1998). "An Ordinal Classification for the Families of Flowering Plants". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85 (4): 531. doi:10.2307/2992015. JSTOR 2992015.
  23. ^ a b Patterson, Thomas B.; Givnish, Thomas J. (2004). "Geographic cohesion, chromosomal evolution, parallel adaptive radiations, and consequent floral adaptations in Calochortus (Calochortaceae): evidence from a cpDNA phylogeny". New Phytologist. 161 (1): 253–264. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00951.x. ISSN 0028-646X.
  24. ^ Fiedler, Peggy Lee (1985). "Heavy Metal Accumulation and the Nature of Edaphic Endemism in the Genus Calochortus (Liliaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 72 (11): 1712–1718. doi:10.2307/2443728. JSTOR 2443728.
  25. ^ a b c . Archived from the original on 2013-12-04. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
  26. ^ . Archived from the original on 2020-04-06. Retrieved 2015-04-17.

References edit

  • "Calochortus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  • Treatment from the Jepson Manual (TJM93)
  • Gerritsen, Mary E and Parsons, R. Calochortus. Mariposa Lilies and Their Relatives. Timber Press, 2007.
  • Pacific Bulb Society

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calochortus.
  •   Media related to Calochortus at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Calochortus at Wikispecies
  • Calflora Database: Calochortus — all species native to California.
  • photos by Mark Egger, Flickriver search for Calochortus many photos of many species
  • Jepson Manual (TJM93): Key to California Calochortus species
  • Genus overview, Key to North American species

January 01, 1970
calochortus, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, spanish, december, 2009, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, spanish, article, machine, translation, like, deepl,. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish December 2009 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Spanish article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at es Calochortus see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated es Calochortus to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Calochortus ˌ k ae l e ˈ k ɔːr t e s l oʊ 3 4 is a genus of flowering plants in the lily family The group includes herbaceous perennial and bulbous species all native to North America primarily the Western United States 5 6 Calochortus Sego Lily Calochortus nuttallii Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Monocots Order Liliales Family Liliaceae Subfamily Calochortoideae Genus CalochortusPursh Type species Calochortus elegansPursh 1 Synonyms 2 Cyclobothra D Don Mariposa Alph Wood Hoover The genus Calochortus includes mariposas or mariposa lilies with open wedge shaped petals globe lilies and fairy lanterns with globe shaped flowers and cat s ears and star tulips with erect pointed petals The word Calochortus is derived from Greek and means beautiful grass 5 Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Taxonomy 3 1 History 3 2 Subdivision update 3 3 Serpentine tolerance 4 Uses 4 1 Culinary 4 2 Cultivation 5 See also 6 Notes 6 1 References 7 External linksDescription editCalochortus flowers have six tepals Unlike most other Liliaceae Calochortus tepals are in two series that differ in size and color 7 The outer three are generally narrower and more sepal like while the inner three are larger usually with bright marks at the base 8 and are often described as petals 9 The flowers are borne on a stem that arises from a bulb generally in the spring or early summer Flowers can be white yellow pink purple bluish or streaked The insides of the petals are often very hairy These hairs along with the nectaries are often used in distinguishing species from each other 5 Species 2 10 11 12 13 nbsp Calochortus catalinae nbsp Calochortus clavatus nbsp Calochortus eurycarpus nbsp Calochortus flexuosus nbsp Calochortus gunnisonii var gunnisonii nbsp Calochortus plummerae nbsp Calochortus subalpinus nbsp Calochortus tolmiei nbsp Calochortus gunnisonii Teller County CO Calochortus albus white globelily CA Baja California Calochortus amabilis Diogenes lantern CA Calochortus ambiguus doubting mariposa lily UT AZ NM Sonora Calochortus amoenus purple globelily CA Calochortus apiculatus pointed tip mariposa lily British Columbia Alberta WA OR ID MT WY Calochortus argillosus CA Calochortus aureus golden mariposa lily UT CO AZ NM Calochortus balsensis Oaxaca Guerrero Calochortus barbatus yellow globe lily from Chihuahua to Oaxaca Calochortus bruneaunis Bruneau mariposa lily CA OR NV UT ID MT Calochortus catalinae Santa Catalina mariposa lily threatened by development CA Calochortus cernuus Morelos Calochortus ciscoensis UT Calochortus clavatus club hair mariposa lily CA Calochortus clavatus var avius rare Calochortus clavatus var gracilis Calochortus clavatus ssp clavatus Calochortus clavatus ssp pallidus Calochortus clavatus ssp recurvifolius rare Calochortus coeruleus beavertail grass CA Calochortus concolor golden bowl mariposa lily CA Baja California Calochortus coxii Cox s mariposa lily OR Calochortus dunnii Dunn s mariposa lily rare CA Baja California Calochortus elegans northwestern mariposa lily star tulip CA OR WA ID MT Calochortus elegans var elegans elegant mariposa lily Calochortus elegansvar nanus Calochortus elegansvar oreophilus elegant mariposa lily Calochortus elegansvar selwayensis Selway mariposa lily Calochortus eurycarpus white mariposa lily OR WA NV ID MT WY Calochortus excavatus Inyo mariposa lily threatened by groundwater development CA Calochortus exilis Hidalgo Calochortus fimbriatus late blooming mariposa lily rare CA Calochortus flexuosus winding mariposa lily CA NV UT CO AZ NM Baja California Sonora Calochortus foliosus Michoacan Calochortus fuscus Mexico Calochortus greenei Green s mariposa lily rare CA OR Calochortus ghiesbreghtii Mexico Guatemala Calochortus gunnisonii Gunnison s mariposa lily ID MT WY SD NE CO UT AZ NM Calochortus gunnisonii var gunnisonii Calochortus gunnisonii var perpulcher Calochortus hartwegii Aguascalientes Nayarit Jalisco Calochortus howellii Howell s mariposa lily OR Calochortus indecorus Sexton Mountain mariposa lily OR extinct Calochortus invenustus plain mariposa lily CA NV Calochortus kennedyi desert mariposa lily CA NV AZ Sonora Chihuahua Calochortus kennedyi var kennedyi Calochortus kennedyi var munzii Calochortus leichtlinii smokey mariposa CA NV OR Calochortus longibarbatus longbeard mariposa lily CA OR WA Calochortus longibarbatus var longibarbatus threatened by grazing Calochortus longibarbatus var peckii Calochortus luteus yellow mariposa lily CA Calochortus lyallii Lyall s mariposa lily WA British Columbia Calochortus macrocarpus sagebrush mariposa lily CA NV OR WA ID MT British Columbia Calochortus macrocarpus var macrocarpus Calochortus macrocarpus var maculosus Nez Perce mariposa lily Calochortus marcellae Nuevo Leon Coahuila Tamaulipas Calochortus mendozae Queretaro San Luis Potosi Calochortus minimus Sierran mariposa lily CA Calochortus monanthus Shasta River mariposa lily CA presumed extinct Calochortus monophyllus yellow startulip CA OR Calochortus nigrescens Oaxaca Calochortus nitidus broad fruit mariposa lily WA OR ID Calochortus nudus naked mariposa lily CA OR Calochortus nuttallii sego lily state flower of Utah ND SD NE MT ID CO UT NV AZ NM Calochortus obispoensis San Luis mariposa lily CA Calochortus palmeri Palmer s mariposa lily CA Calochortus palmeri var munzii Munz s mariposa lily Calochortus palmeri var palmeri rare Calochortus panamintensis Panamint Mountain mariposa lily rare ca NV Calochortus persistens Siskiyou mariposa lily rare CA OR Calochortus plummerae Plummer s mariposa lily rare CA Calochortus pringlei Morelos Puebla Jalisco Oaxaca Calochortus pulchellus Mount Diablo globelily CA Calochortus raichei Cedars mariposa lily CA Calochortus simulans San Luis Obispo mariposa lily CA Calochortus spatulatus Mexico Calochortus splendens splendid mariposa lily CA Baja California Calochortus striatus alkali mariposa lily CA NV Calochortus subalpinus subalpine mariposa lily Cascade mariposa lily cat s ear lily WA OR Calochortus superbus superb mariposa CA Calochortus syntrophus Callahan s mariposa lily CA Calochortus tiburonensis Tiburon mariposa CA Calochortus tolmiei Tolmie s star tulip hairy pussy ears CA OR WA Calochortus umbellatus Oakland mariposa lily CA Calochortus umpquaensis Umpqua mariposa lily OR Calochortus uniflorus mariposa Cupido CA OR Calochortus venustulus Mexico Calochortus venustus butterfly mariposa white mariposa CA Calochortus vestae Vesta s mariposa Coast Range mariposa CA Calochortus weedii Weed s mariposa CA Baja Calilfornia Calochortus westonii Shirley Meadow star tulip Weston s mariposa CADistribution and habitat editThe genus Calochortus includes approximately 70 species distributed from southwestern British Columbia through California and Mexico to northern Guatemala and eastwards to New Mexico Nebraska and the Dakotas Calochortus is the most widely dispersed genus of Liliaceae on the North American Pacific Coast 7 Of these 28 species are endemic to California 14 In 1998 T B Patterson conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the genus dividing it into seven main clades see Subdivision update below The study indicated highly localized speciation so that different floral syndromes were strongly linked to specific habitats as follows 15 Mariposas dry grasslands open chaparral semideserts Star tulips wet meadows Cat s ears montane woodlands Fairy lanterns oak woodlands closed forests Taxonomy editHistory edit Calochortus was first proposed in 1814 by Frederick Pursh to accommodate a specimen C elegans received from the Lewis and Clark expedition 16 In the 1800s several species were added to the genus however much mistakes in naming conventions led to confusion and minimal knowledge gained by the end of the century 16 In 1940 Francis Marion Ownbey wrote a comprehensive monograph on Calochortus referencing morphological evidence geographical distribution and his own study of cytological material Ownbey proposed a treatment dividing Calochortus into three sections later corroborated by J M Beal 17 Eucalochortus Ten basic chromosomes and two known cases of tetraploidy Includes subsections Pulchelli Eleganti Nudi Nitidi Mariposa Basic chromosome numbers between six and nine Includes subsections Venusti Macrocarpi Nuttalliani Gunnisoniani Cyclobothra Nine basic chromosomes Includes subsection Weediani In 1985 F N Rasmussen developed a new treatment splitting Calochortus from Liliaceae moving it into a separate family Calochortaceae based on chromosomal evidence septicidal fruit and a Polygonum type embryo sac formation 18 Rasmussen found that the basic chromosome numbers of Calochortus vary between seven and twenty Subdivision update edit In the late 1990s and early 2000s Thomas B Patterson and Thomas J Givnish gathered additional evidence to create a new Calochortus treatment subdividing it into seven sections and providing reasoning behind Calochortus being separate from Liliaceae In 1999 Patterson used cpDNA specifically rbcL and ndhF sequences isolated from frozen or silica dried leaf tissue to develop a molecular phylogeny finding that Calochortus should be divided into seven major clades based on geographic location 19 Bay Area Pacific Northwest San Diego Great Basin Rocky Mountains Coast Ranges Sierra Nevada Southwestern California Central Mexico Patterson also determined at the time that concerted convergence and phylogenetic niche conservatism may have confounded the idea that Calochortaceae Calochortus and Liliaceae are closely related In 2002 Patterson and Givnish expanded on these arguments showing that concerted convergence was demonstrated through independent evolution of characteristics such as bulbs and showy flowers and the distinct differences of these appearing as a result of survival in specific habitats 20 Regarding phylogenetic niche conservatism Patterson and Givnish make the argument that this phenomenon is present in the plesiomorphic characteristics of rhizomes inconspicuous flowers berries broad leaves and reticulate venation In 2004 Patterson and Givnish made the shift to lump Calochortus within Liliaceae within their paper per the recommendations of Bremer et al 2003 21 and Bremer Chase and Stevens 1998 22 Using similar DNA collection techniques to Patterson 1999 Patterson and Givnish developed a more detailed molecular phylogeny comparing the seven recently determined sections to Ownbey s original three and finding that Ownbey s Eucalochortus section is monophyletic Mariposa is paraphyletic and Cyclobothra is polyphyletic 23 As a result of their research Patterson and Givnish 2004 found that the two main factors of Calochortus speciation are Poor dispersal caused by heavy passively dispersed seeds Chromosomal evolution allowing different clades to double up and radiate sympatrically without hybridizing Serpentine tolerance edit Within Calochortus almost one third of species are characterized by ultramafic form serpentine soils habitat preferences or specific edaphic requirements with several being endemic to their environments 24 Thus scientists have used serpentine tolerance in understanding evolutionary relationships within the genus For instance Patterson and Givnish 2004 created a serpentine tolerance phylogeny 18 serpentine tolerant species were found classified by occurring in whole or in part on serpentine soils and the largest presence of tolerance was found in the Bay Area and Pacific Northwest clades areas with unusually high numbers of serpentine rocks at the Earth s surface 23 In addition Patterson and Givnish 2004 found that 11 out of 18 species displayed only two origins of serpentine tolerance in evolutionary history Uses editCulinary edit The bulbs of many species were eaten by Native Americans 25 These bulbs were eaten raw or gathered in the fall and boiled and the flower buds when young and fresh 25 They were eaten by the Mormon settlers between 1853 and 1858 when famine threatened new immigrants in the Great Salt Lake Valley due to crop failures The bulbs are a starchy food source similar to a potato tuber 16 Native Americans called Calochortus sego They used it as food in ceremonies and as a traditional medicinal plant 25 Cultivation edit Some Calochortus species are cultivated as ornamental plants by specialty nurseries and botanic gardens to sell 26 The bulbs are planted for their flowers in traditional native plant and wildlife gardens in rock gardens and in potted container gardens for those needing unwatered Summer dormancy See also editList of plants known as lilyNotes edit Tropicos Calochortus Pursh a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Calochortus Dictionary com Unabridged Online n d Retrieved 2016 01 22 Sunset Western Garden Book 1995 606 607 a b c Flora of North America Vol 26 Page 119 Calochortus Pursh Fl Amer Sept 1 240 1814 Pursh Frederick Traugott 1813 Flora Americae Septentrionalis or A systematic arrangement and description of the plants of North America Containing besides what have been described by preceding authors many new and rare species collected during twelve years travels and residence in that country 1 240 in English and Latin a b Dale Nancy Flowering Plants of the Santa Monica Mountains Capra Press 1986 pg 28 Mathew Brian 1987 The Smaller Bulbs London B T Batsford p 22 ISBN 978 0 7134 4922 8 Taylor Ronald J 1994 1992 Sagebrush Country A Wildflower Sanctuary rev ed Missoula MT Mountain Press Pub Co p 74 ISBN 0 87842 280 3 OCLC 25708726 Gerritsen Mary E and Parsons R Calochortus Mariposa Lilies and Their Relatives Timber Press 2007 Biota of North America Program 2034 county distribution maps Espejo Serena A amp Lopez Ferrari A R 1994 Las Monocotiledoneas Mexicanas una Sinopsis Floristica 1 3 1 74 Consejo Nacional de la Flora de Mexico Mexico D F Gerritsen M E amp Parsons R 2007 Calochortus Mariposa lilies amp their relatives 1 232 Timber press Inc Portland U S A USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service Plant Profile forCalochortusPursh Data contributed by John K Kartesz and USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center P L Fiedler amp R K Zebell Flora of North America 18 Calochortus Pursh Fl Amer Sept 1 240 1814 a b c Ownbey Marion 1940 A Monograph of the Genus Calochortus Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 27 4 371 560 doi 10 2307 2394384 JSTOR 2394384 Beal J M Ownbey Marion 1943 Cytological Studies in Relation to the Classification of the Genus Calochortus III Botanical Gazette 104 4 553 562 doi 10 1086 335169 ISSN 0006 8071 Rasmussen F N 1985 Dahlgren Rolf M T Clifford H Trevor Yeo Peter F eds Superorder Liliiflorae The Families of the Monocotyledons Structure Evolution and Taxonomy Berlin Heidelberg Springer pp 107 274 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 61663 1 11 ISBN 978 3 642 61663 1 retrieved 2023 12 27 Patterson TB 1999 Phylogeny biogeography and evolutionary trends in the core Liliales and Calochortus Calochortaceae Insights from DNA sequenced data Ph D United States Wisconsin The University of Wisconsin Madison Patterson Thomas B Givnish Thomas J 2002 PHYLOGENY CONCERTED CONVERGENCE AND PHYLOGENETIC NICHE CONSERVATISM IN THE CORE LILIALES INSIGHTS FROM rbcL AND ndhF SEQUENCE DATA Evolution 56 2 233 252 doi 10 1111 j 0014 3820 2002 tb01334 x ISSN 0014 3820 Bremer B Bremer K Chase MW Reveal JL Soltis DE Soltis PS Stevens PF Anderberg AA Fay MF Goldblatt P Judd WS Kallersjo M Karehed J Kron KA Lundberg J 2003 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG II Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141 4 399 436 doi 10 1046 j 1095 8339 2003 t01 1 00158 x ISSN 0024 4074 Bremer K Chase MW Stevens PF 1998 An Ordinal Classification for the Families of Flowering Plants Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85 4 531 doi 10 2307 2992015 JSTOR 2992015 a b Patterson Thomas B Givnish Thomas J 2004 Geographic cohesion chromosomal evolution parallel adaptive radiations and consequent floral adaptations in Calochortus Calochortaceae evidence from a cpDNA phylogeny New Phytologist 161 1 253 264 doi 10 1046 j 1469 8137 2003 00951 x ISSN 0028 646X Fiedler Peggy Lee 1985 Heavy Metal Accumulation and the Nature of Edaphic Endemism in the Genus Calochortus Liliaceae American Journal of Botany 72 11 1712 1718 doi 10 2307 2443728 JSTOR 2443728 a b c University of Michigan at Dearborn Native American Ethnobotany Calochortus Archived from the original on 2013 12 04 Retrieved 2015 04 17 Telos Rare Bulbs Nursery database Calochortus Archived from the original on 2020 04 06 Retrieved 2015 04 17 References edit Calochortus Integrated Taxonomic Information System Treatment from the Jepson Manual TJM93 Gerritsen Mary E and Parsons R Calochortus Mariposa Lilies and Their Relatives Timber Press 2007 Pacific Bulb SocietyExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calochortus nbsp Media related to Calochortus at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Calochortus at Wikispecies Calflora Database Calochortus all species native to California photos by Mark Egger Flickriver search for Calochortus many photos of many species Jepson Manual TJM93 Key to California Calochortus species Genus overview Key to North American species Gallery of Photos US and Mexican Calochortus Species and Natural Hybrids Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Calochortus amp oldid 1203080156, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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