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Junkers Ju 52

March 06, 2023

The Junkers Ju 52/3m (nicknamed Tante Ju ("Aunt Ju") and Iron Annie) is a transport aircraft that was designed and manufactured by German aviation company Junkers.

Ju 52
JU Air Junkers Ju 52/3m HB/HOS in flight over Austria (July 2013)
Role Transport aircraft, medium bomber, airliner
Manufacturer Junkers
Designer Ernst Zindel
First flight 13 October 1930 (Ju 52/1m); 7 March 1932 (Ju 52/3m)
Status In limited use
Primary users Luftwaffe
Luft Hansa
Spanish Air Force />Bulgarian Air Force
Produced 1931–1945 (Germany)
1945–1947 (France)
1945–1952 (Spain)
Number built 4,845

Development of the Ju 52 commenced during 1930, headed by German aeronautical engineer Ernst Zindel. The aircraft's design incorporated a corrugated duralumin metal skin as a strengthening measure, which was very unusual at the time. The Ju 52's maiden flight was performed on 13 October 1930. It was initially designed with a single engine, however, it was produced in quantity as a trimotor. The primary early production model, the Ju 52/3m, was principally operated as a 17-seat airliner or utility transport aircraft by various civil operators during the 1930s. Following the rise of Nazi Germany, thousands of Ju 52s were procured as a staple military transport of the nation. The Ju 52/3mg7e was the principal production model.

The Ju 52 was in production between 1931 and 1952. In a civilian role, it flew with over 12 airlines, including Swissair and Deutsche Luft Hansa, as both a passenger carrier and a freight hauler. In a military role, large numbers flew with the Luftwaffe, being deployed on virtually all fronts of the Second World War as a troop and cargo transport; it was also briefly used as a medium bomber. Additionally, the type was deployed by other nation's militaries in conflicts such as the Spanish Civil War, the Chaco War, and the Portuguese Colonial War. During the postwar era, the Ju 52 had a lengthy service life with numerous military and civilian operators; large numbers were still in use by the 1980s. Even in the 21st century, several aircraft have remained operational, typically used for purposes such as heritage aviation displays and aerial sightseeing.

Development

The Ju 52 was similar to the company's previous Junkers W 33, although larger. In 1930, German aeronautical engineer Ernst Zindel and his team designed the Ju 52 at the Junkers works at Dessau. According to aviation author J. Richard Smith, the Ju 52 directly drew upon the company's First World War-era Junkers J 1 - the world's first all-metal aeroplane.[1]

On 13 October 1930, the first prototype, designated Ju 52ba, performed the type's maiden flight; it was initially powered by a single Junkers-built liquid-cooled V-12 engine, capable of generating up to 800 hp.[1] During the aircraft's extensive trials, it was reengined with a 755 hp BMW IV water-cooled inline-6 powerplant. The second prototype, designated Ju 52de, featured an increased wing span and was powered by the BMW IV engine at first; it was soon reengined with the 750 hp 14-cylinder twin-row air-cooled radial Armstrong Siddeley Leopard and re-designated Ju 52di.[1] Later on, the Ju 52di was again reengined with the 750 hp Junkers Jumo 204 air-cooled inverted inline-6, after which it was re-designated Ju 52do. The third prototype, designated Ju 52ce, had a strengthened structure, a modified leading edge, and was fitted with both a wheeled and float undercarriages.[1]

During May 1931, one of the prototypes, designated Ju 52cai, was written off after a crash.[2] While these initial aircraft had been powered by a single engine, Junkers decided to develop the Ju 52 into a trimotor configuration. Accordingly, the Ju 52/3m (drei motoren—"three engines") was developed, being powered by an arrangement of three radial engines.[3] According to Smith, the earliest known Ju 52/3m was delivered to Bolivian airline Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano during 1932. During its initial production years, airlines were the type's most common customers.[3] By the mid-1930s, the Ju 52/3mce and Ju 52/3fe, were the two primary production variants, both being powered by the BMW 132 radial engine.[3]

During 1934, work commenced on a militarised model of the Ju 52/3m, designated Ju 52/3mg3e, on behalf of the then-secret Luftwaffe.[4] This model could function as a medium bomber, being furnished with a pair of defensive gun turrets and operated by a crew of four. Between 1934 and 1935, a total of 450 Ju 52/3mg3e aircraft were delivered to the Luftwaffe.[4]

Numerous improved models would be introduced prior to and during the Second World War. The dominant production model was the Ju 52/3mg7e, featuring advances such as an autopilot, enlarged doors to the cabin, and other general enhancements.[5] It was configured as a pure transport aircraft, being capable of carrying up to 18 fully-equipped troops. Defensive armaments comprised a dorsal-mounted 13 mm MG 131 machine gun and a pair of sideways-mounted 7.9mm MG 15 machine guns.[5] Successive models saw other improvements, such as revised glazing, newer engines, undercarriage strengthening, and increased take-off weight. The final wartime model to be developed, designated Ju 52/3mg14e, featured improved armour protection for the pilot and a bolstered defensive armament.[6]

From mid-1943 onwards, the Luftwaffe began to make less use of the Ju 52, interest having waned in the type.[7] German officials were interested in procuring a successor to the type; at one stage, the Reich Air Ministry showed enthusiasm for the Junkers Ju 352, a larger transport aircraft somewhat resembling the Ju 52. Actions were taken to convert Junkers' Ju 52 production lines to instead manufacture Ju 352s; however, the conflict's end in May 1945 led to the effort being abandoned in an unfinished state.[7] As such, German production of the Ju 52 was terminated during 1944; Smith claims that a total of 3,234 aircraft of various models were constructed during the conflict.[8]

In the postwar era, manufacture of the Ju 52 resumed, albeit in foreign countries.[7] It was constructed in France by Avions Amiot as the Amiot AAC.1 Toucan; it was also produced in Spain by Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA) as the CASA 352. A handful of captured wartime aircraft were also rebuilt by Short Brothers of Northern Ireland for civilian service.[7]

Design

 
Lufthansa's 21st-century airworthy heritage Ju 52/3mg2e (Wk-Nr 5489) in flight, showing the Doppelflügel, "double wing" trailing-edge control surfaces

The Ju 52 had a low cantilever wing, the midsection of which was built into the fuselage, forming its underside.[9][1] It was formed around four pairs of circular cross-section duralumin spars with a corrugated surface that provided torsional stiffening. A narrow control surface, with its outer section functioning as the aileron, and the inner section functioning as a flap, ran along the whole trailing edge of each wing panel, well separated from it. The inner flap section lowered the stalling speed and the arrangement became known as the Doppelflügel, or "double wing".[10][1] The outer sections of this operated differentially as ailerons, projecting slightly beyond the wingtips with control horns. The strutted horizontal stabilizer carried horn-balanced elevators which again projected and showed a significant gap between them and the stabilizer, which was adjustable in-flight. All stabilizer surfaces were corrugated.

 
Junkers Ju 52

The Ju 52 featured an unusual corrugated duralumin metal skin, which had been pioneered by Junkers during the First World War; the corrugation served to strengthen the whole structure over a smoother approach.[1] The fuselage was of rectangular section with a domed decking, comprising a tubular steel structure that was entirely covered by the corrugated metal skin.[1] A port-side passenger door was placed just aft of the wings; this entrance also acted as a loading hatch for freight, the lower half functioning as a platform to ease cargo movements. The cabin had a dimensional capacity of 590 cubic feet, and was lined with numerous windows stretching forward to the pilots' cockpit.[1] The main undercarriage was fixed and divided; some aircraft had wheel fairings, others did not. A fixed tailskid, or a later tailwheel, was used. Some aircraft were fitted with floats or skis instead of the main wheels.[3]

In its original configuration, designated the Ju 52/1m, the Ju 52 was a single-engined aircraft, powered by either a BMW IV or Junkers liquid-cooled V-12 engine. However, the single-engined model was deemed to have been underpowered and, after seven prototypes had been completed, all subsequent Ju 52s were built with three radial engines as the Ju 52/3m (drei motoren—"three engines"). Originally powered by three Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet radial engines, later production models mainly received 574 kW (770 hp) BMW 132 engines, a licence-built refinement of the Pratt & Whitney design. Export models were also built with 447 kW (600 hp) Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp and 578 kW (775 hp) Bristol Pegasus VI engines.

The two wing-mounted radial engines of the Ju 52/3m had half-chord cowlings and in planform view (from above/below) appeared to be splayed outwards, being mounted at an almost perpendicular angle to the tapered wing's sweptback leading edge (in a similar fashion to the Mitsubishi G3M bomber and Short Sunderland; the angled engines on the Ju 52 were intended to make maintaining straight flight easier should an engine fail, while the others had different reasons). The three engines had either Townend ring or NACA cowlings to reduce drag from the engine cylinders, although a mixture of the two was most common (as can be seen in many of the accompanying photographs), with deeper-chord NACA cowlings on the wing engines and a narrow Townend ring on the center engine (onto which a deeper NACA cowl was more difficult to fit, due to the widening fuselage behind the engine). Production Ju 52/3m aircraft flown by Deutsche Luft Hansa before the Second World War, as well as Luftwaffe-flown Ju 52s flown during the war, usually used an air-start system to turn over their trio of radial engines, using a common compressed air supply that also operated the main wheels' brakes.[citation needed]

In a military context, the Ju 52 could carry up to 18 fully-equipped soldiers, or 12 stretchers when used as an air ambulance. Transported material was loaded and unloaded through side doors by means of a ramp. Air-dropped supplies were jettisoned through two double chutes; supply containers were dropped by parachute through the bomb-bay doors, and paratroopers jumped through the side doors. Sd.Kfz. 2 Kettenkrafträder (half-track motorcycles) and supply canisters for parachute troops were secured under the fuselage at the bomb bay exits and were dropped with four parachutes. A tow coupling was built into the tail-skid for use in towing freight gliders. The Ju 52 could tow up to two DFS 230 gliders.[citation needed]

Operational history

 
Ju 52/1m replica (converted from 52/3m) of "CF-ARM" at the Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
 
Ju 52s damaged in Crete, 1941
 
A Luftwaffe Ju 52 being serviced in Crete in 1943: Note the narrow-chord Townend ring on the central engine and the deeper-chord NACA cowlings on the wing engines.
 
Luftwaffe Ju 52s dropping paratroops
 
Internal view of Ju 52 showing a defensive MG 15 beam machine gun and storage mounts for spare saddle-drum magazines
 
Junkers Ju 52 cockpit layout

Prewar civil use

In late 1931, James A. Richardson's Canadian Airways received (Werknummer 4006) CF-ARM, the sixth-built Ju 52/1m.[2] The aircraft, first refitted with an Armstrong Siddeley Leopard radial engine and then later with a Rolls-Royce Buzzard and nicknamed the "Flying Boxcar" in Canada,[11][12] could lift about 3 tons and had a maximum weight of 7 tonnes (8 tons). It was commonly used to supply mining and other operations in remote areas with equipment that was too big and heavy for other aircraft then in use. The Ju 52/1m was able to land on wheels, skis, or floats (as were all Ju 52 variants).[13][3]

Prior to the Nazi government's seizure of control of the Junkers company during 1935, the Ju 52/3m was produced principally as a 17-seat airliner. By 1935, 97 Ju 52s were being operated by numerous airlines; early customers included Finland's Aero O/Y, Sweden's AB Aerotransport, and Brazil's Syndicato Condor.[3]

During May 1932, German flag carrier Luft Hansa took delivery of its first example of the type.[3] The Ju 52 was heavily used by Luft Hansa, it was able to fly from Berlin to Rome in eight hours; both this route and the London-Berlin service was frequently operated by the type.[3] According to Smith, Luft Hansa's Ju 52 fleet eventually numbered 231 Ju 52s;[4] during the pre-war era, it was flown on various routes from Germany on routes in Europe, Asia, and South America.[citation needed]

Military use 1932–1945

The Colombian Air Force used three Ju 52/3mde bombers equipped as floatplanes during the Colombia-Peru War in 1932–1933. After the war, the air force acquired three other Ju 52mge as transports; the type remained in service until after the end of the Second World War.[citation needed]

Bolivia acquired four Ju 52s in the course of the Chaco War (1932–1935), mainly for medical evacuation and air supply. During the conflict, the Ju 52s alone transported more than 4,400 tons of cargo to the front.[14]

In 1934, Junkers received orders to produce a bomber version of the Ju 52/3m to serve as interim equipment for the bomber units of the still-secret Luftwaffe until it could be replaced by the purpose-designed Dornier Do 11.[15] Two bomb bays were fitted, capable of holding up to 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) of bombs, while defensive armament consisted of two 7.92 mm MG 15 machine guns, one in an open dorsal position, and one in a retractable "dustbin" ventral position, which could be manually winched down from the fuselage to protect the aircraft from attacks from below. The bomber could be easily converted to serve in the transport role.[16] The Dornier Do 11 was a failure, however, and the Junkers ended up being acquired in much larger numbers than at first expected, with the type being the Luftwaffe's main bomber until more modern aircraft such as the Heinkel He 111, Junkers Ju 86 and Dornier Do 17 entered into service.[17][18]

The Ju 52 first[citation needed] was used in military service in the Spanish Civil War against the Spanish Republic. It was one of the first aircraft to be delivered to the Nationalist faction in July 1936, with 20 Ju 52/3m g3e bombers being delivered to the Nationalist forces by Germany within a week of the start of the war. Their first use was to help airlift Franco's Army of Africa from Morocco to the Spanish mainland, bypassing a Spanish republican naval blockade. Between 20 July and the end of August 1936, Ju 52s carried out 461 transport flights, ferrying 7,350 troops together with weapons and equipment, with 5,455 more troops carried in September and a further 1,157 troops carried by the time the airlift ended early in October.[19] According to Smith, the Ju 52 gained a formidable reputation; the type having been reportedly used in practically every major military engagement in support of Nationalist forces.[20] In the Spanish theatre, the Ju 52 was operated both as a bomber and as a transport. In the former role, it participated in the bombing of Guernica, although it was considered obsolete as a bomber by late 1937, by which point it was in the process of being replaced by more capable bombers such as the Dornier Do 17 and Heinkel He 111.[20] The type's final sortie in the theatre was performed on 26 March 1939. By the end of the conflict, Ju 52s had accumulated 13,000 operational hours and had performed 5,400 offensive missions and dropped over 6,000 bombs.[5]

Following the end of the Spanish Civil War, no further aircraft of the bomber variants were built, though the type was again used as a bomber during the bombing of Warsaw[21] during the invasion of Poland in September 1939. The Luftwaffe instead relied on the Ju 52 for transport roles during the Second World War, including paratroop drops.

Second World War

During its service with Luft Hansa, the Ju 52 had proved to be an extremely reliable passenger airplane. This positive experience contributed to its adoption by the Luftwaffe as a standard aircraft model. In 1938, the 7th Air Division had five air transport groups with 250 Ju 52s. The Luftwaffe had 552 Ju 52s at the start of the Second World War. Though it was built in great numbers, the Ju 52 was technically obsolete. Between 1939 and 1944, 2,804 Ju 52s were delivered to the Luftwaffe (1939: 145; 1940: 388; 1941: 502; 1942: 503; 1943: 887; and 1944: 379). The production of Ju 52s continued until around the summer of 1944; when the war came to an end, 100 to 200 were still available.

 
Ju 52 approaching Stalingrad, 1942

Lightly armed, and with a top speed of only 265 km/h (165 mph) — half that of a contemporary Hurricane — the Ju 52 was very vulnerable to fighter attack, and an escort was always necessary when flying in a combat zone. Many Ju 52's were shot down by antiaircraft guns and fighters while transporting supplies, most notably during the desperate attempt to resupply the trapped German Sixth Army during the final stages of the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942–1943.[22]

From 24 November 1942 to 31 January 1943, 488 aircraft were recorded as lost (this number included 266 Ju 52, 165 He 111, 42 Ju 86, 9 Fw 200, 5 He 177 and 1 Ju 290) and about 1,000 flight personnel.[23]

Denmark and Norway campaign

The first major operation for the aircraft after the bombing of Warsaw was in Operation Weserübung, the attack on Denmark and Norway on 9 April 1940. Fifty-two Ju 52s from 1. and 8. Staffel in Kampfgeschwader 1 transported a company of Fallschirmjäger (paratroopers) and a battalion of infantry to the northern part of Jutland, and captured the airfield at Aalborg, vital to support the operation in southern Norway. Several hundred Ju 52s were also used to transport troops to Norway in the first days of this campaign.[24]

During the Norwegian campaign, the Luftwaffe's Ju 52s performed a total of 3,018 sorties, 1830 of which had been carrying troops while the remainder transported cargo and various supplies.[25] According to Smith, 29,280 personnel, 2,376 tons of supplies and 259,300 imp. gallons of fuel had been airlifted by Ju 52s through the campaign. Around 150 aircraft had been recorded as lost by the end of operations.[25]

 
A minesweeper Ju 52/3m MS (Minensuch) equipped with degaussing ring

The seaplane version, equipped with two large floats, served during the Norwegian campaign in 1940, and later in the Mediterranean theatre. Some Ju 52's, both floatplanes and landplanes, were also used as minesweepers, known as Minensuch — literally, "mine-search" aircraft in German — and fitted with a 14 m (46 ft) diameter current-carrying degaussing ring under the airframe to create a magnetic field that triggered submerged naval mines. These aircraft were usually given an -"MS" suffix to designate them, as had been done with the similarly equipped Bv 138 MS trimotor flying boat.[26][27]

Netherlands campaign

The Ju 52 transport aircraft participated in the attack on the Netherlands on 10 May 1940. It was during this campaign that the Ju 52 performed a crucial role in carrying out the first large-scale air attack with paratroops in history during the Battle for The Hague.[25] According to Smith, 500 Ju 52s had been made ready for the aerial assault on the Low Countries. In addition to the paratroop drops, they also directly landed in hostile territory to deploy assault troops, such as at Ypenburg Airport, on public highways around The Hague, and on the River Meuse (the latter using float-equipped aircraft).[28]

During the opening days of the Netherlands campaign, many German aircraft were shot down by Dutch AA-fire; a total of 125 Ju 52s were lost and 47 damaged; author Hooton considered these losses to have been relatively costly for the Luftwaffe.[29] Although transport operations with the Ju 52 were noticeably curtailed after the initial days of the invasion, the type continued to aerially supply forward ground troops.[30]

During August 1940, Nazi German decided to base large numbers of Ju 52s at airfields in the Lyon, Lille, and Arras areas.[31] Luftwaffe transport units were deliberately held at a state of readiness for Operation Sea Lion, the envisioned invasion of the British Isles; however, this operation was never attempted, in part due to the Luftwaffe being unable to secure aerial supremacy during the Battle of Britain.[30]

Balkans campaign

The next major use of the Ju 52 was in the Balkans campaign. The type has been credited with enabling the rapid deployment of German ground forces throughout the theatre.[30] The Ju 52 was also deployed during the Battle of Crete in late May 1941. 493 Ju 52/3m aircraft were used to transport most of the 22,750 troops flown onto Crete for the Luftwaffe's largest airborne invasion of the war.[30] While victorious, 170 aircraft were lost along with 4,500 personnel; the high loss rate brought about the end of German paratrooper operations.[30]

North Africa campaign

During the North African campaign, the Ju 52 was the mainstay reinforcement and resupply transport for the Germans, starting with 20 to 50 flights a day to Tunisia from Sicily in November 1942, building to 150 landings a day in early April as the Axis situation became more desperate. The Allied air forces developed a counter-air operation over a two-month period and implemented Operation Flax on 5 April 1943, destroying 11 Ju 52s in the air near Cap Bon and many more during bombing attacks on its Sicilian airfields, leaving only 29 flyable.[32] That began two catastrophic weeks in which more than 140 aircraft were lost in air interceptions,[33] culminating on 18 April with the "Palm Sunday Massacre" in which 24 Ju 52s were shot down, and another 35 staggered back to Sicily and crash-landed.[34][35]

Hitler's personal transport

Main article: Hans Baur § Die Fliegerstaffel des Fuehrers

Hitler used a Deutsche Luft Hansa Ju 52 for campaigning in the 1932 German election, preferring flying to train travel. After he became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, Hans Baur became his personal pilot, and Hitler was provided with a personal Ju 52. Named Immelmann II after the First World War ace Max Immelmann, it carried the registration D-2600.[36] As his power and importance grew, Hitler's personal air force grew to nearly 50 aircraft, based at Berlin Tempelhof Airport and made up mainly of Ju 52s, which also flew other members of his cabinet and war staff. In September 1939, at Baur's suggestion, Immelmann II was replaced by a four-engine Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor, although Immelman II remained his backup aircraft for the rest of the Second World War.

Chiang Kai-shek's personal transport

 
Ju 52 of Eurasia, 1930s in China

Eurasia was a major Chinese airliner company in the 1930s and operated at least seven Ju 52/3ms. A further example, sent out as a demonstrator to Eurasia, was purchased by the Chinese Nationalist Party government and became Chiang Kai-shek's personal transport.[37]

Postwar use

 
Ju 52 HB-HOS on sightseeing tour at Degerfeld[38] airfield (2016)
 
Ju 52/3m of British European Airways in 1947
 
French-built AAC.1 of STA at Manchester Airport in 1948: This aircraft is preserved in Belgrade.
 
Junkers C-79, s/n 42-52883, at Howard Field, Panama Canal Zone, late 1942 with the USAAF 20th Transportation Squadron, Sixth Air Force.

Various Junkers Ju 52s continued in military and civilian use following World War II. In 1956, the Portuguese Air Force, which was already using the Ju 52s as a transport plane, employed the type as a paratroop drop aircraft for its newly organized elite parachute forces, later known as the Batalhão de Caçadores Páraquedistas. The paratroopers used the Ju 52 in several combat operations in Angola and other Portuguese African colonies before gradually phasing it out of service in the 1960s.[39]

The Swiss Air Force also operated the Ju 52 from 1939 to 1982, when three aircraft remained in operation, probably the last and longest service in any air force.[40] Museums hoped to obtain the aircraft, but they were not for sale.[41] They are still in flying condition and together with a CASA 352 can be booked for sightseeing tours with Ju-Air.[42] During the 1950s, the Ju 52 was also used by the French Air Force during the First Indochina War as a bomber. The use of these Junkers was quite limited.[43]

The Spanish Air Force operated the Ju 52, nicknamed Pava, until well into the 1970s. Escuadrón 721, flying the Spanish-built versions, was employed in training parachutists from Alcantarilla Air Base near Murcia.[44]

Some military Ju 52s were converted to civilian use. For example, British European Airways operated 11 ex-Luftwaffe Ju 52/3mg8e machines, taken over by the RAF, between 1946 and retirement in 1947 on intra-U.K. routes before the Douglas DC-3 was introduced to the airline.[10] French airlines such as Societe de Transports Aeriens (STA) and Air France flew Toucans in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

In the USSR, captured Ju 52s were allocated to the Civil Air Fleet, being found particularly suitable for transporting sulphur from the Karakum Desert.[45] Various Soviet agencies used the Ju 52 through to 1950.

A Ju 52 and a Douglas DC-3 were the last aircraft to take off from Berlin Tempelhof Airport before all operations ceased there on 30 October 2008.[46]

Other versions

Most Ju 52s were destroyed after the war, but 585 were built after 1945. In France, the machine had been manufactured during the war by the Junkers-controlled Avions Amiot company, and production continued afterwards as the Amiot AAC 1 Toucan. In Spain, Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA continued production as the CASA 352 and 352L. Four CASA 352s are airworthy and in regular use today.

Variants

Data from Junkers Aircraft & Engines 1913–1945[47]

Civil variants

Ju 52
Prototype of the single-engined transport aircraft, of twelve laid down only six were completed as single-engined aircraft. First flight: 3 September 1930, powered by a BMW VIIaU engine.[48][49]
Ju 52/1mba
The prototype Ju 52, (c/n 4001, regn D-1974), redesignated after being re-engined with a single Junkers L88 engine
Ju 52/1mbe
Aircraft powered by BMW VIIaU
Ju 52/1mbi
The second prototype, (c/n 4002, regn D-2133), fitted with an 600 kW (800 hp) Armstrong Siddeley Leopard engine
Ju 52/1mca
D-1974 fitted with drag flaps and refitted with a BMW VIIaU
Ju 52/1mcai
D-2356, (c/n 4005), crashed in May 1933
Ju 52/1mce
D-USON (c/n 4003) used as a target tug. D-2317, (c/n 4004), converted to a torpedo bomber in Sweden as the K 45
Ju 52/1mci
The second prototype fitted with 11.05 m (36 ft 3 in) long stepped floats, flying from the River Elbe on 17 July 1931
Ju 52/1mdi
The second prototype after having the floats removed and undercarriage reinstated, registered as D-USUS from 1934
Ju 52/1mdo
D-1974 fitted with a Junkers Jumo 4 engine as a testbed, reregistered as D-UZYP from 1937
Ju 52/3m
Three-engined prototype, powered by three 410 kW (550 hp) Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp engines, first flight: 7 March 1932
Ju 52/3mba
VIP version for the president of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, Romanian prince Gheorghe Bibescu, powered by a 560 kW (750 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12Mb engine in the nose and two 423 kW (567 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12Nb engines (one on each wing)
Ju 52/3mce
Three-engined civil transport aircraft, powered by three Pratt & Whitney Hornet or BMW 132 engines
Ju 52/3mci
Planned version for Sweden, powered by Pratt & Whitney Wasp engines, not built
Ju 52/3mde
Seaplane version for Bolivia and Colombia, converted from Ju 52/1m
Ju 52/3mfe
Improved version, with chassis reinforcements and NACA cowlings on the outer engines, powered by three BMW 132A-3 engines
Ju 52/3mf1e
Trainer version for DVS
Ju 52/3mge
Airliner version, powered by BMW Hornet 132A engines
Ju 52/3mho
Two aircraft powered by Junkers Jumo 205C diesel engines, used only for testing
Ju 52/3mkao
Version powered by two BMW 132A and one BMW 132F or BMW 132N as a testbed
Ju 52/3ml
Powered by three 489 kW (656 hp) Pratt & Whitney R-1690-S1EG engines
Ju 52/3mlu
Airliner version for Italy, powered by Piaggio Stella X engines, later re-engined with Alfa Romeo 126RC/34 engines
Ju 52/3mmao
Similar to kao except with NACA cowling
Ju 52/3mnai
Airliner version for Sweden and Great Britain, powered by Pratt & Whitney Wasp engines
Ju 52/3mreo
Airliner version for South America, powered by BMW 132Da/Dc engines
Ju 52/3msai
Airliner version for Sweden and South America, powered by Pratt & Whitney Wasp engines
Ju 52/3mte
Airliner version, powered by three BMW 132K engines
Ju 52/3mZ5
Export version for Finland, powered by BMW 132Z-3 engines

Military variants

Ju 52/3mg3e
Improved military version, powered by three 541 kW (725 hp) BMW 132A-3 (improved version of the Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet) radial engines, equipped with an improved radio and bomb-release mechanism. Later versions had a tailwheel that replaced the tailskid.
Ju 52/3mg4e
Military transport version, the tailskid was replaced by a tailwheel.
Ju 52/3mg5e
Similar to g4e, but powered by three 619 kW (830 hp) BMW 132T-2 engines, it could be fitted with interchangeable floats, skis, and wheeled landing gear.
Ju 52/3mg6e
Transport version equipped with extra radio gear and autopilot, could also be fitted with a degaussing ring
Ju 52/3mg7e
Transport version, capable of carrying 18 troops or 12 stretchers, featured autopilot and larger cargo doors
Ju 52/3mg8e
Similar to g6e, but with improved radio and direction finding gear, a few were fitted with floats.
Ju 52/3mg9e
Tropical version of g4e for service in North Africa, fitted with glider towing gear and strengthened undercarriage
Ju 52/3mg10e
Similar to g9e, but could be fitted with floats or wheels, lacked deicing equipment
Ju 52/3mg11e
Similar to g10e, but fitted with deicing equipment
Ju 52/3mg12e
Land transport version, powered by three BMW 132L engines
Ju 52/3m12e
Civilian version of Ju 52/3mg12e for Luft Hansa
Ju 52/3mg13e
No details are known.
Ju 52/3mg14e
Similar to g8e, but with improved armor, last German production version
 
Preserved AAC 1 showing corrugated skin, at Duxford, 2001
A.A.C. 1 Toucan
Postwar French version of g11e, 415 built[50]
CASA 352
Postwar Spanish version, 106 built[50]
CASA 352L
Spanish version with Spanish 578 kW (775 hp) ENMA Beta B-4 (license-built BMW 132) engines, 64 built[50][51]
C-79
Designation assigned to a single example operated by the United States Army Air Forces[52]
D52
Designation used by the Czechoslovak Air Force
T2B
Designation used by the Spanish Air Force
Tp 5
Designation used by the Swedish Air Force
K 45c
A single Ju 52/1mce (c/n 4004) was delivered to the Junkers factory at Limhamn in Sweden, where it was converted to a torpedo bomber as the K 45c.

Operators

Main article: List of Junkers Ju 52 operators
 
CASA 352 (license-built Junkers Ju 52/3m) in Ju-Air markings at Zürich airport

Accidents and incidents

Main article: List of accidents and incidents involving the Junkers Ju 52

Surviving aircraft

Airworthy

 
CASA 352L in flight over the Military Aviation Museum
France
South Africa
United States

On display

Argentina
Belgium
Canada
Colombia
France
  • 6311 – Ju 52/3mg7e in storage with the Association des Mécaniciens Pilotes d'Aéronefs Anciens in Brétigny-sur-Orge, Essonne. It was acquired by the organization in 2011 from the Museu do Ar, where it had been in storage.[61][54]
Germany
 
Ju 52/3m on display at the Deutsches Technikmuseum in Berlin
 
CASA 352L on display at Munich Airport
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
  • T.2B-142 – CASA 352L on static display at the Svedinos Bil- och Flygmuseum [sv] in Ugglarp, Halland.[78][54]
United Kingdom
 
CASA 352L on display at RAF Museum Cosford
United States

Under restoration

Switzerland
  • A-701 – Ju 52/3mg4e under restoration to airworthy with Ju-Air [de] in Dübendorf, Zürich.[83][54][84]
  • A-703 – Ju 52/3mg4e under restoration to airworthy with Ju-Air in Dübendorf, Zürich.[83][54][84]
  • T.2B-165 – CASA 352L under restoration to airworthy with Ju-Air in Dübendorf, Zürich.[83][84] It was previously on public display at Düsseldorf Airport as D-CIAK.[54]

Specifications (Junkers Ju 52/3m g3e)

 
CASA 352-L 3-view drawing

Data from The Warplanes of the Third Reich,[85] Aircraft Profile No. 177: The Junkers Ju 52 Series[27]

General characteristics

  • Crew: Two
  • Capacity: 17 passengers
  • Length: 19 m (62 ft)
  • Wingspan: 29 m (96 ft)
  • Height: 5.5 m (18.2 ft)
  • Wing area: 110.50 m2 (1,189.4 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 5,720 kg (12,610 lb)
  • Gross weight: 9,500 kg (20,944 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 10,499 kg (23,146 lb)
  • Powerplant: 3 × BMW 132A-3 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 541 kW (725 hp) each for take-off (525 PS[86])
  • Propellers: 2-bladed variable-pitch propeller

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 265.5 km/h (165.0 mph, 143.4 kn) at sea level
276.8 km/h (172.0 mph; 149.5 kn) at 910 m (3,000 ft)
  • Cruise speed: 246 km/h (153 mph, 133 kn) maximum continuous at 910 m (3,000 ft)
209 km/h (130 mph; 113 kn) economical cruise
  • Range: 998 km (620 mi, 539 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 5,900 m (19,360 ft)
  • Rate of climb: 3.9 m/s (770 ft/min)
  • Time to altitude: 910 m (3,000 ft) in 17 minutes 30 seconds
  • Wing loading: 83.35 kg/m2 (17.07 lb/sq ft)
  • Power/mass: 7.95 kg/kW

Armament

Successor model: Ju 52 New Generation (Ju-52 NG)

In April 2022, 90 years after the first flight of the Ju 52/3m, the Swiss Junkers Flugzeugwerke AG announced the successor model of the Ju 52, the Ju 52 New Generation. The Ju 52 New Generation will be able to carry 14 passengers and will have modern RED A03 engines and modern avionics. The market launch is not expected before 2025.[87][88]

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Other

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Smith 1966, p. 3.
  2. ^ a b Smith 1966, pp. 3-4.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Smith 1966, p. 4.
  4. ^ a b c Smith 1966, p. 5.
  5. ^ a b c Smith 1966, p. 6.
  6. ^ Smith 1966, pp. 6-7.
  7. ^ a b c d Smith 1966, p. 13.
  8. ^ Smith 1966, p. 7.
  9. ^ Grey and Bridgman 1972,[page needed].
  10. ^ a b Jackson 1960, p. 100.
  11. ^ "'Bud' Johnston Library." 14 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine Rolls-Royce of Canada Ltd., Montreal Quebec.
  12. ^ "Flying Box Car for Sky Lanes Of Northland." Popular Mechanics, May 1939.
  13. ^ "Junkers_Ju-52/1m ." 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine scramble.nl. Retrieved: 12 October 2010.
  14. ^ Hagedorn, Dan & Antonio Luis Sapienza. (1996) "Aircraft of the Chaco War, 1928–1935." Schiffer Publishing Co. Atglen, pp. 96–100. ISBN 0764301462.
  15. ^ Green 1972, p. 405.
  16. ^ Green 1972, p. 406.
  17. ^ Green 1972, pp. 405–406.
  18. ^ Smith and Kay 1972, p. 360.
  19. ^ Green 1972, pp. 406–407.
  20. ^ a b Smith 1966, pp. 5-6.
  21. ^ "Warsaw." 27 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine richmond.edu. Retrieved: 12 October 2010.
  22. ^ Smith 1966, pp. 11-12.
  23. ^ Morzik, F. "German Air Force Airlift Operations." USAAF Historical division, 1961. p. 195.
  24. ^ Smith 1966, pp. 7, 10.
  25. ^ a b c Smith 1966, p. 10.
  26. ^ The Aeroplane Monthly, June 1994, p. 28.
  27. ^ a b Smith 1966, p. 16.
  28. ^ Smith 1966, pp. 10-11.
  29. ^ Hooton, E.R. "Luftwaffe at War: Blitzkrieg in the West." 2007, Vol. 2, p. 50.
  30. ^ a b c d e Smith 1966, p. 11.
  31. ^ Page 50, "German Air Force Air Lift Operations", by GeneralMajor Fritz Morzik, USAF Historical Division, 1961.
  32. ^ Craven and Cate 1949, pp. 189–190
  33. ^ Craven and Cate 1949, pp. 190–191
  34. ^ Weal 2003, p. 91.
  35. ^ Smith 1966, p. 12.
  36. ^ Hoffmann 2000, p. 75.
  37. ^ Andersson 1994, p. 7
  38. ^ See German Wikipedia Flugplatz Albstadt-Degerfeld
  39. ^ Afonso and Gomes 2000, pp. 178–183.
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  50. ^ a b c Blewett 2007,[page needed].
  51. ^ "Transports", Flight International, p. 223, 8 August 1968
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  58. ^ "Warbirds Over The Beach"; Official Program Guide, May 18–20, 2012; Military Aviation Museum; Pungo, Virginia, p. 41
  59. ^ . Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  60. ^ "El Veterano Junkers Ju-52: Primer Avión Presidencial de Colombia". Fuerza Aérea Colombiana (in Spanish). 11 April 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
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  62. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Junkers-Amiot AAC1 Toucan, s/n 6320 FAPo, c/n AAC 1-053". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  63. ^ . Technik Museum "Hugo Junkers" Dessau (in German). Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
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  67. ^ Nowack, Timo (12 August 2020). "Lufthansa's Ju-52 is going to Paderborn". AeroTelegraph. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  68. ^ "Aviation". Deutsches Technikmuseum. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  69. ^ . Flugausstellung. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
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  72. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Junkers-Construcciones Aeronauticas SA 352L, s/n T.2B-257 EdA, c/n 148, c/r D-CIAL". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  73. ^ "Junkers Ju 52 / 3m «Najaden»". Norsk Luftfartsmuseum. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
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  77. ^ a b . Ejército del Aire (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  78. ^ "Aviation Museum". Svedinos Bil- och Flygmuseum. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
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  80. ^ Simpson, Andrew (2012). "Individual History [T2B - 272]" (PDF). Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  81. ^ "Junkers Ju 52". National Museum of the United States Air Force. 5 June 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  82. ^ "Junkers Ju52". National Air and Space Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  83. ^ a b c "Fleet". Ju-Air. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  84. ^ a b c "Die JU-AIR hat die Grundüberholung ihrer drei JU-52 begonnen". Ju-Air (in German). 5 June 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  85. ^ Green, William (1972). The warplanes of the Third Reich (1st ed.). London: Doubleday. pp. 405–413. ISBN 0385057822.
  86. ^ Originally measured as 690 PS|sp=us|abbr=on
  87. ^ Schelling, Jürgen. "Revival von Junkers Ju52: Die "Tante Ju" kommt zurück". FAZ.NET (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  88. ^ "Junkers shows new A60 two-seater and reveals JU-52 project". FLYER. 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.

Bibliography

  • Afonso, Aniceto and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Editorial Notícias, 2000. ISBN 972-46-1192-2.
  • Andersson, Lennart. "Chinese 'Junks': Junkers Aircraft Exports to China 1925-1940". Air Enthusiast, No. 55, Autumn 1994, pp. 2–7. ISSN 0143-5450
  • Blewett, R. Survivors (Aviation Classics). Coulsdon, UK: Gatwick Aviation Society, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9530413-4-3.
  • Cortet, Pierre (March 2000). "Rétros du Mois" [Retros of the Month]. Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (84): 7. ISSN 1243-8650.
  • Craven, Wesley Frank, and Cate, James Lea, editors (1949). The Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume Two - Europe: Torch to Pointblank: August 1942-December 1943 23 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine Air Force Historical Studies Office, ISBN 0-912799-03-X.
  • Espérou, Robert (April 2001). "Novembre 1945: Les dernières victimes d'un Focke-Wulf 190... français!" [November 1945: The Last Victims of a Focke-Wulf 190 Were French!]. Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (97): 24–27. ISSN 1243-8650.
  • Gerdessen, Frederik. "Estonian Air Power 1918 – 1945". Air Enthusiast, No. 18, April – July 1982. pp. 61–76. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Green, William. Warplanes of the Third Reich. New York: Doubleday, 1972. ISBN 0-385-05782-2.
  • Grey, Charles Gibson and Leonard Bridgman. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938. London: Newton Abott, David & Charles, 1972. ISBN 0-7153-5734-4.
  • Hoffmann, Peter. Hitler's Personal Security: Protecting The Fuhrer 1921-1945. New York: Da Capo Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-30680-947-7.
  • Jackson, A. J.British Civil Aircraft 1919-59, Vol. 2. London: Putnam, 1960.
  • Jane, Fred T. "The Junkers Ju 52/3m." Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. ISBN 1-85170-493-0.
  • Mimoso e Carvalho, António & Tavares, Luís (January 2001). "Ju 52/3m ge, Ju 52/3m g8e et "Toucan": Les Junkers 52 au Portugal" [The Portuguese Junkers 52s]. Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (94): 32–37. ISSN 1243-8650.
  • Mimoso e Carvalho, António & Tavares, Luís (February 2001). "Les opérations des Junkers 52 au Portugal" [Portuguese Ju 52 Operations]. Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (95): 48–53. ISSN 1243-8650.
  • Morzik, Generalmajor Fritz , USAF Historical Division, 1961.
  • Smith, J. R. "Aircraft Profile No. 177: The Junkers Ju 52 Series". Profile Publications Ltd, 1966.
  • Smith, J. R. and Antony L. Kay. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam, 1972. ISBN 0-85177-836-4.
  • Weal, John. Jagdgeschwader 27 'Afrika'. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2003. ISBN 1-84176-538-4.

Further reading

  • Cicalesi, Juan Carlos; Rivas, Santiago (2009). Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix (ed.). . Serie en Argentina (in Spanish). Vol. 3. Bahía Blanca, Argentina: Fuerzas Aeronavales. ISBN 978-987-20557-7-6. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Junkers Ju 52.
  • Deutsche Lufthansa Berlin Stiftung
  • Junkers Ju 52/3m at the Norwegian Aviation Museum 23 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine

March 06, 2023
junkers, nicknamed, tante, aunt, iron, annie, transport, aircraft, that, designed, manufactured, german, aviation, company, junkers, 52ju, flight, over, austria, july, 2013, role, transport, aircraft, medium, bomber, airlinermanufacturer, junkersdesigner, erns. The Junkers Ju 52 3m nicknamed Tante Ju Aunt Ju and Iron Annie is a transport aircraft that was designed and manufactured by German aviation company Junkers Ju 52JU Air Junkers Ju 52 3m HB HOS in flight over Austria July 2013 Role Transport aircraft medium bomber airlinerManufacturer JunkersDesigner Ernst ZindelFirst flight 13 October 1930 Ju 52 1m 7 March 1932 Ju 52 3m Status In limited usePrimary users LuftwaffeLuft HansaSpanish Air Force gt Bulgarian Air ForceProduced 1931 1945 Germany 1945 1947 France 1945 1952 Spain Number built 4 845Development of the Ju 52 commenced during 1930 headed by German aeronautical engineer Ernst Zindel The aircraft s design incorporated a corrugated duralumin metal skin as a strengthening measure which was very unusual at the time The Ju 52 s maiden flight was performed on 13 October 1930 It was initially designed with a single engine however it was produced in quantity as a trimotor The primary early production model the Ju 52 3m was principally operated as a 17 seat airliner or utility transport aircraft by various civil operators during the 1930s Following the rise of Nazi Germany thousands of Ju 52s were procured as a staple military transport of the nation The Ju 52 3mg7e was the principal production model The Ju 52 was in production between 1931 and 1952 In a civilian role it flew with over 12 airlines including Swissair and Deutsche Luft Hansa as both a passenger carrier and a freight hauler In a military role large numbers flew with the Luftwaffe being deployed on virtually all fronts of the Second World War as a troop and cargo transport it was also briefly used as a medium bomber Additionally the type was deployed by other nation s militaries in conflicts such as the Spanish Civil War the Chaco War and the Portuguese Colonial War During the postwar era the Ju 52 had a lengthy service life with numerous military and civilian operators large numbers were still in use by the 1980s Even in the 21st century several aircraft have remained operational typically used for purposes such as heritage aviation displays and aerial sightseeing Contents 1 Development 2 Design 3 Operational history 3 1 Prewar civil use 3 2 Military use 1932 1945 3 3 Second World War 3 3 1 Denmark and Norway campaign 3 3 2 Netherlands campaign 3 3 3 Balkans campaign 3 3 4 North Africa campaign 3 4 Hitler s personal transport 3 5 Chiang Kai shek s personal transport 3 6 Postwar use 3 7 Other versions 4 Variants 4 1 Civil variants 4 2 Military variants 5 Operators 6 Accidents and incidents 7 Surviving aircraft 7 1 Airworthy 7 2 On display 7 3 Under restoration 8 Specifications Junkers Ju 52 3m g3e 9 Successor model Ju 52 New Generation Ju 52 NG 10 See also 11 References 11 1 Citations 11 2 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External linksDevelopment EditThe Ju 52 was similar to the company s previous Junkers W 33 although larger In 1930 German aeronautical engineer Ernst Zindel and his team designed the Ju 52 at the Junkers works at Dessau According to aviation author J Richard Smith the Ju 52 directly drew upon the company s First World War era Junkers J 1 the world s first all metal aeroplane 1 On 13 October 1930 the first prototype designated Ju 52ba performed the type s maiden flight it was initially powered by a single Junkers built liquid cooled V 12 engine capable of generating up to 800 hp 1 During the aircraft s extensive trials it was reengined with a 755 hp BMW IV water cooled inline 6 powerplant The second prototype designated Ju 52de featured an increased wing span and was powered by the BMW IV engine at first it was soon reengined with the 750 hp 14 cylinder twin row air cooled radial Armstrong Siddeley Leopard and re designated Ju 52di 1 Later on the Ju 52di was again reengined with the 750 hp Junkers Jumo 204 air cooled inverted inline 6 after which it was re designated Ju 52do The third prototype designated Ju 52ce had a strengthened structure a modified leading edge and was fitted with both a wheeled and float undercarriages 1 During May 1931 one of the prototypes designated Ju 52cai was written off after a crash 2 While these initial aircraft had been powered by a single engine Junkers decided to develop the Ju 52 into a trimotor configuration Accordingly the Ju 52 3m drei motoren three engines was developed being powered by an arrangement of three radial engines 3 According to Smith the earliest known Ju 52 3m was delivered to Bolivian airline Lloyd Aereo Boliviano during 1932 During its initial production years airlines were the type s most common customers 3 By the mid 1930s the Ju 52 3mce and Ju 52 3fe were the two primary production variants both being powered by the BMW 132 radial engine 3 During 1934 work commenced on a militarised model of the Ju 52 3m designated Ju 52 3mg3e on behalf of the then secret Luftwaffe 4 This model could function as a medium bomber being furnished with a pair of defensive gun turrets and operated by a crew of four Between 1934 and 1935 a total of 450 Ju 52 3mg3e aircraft were delivered to the Luftwaffe 4 Numerous improved models would be introduced prior to and during the Second World War The dominant production model was the Ju 52 3mg7e featuring advances such as an autopilot enlarged doors to the cabin and other general enhancements 5 It was configured as a pure transport aircraft being capable of carrying up to 18 fully equipped troops Defensive armaments comprised a dorsal mounted 13 mm MG 131 machine gun and a pair of sideways mounted 7 9mm MG 15 machine guns 5 Successive models saw other improvements such as revised glazing newer engines undercarriage strengthening and increased take off weight The final wartime model to be developed designated Ju 52 3mg14e featured improved armour protection for the pilot and a bolstered defensive armament 6 From mid 1943 onwards the Luftwaffe began to make less use of the Ju 52 interest having waned in the type 7 German officials were interested in procuring a successor to the type at one stage the Reich Air Ministry showed enthusiasm for the Junkers Ju 352 a larger transport aircraft somewhat resembling the Ju 52 Actions were taken to convert Junkers Ju 52 production lines to instead manufacture Ju 352s however the conflict s end in May 1945 led to the effort being abandoned in an unfinished state 7 As such German production of the Ju 52 was terminated during 1944 Smith claims that a total of 3 234 aircraft of various models were constructed during the conflict 8 In the postwar era manufacture of the Ju 52 resumed albeit in foreign countries 7 It was constructed in France by Avions Amiot as the Amiot AAC 1 Toucan it was also produced in Spain by Construcciones Aeronauticas SA CASA as the CASA 352 A handful of captured wartime aircraft were also rebuilt by Short Brothers of Northern Ireland for civilian service 7 Design Edit Lufthansa s 21st century airworthy heritage Ju 52 3mg2e Wk Nr 5489 in flight showing the Doppelflugel double wing trailing edge control surfaces The Ju 52 had a low cantilever wing the midsection of which was built into the fuselage forming its underside 9 1 It was formed around four pairs of circular cross section duralumin spars with a corrugated surface that provided torsional stiffening A narrow control surface with its outer section functioning as the aileron and the inner section functioning as a flap ran along the whole trailing edge of each wing panel well separated from it The inner flap section lowered the stalling speed and the arrangement became known as the Doppelflugel or double wing 10 1 The outer sections of this operated differentially as ailerons projecting slightly beyond the wingtips with control horns The strutted horizontal stabilizer carried horn balanced elevators which again projected and showed a significant gap between them and the stabilizer which was adjustable in flight All stabilizer surfaces were corrugated Junkers Ju 52 The Ju 52 featured an unusual corrugated duralumin metal skin which had been pioneered by Junkers during the First World War the corrugation served to strengthen the whole structure over a smoother approach 1 The fuselage was of rectangular section with a domed decking comprising a tubular steel structure that was entirely covered by the corrugated metal skin 1 A port side passenger door was placed just aft of the wings this entrance also acted as a loading hatch for freight the lower half functioning as a platform to ease cargo movements The cabin had a dimensional capacity of 590 cubic feet and was lined with numerous windows stretching forward to the pilots cockpit 1 The main undercarriage was fixed and divided some aircraft had wheel fairings others did not A fixed tailskid or a later tailwheel was used Some aircraft were fitted with floats or skis instead of the main wheels 3 In its original configuration designated the Ju 52 1m the Ju 52 was a single engined aircraft powered by either a BMW IV or Junkers liquid cooled V 12 engine However the single engined model was deemed to have been underpowered and after seven prototypes had been completed all subsequent Ju 52s were built with three radial engines as the Ju 52 3m drei motoren three engines Originally powered by three Pratt amp Whitney R 1690 Hornet radial engines later production models mainly received 574 kW 770 hp BMW 132 engines a licence built refinement of the Pratt amp Whitney design Export models were also built with 447 kW 600 hp Pratt amp Whitney R 1340 Wasp and 578 kW 775 hp Bristol Pegasus VI engines The two wing mounted radial engines of the Ju 52 3m had half chord cowlings and in planform view from above below appeared to be splayed outwards being mounted at an almost perpendicular angle to the tapered wing s sweptback leading edge in a similar fashion to the Mitsubishi G3M bomber and Short Sunderland the angled engines on the Ju 52 were intended to make maintaining straight flight easier should an engine fail while the others had different reasons The three engines had either Townend ring or NACA cowlings to reduce drag from the engine cylinders although a mixture of the two was most common as can be seen in many of the accompanying photographs with deeper chord NACA cowlings on the wing engines and a narrow Townend ring on the center engine onto which a deeper NACA cowl was more difficult to fit due to the widening fuselage behind the engine Production Ju 52 3m aircraft flown by Deutsche Luft Hansa before the Second World War as well as Luftwaffe flown Ju 52s flown during the war usually used an air start system to turn over their trio of radial engines using a common compressed air supply that also operated the main wheels brakes citation needed In a military context the Ju 52 could carry up to 18 fully equipped soldiers or 12 stretchers when used as an air ambulance Transported material was loaded and unloaded through side doors by means of a ramp Air dropped supplies were jettisoned through two double chutes supply containers were dropped by parachute through the bomb bay doors and paratroopers jumped through the side doors Sd Kfz 2 Kettenkraftrader half track motorcycles and supply canisters for parachute troops were secured under the fuselage at the bomb bay exits and were dropped with four parachutes A tow coupling was built into the tail skid for use in towing freight gliders The Ju 52 could tow up to two DFS 230 gliders citation needed Operational history Edit Ju 52 1m replica converted from 52 3m of CF ARM at the Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada Winnipeg Manitoba Canada Ju 52s damaged in Crete 1941 A Luftwaffe Ju 52 being serviced in Crete in 1943 Note the narrow chord Townend ring on the central engine and the deeper chord NACA cowlings on the wing engines Luftwaffe Ju 52s dropping paratroops Internal view of Ju 52 showing a defensive MG 15 beam machine gun and storage mounts for spare saddle drum magazines Junkers Ju 52 cockpit layout Prewar civil use Edit In late 1931 James A Richardson s Canadian Airways received Werknummer 4006 CF ARM the sixth built Ju 52 1m 2 The aircraft first refitted with an Armstrong Siddeley Leopard radial engine and then later with a Rolls Royce Buzzard and nicknamed the Flying Boxcar in Canada 11 12 could lift about 3 tons and had a maximum weight of 7 tonnes 8 tons It was commonly used to supply mining and other operations in remote areas with equipment that was too big and heavy for other aircraft then in use The Ju 52 1m was able to land on wheels skis or floats as were all Ju 52 variants 13 3 Prior to the Nazi government s seizure of control of the Junkers company during 1935 the Ju 52 3m was produced principally as a 17 seat airliner By 1935 97 Ju 52s were being operated by numerous airlines early customers included Finland s Aero O Y Sweden s AB Aerotransport and Brazil s Syndicato Condor 3 During May 1932 German flag carrier Luft Hansa took delivery of its first example of the type 3 The Ju 52 was heavily used by Luft Hansa it was able to fly from Berlin to Rome in eight hours both this route and the London Berlin service was frequently operated by the type 3 According to Smith Luft Hansa s Ju 52 fleet eventually numbered 231 Ju 52s 4 during the pre war era it was flown on various routes from Germany on routes in Europe Asia and South America citation needed Military use 1932 1945 Edit The Colombian Air Force used three Ju 52 3mde bombers equipped as floatplanes during the Colombia Peru War in 1932 1933 After the war the air force acquired three other Ju 52mge as transports the type remained in service until after the end of the Second World War citation needed Bolivia acquired four Ju 52s in the course of the Chaco War 1932 1935 mainly for medical evacuation and air supply During the conflict the Ju 52s alone transported more than 4 400 tons of cargo to the front 14 In 1934 Junkers received orders to produce a bomber version of the Ju 52 3m to serve as interim equipment for the bomber units of the still secret Luftwaffe until it could be replaced by the purpose designed Dornier Do 11 15 Two bomb bays were fitted capable of holding up to 1 500 kg 3 300 lb of bombs while defensive armament consisted of two 7 92 mm MG 15 machine guns one in an open dorsal position and one in a retractable dustbin ventral position which could be manually winched down from the fuselage to protect the aircraft from attacks from below The bomber could be easily converted to serve in the transport role 16 The Dornier Do 11 was a failure however and the Junkers ended up being acquired in much larger numbers than at first expected with the type being the Luftwaffe s main bomber until more modern aircraft such as the Heinkel He 111 Junkers Ju 86 and Dornier Do 17 entered into service 17 18 The Ju 52 first citation needed was used in military service in the Spanish Civil War against the Spanish Republic It was one of the first aircraft to be delivered to the Nationalist faction in July 1936 with 20 Ju 52 3m g3e bombers being delivered to the Nationalist forces by Germany within a week of the start of the war Their first use was to help airlift Franco s Army of Africa from Morocco to the Spanish mainland bypassing a Spanish republican naval blockade Between 20 July and the end of August 1936 Ju 52s carried out 461 transport flights ferrying 7 350 troops together with weapons and equipment with 5 455 more troops carried in September and a further 1 157 troops carried by the time the airlift ended early in October 19 According to Smith the Ju 52 gained a formidable reputation the type having been reportedly used in practically every major military engagement in support of Nationalist forces 20 In the Spanish theatre the Ju 52 was operated both as a bomber and as a transport In the former role it participated in the bombing of Guernica although it was considered obsolete as a bomber by late 1937 by which point it was in the process of being replaced by more capable bombers such as the Dornier Do 17 and Heinkel He 111 20 The type s final sortie in the theatre was performed on 26 March 1939 By the end of the conflict Ju 52s had accumulated 13 000 operational hours and had performed 5 400 offensive missions and dropped over 6 000 bombs 5 Following the end of the Spanish Civil War no further aircraft of the bomber variants were built though the type was again used as a bomber during the bombing of Warsaw 21 during the invasion of Poland in September 1939 The Luftwaffe instead relied on the Ju 52 for transport roles during the Second World War including paratroop drops Second World War Edit During its service with Luft Hansa the Ju 52 had proved to be an extremely reliable passenger airplane This positive experience contributed to its adoption by the Luftwaffe as a standard aircraft model In 1938 the 7th Air Division had five air transport groups with 250 Ju 52s The Luftwaffe had 552 Ju 52s at the start of the Second World War Though it was built in great numbers the Ju 52 was technically obsolete Between 1939 and 1944 2 804 Ju 52s were delivered to the Luftwaffe 1939 145 1940 388 1941 502 1942 503 1943 887 and 1944 379 The production of Ju 52s continued until around the summer of 1944 when the war came to an end 100 to 200 were still available Ju 52 approaching Stalingrad 1942 Lightly armed and with a top speed of only 265 km h 165 mph half that of a contemporary Hurricane the Ju 52 was very vulnerable to fighter attack and an escort was always necessary when flying in a combat zone Many Ju 52 s were shot down by antiaircraft guns and fighters while transporting supplies most notably during the desperate attempt to resupply the trapped German Sixth Army during the final stages of the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942 1943 22 From 24 November 1942 to 31 January 1943 488 aircraft were recorded as lost this number included 266 Ju 52 165 He 111 42 Ju 86 9 Fw 200 5 He 177 and 1 Ju 290 and about 1 000 flight personnel 23 Denmark and Norway campaign Edit The first major operation for the aircraft after the bombing of Warsaw was in Operation Weserubung the attack on Denmark and Norway on 9 April 1940 Fifty two Ju 52s from 1 and 8 Staffel in Kampfgeschwader 1 transported a company of Fallschirmjager paratroopers and a battalion of infantry to the northern part of Jutland and captured the airfield at Aalborg vital to support the operation in southern Norway Several hundred Ju 52s were also used to transport troops to Norway in the first days of this campaign 24 During the Norwegian campaign the Luftwaffe s Ju 52s performed a total of 3 018 sorties 1830 of which had been carrying troops while the remainder transported cargo and various supplies 25 According to Smith 29 280 personnel 2 376 tons of supplies and 259 300 imp gallons of fuel had been airlifted by Ju 52s through the campaign Around 150 aircraft had been recorded as lost by the end of operations 25 A minesweeper Ju 52 3m MS Minensuch equipped with degaussing ring The seaplane version equipped with two large floats served during the Norwegian campaign in 1940 and later in the Mediterranean theatre Some Ju 52 s both floatplanes and landplanes were also used as minesweepers known as Minensuch literally mine search aircraft in German and fitted with a 14 m 46 ft diameter current carrying degaussing ring under the airframe to create a magnetic field that triggered submerged naval mines These aircraft were usually given an MS suffix to designate them as had been done with the similarly equipped Bv 138 MS trimotor flying boat 26 27 Netherlands campaign Edit The Ju 52 transport aircraft participated in the attack on the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 It was during this campaign that the Ju 52 performed a crucial role in carrying out the first large scale air attack with paratroops in history during the Battle for The Hague 25 According to Smith 500 Ju 52s had been made ready for the aerial assault on the Low Countries In addition to the paratroop drops they also directly landed in hostile territory to deploy assault troops such as at Ypenburg Airport on public highways around The Hague and on the River Meuse the latter using float equipped aircraft 28 During the opening days of the Netherlands campaign many German aircraft were shot down by Dutch AA fire a total of 125 Ju 52s were lost and 47 damaged author Hooton considered these losses to have been relatively costly for the Luftwaffe 29 Although transport operations with the Ju 52 were noticeably curtailed after the initial days of the invasion the type continued to aerially supply forward ground troops 30 During August 1940 Nazi German decided to base large numbers of Ju 52s at airfields in the Lyon Lille and Arras areas 31 Luftwaffe transport units were deliberately held at a state of readiness for Operation Sea Lion the envisioned invasion of the British Isles however this operation was never attempted in part due to the Luftwaffe being unable to secure aerial supremacy during the Battle of Britain 30 Balkans campaign Edit The next major use of the Ju 52 was in the Balkans campaign The type has been credited with enabling the rapid deployment of German ground forces throughout the theatre 30 The Ju 52 was also deployed during the Battle of Crete in late May 1941 493 Ju 52 3m aircraft were used to transport most of the 22 750 troops flown onto Crete for the Luftwaffe s largest airborne invasion of the war 30 While victorious 170 aircraft were lost along with 4 500 personnel the high loss rate brought about the end of German paratrooper operations 30 North Africa campaign Edit During the North African campaign the Ju 52 was the mainstay reinforcement and resupply transport for the Germans starting with 20 to 50 flights a day to Tunisia from Sicily in November 1942 building to 150 landings a day in early April as the Axis situation became more desperate The Allied air forces developed a counter air operation over a two month period and implemented Operation Flax on 5 April 1943 destroying 11 Ju 52s in the air near Cap Bon and many more during bombing attacks on its Sicilian airfields leaving only 29 flyable 32 That began two catastrophic weeks in which more than 140 aircraft were lost in air interceptions 33 culminating on 18 April with the Palm Sunday Massacre in which 24 Ju 52s were shot down and another 35 staggered back to Sicily and crash landed 34 35 Hitler s personal transport Edit Main article Hans Baur Die Fliegerstaffel des Fuehrers Hitler used a Deutsche Luft Hansa Ju 52 for campaigning in the 1932 German election preferring flying to train travel After he became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 Hans Baur became his personal pilot and Hitler was provided with a personal Ju 52 Named Immelmann II after the First World War ace Max Immelmann it carried the registration D 2600 36 As his power and importance grew Hitler s personal air force grew to nearly 50 aircraft based at Berlin Tempelhof Airport and made up mainly of Ju 52s which also flew other members of his cabinet and war staff In September 1939 at Baur s suggestion Immelmann II was replaced by a four engine Focke Wulf Fw 200 Condor although Immelman II remained his backup aircraft for the rest of the Second World War Chiang Kai shek s personal transport Edit Ju 52 of Eurasia 1930s in China Eurasia was a major Chinese airliner company in the 1930s and operated at least seven Ju 52 3ms A further example sent out as a demonstrator to Eurasia was purchased by the Chinese Nationalist Party government and became Chiang Kai shek s personal transport 37 Postwar use Edit Ju 52 HB HOS on sightseeing tour at Degerfeld 38 airfield 2016 Skydivers Letalski center Maribor Maribor Airport 1960 Ju 52 3m of British European Airways in 1947 French built AAC 1 of STA at Manchester Airport in 1948 This aircraft is preserved in Belgrade Junkers C 79 s n 42 52883 at Howard Field Panama Canal Zone late 1942 with the USAAF 20th Transportation Squadron Sixth Air Force Various Junkers Ju 52s continued in military and civilian use following World War II In 1956 the Portuguese Air Force which was already using the Ju 52s as a transport plane employed the type as a paratroop drop aircraft for its newly organized elite parachute forces later known as the Batalhao de Cacadores Paraquedistas The paratroopers used the Ju 52 in several combat operations in Angola and other Portuguese African colonies before gradually phasing it out of service in the 1960s 39 The Swiss Air Force also operated the Ju 52 from 1939 to 1982 when three aircraft remained in operation probably the last and longest service in any air force 40 Museums hoped to obtain the aircraft but they were not for sale 41 They are still in flying condition and together with a CASA 352 can be booked for sightseeing tours with Ju Air 42 During the 1950s the Ju 52 was also used by the French Air Force during the First Indochina War as a bomber The use of these Junkers was quite limited 43 The Spanish Air Force operated the Ju 52 nicknamed Pava until well into the 1970s Escuadron 721 flying the Spanish built versions was employed in training parachutists from Alcantarilla Air Base near Murcia 44 Some military Ju 52s were converted to civilian use For example British European Airways operated 11 ex Luftwaffe Ju 52 3mg8e machines taken over by the RAF between 1946 and retirement in 1947 on intra U K routes before the Douglas DC 3 was introduced to the airline 10 French airlines such as Societe de Transports Aeriens STA and Air France flew Toucans in the late 1940s and early 1950s In the USSR captured Ju 52s were allocated to the Civil Air Fleet being found particularly suitable for transporting sulphur from the Karakum Desert 45 Various Soviet agencies used the Ju 52 through to 1950 A Ju 52 and a Douglas DC 3 were the last aircraft to take off from Berlin Tempelhof Airport before all operations ceased there on 30 October 2008 46 Other versions Edit Most Ju 52s were destroyed after the war but 585 were built after 1945 In France the machine had been manufactured during the war by the Junkers controlled Avions Amiot company and production continued afterwards as the Amiot AAC 1 Toucan In Spain Construcciones Aeronauticas SA continued production as the CASA 352 and 352L Four CASA 352s are airworthy and in regular use today Variants EditData fromJunkers Aircraft amp Engines 1913 1945 47 Civil variants Edit Ju 52 Prototype of the single engined transport aircraft of twelve laid down only six were completed as single engined aircraft First flight 3 September 1930 powered by a BMW VIIaU engine 48 49 Ju 52 1mba The prototype Ju 52 c n 4001 regn D 1974 redesignated after being re engined with a single Junkers L88 engine Ju 52 1mbe Aircraft powered by BMW VIIaU Ju 52 1mbi The second prototype c n 4002 regn D 2133 fitted with an 600 kW 800 hp Armstrong Siddeley Leopard engine Ju 52 1mca D 1974 fitted with drag flaps and refitted with a BMW VIIaU Ju 52 1mcai D 2356 c n 4005 crashed in May 1933 Ju 52 1mce D USON c n 4003 used as a target tug D 2317 c n 4004 converted to a torpedo bomber in Sweden as the K 45 Ju 52 1mci The second prototype fitted with 11 05 m 36 ft 3 in long stepped floats flying from the River Elbe on 17 July 1931 Ju 52 1mdi The second prototype after having the floats removed and undercarriage reinstated registered as D USUS from 1934 Ju 52 1mdo D 1974 fitted with a Junkers Jumo 4 engine as a testbed reregistered as D UZYP from 1937 Ju 52 3m Three engined prototype powered by three 410 kW 550 hp Pratt amp Whitney R 1340 Wasp engines first flight 7 March 1932 Ju 52 3mba VIP version for the president of the Federation Aeronautique Internationale Romanian prince Gheorghe Bibescu powered by a 560 kW 750 hp Hispano Suiza 12Mb engine in the nose and two 423 kW 567 hp Hispano Suiza 12Nb engines one on each wing Ju 52 3mce Three engined civil transport aircraft powered by three Pratt amp Whitney Hornet or BMW 132 engines Ju 52 3mci Planned version for Sweden powered by Pratt amp Whitney Wasp engines not built Ju 52 3mde Seaplane version for Bolivia and Colombia converted from Ju 52 1m Ju 52 3mfe Improved version with chassis reinforcements and NACA cowlings on the outer engines powered by three BMW 132A 3 engines Ju 52 3mf1e Trainer version for DVS Ju 52 3mge Airliner version powered by BMW Hornet 132A engines Ju 52 3mho Two aircraft powered by Junkers Jumo 205C diesel engines used only for testing Ju 52 3mkao Version powered by two BMW 132A and one BMW 132F or BMW 132N as a testbed Ju 52 3ml Powered by three 489 kW 656 hp Pratt amp Whitney R 1690 S1EG engines Ju 52 3mlu Airliner version for Italy powered by Piaggio Stella X engines later re engined with Alfa Romeo 126RC 34 engines Ju 52 3mmao Similar to kao except with NACA cowling Ju 52 3mnai Airliner version for Sweden and Great Britain powered by Pratt amp Whitney Wasp engines Ju 52 3mreo Airliner version for South America powered by BMW 132Da Dc engines Ju 52 3msai Airliner version for Sweden and South America powered by Pratt amp Whitney Wasp engines Ju 52 3mte Airliner version powered by three BMW 132K engines Ju 52 3mZ5 Export version for Finland powered by BMW 132Z 3 enginesMilitary variants Edit Ju 52 3mg3e Improved military version powered by three 541 kW 725 hp BMW 132A 3 improved version of the Pratt amp Whitney R 1690 Hornet radial engines equipped with an improved radio and bomb release mechanism Later versions had a tailwheel that replaced the tailskid Ju 52 3mg4e Military transport version the tailskid was replaced by a tailwheel Ju 52 3mg5e Similar to g4e but powered by three 619 kW 830 hp BMW 132T 2 engines it could be fitted with interchangeable floats skis and wheeled landing gear Ju 52 3mg6e Transport version equipped with extra radio gear and autopilot could also be fitted with a degaussing ring Ju 52 3mg7e Transport version capable of carrying 18 troops or 12 stretchers featured autopilot and larger cargo doors Ju 52 3mg8e Similar to g6e but with improved radio and direction finding gear a few were fitted with floats Ju 52 3mg9e Tropical version of g4e for service in North Africa fitted with glider towing gear and strengthened undercarriage Ju 52 3mg10e Similar to g9e but could be fitted with floats or wheels lacked deicing equipment Ju 52 3mg11e Similar to g10e but fitted with deicing equipment Ju 52 3mg12e Land transport version powered by three BMW 132L engines Ju 52 3m12e Civilian version of Ju 52 3mg12e for Luft Hansa Ju 52 3mg13e No details are known Ju 52 3mg14e Similar to g8e but with improved armor last German production version Preserved AAC 1 showing corrugated skin at Duxford 2001 A A C 1 Toucan Postwar French version of g11e 415 built 50 CASA 352 Postwar Spanish version 106 built 50 CASA 352L Spanish version with Spanish 578 kW 775 hp ENMA Beta B 4 license built BMW 132 engines 64 built 50 51 C 79 Designation assigned to a single example operated by the United States Army Air Forces 52 D52 Designation used by the Czechoslovak Air Force T2B Designation used by the Spanish Air Force Tp 5 Designation used by the Swedish Air Force K 45c A single Ju 52 1mce c n 4004 was delivered to the Junkers factory at Limhamn in Sweden where it was converted to a torpedo bomber as the K 45c Operators EditMain article List of Junkers Ju 52 operators CASA 352 license built Junkers Ju 52 3m in Ju Air markings at Zurich airport Argentina Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile Republic of China Colombia Croatia Czechoslovakia Denmark Ecuador Estonia Finland France Germany Germany Greece Hungary Italy Lebanon Norway Peru Poland Portugal Romania South Africa Slovak Republic Soviet Union Spanish State Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay YugoslaviaAccidents and incidents EditMain article List of accidents and incidents involving the Junkers Ju 52Surviving aircraft EditAirworthy Edit CASA 352L in flight over the Military Aviation Museum FranceT 2B 212 Ju 52 3m airworthy with Amicale J B Salis in Cerny Essonne 53 54 South AfricaT 2B 273 CASA 352L airworthy at the South African Airways Museum Society in Germiston Gauteng 55 Bought from England in 1981 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of South African Airways 56 United StatesT 2B 176 CASA 352L airworthy at the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach Virginia 57 Formerly owned by Commemorative Air Force operated by MAM since August 2010 Converted to Pratt amp Whitney R 1340 geared engines fitted with 3 blade propellers 58 On display Edit ArgentinaT 158 Ju 52 3mge in storage at the Museo Nacional de Aeronautica de Argentina in Moron Buenos Aires 54 Belgium6309 Ju 52 3mg7e on static display at the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History in Brussels 54 CanadaT 2B 148 CASA 352L on static display at the Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada in Winnipeg Manitoba It has been converted to resemble a Ju 52 1m 59 54 ColombiaFAC 625 Ju 52 3mg4e on static display at the Colombian Aerospace Museum in Tocancipa Cundinamarca 60 54 France6311 Ju 52 3mg7e in storage with the Association des Mecaniciens Pilotes d Aeronefs Anciens in Bretigny sur Orge Essonne It was acquired by the organization in 2011 from the Museu do Ar where it had been in storage 61 54 Germany Ju 52 3m on display at the Deutsches Technikmuseum in Berlin CASA 352L on display at Munich Airport 363 AAC 1 on static display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich Bavaria 54 6320 AAC 1 on display at Verein fur Historische Luftfahrzeuge in Monchengladbach North Rhine Westphalia On loan from Hugo Junkers Kaserne de 62 6134 Ju 52 3mg4e on static display at the Technikmuseum Hugo Junkers de in Dessau Saxony Anhalt 63 54 6693 Ju 52 3mg4e on static display at the Traditionsgemeinschaft Lufttransport Wunstorf de in Wunstorf Lower Saxony 64 54 6821 Ju 52 3mg4e on static display at the Technik Museum Speyer in Speyer Rhineland Palatinate 65 54 130714 Ju 52 3mg8e on display with Quax on behalf of Deutsche Lufthansa Berlin Stiftung in Buren North Rhine Westphalia 66 67 It was previously owned by aviation author Martin Caidin and has been refitted with Pratt amp Whitney R 1340 engines 54 T 2B 108 Ju 52 3mte on static display at the Deutsches Technikmuseum in Berlin 68 54 T 2B 127 CASA 352L on static display at Flugausstellung Peter Junior in Hermeskeil Rhineland Palatinate 69 54 T 2B 140 CASA 352L on static display at the Technik Museum Sinsheim in Sinsheim Baden Wurttemberg 70 54 T 2B 144 CASA 352L on static display at the Visitors Park at Munich Airport in Munich Bavaria 71 54 T 2B 209 CASA 352L on static display at the Technik Museum Speyer in Speyer 54 T 2B 257 CASA 352L on static display at the Technik Museum Sinsheim in Sinsheim 72 Norway6306 Ju 52 3mg3e on static display at the Norwegian Aviation Museum in Bodo Nordland 73 54 6657 Ju 52 3mg4e on static display at the Norwegian Armed Forces Aircraft Collection in Gardermoen Viken 74 54 Poland48 AAC 1 on static display at the Polish Aviation Museum in Krakow 75 54 Portugal6304 Ju 52 3mg3e on static display at the Museu do Ar in Sintra Lisbon 54 Serbia7208 AAC 1 on static display at the Aeronautical Museum Belgrade in Surcin Belgrade 76 54 SpainT 2B 211 CASA 352L on static display at the Museo del Aire in Cuatro Vientos Madrid 77 54 T 2B 246 CASA 352L on static display at Torrejon Air Base in Torrejon de Ardoz Madrid 54 T 2B 254 CASA 352L on static display at the Museo del Aire in Cuatro Vientos Madrid 77 54 SwedenT 2B 142 CASA 352L on static display at the Svedinos Bil och Flygmuseum sv in Ugglarp Halland 78 54 United Kingdom CASA 352L on display at RAF Museum Cosford T 2B 272 CASA 352L on static display at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford in Cosford Shropshire 79 80 United StatesT 2B 244 CASA 352L in storage at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton Ohio The aircraft was donated to the museum by the Spanish government in 1971 81 T 2B 255 CASA 352L on static display at the Steven F Udvar Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly Virginia 82 54 T 2B 262 CASA 352L in storage at the Fantasy of Flight in Polk City Florida 54 Under restoration Edit SwitzerlandA 701 Ju 52 3mg4e under restoration to airworthy with Ju Air de in Dubendorf Zurich 83 54 84 A 703 Ju 52 3mg4e under restoration to airworthy with Ju Air in Dubendorf Zurich 83 54 84 T 2B 165 CASA 352L under restoration to airworthy with Ju Air in Dubendorf Zurich 83 84 It was previously on public display at Dusseldorf Airport as D CIAK 54 Specifications Junkers Ju 52 3m g3e Edit CASA 352 L 3 view drawing Data from The Warplanes of the Third Reich 85 Aircraft Profile No 177 The Junkers Ju 52 Series 27 General characteristicsCrew Two Capacity 17 passengers Length 19 m 62 ft Wingspan 29 m 96 ft Height 5 5 m 18 2 ft Wing area 110 50 m2 1 189 4 sq ft Empty weight 5 720 kg 12 610 lb Gross weight 9 500 kg 20 944 lb Max takeoff weight 10 499 kg 23 146 lb Powerplant 3 BMW 132A 3 9 cylinder air cooled radial piston engines 541 kW 725 hp each for take off 525 PS 86 Propellers 2 bladed variable pitch propellerPerformance Maximum speed 265 5 km h 165 0 mph 143 4 kn at sea level276 8 km h 172 0 mph 149 5 kn at 910 m 3 000 ft dd dd Cruise speed 246 km h 153 mph 133 kn maximum continuous at 910 m 3 000 ft 209 km h 130 mph 113 kn economical cruise dd dd Range 998 km 620 mi 539 nmi Service ceiling 5 900 m 19 360 ft Rate of climb 3 9 m s 770 ft min Time to altitude 910 m 3 000 ft in 17 minutes 30 seconds Wing loading 83 35 kg m2 17 07 lb sq ft Power mass 7 95 kg kWArmament Guns 1 7 92 mm 0 312 in MG 15 machine gun or 13 mm 0 51 in MG 131 machine gun in a dorsal position 1 7 92 mm 0 312 in MG 15 machine gun in a semi retractable dustbin turret Bombs up to 500 kg 1 100 lb of bombsSuccessor model Ju 52 New Generation Ju 52 NG EditIn April 2022 90 years after the first flight of the Ju 52 3m the Swiss Junkers Flugzeugwerke AG announced the successor model of the Ju 52 the Ju 52 New Generation The Ju 52 New Generation will be able to carry 14 passengers and will have modern RED A03 engines and modern avionics The market launch is not expected before 2025 87 88 See also EditRelated development Junkers Ju 252 Junkers Ju 352Aircraft of comparable role configuration and era Douglas DC 3 C 47 Fokker F VII Ford Trimotor Savoia Marchetti SM 81 Stout 3 ATRelated lists List of aircraft of World War IIOther2018 Ju Air Junkers Ju 52 crashReferences EditCitations Edit a b c d e f g h i Smith 1966 p 3 a b Smith 1966 pp 3 4 a b c d e f g h Smith 1966 p 4 a b c Smith 1966 p 5 a b c Smith 1966 p 6 Smith 1966 pp 6 7 a b c d Smith 1966 p 13 Smith 1966 p 7 Grey and Bridgman 1972 page needed a b Jackson 1960 p 100 Bud Johnston Library Archived 14 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine Rolls Royce of Canada Ltd Montreal Quebec Flying Box Car for Sky Lanes Of Northland Popular Mechanics May 1939 Junkers Ju 52 1m Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine scramble nl Retrieved 12 October 2010 Hagedorn Dan amp Antonio Luis Sapienza 1996 Aircraft of the Chaco War 1928 1935 Schiffer Publishing Co Atglen pp 96 100 ISBN 0764301462 Green 1972 p 405 Green 1972 p 406 Green 1972 pp 405 406 Smith and Kay 1972 p 360 Green 1972 pp 406 407 a b Smith 1966 pp 5 6 Warsaw Archived 27 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine richmond edu Retrieved 12 October 2010 Smith 1966 pp 11 12 Morzik F German Air Force Airlift Operations USAAF Historical division 1961 p 195 Smith 1966 pp 7 10 a b c Smith 1966 p 10 The Aeroplane Monthly June 1994 p 28 a b Smith 1966 p 16 Smith 1966 pp 10 11 Hooton E R Luftwaffe at War Blitzkrieg in the West 2007 Vol 2 p 50 a b c d e Smith 1966 p 11 Page 50 German Air Force Air Lift Operations by GeneralMajor Fritz Morzik USAF Historical Division 1961 Craven and Cate 1949 pp 189 190 Craven and Cate 1949 pp 190 191 Weal 2003 p 91 Smith 1966 p 12 Hoffmann 2000 p 75 Andersson 1994 p 7 See German Wikipedia Flugplatz Albstadt Degerfeld Afonso and Gomes 2000 pp 178 183 airforce history Ju 52 permanent dead link Swiss Air Force History Retrieved 12 October 2010 McPhee John 7 November 1983 La Place de la Concorde Suisse II The New Yorker p 55 Retrieved 22 July 2013 Ju 52 Archived 5 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine Museum of Military Aviation Retrieved 12 October 2010 Duwelz Yves Junkers Ju 52 3mge W Nr 5670 6309 Aviation Heritage in Belgium October 2001 Retrieved 4 April 2009 Escuela Militar de Paracaidismo Military school of Parachuting in Spanish Archived 25 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine ejercitodelaire mde es Retrieved 4 November 2010 Kotelnikov V Stalin s Captives article in Fly Past magazine February 2017 p 103 with ground load photo Kulish Nicholas Crowds Bid Fond Farewell to Airport That Saved Berlin The New York Times 30 October 2008 Retrieved 4 April 2009 Kay Anthony L 2004 Junkers Aircraft amp Engines 1913 1945 London Putnam Aeronautical Books ISBN 0 85177 985 9 Aerial Furniture Van Has Capacity of Three Tons Popular Mechanics July 1931 Wolfgang Wagner Hugo Junkers Pionier der Luftfahrt Seine Flugzeuge Bernard amp Graefe Verlag Bonn 1996 ISBN 3 7637 6112 8 in German p 342 a b c Blewett 2007 page needed Transports Flight International p 223 8 August 1968 Hagedorn Dan Fall 1992 The Trek of the Aconcagua AAHS Journal Huntington Beach CA American Aviation Historical Society 37 3 227 Le Junkers Ju52 3m Amicale Jean Baptiste Salis in French Retrieved 27 September 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Goodall Geoffrey 22 March 2019 Junkers PDF Geoff Goodall s Aviation History Site Retrieved 27 September 2021 Jan van Riebeeck South African Airways Museum Society Retrieved 27 September 2021 Austin Williams John 9 February 2021 The South African Airways Museum Society NPC Preserving South Africa s Civil Aviation History Since 1986 South African Airways Museum Society Retrieved 28 September 2021 FAA Registry N352JU Federal Aviation Administration U S Department of Transportation Retrieved 27 September 2021 Warbirds Over The Beach Official Program Guide May 18 20 2012 Military Aviation Museum Pungo Virginia p 41 Junkers JU 52 1M CF ARM Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada Archived from the original on 28 November 2020 Retrieved 27 September 2021 El Veterano Junkers Ju 52 Primer Avion Presidencial de Colombia Fuerza Aerea Colombiana in Spanish 11 April 2020 Retrieved 27 September 2021 Junkers added to AMPAA collection Aeroplane August 2011 12 Airframe Dossier Junkers Amiot AAC1 Toucan s n 6320 FAPo c n AAC 1 053 Aerial Visuals Retrieved 28 September 2021 Home Technik Museum Hugo Junkers Dessau in German Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 Retrieved 27 September 2021 Bergung unserer Ju52 in Norwegen Traditionsgemeinschaft Lufttransport Wunstorf e V in German Retrieved 27 September 2021 Junkers Ju 52 Technik Museum Speyer Retrieved 27 September 2021 Die Grande Dame der Luftfahrt Deutsche Lufthansa Berlin Stiftung in German Retrieved 27 September 2021 Nowack Timo 12 August 2020 Lufthansa s Ju 52 is going to Paderborn AeroTelegraph Retrieved 27 September 2021 Aviation Deutsches Technikmuseum Retrieved 27 September 2021 Flugzeuge Flugausstellung Archived from the original on 31 December 2015 Retrieved 27 September 2021 Junkers Ju 52 3m Technik Museum Sinsheim Retrieved 27 September 2021 Junkers Ju 52 3m 1937 Munich Airport Archived from the original on 24 June 2015 Retrieved 27 September 2021 Airframe Dossier Junkers Construcciones Aeronauticas SA 352L s n T 2B 257 EdA c n 148 c r D CIAL Aerial Visuals Retrieved 27 September 2021 Junkers Ju 52 3m Najaden Norsk Luftfartsmuseum Retrieved 27 September 2021 Junkers Ju 52 3m Flysamlingen Forsvarets museer Retrieved 27 September 2021 Samolot Amiot AAC 1 Toucan Junkers Ju 52 3m g14e Muzeum Lotnictwa Polskiego Retrieved 27 September 2021 Junkers Ju 52 3m g10e Aeronautical Museum Belgrade Retrieved 27 September 2021 a b Exposicion exterior del Museo de Aeronautica y Astronautica Ejercito del Aire in Spanish Archived from the original on 18 January 2018 Retrieved 27 September 2021 Aviation Museum Svedinos Bil och Flygmuseum Retrieved 27 September 2021 Junkers Ju52 3M CASA 352L Royal Air Force Museum Retrieved 27 September 2021 Simpson Andrew 2012 Individual History T2B 272 PDF Royal Air Force Museum Retrieved 27 September 2021 Junkers Ju 52 National Museum of the United States Air Force 5 June 2015 Retrieved 27 September 2021 Junkers Ju52 National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution Retrieved 27 September 2021 a b c Fleet Ju Air Retrieved 27 September 2021 a b c Die JU AIR hat die Grunduberholung ihrer drei JU 52 begonnen Ju Air in German 5 June 2019 Retrieved 28 September 2021 Green William 1972 The warplanes of the Third Reich 1st ed London Doubleday pp 405 413 ISBN 0385057822 Originally measured as 690 PS sp us abbr on Schelling Jurgen Revival von Junkers Ju52 Die Tante Ju kommt zuruck FAZ NET in German ISSN 0174 4909 Retrieved 2 May 2022 Junkers shows new A60 two seater and reveals JU 52 project FLYER 26 April 2022 Retrieved 26 April 2022 Bibliography Edit Afonso Aniceto and Carlos de Matos Gomes Guerra Colonial in Portuguese Lisbon Editorial Noticias 2000 ISBN 972 46 1192 2 Andersson Lennart Chinese Junks Junkers Aircraft Exports to China 1925 1940 Air Enthusiast No 55 Autumn 1994 pp 2 7 ISSN 0143 5450 Blewett R Survivors Aviation Classics Coulsdon UK Gatwick Aviation Society 2007 ISBN 978 0 9530413 4 3 Cortet Pierre March 2000 Retros du Mois Retros of the Month Avions Toute l aeronautique et son histoire in French 84 7 ISSN 1243 8650 Craven Wesley Frank and Cate James Lea editors 1949 The Army Air Forces in World War II Volume Two Europe Torch to Pointblank August 1942 December 1943 Archived 23 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine Air Force Historical Studies Office ISBN 0 912799 03 X Esperou Robert April 2001 Novembre 1945 Les dernieres victimes d un Focke Wulf 190 francais November 1945 The Last Victims of a Focke Wulf 190 Were French Avions Toute l Aeronautique et son histoire in French 97 24 27 ISSN 1243 8650 Gerdessen Frederik Estonian Air Power 1918 1945 Air Enthusiast No 18 April July 1982 pp 61 76 ISSN 0143 5450 Green William Warplanes of the Third Reich New York Doubleday 1972 ISBN 0 385 05782 2 Grey Charles Gibson and Leonard Bridgman Jane s All the World s Aircraft 1938 London Newton Abott David amp Charles 1972 ISBN 0 7153 5734 4 Hoffmann Peter Hitler s Personal Security Protecting The Fuhrer 1921 1945 New York Da Capo Press 2000 ISBN 978 0 30680 947 7 Jackson A J British Civil Aircraft 1919 59 Vol 2 London Putnam 1960 Jane Fred T The Junkers Ju 52 3m Jane s Fighting Aircraft of World War II London Studio 1946 ISBN 1 85170 493 0 Mimoso e Carvalho Antonio amp Tavares Luis January 2001 Ju 52 3m ge Ju 52 3m g8e et Toucan Les Junkers 52 au Portugal The Portuguese Junkers 52s Avions Toute l Aeronautique et son histoire in French 94 32 37 ISSN 1243 8650 Mimoso e Carvalho Antonio amp Tavares Luis February 2001 Les operations des Junkers 52 au Portugal Portuguese Ju 52 Operations Avions Toute l Aeronautique et son histoire in French 95 48 53 ISSN 1243 8650 Morzik Generalmajor Fritz German Air Force Air Lift Operations USAF Historical Division 1961 Smith J R Aircraft Profile No 177 The Junkers Ju 52 Series Profile Publications Ltd 1966 Smith J R and Antony L Kay German Aircraft of the Second World War London Putnam 1972 ISBN 0 85177 836 4 Weal John Jagdgeschwader 27 Afrika Oxford UK Osprey 2003 ISBN 1 84176 538 4 Further reading EditCicalesi Juan Carlos Rivas Santiago 2009 Nunez Padin Jorge Felix ed Junkers F13 W34 K43 Ju52 Serie en Argentina in Spanish Vol 3 Bahia Blanca Argentina Fuerzas Aeronavales ISBN 978 987 20557 7 6 Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 24 August 2015 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Junkers Ju 52 Deutsche Lufthansa Berlin Stiftung Junkers Ju 52 3m at the Norwegian Aviation Museum Archived 23 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 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