Broadcast engineering
Broadcast engineering is the field of electrical engineering, and now to some extent computer engineering and information technology, which deals with radio and television broadcasting. Audio engineering and RF engineering are also essential parts of broadcast engineering, being their own subsets of electrical engineering.
| Occupation | |
|---|---|
| Names | Broadcast engineer Broadcast design engineer |
Occupation type | profession |
| Description | |
| Competencies | Technical knowledge, Management skills, Professionalism |
Education required | see professional requirements |
Fields of employment | Radio, television, military |
Related jobs | Technologist, RF engineer, engineering technician, Technical operator |
Broadcast engineering involves both the studio and transmitter aspects (the entire airchain), as well as remote broadcasts. Every station has a broadcast engineer, though one may now serve an entire station group in a city. In small media markets the engineer may work on a contract basis for one or more stations as needed.[1]
Duties
Modern duties of a broadcast engineer include maintaining broadcast automation systems for the studio and automatic transmission systems for the transmitter plant. There are also important duties regarding radio towers, which must be maintained with proper lighting and painting. Occasionally a station's engineer must deal with complaints of RF interference, particularly after a station has made changes to its transmission facilities.[2][3]
Titles
Broadcast engineers may have varying titles depending on their level of expertise and field specialty. Some widely used titles include:
- Broadcast design engineer
- Broadcast Integration Engineer
- Broadcast systems engineer
- Broadcast IT engineer
- Broadcast IT systems engineer
- Broadcast network engineer
- Broadcast maintenance engineer
- Video broadcast engineer
- TV studio broadcast engineer
- Outside broadcast engineer
- Remote broadcast engineer
Qualifications
Broadcast engineers may need to possess some or all of the following degrees, depending on the broadcast technical environment. If one of the formal qualifications is not present, a related degree or equivalent professional experience is desirable.
- Degree in electrical engineering
- Degree in electronic engineering
- Degree in telecommunications engineering
- Degree in computer engineering
- Degree in management information system
- Degree in broadcast technology
Knowledge
Broadcast engineers are generally required to know the following areas, from conventional video broadcast systems to modern Information Technology:
- Conventional broadcast
- Audio/Video instrumentation measurement
- Baseband video – standard / high-definition
- Broadcast studio acoustics
- Television studios - broadcast video cameras and camera lenses
- Production switcher (Video mixer)
- Audio mixer
- Recording engineer
- Broadcast IT
- Video compression - DV25, MPEG, DVB or ATSC (or ISDB)
- Digital server playout technologies. - VDCP, Louth, Harris, control protocols
- Broadcast automation
- Disk storage – RAID / NAS / SAN technologies.
- Archives – Tape archives or grid storage technologies.
- Computer networking
- Operating systems – Microsoft Windows / macOS / Linux / RTOS
- Post production – video capture and non-linear editing systems (NLEs).
- RF
- RF satellite uplinking – High-powered amplifiers (HPA)
- RF communications satellite downlinking – Band detection, carrier detection and IRD tuning, etc.
- RF transmitter maintenance - IOT UHF transmitters, solid-state VHF transmitters, solid-state MF transmitters (AM radio), tube type VHF, and MF transmitters. Antennas, transmission lines, high power filters, digital modulators, towers, tower lighting systems, and backup generators.
- Health and safety
- Occupational safety and health
- Fire suppression systems like FM 200.
- Basic structural engineering
- RF hazard mitigation
Above mentioned requirements vary from station to station.
Digital engineering
The conversion to digital broadcasting means broadcast engineers must now be well-versed in digital television and digital radio, in addition to analogue principles. New equipment from the transmitter to the radio antenna to the receiver may be encountered by engineers new to the field. Furthermore, modern techniques place a greater demand on an engineer's expertise, such as sharing broadcast towers or radio antennas among different stations (diplexing).
Digital audio and digital video have revolutionized broadcast engineering in many respects.[4] Broadcast studios and control rooms are now already digital in large part, using non-linear editing and digital signal processing for what used to take a great deal of time or money, if it was even possible at all. Mixing consoles for both audio and video are continuing to become more digital in the 2000s, as is the computer storage used to keep digital media libraries. Effects processing and TV graphics can now be realized much more easily and professionally as well.
With the broadcast industry's shift to IP-based production and content delivery technology not only the production technology and workflows are changing, but also the requirements for broadcast engineers, which now include IT and IP-networking knowhow.[5]
Other devices used in broadcast engineering are telephone hybrids, broadcast delays, and dead air alarms. See the Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering for further explanations.
Engineering services
Broadcast stations often call upon outside engineering services for specific needs; for example, because structural engineering is generally not a direct part of broadcast engineering, tower companies usually design broadcast towers.
Other companies specialize in both broadcast engineering and broadcast law, which are both essential when making an application to a national broadcasting authority for a construction permit or broadcast license. This is especially critical in North America, where stations bear the entire burden of proving that their proposed facilities will not cause interference and are the best use of the radio spectrum. Such companies now have special software that can map-projected radio propagation and terrain shielding, as well as lawyers that will defend the applications before the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), or the equivalent authorities in some other countries.
Organizations
Brazil
- SET – Sociedade Brasileira de Engenharia de Televisão e Telecomunicações, Brazilian Society of Television and Telecommunications Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Canada
- Central Canada Broadcast Engineers (CCBE), Paris, Ontario, Canada[6]
- Western Association of Broadcast Engineers (WABE), Calgary, Alberta, Canada [7]
- IEEE Broadcast Technology Society (BTS) – Ottawa Section, Canada [8]
Germany
India
Iran
Japan
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Japan Council
Mexico
- Asociación Mexicana de Ingenieros y Técnicos en Radiodifusión A.C. (AMITRA), Delegación Benito Juárez, México
People's Republic of China (PRC)
- China Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, China[12]
- IEEE Broadcast Technology Society (BTS) – Beijing Section, China[13]
- IEEE Broadcast Technology Society (BTS) – Shanghai Section, China
People's Republic of China – Hong Kong
- Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers-(Hong Kong) Section, 電影電視工程師協會香港分會 Hong Kong[14]
- Society of Broadcast Engineers Hong Kong Chapter, 廣播工程師協會香港分會 Hong Kong[15]
- Hong Kong Televisioners Association (HKTVA), 香港電視專業人員協會 Hong Kong[16]
Philippines
- Society of Broadcast Engineers and Technicians of the Philippines, Inc. (SBETP), Quezon City, Philippines
Republic of China – Taiwan
- IEEE Broadcast Technology Society (BTS) – Taipei Section
South Africa
- The South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC),[17] Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa,
South Korea
- Korean Broadcast Engineers & Technicians Association (KOBETA), Seoul, South Korea (ROK)
Turkey
- Chamber of Electrical Engineers (EMO)[18] (Joint chamber of electrical, electronics and biomedical engineers)
United States
In the United States, many broadcast engineers belong to the Society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE).[19] Some may also belong to the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE),[20] or to organizations of related fields, such as the Audio Engineering Society or Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) [21] - IEEE Broadcast Technology Society (BTS).
For public radio, the Association of Public Radio Engineers was created in late May 2006.[22]
Uruguay
- ANDEBU – Asociación Nacional de Broadcasters Uruguayos, Montevideo, Uruguay
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2010) |
Notable publications
- Broadcast Beat
- Radio (formerly BE Radio)
- Radio World
- TV Technology
See also
References
- ^ "about.com - Broadcast Technician or Sound Engineering Technician: Career Information". Careerplanning.about.com. 2010-11-08. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ "U.S. Department of Labor - Bureau of Labor Statistics - Broadcast and Sound Engineering Technicians and Radio Operators". Bls.gov. 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ . skillset. 2012-07-25. Archived from the original on 2007-05-08. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ Interactive TV Web. Broadcast Engineering Basics May 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Tony, Orme (15 July 2016). "Understanding IP Networks". thebroadcastbridge.com. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
- ^ "Central Canada Broadcast Engineers (CCBE)". Ccbe.ca. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ "WABE - The Western Association of Broadcast Engineers". Wabe.ca. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ "IEEE Broadcast Technology Society". Ieee.org. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ . Fktg.de. Archived from the original on 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ "BES - Broadcast Engineering Society (India)". Besindia.com. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ . IRIBU.ir. Archived from the original on 2011-05-23. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ China Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, China(CSMPTE)
- ^ IEEE Broadcast Technology Society (BTS) - Beijing Section ) October 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ . Smpte.org.hk. Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ . Sbe.org.hk. Archived from the original on 2013-08-15. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ "Hong Kong Televisioners Association (HKTVA), Hong Kong". HKTVA. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ "SABC – Official Website – South African Broadcasting Corporation".
- ^ "Hoş Geldiniz". EMO. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ "Society of Broadcast Engineers". Sbe.org. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ . Smpte.org. Archived from the original on 2007-03-24. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Archived from the original on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
- ^ Association of Public Radio Engineers home page