Commercial broadcasting
Commercial broadcasting (also called private broadcasting) is the broadcasting of television programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship. It was the United States′ first model of radio (and later television) during the 1920s, in contrast with the public television model in Europe during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, which prevailed worldwide, except in the United States and Brazil, until the 1980s.
Features
Advertising
Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on the practice of airing radio advertisements and television advertisements for profit. This is in contrast to public broadcasting, which receives government subsidies and usually does not have paid advertising interrupting the show. During pledge drives, some public broadcasters will interrupt shows to ask for donations.
In the United States, non-commercial educational (NCE) television and radio exists in the form of community radio; however, premium cable services such as HBO and Showtime generally operate solely on subscriber fees and do not sell advertising. This is also the case for the portions of the two major satellite radio systems that are produced in-house (mainly music programming).
Radio broadcasting originally began without paid commercials. As time went on, however, advertisements seemed less objectionable to both the public and government regulators and became more common. While commercial broadcasting was unexpected in radio, in television it was planned due to commercial radio's success. Television began with commercial sponsorship and later transformed to paid commercial time. When problems arose over patents and corporate marketing strategies, regulatory decisions were made by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to control commercial broadcasting.[1]
Paid programming
Commercial broadcasting overlaps with paid services such as cable television, radio and satellite television. Such services are generally partially or wholly paid for by local subscribers and is known as leased access. Other programming (particularly on cable television) is produced by companies operating in much the same manner as advertising-funded commercial broadcasters, and they (and often the local cable provider) sell commercial time in a similar manner.
The FCC's interest in program control began with the chain-broadcasting investigation of the late 1930s, culminating in the "Blue Book" of 1946, Public Service Responsibility For Broadcast Licensees. The Blue Book differentiated between mass-appeal sponsored programs and unsponsored "sustaining" programs offered by the radio networks. This sustained programming, according to the Blue Book, had five features serving the public interest:
- Sustaining programs balanced the broadcast schedule, supplementing the soap operas and popular-music programs receiving the highest ratings and most commercial sponsors
- They allowed for the broadcast of programs which, by their controversial or sensitive nature, were unsuitable for sponsorship
- They supplied cultural programming for smaller audiences
- They provided limited broadcast access for non-profit and civic organizations
- They made possible artistic and dramatic experimentation, shielded from the pressures of short-run rating and commercial considerations of a sponsor.[1]
Commercial time has increased 31 seconds per hour for all prime time television shows. For example, ABC has increased from 9 minutes and 26 seconds to 11 minutes and 26 seconds.[2]
Ratings
Programming on commercial stations is more ratings-driven—particularly during periods such as sweeps in the US and some Latin American countries.
Other factors
Commercial broadcasting (especially free-to-air) is sometimes controversial.[citation needed] One reason is a perceived lack of quality and risk in the programming (to which more conservative elements respond that it is too risqué much of the time), an excessively high ratio of advertising to program time (especially on children's television), and a perceived failure to serve the local interest due to media consolidation. Commercial radio (in particular) is criticized for a perceived homogeneity in programming, covert politically motivated censorship of content, and a desire to cut costs at the expense of a station's identifiable personality. Politics is a major force in media criticism, with an ongoing debate (especially in the United States) as to what moral standards – if any – are to be applied to the airwaves.
Global commercial broadcasting
Americas
Commercial broadcasting is the dominant type of broadcasting in the United States and most of Latin America. "The US commercial system resulted from a carefully crafted cooperation endeavor by national corporations and federal regulators."[3]
The best-known commercial broadcasters in the United States today are the ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC television networks, based in the United States. Major cable television in the United States operators include Comcast, Charter Communications and Cox Communications. Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) services include DirecTV and Dish Network.
In an hour of broadcast time on a commercial broadcasting station, 10 to 20 minutes are typically devoted to advertising. Advertisers pay a certain amount of money to air their commercials, usually based upon program ratings or the audience measurement of a station or network. This makes commercial broadcasters more accountable to advertisers than public broadcasting, a disadvantage of commercial radio and television.
Europe
In Europe, commercial broadcasting coexists with public broadcasting (where programming is largely funded by broadcast receiver licences, public donations or government grants).
In the UK, Sky UK is available and WorldSpace Satellite Radio was available.
Asia
The best-known commercial services in Asia are one of the South Korean radio and television network SBS along with one of the Hong Kong television network TVB.
List of major commercial broadcasters
Contemporary hit radio in bold.
Americas
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
- English language
- French language
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Mexico
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
- América Televisión
- Global Televisión
- ATV
- Latina Televisión
- Panamericana Televisión
- La Tele
United States
- English language
- Spanish language
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
China
- Fantastic Television Limited (奇妙電視|FTV) — Hong Kong, China
- 76HD - Hong Kong International Business Channel (香港國際財經台) - Hong Kong/Hong Kong English
- 77HD - HOY TV - Hong Kong/Hong Kong Cantonese
- 78HD - HOY Infotainment (HOY資訊台) - Hong Kong/Hong Kong Cantonese
- HK Television Entertainment Ltd (香港電視娛樂有限公司|HKTVE) — Hong Kong, China
- 96HD - ViuTVsix - Hong Kong/Hong Kong English
- 97HD - ViuTV - Hong Kong/Hong Kong Cantonese
- Television Broadcasts Limited (電視廣播有限公司 "無綫電視"|TVB) — Hong Kong, China
- 81HD - TVB Jade (無線電視翡翠台) - Hong Kong/Hong Kong Cantonese
- 82HD - TVB J2 - Hong Kong/Contemporary Teenager Youth Teen Channel
- 83HD - TVB News Channel (無線新聞台) - Hong Kong/24-hour clock News Channel
- 84HD - TVB Pearl (無線電視明珠台) - Hong Kong/Hong Kong English
- 85HD - TVB Finance, Sports & Information Channel (無綫財經·體育·資訊台) - Hong Kong/24-hour clock Finance, Sport and Information Channel
India
- Paramount Networks EMEAA
- Zee Entertainment Enterprises
- The Walt Disney Company India
- Culver Max Entertainment
Indonesia
- PT Media Nusantara Citra Tbk (MNC Media)
- PT Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia (RCTI)
- PT MNC Televisi Indonesia (MNCTV)
- PT Global Informasi Bermutu (GTV)
- PT MNC Televisi Network (iNews)
- PT MNC Networks (MNC Radio Networks)
- PT Radio Trijaya Shakti (MNC Trijaya FM)
- PT Radio Suara Monalisa (RDI)
- PT Radio Arief Rahman Hakim (Global Radio)
- PT Radio Sabda Sosok Sohor (V Radio)
- PT Elang Mahkota Teknologi Tbk (Emtek)
- PT Omni Intivision (Moji)
- PT Surya Citra Media Tbk (SCM)
- PT Media Group
- PT Media Televisi Indonesia (MetroTV)
- PT Mitra Media Digital (Magna Channel)
- PT Mitra Siaran Digital (BN Channel)
- Metro Globe Network
- PT Radio Agustina Junior (MG Radio Network)
- PT Trans Media Corpora (Trans Media)
- PT Televisi Transformasi Indonesia (Trans TV)
- PT Duta Visual Nusantara Tivi Tujuh (Trans7)
- PT Trans News Corpora (CNN Indonesia) (license from Warner Bros. Discovery)
- PT Trans Berita Bisnis (CNBC Indonesia) (license from NBCUniversal)
- PT Visi Media Asia Tbk (VIVA)
- PT Intermedia Capital Tbk (IMDA)
- PT Cakrawala Andalas Televisi (ANTV)
- PT Lativi Media Karya (tvOne)
- PT Viva Televisi Olahraga Indonesia (VTV)
- PT Intermedia Capital Tbk (IMDA)
- PT Indika Inti Mandiri (Indika Group)
- PT Net Visi Media Tbk (NET.)
- PT Net Mediatama Televisi (NET.)
- PT Net Media Berita
- PT Net Media Digital (Netverse)
- PT Kreatif Inti Korpora (Creative Inc.)
- PT Indika Multimedia
- PT Radio Indika Millenia (Indika FM)
- PT Net Visi Media Tbk (NET.)
- PT KG Media
- PT Cipta Megaswara Televisi (Kompas TV)
- PT Magentic Network Indonesia (KG Radio Network)
- PT Radio Sonora (Sonora FM)
- PT Radio Safari Bina Budaya (Motion Radio)
- PT Radio Smart Media Utama (Smart FM)
- PT Rajawali Corpora
- PT Metropolitan Televisindo (RTV)
- PT Jawa Pos Group
- PT Jawa Pos Multimedia (JPM)
- PT Mayapada Group (Mayapada)
- PT Banten Media Global Televisi (MYTV)
- PT NT Corp
- PT Nusantara Media Mandiri (Nusantara TV)
- PT Harum Terang Sehati (Harum TV)
- PT Gold Media Mandiri (Gold TV)
- PT Reeuters Mandiri Global (Reeuters TV)
- PT Bhinneka Berjuang Sejahtera (Bhineka TV)
- PT B Universe
- PT First Media News (BTV)
- PT MRA Media
- PT Media Network Wahana (MNI)
- PT Radio Antarnusa Djaja (Hard Rock FM)
- PT Radio Tiara Victoria (Trax FM)
- PT Radio Mustika Abadi (I-Radio)
- PT Radio Muara Abdinusa (Cosmopolitan FM)
- PT Pesona Gita Anindita (Brava Radio)
- PT Media Network Wahana (MNI)
- PT Mahaka Media
- PT Masima Radio Network
- PT Radio Prambors (Prambors)
- PT Radio Kayu Manis (FeMale Radio)
- PT Radio Delta Insani (Delta FM)
- PT Radio Terik Matahari Bahana Pembangunan (Bahana FM)
- PT Tiga Visi Utama (MPG Media)
- MPG Media Network
- PT Radio Bahana Sanada Dunia (Smooth FM)
- PT Radio Dengan Anda Bahagia (ZFM)
- MPG Media Network
- PT Elshinta Media Group
- PT Radio Elshinta (Elshinta Radio Network)
- Fit Radio
Japan (key stations)
- Tokyo TV Asahi (東京テレビ朝日) (EX)
- Tokyo Fuji TV (東京フジテレビ) (CX)
- Tokyo InterFM (東京InterFM) (DW)
- Tokyo J-Wave (東京J-WAVE) (AV)
- Tokyo Nippon Broadcasting System (東京ニッポン放送) (LF)
- Tokyo Nippon Cultural Broadcasting (東京文化放送) (QR)
- Tokyo Nippon Television Network (東京日本テレビ放送網) (AX)
- Tokyo Broadcasting System Radio (東京TBSラジオ) (KR)
- Tokyo Broadcasting System Television (東京TBSテレビ) (RX)
- Tokyo FM (東京エフエム) (AU)
- TV Tokyo (テレビ東京) (TX)
Malaysia
- Commercial Radio Malaysia
- Hitz
- Lite
- Mix
- Era
- Synchrosound Studio Sdn Bhd (Hot FM)
- Sinar
- Suria
- Melody
- My
- 8FM Radio Sdn Bhd (8FM)
- BFM 89.9
- Max-Airplay Sdn Bhd (Fly FM)
- KK12FM
- Best FM
- Gegar
- Buletin FM Radio Sdn Bhd (Buletin FM)
- Molek FM Radio Sdn Bhd (Molek FM)
- Manis FM
- Zayan
- 988 FM
- City Plus FM
- goXuan
- TEA FM
- Raaga
- Bapakku.FM
- RADIOROSAK
- Cats FM
- IM4U FM 107.9
- Kupi-Kupi FM
- VOKFM
- Media Prima
- Media Prima Television Networks
- Media Prima Audio
- Synchrosound Studio Sdn Bhd (Hot FM)
- Max-Airplay Sdn Bhd (Fly FM)
- 8FM Radio Sdn Bhd (8FM)
- Buletin FM Radio Sdn Bhd (Buletin FM)
- Molek FM Radio Sdn Bhd (Molek FM)
- Audio+
- SuperDeals
- Primeworks Studios
- Primeworks Distribution
- Monkey Bone
- 8unit
- New Straits Times Press
- New Straits Times
- Berita Harian
- Harian Metro
- Hijab & Heels
- FullAMark
- Mind Campus
- Big Tree
- Kurnia Outdoor
- UPD
- The Right Channel
- Gotcha
- Big Tree Seni Jaya
- Astro Malaysia Holdings
- Astro Malaysia (Measat Broadcast Network Systems Sdn Bhd)
- Astro B.yond
- Astro IPTV
- Astro NJOI
- Fetch TV
- Astro Channels
- Astro AEC
- Astro AOD
- Astro Arena
- Astro Aura
- Astro Awani
- Astro Best (VOD)
- Astro Box Office
- Astro Ceria
- Astro Citra
- Astro Cricket
- Astro First (VOD)
- Astro Hua Hee Dai
- Astro Oasis
- Astro Prima
- Astro Quan Jia HD
- Astro Rania
- Astro Ria
- Astro SuperSport
- Astro Shuang Xing
- Astro Tutor TV
- Astro Tutor TV SK
- Astro Tutor TV SMK
- Astro UHD
- Astro Vaanavil
- Astro Vellithirai
- Astro Vinmeen HD
- Astro Wah Lai Toi On Demand
- Astro Warna
- Astro Xiao Tai Yang
- BOO
- eGG Network
- Go Shop
- GO Shop Chinese
- GO Shop Gaaya
- GO Shop Ruuma
- PRIMEtime
- Showcase Movies
- TA-DAA!
- Astro Shaw
- Astro Radio
- Tayangan Unggul
- Go Shop
- Astro Malaysia (Measat Broadcast Network Systems Sdn Bhd)
- Star Media Group Berhad
- Awesome Media Network Berhad
Philippines (major commercial station)
Singapore
- Astro Malaysia Holdings
- SPH Media Trust
- So Drama! Entertainment
South Korea
- Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS)
- SBS TV
- SBS Plus
- SBS Sports
- SBS Biz
- SBS F!L
- SBS funE
- SBS Golf
- SBS M
- KiZmom
- SBS Love FM
- SBS Power FM
- SBS V-Radio
- Korea New Network (KNN)
- Taegu Broadcasting Corporation (TBC)
- Kwangju Broadcasting Corporation (KBC)
- Taejon Broadcasting Corporation (TJB)
- Ulsan Broadcasting Corporation (UBC)
- Jeonju Television (JTV)
- Cheongju Broadcasting (CJB)
- Gangwon No.1 Broadcasting (G1)
- Jeju Free International City Broadcasting System (JIBS)
- Joongang Tongyang Broadcasting Company (JTBC)
- JTBC
- JTBC2
- JTBC Golf&Sports
- JTBC4
- JTBC Golf
- CJ E&M
- Mnet
- tvN
- tvN Drama
- tvN Show
- tvN Story
- tvN Sports
- OCN
- OCN Movies
- OCN Thrills
- Chunghwa TV
- Tooniverse
- OBS Gyeongin TV
Taiwan
- TVBS Media Inc.
- Taiwan Television (臺灣電視公司 "台視"|TTV)
- TTV Main Channel
- TTV Finance
- TTV Variety
- TTV News Channel
- China Television (中國電視公司 "中視"|CTV)
- CTV Main Channel
- CTV News Channel
- CTV Classic
- CTV Bravo
- Chinese Television System (中華電視公司 "華視"|CTS)
- Formosa Television (民間全民電視公司 "民視"|FTV)
- FTV Main Channel
- FTV Taiwan
- FTV News
- FTV One
Thailand
- Bangkok ONE 31 (31)
- Bangkok Thairath TV (32)
- Bangkok Channel 3 HD (33)
- Bangkok Amarin TV (34)
- Bangkok PPTV HD (36)
Vietnam
Europe
Norway
- TV 2 Group
- TV 2
- TV 2 Zebra
- TV 2 Nyheter
- TV 2 Sport
- TV 2 Sport Premium
- TV 2 Livsstil
- Viaplay Group
- TV3 Norway
- TV3+ Norway
- TV6 Norway
Denmark
- Viaplay Group
Sweden
Finland
- MTV Oy
- MTV3
- MTV Sub
- MTV Ava
- C More Total
- C More Max
- C More Juniori
- C More Sport 1
- C More Sport 2
Republic of Ireland
- Virgin Media Television
- Virgin Media One (SD, HD & +1)
- Virgin Media Two (SD & HD)
- Virgin Media Three (SD & HD)
- Virgin Media Four (SD & HD)
- Virgin Media More (SD & HD)
- Bauer Media Audio Ireland
United Kingdom
- Paramount Networks UK & Australia
- ITV plc
- Sky UK
- Global Media & Entertainment
- Bauer Media Audio UK
- Absolute Radio Network
- Greatest Hits Radio
- Hits Radio
- Jazz FM
- Kerrang! Radio
- Kerrang! Radio Unleashed
- Klassic Kerrang! Radio
- Kiss Network
- Kiss
- Kisstory
- Kiss Fresh
- Kiss Bliss
- Kiss Dance
- Kiss Garage
- Magic
- Magic Chilled
- Magic Mellow
- Magic Soul
- Magic Workout
- Magic at the Musicals
- Magic 100% Christmas
- Planet Rock
- Scala Radio
- Wireless Group
France
- TF1 Group
- M6 Group
- Canal+ Group
- Canal+
- Canal+ Cinéma
- Canal+ Sport
- Canal+ Kids
- Canal+ Docs
- Canal+ Grand Écran
- Canal+ Séries
- Canal+ Sport 360°
- Canal+ Foot
- C8
- CNews
- CStar
- CStar Hits France
- Altice Média
- NRJ Group
Italy
- Mediaset
- Warner Bros. Discovery Italia
- Sky Italia
- Cairo Communication
- La7
- La7d
- Paramount Global Italia
Germany
- RTL Deutschland
- ProSiebenSat.1 Media
- Sky Deutschland
- Sky Atlantic
- Sky Cinema
- Sky Comedy
- Sky Crime
- Sky Documentaries
- Sky Krimi
- Sky Nature
- Sky One
- Sky Replay
- Sky Showcase
- Sky Sport
Netherlands
Spain
Portugal
- SIC
- TVI
- TVI
- TVI Ficção
- TVI Reality
- CNN Portugal
- TVI África
- TVI Internacional
Poland
- Telewizja Polsat
- Polsat
- Polsat 1
- Polsat 2
- Super Polsat
- TV4
- TV6
- Polsat Comedy Central Extra
- Polsat X
- Polsat Rodzina
- Polsat News
- Polsat Sport
- Polsat Sport Premium
- Polsat Sport Premium PPV
- Polsat Sport Extra
- Polsat Sport News
- Polsat Sport Fight
- Polsat Games
- Eleven Sports
- Polsat Film
- Polsat Film 2
- Polsat Café
- Polsat Play
- Nowa TV
- Polsat Reality
- Polsat JimJam
- Polsat Doku
- Fokus TV
- Polsat Viasat Nature
- Polsat Viasat History
- Polsat Viasat Explore
- Crime+Investigation Polsat
- Polsat Music
- Disco Polo Music
- Eska TV
- Eska TV Extra
- Eska Rock TV
- Polo TV
- Vox Music TV
- TV Okazje
- TVN Warner Bros. Discovery
- TVN
- TVN 7
- TVN24
- TVN Fabuła
- TVN Meteo
- TVN Style
- TVN Turbo
- iTVN
- Metro
- TTV
- Animal Planet
- Cartoon Network
- Cartoonito
- Cinemax
- Cinemax 2
- Discovery Channel
- Discovery Science
- Discovery Historia
- Discovery Life
- DTX
- Eurosport
- Eurosport 1
- Eurosport 2
- Food Network
- HBO
- HBO 2
- HBO 3
- HGTV
- Investigation Discovery
- TLC
- Travel Channel
- WarnerTV
Oceania
Australia
- Seven West Media
- Nine Entertainment
- Paramount Networks UK & Australia
- Southern Cross Austereo
- Southern Cross Seven
- Southern Cross 10
- Hit Network
- SAFM Adelaide
- Hit91.9 Bendigo
- Hit104.9 The Border
- B105 FM Brisbane
- 90.9 Sea FM Gold Coast
- Hit 100.9 Hobart
- SAFM 96.1 Limestone Coast
- Fox FM Melbourne
- Hit106.9 Newcastle
- Mix 94.5 Perth
- Hit93.1 Riverina
- South Queensland
- 2Day FM Sydney
- Hit103.1 Townsville
- Hit Western Australia
- Buddha Hits
- RnB Fridays
- Dance Hits
- Easy 80s Hits
- Kids Hits
- Oldskool 90s Hits
- Triple M
- Triple M Adelaide
- Triple M Bendigo
- Triple M The Border
- Triple M Brisbane
- Triple M Central Coast
- Triple M Central Queensland
- Triple M Central West
- Triple M Darling Downs
- Triple M Dubbo
- Triple M Gippsland
- Triple M Gold Coast
- Triple M Goulburn Valley
- Triple M Hobart
- Triple M Mackay & The Whitsundays
- Triple M Melbourne
- Triple M Newcastle
- Triple M Perth
- Triple M Riverina
- Triple M Riverina MIA
- Triple M Southwest
- Triple M Sunraysia
- Triple M Sydney
- Triple M Townsville
- Triple M 90s
- Triple M Classic Rock
- Triple M Country
- Triple M Hard n Heavy
- Triple M Soft Rock
- Australian Radio Network
- KIIS Network
- KIIS 101.1 Melbourne
- KIIS 106.5 Sydney
- 96FM Perth
- 97.3 FM Brisbane
- Mix 102.3 Adelaide
- 96FM 80s
- 96FM 90s
- KIIS 80s
- KIIS 90s
- Mix 80s
- Mix 90s
- Pure Gold Network
- 4KQ Brisbane
- Cruise 1323 Adelaide
- Gold 104.3 Melbourne
- WSFM 101.7 Sydney
- Gold 80s
- WSFM 80s
- The Edge 96.ONE Sydney
- KIIS Network
New Zealand
- Warner Bros. Discovery New Zealand
- MediaWorks New Zealand
- New Zealand Media and Entertainment
- New Zealand Herald
- Weekend Herald
- Herald on Sunday
- The Northern Advocate
- Rotorua Daily Post
- Bay of Plenty Times
- Hawke's Bay Today
- Whanganui Chronicle
- Wairarapa Times-Age
- Hamilton News
- Taupo and Turangi Weekender
- Bay News
- Whangamata Coastal News
- Katikati Advertiser
- Waihi Leader
- Whakatane News
- Central Hawke's Bay Mail
- Havelock North Village Press
- Horowhenua Chronicle
- Kapiti News
- Manawatu Guardian
- Wairarapa Midweek
- Coast
- Flava
- Hokonui
- Mix
- Radio Hauraki
- The Hits
- ZM
- Newstalk ZB
- Radio Sport
- nzherald.co.nz
- GrabOne
- Driven
- YUDU
- Sky
- Prime
- Sky 5
- Sky Box Sets
- Sky Arts
- Sky Movies Premiere
- Sky Movies Comedy
- Sky Movies Action
- Sky Movies Greats
- Sky Movies Classics
- Sky Movies Collection
- Sky Movies Family
- Sky Sport Select
- Sky Sport 1
- Sky Sport 2
- Sky Sport 3
- Sky Sport 4
- Sky Sport 5
- Sky Sport 6
- Sky Sport 7 beIN Sports
- Sky Sport 8
- Sky Sport 9
- Sky Sport Pop-Up
- Sky Box Office
- Sky Arena
- Sky Digital Music
See also
References
- ^ a b Boddy, William. Fifties Television: the Industry and Its Critics. University of Illinois Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-252-06299-5
- ^ Fleming, Heather (31 March 1997). "PSA slice shrinks as commercial pie grows". Broadcasting & Cable. New York. 127 (13): 19–22. ProQuest 225346067.
- ^ Hilmes, Michele (2004). "The Origins of the Commercial Broadcasting System of the United States". Jahrbuch Medien und Geschichte. 4: 73–81.
External links
- Video[permanent dead link] () interview with Ray Fitzwalter on commercial TV in Britain, The rise and fall of ITV, Frontline Club, London, May 2008.