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Wikipedia

Television set

March 08, 2023

"TV set" redirects here. For other uses, see Television set (disambiguation).

A television set or television receiver, more commonly called the television, TV, TV set, telly, tele, or tube,[1] is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers, for the purpose of viewing and hearing television broadcasts, or as a computer monitor. Introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form, television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form, using cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets in the 1960s, and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes. The ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media for consumer use in the 1970s, such as Betamax, VHS; these were later succeeded by DVD. It has been used as a display device since the first generation of home computers (e.g. Timex Sinclair 1000) and dedicated video game consoles (e.g. Atari) in the 1980s. By the early 2010s, flat-panel television incorporating liquid-crystal display (LCD) technology, especially LED-backlit LCD technology, largely replaced CRT and other display technologies.[2][3][4][5][6] Modern flat panel TVs are typically capable of high-definition display (720p, 1080i, 1080p, 4K, 8K) and can also play content from a USB device. Starting in the late 2010s, most flat panel TVs began to offer 4K and 8K resolutions.

A modern television displaying the Wikipedia homepage with poor color balance.

History

Main article: History of television

Early television

 
RCA 630-TS, the first mass-produced electronic television set, which sold in 1946–1947

Mechanical televisions were commercially sold from 1928 to 1934 in the United Kingdom, France,[7] the United States, and the Soviet Union.[8] The earliest commercially made televisions were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube behind a mechanically spinning disk with a spiral of apertures that produced a red postage-stamp size image, enlarged to twice that size by a magnifying glass. The Baird "Televisor" (sold in 1930–1933 in the UK) is considered the first mass-produced television, selling about a thousand units.[9]

In 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated the first TV system that employed a cathode ray tube (CRT) display, at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan.[10] This was the first working example of a fully electronic television receiver.[11] His research toward creating a production model was halted by the US after Japan lost World War II.[10]

The first commercially made electronic televisions with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934,[12][13] followed by other makers in France (1936),[14] Britain (1936),[15] and USA (1938).[16][17] The cheapest model with a 12-inch (30 cm) screen was $445 (equivalent to $8,567 in 2021).[18] An estimated 19,000 electronic televisions were manufactured in Britain, and about 1,600 in Germany, before World War II. About 7,000–8,000 electronic sets were made in the U.S.[19] before the War Production Board halted manufacture in April 1942, production resuming in August 1945. Television usage in the western world skyrocketed after World War II with the lifting of the manufacturing freeze, war-related technological advances, the drop in television prices caused by mass production, increased leisure time, and additional disposable income. While only 0.5% of U.S. households had a television in 1946, 55.7% had one in 1954, and 90% by 1962.[20] In Britain, there were 15,000 television households in 1947, 1.4 million in 1952, and 15.1 million by 1968.[21]

Transistorized television

 
Portable boombox television by Sharp Corporation

Early electronic television sets were large and bulky, with analog circuits made of vacuum tubes. As an example, the RCA CT-100 color TV set used 36 vacuum tubes.[22] Following the invention of the first working transistor at Bell Labs, Sony founder Masaru Ibuka predicted in 1952 that the transition to electronic circuits made of transistors would lead to smaller and more portable television sets.[23] The first fully transistorized, portable solid-state television set was the 8-inch Sony TV8-301, developed in 1959 and released in 1960.[24][25] By the 1970s, television manufacturers utilized this push for miniaturization to create small, console-styled sets which their salesmen could easily transport, pushing demand for television sets out into rural areas. However, the first fully transistorized color TV set, the HMV Colourmaster Model 2700, was released in 1967 by the British Radio Corporation.[26] This began the transformation of television viewership from a communal viewing experience to a solitary viewing experience.[27] By 1960, Sony had sold over 4 million portable television sets worldwide.[28]

The MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor) was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959,[29] and presented in 1960.[30] RCA Laboratories researchers W.M. Austin, J.A. Dean, D.M. Griswold and O.P. Hart in 1966 proposed the use of the MOSFET in television circuits, including RF amplifier, low-level video, chroma and AGC circuits.[31] The MOSFET was later widely adopted for most television circuits[dubious – discuss].[32]

By the late 1960s and early 1970s, color television had come into wide use. In Britain, BBC1, BBC2 and ITV were regularly broadcasting in colour by 1969.[33]

Portable boombox televisions have existed since at least the early 1980s.[34]

LCD television

 
Samsung widescreen LCD television and DVD player

Building on the work of Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng on the MOSFET, Paul K. Weimer at RCA developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962.[35] It was a type of MOSFET[dubious – discuss] distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET.[36] The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968.[37] Lechner, F. J. Marlowe, E. O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated the concept in 1968 with a dynamic scattering LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.[38]

In 1973, T. Peter Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD).[39][40] Brody and Fang-Chen Luo demonstrated the first flat active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) in 1974.[37]

By 1982, pocket LCD TVs based on AM LCD technology were developed in Japan.[41] The 2.1-inch Epson ET-10[42] (Epson Elf) was the first color LCD pocket TV, released in 1984.[43] In 1988, a Sharp research team led by engineer T. Nagayasu demonstrated a 14-inch full-color LCD display,[37][44] which convinced the electronics industry that LCD would eventually replace cathode-ray tube (CRT) as the standard television display technology.[37] The first wall-mountable TV was introduced by Sharp Corporation in 1992.[45]

During the first decade of the 21st century, CRT "picture tube" display technology was almost entirely supplanted worldwide by flat-panel displays: first plasma displays around 1997, then LCDs. By the early 2010s, LCD TVs, which increasingly used LED-backlit LCDs, accounted for the overwhelming majority of television sets being manufactured.[2][3][4][5][6]

TV sizes

Cambridge's Clive Sinclair created a mini TV in 1967 which could be held in the palm of a hand and was the world's smallest television at the time, though it never took off commercially because the design was complex.[46] In 2019, Samsung launched the largest television to date at 292 inches, which is around 24 feet.[47] The average size of TVs has grown over time.[48][49][50]

Display

Main article: Display device

Television sets may employ one of several available display technologies. As of mid-2019, LCDs overwhelmingly predominate in new merchandise, but OLED displays are claiming an increasing market share as they become more affordable and DLP technology continues to offer some advantages in projection systems. The production of plasma and CRT displays has been completely discontinued.[2][3][4][5][6][51]

There are four primary competing TV technologies:

  • CRT
  • LCD (multiple variations of LCD screens are called QLED, quantum dot, LED, LCD TN, LCD IPS, LCD PLS, LCD VA, etc.)
  • OLED
  • Plasma

CRT

Main article: Cathode-ray tube
 
A 14-inch cathode ray tube showing its deflection coils and electron guns

The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing a so-called electron gun (or three for a color television) and a fluorescent screen where the television image is displayed.[52] The electron gun accelerates electrons in a beam which is deflected in both the vertical and horizontal directions using varying electric or (usually, in television sets) magnetic fields, in order to scan a raster image onto the fluorescent screen. The CRT requires an evacuated glass envelope, which is rather deep (well over half of the screen size), fairly heavy, and breakable. As a matter of radiation safety, both the face (panel) and back (funnel) were made of thick lead glass in order to reduce human exposure to harmful ionizing radiation (in the form of x-rays) produced when electrons accelerated using a high voltage (10-30kV) strike the screen. By the early 1970s, most color TVs replaced leaded glass in the face panel with vitrified strontium oxide glass,[53][54][55] which also blocked x-ray emissions but allowed better color visibility. This also eliminated the need for cadmium phosphors[citation needed] in earlier color televisions. Leaded glass, which is less expensive, continued to be used in the funnel glass, which is not visible to the consumer.

In television sets (or most computer monitors that used CRT's), the entire screen area is scanned repetitively (completing a full frame 25 or 30 times a second) in a fixed pattern called a raster. The image information is received in real-time from a video signal which controls the electrical current supplying the electron gun, or in color television each of the three electron guns whose beams land on phosphors of the three primary colors (red, green, and blue).[56] Except in the very early days of television, magnetic deflection has been used to scan the image onto the face of the CRT; this involves a varying current applied to both the vertical and horizontal deflection coils placed around the neck of the tube just beyond the electron gun(s).[56]

DLP

Main article: Digital Light Processing
 
The Christie Mirage 5000, a 2001 DLP projector.

Digital Light Processing (DLP) is a type of video projector technology that uses a digital micromirror device. Some DLPs have a TV tuner, which makes them a type of TV display. It was originally developed in 1987 by Larry Hornbeck of Texas Instruments. While the DLP imaging device was invented by Texas Instruments, the first DLP based projector was introduced by Digital Projection Ltd in 1997. Digital Projection and Texas Instruments were both awarded Emmy Awards in 1998 for the DLP projector technology. DLP is used in a variety of display applications from traditional static displays to interactive displays and also non-traditional embedded applications including medical, security, and industrial uses.

DLP technology is used in DLP front projectors (standalone projection units for classrooms and business primarily), DLP rear projection television sets, and digital signs. It is also used in about 85% of digital cinema projection, and in additive manufacturing as a power source in some SLA 3D printers to cure resins into solid 3D objects.[57]

Rear projection

Rear-projection televisions (RPTVs) became very popular in the early days of television, when the ability to practically produce tubes with a large display size did not exist. In 1936, for a tube capable of being mounted horizontally in the television cabinet, nine inches would have been regarded as the largest convenient size that could be made owing to its required length, due to the low deflection angles of CRTs produced in the era, which meant that CRTs with large front sizes would have also needed to be very deep,[58] which caused such CRTs to be installed at an angle to reduce the cabinet depth of the TV set. Twelve inch tubes and TV sets were available, but the tubes were so long (deep) that they were mounted vertically and viewed via a mirror in the top of the TV set cabinet which was usually mounted under a hinged lid, reducing considerably the depth of the set but making it taller.[59] These mirror lid televisions were large pieces of furniture.

As a solution, Philips introduced a television set in 1937 that relied on back projecting an image from a 4+1⁄2 inch tube onto a 25-inch screen. This required the tube to be driven very hard (at unusually high voltages and currents, see Cathode-ray tube#Projection CRTs) to produce an extremely bright image on its fluorescent screen. Further, Philips decided to use a green phosphor on the tube face as it was brighter than the white phosphors of the day.[60] In fact these early tubes were not up to the job and by November of that year Philips decided that it was cheaper to buy the sets back than to provide replacement tubes under warranty every couple of weeks or so.[61] Substantial improvements were very quickly made to these small tubes and a more satisfactory tube design was available the following year helped by Philips's decision to use a smaller screen size of 23 inches.[62] In 1950 a more efficient 2+1⁄2 inch tube with vastly improved technology and more efficient white phosphor, along with smaller and less demanding screen sizes, was able to provide an acceptable image, though the life of the tubes was still shorter than contemporary direct view tubes.[63] As cathode ray tube technology improved during the 1950s, producing larger and larger screen sizes and later on, (more or less) rectangular tubes, the rear projection system was obsolete before the end of the decade.

However, in the early to mid 2000s RPTV systems made a comeback as a cheaper alternative to contemporary LCD and Plasma TVs. They were larger and lighter than contemporary CRT TVs and had a flat screen just like LCD and Plasma, but unlike LCD and Plasma, RPTVs were often dimmer, had lower contrast ratios and viewing angles, image quality was affected by room lighting and suffered when compared with direct view CRTs,[64] and were still bulky like CRTs. These TVs worked by having a DLP, LCoS or LCD projector at the bottom of the unit, and using a mirror to project the image onto a screen. The screen may be a fresnel lens to increase brightness at the cost of viewing angles. Some early units used CRT projectors and were heavy, weighing up to 500 pounds.[65] Most RPTVs used Ultra-high-performance lamps as their light source, which required periodic replacement partly because they dimmed with use but mainly because the operating bulb glass became weaker with ageing to the point where the bulb could eventually shatter often damaging the projection system. Those that used CRTs and lasers did not require replacement.[66]

Plasma

Main article: Plasma display

A plasma display panel (PDP) is a type of flat panel display common to large TV displays 30 inches (76 cm) or larger. They are called "plasma" displays because the technology utilizes small cells containing electrically charged ionized gases, or what are in essence chambers more commonly known as fluorescent lamps. Around 2014, television manufacturers were largely phasing out plasma TVs, because a plasma TV became higher cost and more difficult to make in 4k compared to LED or LCD.[67]

LCD

Main article: Liquid crystal display
 
A generic LCD TV, with speakers on either side of the screen.

Liquid-crystal-display televisions (LCD TV) are television sets that use Liquid-crystal displays to produce images. LCD televisions are much thinner and lighter than cathode ray tube (CRTs) of similar display size and are available in much larger sizes (e.g., 90-inch diagonal). When manufacturing costs fell, this combination of features made LCDs practical for television receivers.

In 2007, LCD televisions surpassed sales of CRT-based televisions globally for the first time,[68] and their sales figures relative to other technologies accelerated. LCD TVs quickly displaced the only major competitors in the large-screen market, the plasma display panel and rear-projection television. In the mid-2010s LCDs became, by far, the most widely produced and sold television display type.[2][3]

LCDs also have disadvantages. Other technologies address these weaknesses, including OLEDs, FED and SED.

OLED

Main article: Organic light-emitting diode
 
An OLED TV.

An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes. Generally, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens. It is also used for computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game consoles and PDAs.

There are two main families of OLED: those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a light-emitting electrochemical cell or LEC, which has a slightly different mode of operation. OLED displays can use either passive-matrix (PMOLED) or active-matrix addressing schemes. Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch each individual pixel on or off, but allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes.

An OLED display works without a backlight. Thus, it can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than a liquid crystal display (LCD). In low ambient light conditions such as a dark room, an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD, whether the LCD uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps or LED backlight.

Television types

While most televisions are designed for consumers in the household, there are several markets that demand variations including hospitality, healthcare, and other commercial settings.

Hospitality television

Televisions made for the hospitality industry are part of an establishment's internal television system designed to be used by its guests. Therefore, settings menus are hidden and locked by a password. Other common software features include volume limiting, customizable power-on splash image, and channel hiding. These TVs are typically controlled by a set-back box using one of the data ports on the rear of the TV. The set back box may offer channel lists, pay per view, video on demand, and casting from a smart phone or tablet.[69][70]

Hospitality spaces are insecure with respect to content piracy, so many content providers require the use of Digital rights management. [71] Hospitality TVs decrypt the industry standard Pro:Idiom when no set back box is used. While H.264 is not part of the ATSC 1.0 standard in North America, TV content in hospitality can include H.264 encoded video, so hospitality TVs include H.264 decoding. Managing dozens or hundreds of TVs can be time consuming, so hospitality TVs can be cloned by storing settings on a USB drive and restoring those settings quickly. Additionally, server-based and cloud-based management systems can monitor and configure an entire fleet of TVs.

Healthcare television

Healthcare televisions include the provisions of hospitality TVs with additional features for usability and safety. They are designed for use in a healthcare setting in which the user may have limited mobility and audio/visual impairment. A key feature is the pillow speaker connection. Pillow speakers combine nurse call functions, TV remote control and a speaker for audio. In multiple occupancy rooms where several TVs are used in close proximity, the televisions can be programmed to respond to a remote control with unique codes so that each remote only controls one TV. Smaller TVs, also called bedside infotainment systems, have a full function keypad below the screen. This allows direct interaction without the use of a pillow speaker or remote.[72] These TVs typically have antimicrobial surfaces and can withstand daily cleaning using disinfectants. In the US, the UL safety standard for televisions, UL62636-1, contains a special section (annex DVB) which outlines additional safety requirements for televisions used in healthcare.

Outdoor television

Outdoor television sets are designed for outdoor use and are usually found in the outdoor sections of bars, sports field, or other community facilities. Most outdoor televisions use high-definition television technology. Their body is more robust. The screens are designed to remain clearly visible even in sunny outdoor lighting. The screens also have anti-reflective coatings to prevent glare. They are weather-resistant and often also have anti-theft brackets. Outdoor TV models can also be connected with BD players and PVRs for greater functionality.[73]

Replacing

 
46-inch LCD television set in a cardbox with 1,20 m height, 70 cm width and 25 cm depth. Such packages are difficult to handle and expensive to send via commercial carriers, which renders the selling of used TVs cumbersome.

In the United States, the average consumer replaces their television every 6.9 years, but research suggests that due to advanced software and apps, the replacement cycle may be shortening.[74]

Recycling and disposal

Due to recent changes in electronic waste legislation, economical and environmentally friendly television disposal has been made increasingly more available in the form of television recycling. Challenges with recycling television sets include proper HAZMAT disposal, landfill pollution, and illegal international trade.[75]

Major manufacturers

 
Consumer Reports product testing, with LCD and plasma television sets

Global 2016 years statistics for LCD TV.[76]

Rank Manufacturer Market share (%) Headquarters
1   Samsung Electronics 20.2 Suwon, South Korea
2   LG Electronics 12.1 Seoul, South Korea
3   TCL Technology 9 Huizhou, China
4   Hisense 6.1 Qingdao, China
5   Sony 5.6 Tokyo, Japan
7   Skyworth 3.8 Shenzhen, China
8   Vizio Inc. 3.7 Irvine, United States
9   Changhong 3.2 Mianyang, China
10   Haier 3 Qingdao, China
11 Others 27.2

See also

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External links

  •   Media related to Television sets at Wikimedia Commons

March 08, 2023
television, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, television, television, receiver, more, commonly, called, television, telly, tele, tube, device, that, combines, tuner, display, loudspeakers, purpose, viewing, hearing, television, broadcasts, computer. TV set redirects here For other uses see Television set disambiguation A television set or television receiver more commonly called the television TV TV set telly tele or tube 1 is a device that combines a tuner display and loudspeakers for the purpose of viewing and hearing television broadcasts or as a computer monitor Introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form using cathode ray tube CRT technology The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets in the 1960s and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes The ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media for consumer use in the 1970s such as Betamax VHS these were later succeeded by DVD It has been used as a display device since the first generation of home computers e g Timex Sinclair 1000 and dedicated video game consoles e g Atari in the 1980s By the early 2010s flat panel television incorporating liquid crystal display LCD technology especially LED backlit LCD technology largely replaced CRT and other display technologies 2 3 4 5 6 Modern flat panel TVs are typically capable of high definition display 720p 1080i 1080p 4K 8K and can also play content from a USB device Starting in the late 2010s most flat panel TVs began to offer 4K and 8K resolutions A modern television displaying the Wikipedia homepage with poor color balance Contents 1 History 1 1 Early television 1 2 Transistorized television 1 3 LCD television 1 4 TV sizes 2 Display 2 1 CRT 2 2 DLP 2 3 Rear projection 2 4 Plasma 2 5 LCD 2 6 OLED 3 Television types 3 1 Hospitality television 3 2 Healthcare television 3 3 Outdoor television 4 Replacing 5 Recycling and disposal 6 Major manufacturers 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksHistory EditMain article History of television Early television Edit RCA 630 TS the first mass produced electronic television set which sold in 1946 1947 Mechanical televisions were commercially sold from 1928 to 1934 in the United Kingdom France 7 the United States and the Soviet Union 8 The earliest commercially made televisions were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube behind a mechanically spinning disk with a spiral of apertures that produced a red postage stamp size image enlarged to twice that size by a magnifying glass The Baird Televisor sold in 1930 1933 in the UK is considered the first mass produced television selling about a thousand units 9 In 1926 Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated the first TV system that employed a cathode ray tube CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan 10 This was the first working example of a fully electronic television receiver 11 His research toward creating a production model was halted by the US after Japan lost World War II 10 The first commercially made electronic televisions with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934 12 13 followed by other makers in France 1936 14 Britain 1936 15 and USA 1938 16 17 The cheapest model with a 12 inch 30 cm screen was 445 equivalent to 8 567 in 2021 18 An estimated 19 000 electronic televisions were manufactured in Britain and about 1 600 in Germany before World War II About 7 000 8 000 electronic sets were made in the U S 19 before the War Production Board halted manufacture in April 1942 production resuming in August 1945 Television usage in the western world skyrocketed after World War II with the lifting of the manufacturing freeze war related technological advances the drop in television prices caused by mass production increased leisure time and additional disposable income While only 0 5 of U S households had a television in 1946 55 7 had one in 1954 and 90 by 1962 20 In Britain there were 15 000 television households in 1947 1 4 million in 1952 and 15 1 million by 1968 21 Transistorized television Edit Portable boombox television by Sharp Corporation Early electronic television sets were large and bulky with analog circuits made of vacuum tubes As an example the RCA CT 100 color TV set used 36 vacuum tubes 22 Following the invention of the first working transistor at Bell Labs Sony founder Masaru Ibuka predicted in 1952 that the transition to electronic circuits made of transistors would lead to smaller and more portable television sets 23 The first fully transistorized portable solid state television set was the 8 inch Sony TV8 301 developed in 1959 and released in 1960 24 25 By the 1970s television manufacturers utilized this push for miniaturization to create small console styled sets which their salesmen could easily transport pushing demand for television sets out into rural areas However the first fully transistorized color TV set the HMV Colourmaster Model 2700 was released in 1967 by the British Radio Corporation 26 This began the transformation of television viewership from a communal viewing experience to a solitary viewing experience 27 By 1960 Sony had sold over 4 million portable television sets worldwide 28 The MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor or MOS transistor was invented by Mohamed M Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959 29 and presented in 1960 30 RCA Laboratories researchers W M Austin J A Dean D M Griswold and O P Hart in 1966 proposed the use of the MOSFET in television circuits including RF amplifier low level video chroma and AGC circuits 31 The MOSFET was later widely adopted for most television circuits dubious discuss 32 By the late 1960s and early 1970s color television had come into wide use In Britain BBC1 BBC2 and ITV were regularly broadcasting in colour by 1969 33 Portable boombox televisions have existed since at least the early 1980s 34 LCD television Edit Samsung widescreen LCD television and DVD player Building on the work of Mohamed M Atalla and Dawon Kahng on the MOSFET Paul K Weimer at RCA developed the thin film transistor TFT in 1962 35 It was a type of MOSFET dubious discuss distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET 36 The idea of a TFT based liquid crystal display LCD was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968 37 Lechner F J Marlowe E O Nester and J Tults demonstrated the concept in 1968 with a dynamic scattering LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs 38 In 1973 T Peter Brody J A Asars and G D Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin film transistor liquid crystal display TFT LCD 39 40 Brody and Fang Chen Luo demonstrated the first flat active matrix liquid crystal display AM LCD in 1974 37 By 1982 pocket LCD TVs based on AM LCD technology were developed in Japan 41 The 2 1 inch Epson ET 10 42 Epson Elf was the first color LCD pocket TV released in 1984 43 In 1988 a Sharp research team led by engineer T Nagayasu demonstrated a 14 inch full color LCD display 37 44 which convinced the electronics industry that LCD would eventually replace cathode ray tube CRT as the standard television display technology 37 The first wall mountable TV was introduced by Sharp Corporation in 1992 45 During the first decade of the 21st century CRT picture tube display technology was almost entirely supplanted worldwide by flat panel displays first plasma displays around 1997 then LCDs By the early 2010s LCD TVs which increasingly used LED backlit LCDs accounted for the overwhelming majority of television sets being manufactured 2 3 4 5 6 TV sizes Edit Cambridge s Clive Sinclair created a mini TV in 1967 which could be held in the palm of a hand and was the world s smallest television at the time though it never took off commercially because the design was complex 46 In 2019 Samsung launched the largest television to date at 292 inches which is around 24 feet 47 The average size of TVs has grown over time 48 49 50 Display EditMain article Display device Television sets may employ one of several available display technologies As of mid 2019 LCDs overwhelmingly predominate in new merchandise but OLED displays are claiming an increasing market share as they become more affordable and DLP technology continues to offer some advantages in projection systems The production of plasma and CRT displays has been completely discontinued 2 3 4 5 6 51 There are four primary competing TV technologies CRT LCD multiple variations of LCD screens are called QLED quantum dot LED LCD TN LCD IPS LCD PLS LCD VA etc OLED PlasmaCRT Edit Main article Cathode ray tube A 14 inch cathode ray tube showing its deflection coils and electron guns The cathode ray tube CRT is a vacuum tube containing a so called electron gun or three for a color television and a fluorescent screen where the television image is displayed 52 The electron gun accelerates electrons in a beam which is deflected in both the vertical and horizontal directions using varying electric or usually in television sets magnetic fields in order to scan a raster image onto the fluorescent screen The CRT requires an evacuated glass envelope which is rather deep well over half of the screen size fairly heavy and breakable As a matter of radiation safety both the face panel and back funnel were made of thick lead glass in order to reduce human exposure to harmful ionizing radiation in the form of x rays produced when electrons accelerated using a high voltage 10 30kV strike the screen By the early 1970s most color TVs replaced leaded glass in the face panel with vitrified strontium oxide glass 53 54 55 which also blocked x ray emissions but allowed better color visibility This also eliminated the need for cadmium phosphors citation needed in earlier color televisions Leaded glass which is less expensive continued to be used in the funnel glass which is not visible to the consumer In television sets or most computer monitors that used CRT s the entire screen area is scanned repetitively completing a full frame 25 or 30 times a second in a fixed pattern called a raster The image information is received in real time from a video signal which controls the electrical current supplying the electron gun or in color television each of the three electron guns whose beams land on phosphors of the three primary colors red green and blue 56 Except in the very early days of television magnetic deflection has been used to scan the image onto the face of the CRT this involves a varying current applied to both the vertical and horizontal deflection coils placed around the neck of the tube just beyond the electron gun s 56 DLP Edit Main article Digital Light Processing The Christie Mirage 5000 a 2001 DLP projector Digital Light Processing DLP is a type of video projector technology that uses a digital micromirror device Some DLPs have a TV tuner which makes them a type of TV display It was originally developed in 1987 by Larry Hornbeck of Texas Instruments While the DLP imaging device was invented by Texas Instruments the first DLP based projector was introduced by Digital Projection Ltd in 1997 Digital Projection and Texas Instruments were both awarded Emmy Awards in 1998 for the DLP projector technology DLP is used in a variety of display applications from traditional static displays to interactive displays and also non traditional embedded applications including medical security and industrial uses DLP technology is used in DLP front projectors standalone projection units for classrooms and business primarily DLP rear projection television sets and digital signs It is also used in about 85 of digital cinema projection and in additive manufacturing as a power source in some SLA 3D printers to cure resins into solid 3D objects 57 Rear projection Edit Rear projection televisions RPTVs became very popular in the early days of television when the ability to practically produce tubes with a large display size did not exist In 1936 for a tube capable of being mounted horizontally in the television cabinet nine inches would have been regarded as the largest convenient size that could be made owing to its required length due to the low deflection angles of CRTs produced in the era which meant that CRTs with large front sizes would have also needed to be very deep 58 which caused such CRTs to be installed at an angle to reduce the cabinet depth of the TV set Twelve inch tubes and TV sets were available but the tubes were so long deep that they were mounted vertically and viewed via a mirror in the top of the TV set cabinet which was usually mounted under a hinged lid reducing considerably the depth of the set but making it taller 59 These mirror lid televisions were large pieces of furniture As a solution Philips introduced a television set in 1937 that relied on back projecting an image from a 4 1 2 inch tube onto a 25 inch screen This required the tube to be driven very hard at unusually high voltages and currents see Cathode ray tube Projection CRTs to produce an extremely bright image on its fluorescent screen Further Philips decided to use a green phosphor on the tube face as it was brighter than the white phosphors of the day 60 In fact these early tubes were not up to the job and by November of that year Philips decided that it was cheaper to buy the sets back than to provide replacement tubes under warranty every couple of weeks or so 61 Substantial improvements were very quickly made to these small tubes and a more satisfactory tube design was available the following year helped by Philips s decision to use a smaller screen size of 23 inches 62 In 1950 a more efficient 2 1 2 inch tube with vastly improved technology and more efficient white phosphor along with smaller and less demanding screen sizes was able to provide an acceptable image though the life of the tubes was still shorter than contemporary direct view tubes 63 As cathode ray tube technology improved during the 1950s producing larger and larger screen sizes and later on more or less rectangular tubes the rear projection system was obsolete before the end of the decade However in the early to mid 2000s RPTV systems made a comeback as a cheaper alternative to contemporary LCD and Plasma TVs They were larger and lighter than contemporary CRT TVs and had a flat screen just like LCD and Plasma but unlike LCD and Plasma RPTVs were often dimmer had lower contrast ratios and viewing angles image quality was affected by room lighting and suffered when compared with direct view CRTs 64 and were still bulky like CRTs These TVs worked by having a DLP LCoS or LCD projector at the bottom of the unit and using a mirror to project the image onto a screen The screen may be a fresnel lens to increase brightness at the cost of viewing angles Some early units used CRT projectors and were heavy weighing up to 500 pounds 65 Most RPTVs used Ultra high performance lamps as their light source which required periodic replacement partly because they dimmed with use but mainly because the operating bulb glass became weaker with ageing to the point where the bulb could eventually shatter often damaging the projection system Those that used CRTs and lasers did not require replacement 66 Plasma Edit Main article Plasma display A plasma display panel PDP is a type of flat panel display common to large TV displays 30 inches 76 cm or larger They are called plasma displays because the technology utilizes small cells containing electrically charged ionized gases or what are in essence chambers more commonly known as fluorescent lamps Around 2014 television manufacturers were largely phasing out plasma TVs because a plasma TV became higher cost and more difficult to make in 4k compared to LED or LCD 67 LCD Edit Main article Liquid crystal display A generic LCD TV with speakers on either side of the screen Liquid crystal display televisions LCD TV are television sets that use Liquid crystal displays to produce images LCD televisions are much thinner and lighter than cathode ray tube CRTs of similar display size and are available in much larger sizes e g 90 inch diagonal When manufacturing costs fell this combination of features made LCDs practical for television receivers In 2007 LCD televisions surpassed sales of CRT based televisions globally for the first time 68 and their sales figures relative to other technologies accelerated LCD TVs quickly displaced the only major competitors in the large screen market the plasma display panel and rear projection television In the mid 2010s LCDs became by far the most widely produced and sold television display type 2 3 LCDs also have disadvantages Other technologies address these weaknesses including OLEDs FED and SED OLED Edit Main article Organic light emitting diode An OLED TV An OLED organic light emitting diode is a light emitting diode LED in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes Generally at least one of these electrodes is transparent OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens It is also used for computer monitors portable systems such as mobile phones handheld game consoles and PDAs There are two main families of OLED those based on small molecules and those employing polymers Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a light emitting electrochemical cell or LEC which has a slightly different mode of operation OLED displays can use either passive matrix PMOLED or active matrix addressing schemes Active matrix OLEDs AMOLED require a thin film transistor backplane to switch each individual pixel on or off but allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes An OLED display works without a backlight Thus it can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than a liquid crystal display LCD In low ambient light conditions such as a dark room an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD whether the LCD uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps or LED backlight Television types EditWhile most televisions are designed for consumers in the household there are several markets that demand variations including hospitality healthcare and other commercial settings Hospitality television Edit Televisions made for the hospitality industry are part of an establishment s internal television system designed to be used by its guests Therefore settings menus are hidden and locked by a password Other common software features include volume limiting customizable power on splash image and channel hiding These TVs are typically controlled by a set back box using one of the data ports on the rear of the TV The set back box may offer channel lists pay per view video on demand and casting from a smart phone or tablet 69 70 Hospitality spaces are insecure with respect to content piracy so many content providers require the use of Digital rights management 71 Hospitality TVs decrypt the industry standard Pro Idiom when no set back box is used While H 264 is not part of the ATSC 1 0 standard in North America TV content in hospitality can include H 264 encoded video so hospitality TVs include H 264 decoding Managing dozens or hundreds of TVs can be time consuming so hospitality TVs can be cloned by storing settings on a USB drive and restoring those settings quickly Additionally server based and cloud based management systems can monitor and configure an entire fleet of TVs Healthcare television Edit Healthcare televisions include the provisions of hospitality TVs with additional features for usability and safety They are designed for use in a healthcare setting in which the user may have limited mobility and audio visual impairment A key feature is the pillow speaker connection Pillow speakers combine nurse call functions TV remote control and a speaker for audio In multiple occupancy rooms where several TVs are used in close proximity the televisions can be programmed to respond to a remote control with unique codes so that each remote only controls one TV Smaller TVs also called bedside infotainment systems have a full function keypad below the screen This allows direct interaction without the use of a pillow speaker or remote 72 These TVs typically have antimicrobial surfaces and can withstand daily cleaning using disinfectants In the US the UL safety standard for televisions UL62636 1 contains a special section annex DVB which outlines additional safety requirements for televisions used in healthcare Outdoor television Edit Outdoor television sets are designed for outdoor use and are usually found in the outdoor sections of bars sports field or other community facilities Most outdoor televisions use high definition television technology Their body is more robust The screens are designed to remain clearly visible even in sunny outdoor lighting The screens also have anti reflective coatings to prevent glare They are weather resistant and often also have anti theft brackets Outdoor TV models can also be connected with BD players and PVRs for greater functionality 73 Replacing Edit 46 inch LCD television set in a cardbox with 1 20 m height 70 cm width and 25 cm depth Such packages are difficult to handle and expensive to send via commercial carriers which renders the selling of used TVs cumbersome In the United States the average consumer replaces their television every 6 9 years but research suggests that due to advanced software and apps the replacement cycle may be shortening 74 Recycling and disposal EditDue to recent changes in electronic waste legislation economical and environmentally friendly television disposal has been made increasingly more available in the form of television recycling Challenges with recycling television sets include proper HAZMAT disposal landfill pollution and illegal international trade 75 Major manufacturers Edit Consumer Reports product testing with LCD and plasma television sets Global 2016 years statistics for LCD TV 76 Rank Manufacturer Market share Headquarters1 Samsung Electronics 20 2 Suwon South Korea2 LG Electronics 12 1 Seoul South Korea3 TCL Technology 9 Huizhou China4 Hisense 6 1 Qingdao China5 Sony 5 6 Tokyo Japan7 Skyworth 3 8 Shenzhen China8 Vizio Inc 3 7 Irvine United States9 Changhong 3 2 Mianyang China10 Haier 3 Qingdao China11 Others 27 2See also Edit Television portal Video games portal3D television Active antenna Color killer Color television Digital video recorder Digital television transition Handheld television HDTV Home theater Large screen television technology Mirror TV Multiplier Smart TV TV aerial plug Viera CastReferences Edit Definition of TUBE a b c d IHS Technology The Source for Critical Information and Insight IHS Technology displaysearch com a b c d Katzmaier David RIP rear projection TV CNET a b c Jacobson Julie Mitsubishi Drops DLP Displays Goodbye RPTVs Forever cepro com a b c LG s Exit May Herald End of Plasma TVs Tom s Guide 28 October 2014 a b c Discontinue Notice of TFT LCD CCFL Products PDF Mitsubishi Electric 11 July 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 29 March 2013 Early British Television Baird Television History The First 75 Years Pre 1935 Television History The First 75 Years The French model shown does not appear to have entered production Pre 1935 Baird Sets UK Television History The First 75 Years a b Kenjiro Takayanagi The Father of Japanese Television NHK Japan Broadcasting Corporation 2002 retrieved 2009 05 23 Milestones Development of Electronic Television 1924 1941 Retrieved 11 December 2015 Telefunken Early Electronic TV Gallery Early Television Foundation 1934 35 Telefunken Television History The First 75 Years 1936 French Television Television History The First 75 Years 1936 Baird T5 Television History The First 75 Years Communicating Systems Inc Early Electronic TV Gallery Early Television Foundation America s First Electronic Television Set Television History The First 75 Years American TV Prices Television History The First 75 Years Annual Television Sales in USA Television History The First 75 Years Number of TV Households in America Television History The First 75 Years Robbins Paul Hintz Moore 2013 Environment and Society A Critical Introduction John Wiley amp Sons p 303 ISBN 978 1118451557 Home Page earlytelevision org Childs William R Martin Scott B Stitt Gohdes Wanda 2004 Business and Industry Savings and investment options to telecommuting Marshall Cavendish p 1217 ISBN 9780761474395 In 1952 Ibuka toured AT amp T s Bell Laboratories in the United States and saw the newly invented transistor He realized that replacing the large clumsy vacuum tube with the transistor would make possible smaller more portable radios and TVs Sony Founder Masaru Ibuka s New Year s Dream Comes True The Launch of Sony s TV Business Time Capsule Sony 21 17 November 2009 Retrieved 1 October 2019 Sparke Penny 2009 Japanese Design The Museum of Modern Art p 18 ISBN 9780870707391 Electrons in Shadow mask Colour Tubes Thorn AEI Radio Valves and Tubes Limited 1967 Lucie Smith Edward 1983 A History of Industrial Design Phaidon Press p 208 ISBN 9780714822815 The first all transistor television set was introduced by Sony in 1959 fig 386 only four years after their all transistor radio and started the transformation of television from something used for communal viewing as the radio in the 30s had been a focus for communal listening into an object of solitary contemplation Chang Yoon Seok Makatsoris Harris C Richards Howard D 2007 Evolution of Supply Chain Management Symbiosis of Adaptive Value Networks and ICT Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 9780306486968 1960 Metal Oxide Semiconductor MOS Transistor Demonstrated The Silicon Engine Computer History Museum Retrieved 29 July 2019 Atalla M Kahng D 1960 Silicon silicon dioxide field induced surface devices IRE AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference Austin W M Dean J A Griswold D M Hart O P November 1966 TV Applications of MOS Transistors IEEE Transactions on Broadcast and Television Receivers 12 4 68 76 doi 10 1109 TBTR1 1966 4320029 Amos S W James Mike 2013 Principles of Transistor Circuits Introduction to the Design of Amplifiers Receivers and Digital Circuits Elsevier p 332 ISBN 9781483293905 1966 BBC tunes in to colour 3 March 2008 Retrieved 19 November 2020 Combistar Combi 10 TC 10TC 3400 00R TV Radio Philips Radios radiomuseum org in German Retrieved 6 February 2022 Weimer Paul K June 1962 The TFT A New Thin Film Transistor Proceedings of the IRE 50 6 1462 1469 doi 10 1109 JRPROC 1962 288190 ISSN 0096 8390 S2CID 51650159 Kimizuka Noboru Yamazaki Shunpei 2016 Physics and Technology of Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor CAAC IGZO Fundamentals John Wiley amp Sons p 217 ISBN 9781119247401 a b c d Kawamoto H 2012 The Inventors of TFT Active Matrix LCD Receive the 2011 IEEE Nishizawa Medal Journal of Display Technology 8 1 3 4 Bibcode 2012JDisT 8 3K doi 10 1109 JDT 2011 2177740 ISSN 1551 319X Castellano Joseph A 2005 Liquid Gold The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry World Scientific pp 41 2 ISBN 9789812389565 Kuo Yue 1 January 2013 Thin Film Transistor Technology Past Present and Future PDF The Electrochemical Society Interface 22 1 55 61 Bibcode 2013ECSIn 22a 55K doi 10 1149 2 F06131if ISSN 1064 8208 Archived PDF from the original on 10 February 2014 Brody T Peter Asars J A Dixon G D November 1973 A 6 6 inch 20 lines per inch liquid crystal display panel IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 20 11 995 1001 Bibcode 1973ITED 20 995B doi 10 1109 T ED 1973 17780 ISSN 0018 9383 Morozumi Shinji Oguchi Kouichi 12 October 1982 Current Status of LCD TV Development in Japan Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 94 1 2 43 59 doi 10 1080 00268948308084246 ISSN 0026 8941 Souk Jun Morozumi Shinji Luo Fang Chen Bita Ion 2018 Flat Panel Display Manufacturing John Wiley amp Sons pp 2 3 ISBN 9781119161356 ET 10 Epson Retrieved 29 July 2019 Nagayasu T Oketani T Hirobe T Kato H Mizushima S Take H Yano K Hijikigawa M Washizuka I October 1988 A 14 in diagonal full color a Si TFT LCD Conference Record of the 1988 International Display Research Conference 56 58 doi 10 1109 DISPL 1988 11274 S2CID 20817375 https books google com books id rgEAAAAAMBAJ amp pg PA87 amp dq sharp 1992 wall television amp hl en amp sa X amp ved 2ahUKEwinr4DTmrn9AhVpTjABHV KB3YQ6AF6BAgHEAM v onepage amp q sharp 201992 20wall 20television amp f false Elliott Chris 10 January 2017 When Cambridge invented the world s smallest telly CambridgeshireLive Retrieved 23 October 2020 Katzmaier David Samsung reveals a 292 inch TV the largest we ve seen at CES CNET Retrieved 23 October 2020 Yau Nathan 23 September 2009 TV Size Over the Past 8 Years LCD TV Average screen size U S 1997 2022 Katzmaier David Remember when TVs weighed 200 pounds A look back at TV trends over the years CNET spanish info about tv TVbaratas 2016 History of the Cathode Ray Tube About com Retrieved 4 October 2009 Ober Joyce A Polyak Desiree E Mineral Yearbook 2007 Strontium PDF United States Geological Survey Archived from the original PDF on 20 September 2008 Retrieved 14 September 2009 Ropp Richard C 31 December 2012 Encyclopedia of the Alkaline Earth Compounds Newnes ISBN 9780444595539 via Google Books Minerals Yearbook Bureau of Mines 8 May 2011 ISBN 9781411332270 via Google Books a b How Computer Monitors Work 16 June 2000 Retrieved 4 October 2009 How Digital Light Processing Works THRE3D com Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 Retrieved 3 February 2014 Thorn AEI Radio Valves and Tubes Limited 1964 Electrons in Picture Tubes United Kingdom One such example of a set the Murphy model A42V https www bvws org uk events photos 2011 09 murphy day https www radiomuseum org r murphy a42v html https www earlytelevision org murphy html produced in 1936 used a twelve inch tube type 12H that was a little in excess of 30 inches long Mullard Television Projection Tube PDF Archived PDF from the original on 25 July 2017 Philips thevalvepage com Philips thevalvepage com The Optics of Projection Television r type org How Projection Television Works HowStuffWorks 19 December 2000 America s Television Graveyards VICE vice com Morrison Geoffrey Rear projection vs LCD vs plasma CNET Katzmaier David Why Samsung s F8500 is the last great plasma TV CNET Retrieved 21 May 2021 Sherwood James 22 February 2008 Global LCD TV sales overtake CRT The Register Retrieved 3 July 2018 Porges Seth 18 September 2017 Why Are Hotel TVs So Bad Popular Mechanics Retrieved 7 September 2022 Mariella Moon 22 June 2017 More hotels will let you watch your own Netflix Engadget Engadget Retrieved 7 September 2022 What Is The Difference Between A Hospitality TV And A Normal TV Droidrant 23 March 2022 Retrieved 7 September 2022 Supporting Bedside Technologies for Patient Satisfaction HealthTech Magazine 27 January 2017 Retrieved 7 September 2022 Baig Edward C SunBrite outdoor TV An expensive luxury USA Today Pierce David 25 November 2018 Your Smart TV Is Only Going to Get Dumber The Wall Street Journal Retrieved 27 November 2018 1 Archived 11 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine www Bordercenter org Global market share held by LCD TV manufacturers from 2008 to 2017 External links Edit Media related to Television sets at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Television set amp oldid 1142520627, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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