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Eastern Ukraine campaign

January 01, 1970

Eastern Ukraine campaign
Part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Clockwise from top left:
Date24 February 2022 – present
(2 years, 2 months, 3 weeks and 2 days)
Location
Eastern Ukraine (Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast)
Status

Ongoing

Belligerents

 Russia

 Ukraine
Commanders and leaders
Vladimir Putin Volodymyr Zelenskyy
Units involved
See order of battle See order of battle
Strength
38,000+ soldiers (late March 2022)[2][3][4]
50,000–62,000 soldiers (early April 2022)[5]
10,000–20,000 mercenaries (per European officials, early April 2022)[6][7][8]
300–500 Syrian and Libyan mercenaries (per ISW, early April 2022)[9]		 125,000 soldiers (in eastern Ukraine)[10]
40,000–50,000 (as of the start of the Battle of Donbas)[11]

Ukraine's easternmost oblasts, Donetsk, Luhansk, and Kharkiv, are the site of a theatre of operation in the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine.

The battle of Donbas was a major offensive in the eastern theatre that took place in mid-2022.[12] By the culmination of the offensive in July 2022, Russian forces and their separatist allies had captured the cities of Sievierodonetsk,[13] Lysychansk,[14] Rubizhne[15] and Izium.[16] However, in early September, Ukraine launched a major counteroffensive in the east, which recaptured the cities of Izium, Balakliia, Kupiansk, Sviatohirsk[17] and the strategic city of Lyman.[18] The counteroffensive stalled east of the Oskil river, and a campaign in eastern Kharkiv Oblast and western Luhansk Oblast has continued since.

In the winter of 2022–2023, Russia focused on capturing the city of Bakhmut, largely destroying the city in one of the bloodiest battles of the war. Russia claimed to have fully captured Bakhmut in May 2023 amid ongoing Ukrainian counterattacks on the city's outskirts. In June 2023, Ukraine launched another major counteroffensive across the entire frontline, capturing some Russian positions along Bakhmut's outskirts and in southwestern Donetsk Oblast. However, by November 2023, this counteroffensive had largely stalled in the east and Russia began counterattacking to recapture territory, gaining control of Avdiivka and Marinka in Donetsk Oblast by February 2024.[19][20]

Background

Further information: War in Donbas (2014–2022)

Sporadic fighting had been taking place since 2014 between Ukrainian forces and Russian-backed separatists from the Donetsk People's Republic during the war in Donbas.[citation needed]

Campaign

Initial Russian attacks (February–March 2022)

See also: Battle of Volnovakha and Battle of Kharkiv (2022)

On 24 February, after Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a "special military operation" in Ukraine, Russian forces crossed the Russia-Ukraine border and began advancing towards Kharkiv. Ukrainian soldiers were deployed to positions along key routes into the city, and residents began volunteering for military service within hours of the invasion.[21] A Russian missile struck the Chuhuiv air base,[22] which housed Bayraktar TB2 drones. According to open-source intelligence, the attack left damage to fuel storage areas and infrastructure.[23]

Also on 24 February, Russian forces and their separatist allies launched an offensive along the lines of contact in the Donbas.[24][25][failed verification] On the morning of 25 February, Russian forces, along with allied separatists, advanced from territory controlled by the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) towards Mariupol, encountering Ukrainian forces in Pavlopil.[26] The Ukrainians were victorious, destroying at least 20 Russian tanks.[27] In the evening, the Russian Navy began an amphibious assault 70 kilometers (43 miles) from Mariupol, along the coast of the Sea of Azov.[28][29] In Starobilsk, Ukrainian forces reportedly destroyed a group of Russian soldiers preparing to cross the Aidar river, forcing them to withdraw.[30] Later that day, shelling in Starobilsk destroyed several buildings.[31] Russian forces bombarded Mariupol throughout 26 February; the city's mayor Vadym Boychenko claimed that schools and apartment buildings had been struck.[32]

On 25 February, fierce fighting continued in the northern outskirts of Kharkiv, especially in the village of Tsyrkuny.[33] On 26 February, the governor of Kharkiv Oblast, Oleh Syniehubov, stated that the city of Kharkiv was still under Ukrainian control, and announced a curfew for the city.[34]

 
Ukrainian civilians being evacuated from Volnovakha in the Donetsk region

In the early morning of 27 February, a gas pipeline in Kharkiv was destroyed by Russian forces.[35] Russian light vehicles broke into the city,[36] with half of them reportedly destroyed by Ukrainian forces in ensuing fighting.[37] By the afternoon, Ukrainian officials stated that Kharkiv was still under Ukrainian control despite the overnight attack by Russian forces.[38][39] Meanwhile, Hennadiy Matsegora, the mayor of Kupiansk, agreed to hand over control of the city to Russian forces and accused Ukrainian forces of abandoning it when the invasion began.[40] He was later accused of treason by the Ukrainian Prosecutor General Iryna Venediktova.[41]

On the morning of 27 February, it was reported that a Russian tank column was quickly advancing towards Mariupol from DPR-held territory, but the attack was prevented by Ukrainian forces. Six Russian soldiers were captured.[42] Luhansk Oblast governor Serhiy Haidai stated that Stanytsia Luhanska and Shchastia were captured by Russian forces, who practically destroyed the settlements with shelling. Donetsk Oblast governor Pavlo Kyrylenko also accused them of destroying Volnovakha.[43]

On 1 March, Ukrainian forces began a counteroffensive toward Horlivka, which had been controlled by the DPR since 2014.[44][45]

On 2 March, forces of the Luhansk People's Republic and Russian troops captured Novoaidar, taking over a base of Ukraine's 79th Brigade.[46] Further north, a Russian convoy of 60 vehicles entered Starobilsk, where it was confronted by protesting locals waving Ukrainian flags and singing the Ukrainian national anthem.[47]

The Verkhovna Rada meanwhile stated that Russian shelling on Izium killed eight people.[48] Russian forces entered the town of Balakliia during the day.[49] Separatist-held Donetsk had been under shelling for several days. Some neighborhoods had no electricity supply and there were burnt cars on the streets.[50]

On 2 March, Russian paratroopers landed in Kharkiv during the early morning and started clashing with Ukrainian forces. Clashes also took place near a military hospital of the city as Russian paratroopers descended on it. Kharkiv Oblast's Police Chief Volodymyr Tymoshko later stated that the situation was under control.[51]

Ukrainian official Oleksiy Arestovych stated that the Ukrainian forces went on the offensive for the first time during the war, advancing towards Horlivka.[52][53][54] Ihor Zhdanov later claimed that "there were reports" that a part of the city had been captured by Ukrainian forces.[55] According to Ukrainian reports, Ukraine's 95th Air Assault Brigade had begun attacking the city the previous day.[56]

 
An Epicentr K ablaze amid Russian bombing in Mariupol.

Ukrainian authorities stated on 3 March that 34 civilians had been killed in Russian shelling in Mariupol in the previous 24 hours.[57] Civilians carrying Ukrainian flags protested against Russian troops in Svatove.[58] After talks with locals, the soldiers withdrew from the town.[59]

On 4 March, Ukrainian forces launched a counterattack in Kharkiv Oblast, reportedly pushing the Russian forces towards the Sumy Oblast, and reaching part of the Russia-Ukraine border.[60] By 7 March, Ukraine claimed to have retaken Chuhuiv near Kharkiv in a counter-attack overnight.[61] During the day, Ukraine also claimed to have killed Russian Maj. Gen. Vitaly Gerasimov, while also killing and wounding other senior Russian Army officers during a battle near Kharkiv.[62]

On 8 March, Ukraine stated that it had repelled an attack by Russian forces on Izium.[63]

 
Russian and LPR units convene in Novoaidar, March 2022
 
A Russian supply convoy in the Kharkiv region, March 2022

On 5 March, a ceasefire was declared in Volnovakha to allow civilians to evacuate, but was later scuttled with Ukrainian officials blaming Russian shelling continuing during the evacuation process. They added that about 400 civilians were still able to leave the city. Russian President Vladimir Putin however blamed Ukrainian forces for the breakdown of the ceasefire agreement.[64][failed verification]

On 6 March, both sides blamed each other for the failure of a second attempt to evacuate civilians from Mariupol.[65] Haidai stated that fighting was taking place on the outskirts of Lysychansk, Sievierodonetsk and Rubizhne, while Popasna and Hirske were being continuously shelled. He added that Ukrainian forces had lost control of Svatove, Starobilsk and Novopskov, though Russian forces were not deployed in the city in large numbers.[66]

On 8 March, Ukrainian officials stated that ten civilians had been killed and eight wounded in shelling on Severodonetsk during the day.[67] The next day, 9 March, a building acting as a maternity ward and children's hospital in Mariupol was bombed by the Russian Air Force at around 17:00, killing five civilians and injuring 17.[67]

On 11 March, the Russian Defence Ministry stated that the forces of the DPR had captured Volnovakha.[68] It also claimed that they had advanced 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) and had further tightened the siege of Mariupol. Videos later posted on social media showed Russian forces in many neighborhoods of Volnovakha.[69] Haidai, meanwhile, stated that Russian forces had occupied 70 percent of Luhansk Oblast.[70]

On 12 March, the Associated Press independently confirmed that Volnovakha had been captured by pro-Russian separatists and much of it had been destroyed in the fighting.[71] On the same day, Ukrainian forces confirmed the death of Colonel Valery Hudz, the commander of the Ukrainian 24th Mechanized Brigade while fighting on the Luhansk frontline.[72] Pavlo Kyrylenko, the governor of Donetsk Oblast, stated that while the settlements of Nikolske, Manhush and Urzuf had been occupied by Russian troops, they had yet to capture any key cities, with the exception of Volnovakha.[73]

 
Ukrainian soldiers with a captured Russian BRDM in March 2022

Meanwhile, Ukrainian officials accused Russia of using white phosphorus munitions on the town of Popasna, located in the Luhansk Oblast, during the night. In the northern Donetsk Oblast, the Sviatohirsk Lavra monastery was bombed around 22:00, wounding 30 people and damaging the monastery.[74][75]

The Russian Defence Ministry stated on 13 March that Russian forces had captured the settlements of Nikolske, Blahodatne, Volodymyrivka and Pavlivka in Donetsk Oblast, in an attempt to reach Velyka Novosilka.[76][77] The Ukrainian military stated that Russian forces had captured the settlements of Staromlynivka, Yevhenivka, Pavlivka and Yehorivka during the day.[78]

On 14 March, Donetsk was hit by a missile attack.[79][80] Denis Pushilin, the head of the Donetsk People's Republic, stated that they had shot down a Ukrainian Tochka-U missile fired on the city of Donetsk, but parts of the missile fell into the city centre, killing multiple civilians. The Russian Defense Ministry stated that 23 civilians were killed and 28 more wounded. However, the Ukrainian military denied conducting the attack and stated that it was "unmistakably a Russian rocket or another munition,",[81] which was supported by an assessment of the Conflict Intelligence Team, an investigative journalism group.[82]

 
Burning buildings in Sievierodonetsk after Russian shelling, 13 March

Ukrainian forces later said that Russian troops of the 336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade and the 11th Guards Air Assault Brigade had tried to advance in the Donetsk Oblast at 17:00, but were repulsed with up to 100 soldiers killed and six of their vehicles being destroyed.[83]

On 15 March, Haidai stated that four civilians were killed due to Russian shelling of a hospital, a care facility for children with visual impairments, and three schools in Rubizhne.[84] On 20 March, Russian officials confirmed that Andrey Paliy, a deputy commander of the Black Sea Fleet, had been killed in Mariupol.[85]

On 22 March, the head of the LPR, Leonid Pasechnik, claimed that "almost 80% of the territory" of the Luhansk region was under separatist control, with Popasna, Lysychansk, Rubizhne, Severodonetsk and Kreminna remaining Ukrainian-held. He noted that the situation in the battlefield was "stably tense" and that units of the People's Militia of the LPR were striving to capture Popasna and Rubizhne.[86]

On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry stated that Russia was prepared to begin a second phase of military operations with the aim of to occupy major Ukrainian cities in eastern Ukraine. According to the ministry, Russian-backed separatists were in control of 93% of Luhansk Oblast and 54% of Donetsk Oblast.[87]

Battle of Donbas (April–September 2022)

Main article: Battle of Donbas (2022)
Further information: Battle of Rubizhne and Battle of Kharkiv (2022)

April 2022

Further information: Battle of Kreminna and Battle of Avdiivka (2023–2024) § Early conflict
 
A Russian Orlan-10 drone shot down by the National Guard of Ukraine in Luhansk Oblast, April 2022

After Russia abandoned its offensive to capture Kyiv, it shifted its attention to eastern and southern Ukraine. The Russian military began redeploying units from northern Ukraine to the east, but many of these troops appeared to be nearly combat-ineffective due to heavy losses. However, Russia still amassed tens of thousands of troops, declaring its aim to fully capture the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts.[88][89] It managed to secure Izium on 1 April, although heavy fighting continued around the settlement over the next few days.[90] According to local authorities 80% of Izium's residential buildings were destroyed in the battle.[91] On 3 April, according to the Ukrainian government, two Russian soldiers died and 28 others were hospitalized after Ukrainian civilians handed out poisoned cakes to soldiers of the Russian 3rd Motor Rifle Division in Izium.[92][93]

Russia and the pro-Russian separatists continued to besiege Mariupol, where they made little progress. However, Russian troops managed to divide the Ukrainian holdouts in Mariupol into two or three pockets on 10 April.[94] At the same time, Russia made concentrated efforts to conquer the strategically important cities of Sievierodonetsk, Popasna, and Rubizhne. It launched repeated attacks on these locations from 10 April.[88][94][89] Russia made little progress in these attacks,[89] and Ukraine claimed that it had inflicted a heavy defeat on the Russian 60th Independent Motorized Infantry Brigade [ru; uk] on 11 April.[88] In nearby Kreminna, Ukraine's 128th Brigade claimed to have pushed Russian forces 6-10 kilometers away from the city.[95]

To support the operations aimed at Sievierodonetsk, Popasna, and Rubizhne, Russia made a push south of Izium toward Barvinkove and Sloviansk. Ukraine responded by shifting more units to hold off the Russians at Izium. At the same time, Russia attacked around Kharkiv to pin down local Ukrainian forces.[94][88][89] Russia had made only limited gains at Izium by 12 April, but more Russian forces continued to arrive, to reinforce the offensive.[89]

On 13 April, it was reported that Russia was attempting to assemble a force large enough to outnumber the Ukrainian soldiers in eastern Ukraine by five times, in an attempt to finally win a decisive victory in the Donbas.[96] On 16 April, Russia warned the remaining defenders of Mariupol to surrender; the Ukrainians ignored the demand.[97][98] On 18 April, Ukraine launched counter-attacks, and retook several small towns and villages near Kharkiv and Izium.[99]

Also on 18 April, Zelenskyy announced that the "battle for Donbas" had begun, as Russian forces launched an offensive across a 300-mile front. According to Russian officials, 1,260 military targets were hit by rockets and artillery.[100][101][102][103] The initial Russian bombardment focused on Rubizhne, Popasna, and Marinka.[99]

On the same day, it was reported that Russian and LNR troops had entered the city of Kreminna, capturing it after a few hours of clashes with the Ukrainian Army.[104][105] LNR commander Mikhail Kishchik was killed in this battle.[106] Over the next days, Russia gained little territory despite attacks all across the frontline. Facing heavy Ukrainian resistance, the Russian and separatist forces were able to advance into parts of Rubizhne, Popasna, and Sievierodonetsk. Some reports also suggested that fighting in Kreminna was still ongoing.[9][107][108] On 21 April, the Russians claimed to have killed over 4,000 Ukrainian troops in Mariupol, and to have captured a further 1,478.[109] By 23 April, Ukrainian counter-attacks had reportedly further stalled the Russian advance.[110]

In the following days, Russia continued its attempts to break through the Ukrainian defenses, possibly in an aim to encircle the Izium-Donetsk City salient. Fighting was concentrated at Sievierodonetsk, Rubizhne, Popasna, Marinka, Kharkiv, and Izium.[111][112][113][114] Russia, the LPR, and the DPR made limited gains, capturing a number of villages and the towns of Popivka, Pischane, Zhytlivka, and Kreminna.[112][113] However, their overall advance was slow, and stalled in most areas of the frontline. Ukraine also mounted a growing number of counter-attacks at Izium and Kharkiv, gradually expelling Russian forces from a number of settlements.[115][114][116]

First Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive and the recapture of Mariupol and Sievierodonetsk (May–September 2022)

Further information: Siege of Mariupol, Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022), and Battle of Lysychansk
 
Ukrainian troops surrender after the capture of Azovstal in Mariupol, 19 May 2022
 
President Volodymyr Zelenskyy visiting the 24th Mechanized Brigade on the eastern front, near Bakhmut and Lysychansk, 5 June 2022
 
Burning buildings in Luhansk Oblast after Russian shelling, 13 June 2022

On 30 April, Ukraine launched a large-scale counter-offensive at Kharkiv, retaking the city's suburbs and several more towns over the following days.[116][117][118][119][120]

By 4 May, Russian forces had been pushed back to such a distance that most of their artillery could no longer strike Kharkiv.[117] Meanwhile, Russian and DPR/LPR separatist forces continued to attempt to break through Ukrainian defenses at Izium and the Donetsk-Luhansk frontline.[120][118][121][119] On 6 May, the ISW described a Ukrainian counteroffensive "along a broad arc" near Kharkiv, reporting that Ukraine had recaptured "several villages," including Tsyrkuny, Peremoha and part of Cherkaski Tyshky.[122] The ISW also reported that Ukraine "may successfully push Russian forces out of artillery range in Kharkiv in the coming days."[122]

On 7 May, Russian forces destroyed several bridges in an attempt to slow down the Ukrainian counter-offensive at Kharkiv. On the same day, Russia and separatist troops also captured Popasna.[123] Following the capture of Popasna, Russia began attempting to encircle Sievierodonetsk.[124][125]

On 7 May, it was reported that Ukrainian forces had successfully pushed back Russian forces stationed around Kharkiv, with the city getting further out of range for Russian forces.[126] The same day, Ukrainian forces also reported retaking five villages northeast of Kharkiv.[127] Quoting a Ukrainian official, The New York Times said that the battle for Kharkiv was not over, but that at the moment, Ukraine was dominating, and that Russian troops were destroying bridges as they were retreating.[128] On 11 May, Ukrainian forces claimed to have recaptured four settlements. The counteroffensive had the potential to bring Ukrainian forces within several kilometers of the Russian border.[129]

On 10 May, Ukraine made further gains on the Kharkiv front, forcing Russia to redeploy forces from the Izium front to the north.[130]

In addition, Ukrainian artillery destroyed an entire Russian battalion tactical group attempting a river crossing in the battle of the Siverskyi Donets.[131] Meanwhile, Russia and the DPR attempted to cement their occupation in eastern Ukraine through political and economic means, likely in an attempt to integrate these areas into the existing separatist republics or establish new ones.[132] On the other side, Ukrainian civilians began organizing resistance movements.[112] As Ukrainian forces retook territory around Kharkiv, local civilian collaborators fled to Russia.[117]

On 12 May, Russian forces seized Rubizhne and the nearby town of Voevodivka.[133][134] Heavy fighting subsequently took place at the village of Dovhenke south of Izium.[135] On 13 May, it was reported that Russia had decided to withdraw its forces from Kharkiv Oblast.[136] On 14 May, the ISW reported that "Ukraine thus appears to have won the battle of Kharkiv."[137] The Mayor of Kharkiv said to the BBC: "There was no shelling in the city for the last five days. There was only one attempt from Russians to hit the city with a missile rocket near Kharkiv airport, but the missile was eliminated by Ukrainian Air Defence."[138]

Russia continued its attempts to encircle Sievierodonetsk and began to focus on cutting the highway at Bakhmut.[135][139] By 14 May, the Ukrainians claimed to have killed over 6,000 Russian soldiers in Mariupol. They also claimed to have destroyed 78 tanks and 100 other armored vehicles.[140] On 15 May, Ukrainian forces reached the border near Kharkiv, while continuing to push back Russian and LPR units.[139] On the following day, the siege of Mariupol was formally concluded as the Ukrainian military personnel in the city's Azovstal agreed to gradually evacuate and surrender to the Russian forces.[139][141] Four days later, the Russians announced that they had taken an additional 2,439 Ukrainians prisoners in Mariupol, bringing the total number captured during the siege to 3,917.[142] In addition, it was reported that unrest – including public protests – was growing among pro-Russian collaborators and separatists in eastern Ukraine, as they accused Russian forces of corruption, incompetence, and forced mobilizations.[139]

Over the following days, Russia made little to no progress at the Izium frontline, but captured some territory around Popasna and Sievierodonetsk, increasingly threatening Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk with encirclement.[143] Russia also intensified air and artillery strikes targeting Ukrainian positions around Izium, possibly to prepare for renewed attacks.[144][145] At the northern front,[where?] Russia and separatist forces retook a few villages and fortified their positions to stall the Ukrainian counter-offensive.[145][144]

After the Ukrainian counteroffensive, Russian forces were driven back to defensive positions, some of which were within miles of the Russia-Ukraine international border. Despite this, they continued to shell various Kharkiv suburbs, as well as the city proper, killing numerous civilians and wounding dozens more. Skirmishes along the Russia–Ukraine border in the area of northeastern Ukraine continued between Russian and Ukrainian forces beyond 14 May.[146][147][148]

On 20 May, Russian forces again shelled several villages in the Kharkiv district, including the city of Kharkiv itself, using BM-21 Grad, BM-27 Uragan and BM-30 Smerch multiple rocket launchers.[149][150] On 21 May, the Ukrainian police confirmed the recovery of the bodies of six military officials, including a Russian colonel, in the settlement of Zolochiv.[151]

On 22 May, the Russian forces made minimal progress in eastern Ukraine. New reports confirmed that Russian troops had occupied Rubizhne in the northern Kharkiv Oblast on May 19. In northern Kharkiv, Russian forces brought in reinforcements to maintain their positions on the west bank of the Seversky Donets River, instead of retreating across the river to use it as a defensive position, to prevent further Ukrainian advances north or east that could jeopardize Russian communication lines along the Izium axis.[152] On 24 May, Russian forces attempted to retake Ternova in northern Kharkiv Oblast.[153]

On 23 May, Russian forces took control of Lyman and attacked Avdiivka.[144][154] On 24 May, Russian forces attacked from Popasna with the aim of cutting off Bakhmut, Lysychansk and Sievierodonetsk, gaining some ground. Ukrainian forces made a controlled withdrawal southwest of Popasna to strengthen their defensive position at Bakhmut. Russia subsequently captured Svitlodarsk.[154][155]

Around this time, Ukrainian defence adviser Yuriy Sak publicly demanded more multiple launch rocket systems to reinforce Ukrainian artillery capabilities.[156] On 31 May, the United States announced a military aid package that included precision rocket systems with a range of 80 km.[157]

After a fierce month-long battle that ruined much of the city, Russian and LPR forces captured Sievierodonetsk along the Siverskyi Donets river on 25 June.[158] On the same day, the battle of Lysychansk began, which also saw a Russian victory on 2 July. The following day Russian and LPR forces declared full control of the entire Luhansk region.[159] On 4 July, The Guardian reported that after the capture of the Luhansk oblast, that Russian invasion troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent Donetsk oblast to attack the cities of Sloviansk and Bakhmut. The Russian military declared an "operational pause" to rest and replenish front line forces in Luhansk.[160] On 9 July, a Russian rocket attack on two residential buildings in Chasiv Yar killed at least 48 people.[161]

On 25–26 July, after Russia's operational pause concluded, Russian sources reported that the towns of Berestove, Novoluhanske, and the nearby Vuhlehirska Power Station had been captured. The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) suggested Ukrainian defenders likely conducted a deliberate withdrawal from the area.[162][163][164]

On 13 August, the Russian defence ministry said its forces had captured the village of Udy, northwest of Kharkiv.[165] They attempted to push further, and fierce battles occurred in Zolochiv on August 19 and 20, with Ukrainian forces repulsing the attack.[166][failed verification]

The Deputy Chief of the Main Operational Directorate of Ukraine's General Staff, Oleksiy Hromov, alleged on 1 September that Russian president Vladimir Putin had ordered Russian forces to capture the entirety of Donetsk Oblast by 15 September via a renewed offensive. Hromov further alleged that Russia was going to rotate its recently established 3rd Army Corps to the Donetsk front. A senior U.S. defense official dismissed the purported deployment of the "older, unfit, and ill-trained" 3rd Army Corps personnel as being unable to increase Russia's overall combat power in Ukraine.[167]

Second Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive (September–October 2022)

Main article: 2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive
Further information: Second battle of Lyman, Battle of Kupiansk, and Wagner Line
 
President Zelenskyy with Ukrainian soldiers near the frontline in Kharkiv Oblast, September 2022
 
Destroyed Russian equipment from the second battle of Lyman

On 6 September 2022, Ukrainian forces began a surprise counter-offensive on the Kharkiv front that resulted in Russian forces retreating over 1,000 square kilometres (390 sq mi) east.[168] On 4 September, Zelenskyy announced the liberation of a village in Donetsk Oblast. Ukrainian authorities released a video of their forces entering Ozerne.[169] On 8 September, Ukrainian forces recaptured more than 20 settlements in Kharkiv Oblast, including the towns of Balakliia and Shevchenkove and 'penetrated Russian defense positions up to 50 km' according to the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. On the same day, a representative of the Russian occupation authorities announced that the 'defense of Kupiansk had begun' and that additional Russian forces were on their way to support the effort, suggesting that Ukrainian elements were close to the town.[170][171][172]

On 9 September, Ukrainian forces reached the outskirts of Kupiansk and destroyed the main bridge over the Oskil river in the city center, limiting the ability of the Russian Army to retreat or to bring in reinforcements.[173][174] In the morning of 10 September, Ukrainian soldiers posted pictures of the Ukrainian flag being raised in front of the town hall.[175] Also on 10 September, Izium, a central command post of the Russians in the region, fell to Ukrainian forces, "with thousands of Russian soldiers abandoning ammunition stockpiles and equipment as they fled."[175] On 11 September, it was reported that the Ukrainians had retaken Velykyi Burluk in Kharkiv Oblast, just 15 miles (24 km) from the border with Russia.[176] Russia responded with missile strikes on civilian areas and on non-military infrastructure facilities like power stations.[177] The Russian Ministry of Defense then formally announced Russian forces' withdrawal from the majority of Kharkiv Oblast on September 11,[178] with Russia only controlling parts of the region on the east bank of the Oskil River.[179]

By October 2022, Ukrainian forces had retaken several villages and towns in northern Luhansk and northern Donetsk, including Yatskivka, Novoliubivka [uk], Nevske [uk], Hrekivka, Novoiehorivka [uk], Nadiya, Andriivka, and Stelmakhivka, among others.[180][181][182] On 1 October, Ukrainian forces entered Lyman after a short siege.[183] Russian forces had fallen back to the P-66 highway near the Kharkiv-Luhansk Oblast border, anchored by the settlements of Svatove and Kreminna, the first city to be taken during the battle of Donbas. On 2–3 October, Ukrainian forces began attacking towards Kreminna and Svatove in an attempt to break the Russian front line along the P-66 in northern Luhansk.[citation needed]

First Russian winter campaign (November 2022–May 2023)

Further information: Battle of Bakhmut and Luhansk Oblast campaign

Early winter (November–December 2022)

 
No man's land during the battle of Bakhmut, November 2022
 
T-80BV and T-64 tanks from Ukraine's 93rd Mechanized Brigade on the Bakhmut–Soledar front, December 2022

Russian forces launched a renewed offensive in southern and northern Donetsk Oblast in early November,[184] with Russian troops intensifying their attempts to break through Ukrainian defensive lines in Bakhmut, Soledar, Pavlivka, and Vuhledar.[185] On 11 November, DPR forces were reported to have entered Pavlivka.[186] Russian forces, including Wagner Group PMC fighters, overran defensive lines south of Bakhmut in late November, claiming to have captured the settlements of Kurdiumivka, Ozarianivka, Zelenopillia, and Andriivka by 30 November, while clashes in Opytne continued.[187][188]

By December 2022, the Donbas was the site of the fiercest fighting in Ukraine. Russian and Ukrainian forces funneled reinforcements from other fronts to the Bakhmut–Soledar axis while Ukraine's eastern counteroffensive largely stalled along the Lyman–Kreminna–Svatove axis.[189] Russia spent much of the month consolidating defense lines along the Kreminna–Svatove front, seeking to prevent a Ukrainian breakthrough to the P-66 highway; the Ukrainians, including the 92nd Mechanized Brigade, attempted intermittent local counterattacks across the line of contact while repelling many local Russian assaults.[190] The Kreminna–Svatove line became a defensive flashpoint for Russia, which reportedly reinforced the area with two battalions of T-90 tanks and a few BMPT armored fighting vehicles, and reportedly mobilized elements of the 144th Guards Motor Rifle Division and 8th Guards Combined Arms Army.[190][191] Both the Russians and Ukrainians claimed to be conducting offensive operations along this front line and repelling local enemy assaults; on 10 December, the Russian defense ministry said it was making new advances east of Lyman[192] while the Institute for the Study of War assessed that Ukraine "likely" controlled the contested front line settlement of Chervonopopivka as of 22 December.[193]

Meanwhile, multiple Russian sources reported that Wagner fighters had captured and were clearing Yakovlivka, located along Soledar's northeastern flank, by 7 December.[194] The Russians also claimed to have shot down a Ukrainian Mi-8 helicopter in Yakovlivka on 8 December.[195] Ukraine was reportedly rotating in fresh units in the Donbas by mid–December, particularly from the Kherson front. The 57th Motorized Brigade, 36th Marine Brigade, and the 46th Airmobile Brigade reinforced the Bakhmut front alongside the 24th Mechanized Brigade, relieving the 93rd, which had defended Bakhmut and Soledar for months. The 28th Brigade reportedly rotated to Kostiantynivka and the 18th Marine Infantry Battalion, 35th Marine Brigade reinforced Nevelske and Pervomaiske.[196][better source needed]

Heavy clashes along the Bakhmut–Soledar axis continued by 10 December, typified by grueling trench warfare, drone warfare, artillery duels, and minor ground assaults amid freezing temperatures. Zelenskyy accused Russia of having "destroyed" Bakhmut, saying there was "no residential space that hasn't been damaged by shelling for a long time." On 10 December, the Ukrainian General Staff said more than 20 settlements were bombarded in fighting in the Bakhmut area alone.[192][197] Ukrainian paratroopers of the 71st Separate Huntsman Brigade reported repelling a Russian "sabotage and reconnaissance group" with mortar fire near Bakhmut, "eliminating" at least two attackers.[198] On 16 December, Wagner PMC forces reportedly finished clearing Yakovlivka, further threatening Soledar's northeastern flank.[199]

In southern and western Donetsk Oblast, the battle of Marinka continued,[193] with DPR president Denis Pushilin claiming on 15 December that 80 percent of the city had been captured amid ongoing heavy urban combat.[200] Russia also continued demolition and reconstruction projects in Mariupol, reportedly seeking to turn the ruined city into a garrison city. Observers accused Russia of using the rebuilding efforts to cover up and destroy evidence of war crimes in Mariupol, particularly the March 2022 Mariupol theatre airstrike.[201][202]

Russian regular, separatist, and Wagner PMC forces continued attempts to break defense lines on Bakhmut's southern and eastern flanks via small probing attacks; Wagner fighters spearheaded ground assaults into the city and its satellite suburbs, each of which Ukraine had turned into a stronghold. Media, government officials, and eyewitnesses described the fighting in Bakhmut as a "meat grinder" as both Ukrainian and Russian troops reportedly suffered heavy casualties daily with negligible changes on the front line.[194][203]

The ISW assessed that the pace of Russia's Donbas advances in November and December was roughly equivalent to the pace in October. According to the ISW, Russian forces gained a total of 192 sq km in the Bakhmut sector between 1 October and 20 December.[204] Footage posted online by a Russian journalist confirmed Russian forces had captured Andriivka, 10 km south of Bakhmut, by 22 December. The journalist claimed that Wagner fighters were fighting near Klishchiivka, where Ukraine reportedly had established strong defensive positions. Meanwhile, Ukraine continued to hold the northern half of Opytne and the western half of Marinka.[193] On 26 December, Zelenskyy referred to Ukraine's situation in the Donbas as "difficult," saying the Russians were "using all the resources available to them ... to squeeze out at least some advance."[205] Ukraine's Eastern Military Command reported that the Bakhmut area was shelled 225 times on 26 December alone.[206]

Russian breakthroughs (December 2022–March 2023)

 
Ukrainian intelligence chief Kyrylo Budanov visiting troops in Bakhmut, December 2022
 
Wagner Group fighters pose after capturing the village of Mykolaivka, north of Soledar, 2 February 2023

Russian forces intensified their encirclement attempts of Bakhmut in the winter, as Wagner broke through Ukrainian defense lines in the salt-mining town of Soledar on 27 December, capturing Bakhmutske.[207] Soledar itself was taken by 16 January 2023, degrading Bakhmut's northeastern defensive flanks.[208][209] The recapture of Soledar allowed Russian forces, spearheaded by Wagner fighters, to further flank Bakhmut from the northeastern direction and assert control over a portion of the T0513 highway towards Siversk.[210] Defences along Bakhmut's northern flank collapsed as the Ukrainians withdrew from Krasna Hora on 11 February.[211] Wagner advanced 2-3 kilometers to the west of Blahodatne, capturing the area near the main M-03 highway leading into Bakhmut. Both the UK Defence Ministry and Ukraine's governor of Donetsk Pavlo Kyrylenko said the Russians were attempting a pincer movement of Bakhmut, enveloping the city from multiple directions and establishing fire control over most Ukrainian supply routes into it.[212][213][214]

In mid-January, a battle took place in Vodiane. On January 15, around 9-10 in the morning, elements of the DPR's 1st Slovyanska Separate Mechanized Brigade attacked eastern Vodiane from a frozen-over flooded area west of Opytne. These elements were not supported by artillery. At 12pm, a convoy of eight to nine Russian BMP-2s heading towards Ukrainian-controlled west Vodiane was hit by Ukrainian fire, injuring 70% of the soldiers involved, according to the Russian commander of the attack. Two T-72Bs then approached the town, but were destroyed. A third and final attack took place in the afternoon, when some BMPs attempted to drive close to the bridge between Vodiane and Opytne (which had been destroyed during the fighting), but were also destroyed by artillery. There were also attacks on Sieverne, west of Avdiivka.[215] On 10 February 2023, Russian fighters in Vodiane claimed that there is "not a single living creature in the town" from the destruction.[216] A group of Russian soldiers from the "Storm" detachment from Kaliningrad released a video in March 2023, claiming they were suffering large losses while fighting in Vodiane.[217]

By 22 February, Russian units had crossed the M-03 and began assaulting Yahidne and Berkhivka, northwest of Bakhmut, with the Ukrainians claiming to have repelled the assaults amid heavy fighting.[218] Wagner claimed to have captured both villages by 26 February, however Ukraine's general staff said Russian assaults remained "unsuccessful" amid heavy shelling.[219][220] Geolocated footage on 4 March showed Russian troops were advancing along both banks of the Berkhivka reservoir located about 4 kilometers northwest of Bakhmut, on the approaches to Khromove and Dubovo-Vasylivka villages, respectively.[221][222] On 7 March, Ukraine ceded eastern Bakhmut to Russian forces, retreating west of the Bakhmutka river.[223][224][225] Wagner claimed to have advanced along the M-03 and expanded the buffer zone north and west of Bakhmut, capturing the villages of Dubovo-Vasylivka and Zaliznianske by 16 March,[226][227] however Ukrainian defenders stalled the advance along this axis by 19 March, repelling assaults on Orikhovo-Vasylivka, Bohdanivka, and Khromove villages.[228][229][230][231]

In early March 2023, Zelenskyy referred to the ongoing fighting in the Donbas as "painful and difficult".[232] Clashes around Avdiivka escalated in February and March, as the Ukrainians claimed Russian forces had begun an attempted encirclement effort of the city.[233] Russian forces increased the amount of airstrikes in the area as ground units advanced towards Avdiivka's outskirts from the north and northeast, capturing Krasnohorivka (9 km north of Avdiivka) and Vesele (7 km north of Avdiivka) by 21 March.[234][235] Further to the south, the grinding battle for Marinka had reduced the city to "post-apocalyptic" ruins as Russian ground units made minimal gains amid fierce urban combat with Ukrainian defenders.[236] DPR leader Denis Pushilin claimed Ukraine was continuously transferring reserves to Marinka.[237][238]

Capture of Bakhmut and Ukrainian flanking counterattacks (April–May 2023)

 
View of western Bakhmut during the battle, 5 April 2023

Fighting inside Bakhmut continued into April and May 2023. Russian forces controlled 95 percent of the city by 18 May, having corralled Ukrainian defenders into a southwestern neighborhood of multi-story residential buildings the Russians referred to as the "nest", where Ukraine had purportedly concentrated a large number of defending units.[239][240] As Wagner fighters made gradual gains inside Bakhmut, Ukraine launched counterattacks on the southern and northwestern flanks of the city beginning around 10 May, resulting in Russian units abandoning positions near the Berkhivka reservoir and south of Ivanivske, on the approach to Klishchiivka.[241] Ukraine's 3rd Assault Brigade reportedly partook in the recapture of 2 km of territory, in what Ukrainian commander Oleksandr Syrskyi called "the first successful offensive operation in the city's defense".[240][242][243][244]

Despite the Ukrainian counterattacks threatening their flanks, Wagner continued to advance inside the city and claimed to have fully captured it on 20 May, adding that they planned to withdraw from the front line and be replaced by regular Russian troops after finishing clearing operations.[245][246] Ukraine, however, denied that Bakhmut had fallen and claimed their forces were in the process of partially "encircling" the city via their multiple "localized" gains on the environs.[247][248][249] By 21 May, Wagner forces had consolidated control over Bakhmut proper and halted their advance, with Ukrainian forces still operating in neighboring localities west and south of the city. The ISW assessed that Ukrainian forces had withdrawn from the city itself but were still counterattacking on the outskirts.[250][251][241]

2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive & renewed Avdiivka assaults (June–October 2023)

 
Russian tank inside Raihorodka village in Luhansk Oblast, July 2023
A Russian missile strike on the Mezhova railway station in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, August 2023.[252] Video released by the Russian Ministry of Defence.
Russian forces deploying incendiary munitions against Ukrainian positions on the Bakhmut front, October 2023

In early June 2023, Ukraine launched a large counteroffensive across the frontlines, including on the flanks of Bakhmut. These attacks focused around areas such as Andriivka,[253] Klishchiivka,[254] and Berkhivka,[255] where Ukrainian forces made "marginal" gains. Ukraine's progress was notably hindered by dense Russian minefields, with the Russians reportedly using rocket systems to deploy mines in areas that Ukrainian troops had previously recaptured and cleared.[256] By July 2023, Russian forces were largely maintaining a defensive posture along the vast majority of the frontline, with the Luhansk front being one of the few places where they reportedly remained on the offensive.[257][258]

Meanwhile, internal tensions between the Russian defence ministry and the Wagner Group boiled over when the latter launched a one-day rebellion against the Russian government on 23 June, which was concluded with mediation by Belarus. Wagner leader Yevgeny Prigozhin later announced on 19 July that the PMC would no longer fight in Ukraine.[259] Russia reportedly increased its oversight over Wagner forces after Prigozhin and two other Wagner commanders died in a plane crash on 23 August. Russian war blog Rybar reported Wagner fighters would return to the Bakhmut axis to help recapture lost positions.[260] On 27 September, the Ukrainian military stated that "a maximum of several hundred" Wagner fighters had returned to Ukraine but dismissed their impact on the battlefield as negligible, describing them as a "remnant" force no longer fighting as a single unit—being instead dispersed throughout regular Russian units.[261] Later, on 27 November, a Ukrainian Ground Forces spokesman said that "former Wagner Group members" were spotted fighting on the Lyman-Kupiansk front alongside Storm-Z units.[262]

By October 2023, Ukraine was waging an "active defense" on the Bakhmut axis after recapturing Andriivka and Klishchiivka, holding the line while conducting offensive operations to improve tactical positions when possible. However, Ukrainian assaults began slowly culminating on this front by the end of the month. The ISW reported on 27 October that Russian forces were conducting successful counterattacks on Bakhmut's flanks, recapturing positions south of the Berkhivka reservoir that they lost months prior, along with making marginal gains west of Kurdyumivka, located 13 km southwest of Bakhmut. In turn, Ukrainian troops reportedly pushed the Russians out of several positions east of the Bakhmut-Horlivka railway line in the area of Andriivka.[19][263]

In early October 2023, as Ukraine's larger counteroffensive nominally continued on other fronts, Russian forces began a localized offensive against Avdiivka, attempting to encircle the fortified city.[264]

On 30 October 2023, Ukrainian general Oleksandr Syrskyi stated Russian forces were transferring reserves and "significantly" strengthening its grouping on the Bakhmut front in preparation of a renewed offensive to recapture lost positions along Bakhmut's flanks. Ukrainian military spokesperson Volodymyr Fityo, citing intelligence reports, stated the Russians were preparing since early October 2023 and that Ukrainian troops had been strengthening "defensive positions, engineering fortifications and pulling up reserves" in response.[265] Russian sources, including the Russian defence ministry, said that elements of the 331st Guards Airborne Regiment, 98th and 106th Guards Airborne Division, 200th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, "Viking" spetsnaz detachment, and the "Alexander Nevsky" Assault Brigade, were among the personnel operating on the Bakhmut front around this time.[266][267][268][269][270]

Second Russian winter campaign (November 2023–April 2024)

See also: Luhansk Oblast campaign § Renewed offensive towards Kupiansk (November 2023–present)

Early winter (November–December 2023)

In early November, positional battles south of Bakhmut continued along the Klishchiivka-Andriivka-Kurdiumivka railway line, while Russian sources claimed increased offensive operations on the Berkhivka Reservoir axis further northwest of Bakhmut.[271] On 6 November, Ukrainian and Russian sources reported that Russian troops had made a "marginal" advance south of the Berkhivka Reservoir, though it was unclear at the time if they recaptured the entire reservoir or just the southern shore.[272] On 10 November, Russian sources reported Russian troops had regained lost positions in forestry north of Klishchiivka and a tree line north of Andriivka, pushing Ukrainian forces away from the railway line and the T0513 highway, however Ukrainian mines, drones, and artillery were complicating the advance. In turn, the Ukrainian General Staff reported repelling assaults near Bohdanivka, Ivanivske, Klishchiivka, and Andriivka.[267]

In mid-November, General Syrskyi confirmed Russian forces had intensified their assaults north and south of Bakhmut in an attempt to regain the initiative and retake lost positions.[269][273][274]

On 13–14 November, Russian troops—including elements of the 98th Guards Airborne Division's "Storm" Division—advanced west of Yahidne, advancing along a tree line southwest of Orikhovo-Vasylivka towards Bohdanivka and securing new positions near the Berkhivka Reservoir in the process. Russian troops reportedly crossed the railway north of Klishchiivka and were consolidating positions, though Ukraine's 93rd Mechanized Brigade claimed artillery had pushed them back across the railway. Yuri Fedorenko, the commander of the drone specialist "Achilles" Company, confirmed the situation in the Bakhmut direction was becoming complicated, crediting Russian troops' constantly shifting tactics and heavy usage of battlefield drones. Meanwhile, the Ukrainian General Staff reported repelling numerous assaults north and south of Bakhmut in its daily reports, including towards Bohdanivka, Ivanivske, Andriivka, Klishchiivka, and west of Dubovo-Vasylivka.[268][269][275] On 16 November, Maksym Zhorin, the deputy commander of the 3rd Assault Brigade, accused Russian troops of deploying chemical weapons during clashes near Bakhmut.[276]

By 19 November, the Russians were continuing assaults towards Khromove village, Bohdanivka, and against Klishchiivka, where the Ukrainians continued to hold the tactical heights west of the village.[270][277] On 29 November, Russia said its forces had taken control of Khromove.[278]

By November 2023, both the Russians and Ukrainians were reportedly using cluster munitions on the eastern front, with the Russian cluster munitions being air-launched and Ukrainian cluster munitions, supplied by the United States, being fired via artillery.[279] Around 20 November, video emerged online of Russian forces reportedly targeting Ukrainian positions near Staromaiorske with RBK-500 cluster munitions fitted with UMPK glide bomb guidance kits. According to The War Zone online magazine, the UMPK-fitted RBK-500s are considered highly effective against personnel and soft targets, making them a logical weapon of choice for Russia in eastern Ukraine, where fighting is dominated by trench warfare amid treelines and open terrain.[280][281] According to a Ukrainian platoon commander on the Bakhmut front, their cluster munitions were becoming increasingly ineffective as the Russians adapted; Russian troops began assaulting positions in smaller units and were digging their trenches deeper and making them harder to strike.[282]

Between 8–9 December, on the Bakhmut-Soledar front, Russian troops reportedly advanced 1.5 kilometers and 3.5 kilometers total in an apparent attempt to encircle Vesele, located 20 kilometers northeast of Bakhmut.[283] Over a month later, on 18 January 2024, the Russian defence ministry claimed Russian troops had captured Vesele. Though located near Soledar, it marked the first settlement captured on the southern approach to the Siversk-Bilohorivka axis, a section of the eastern front that remained mostly stagnant throughout 2023. The Russian claims of advances were not independently verified at the time.[284][285][286]

Russian forces captured Marinka on 25 December. According to The New York Times, the capture of the ruined city was further evidence that Russian forces had seized the initiative in the war after Ukraine's largely unsuccessful summer counteroffensive. The stalled Ukrainian offensive and renewed Russian assaults resulted in Russian forces ultimately seizing more territory in 2023 than they lost.[287]

Avdiivka breakthrough and Ocheretyne salient (January 2024–April 2024)

See also: Battle of Avdiivka (2023–2024)
Russian Pacific Fleet marines fighting in Novomykhailivka, February 2024. Video released by the Russian Ministry of Defence.

The Russian offensive on the Bakhmut front continued into January 2024, slowly pushing west towards Chasiv Yar, with ongoing clashes in and near Bohdanivka, and along the Ivanivske-Andriivka-Klishchiivka axis.[282] General Oleksandr Syrskyi said Russian forces were using kamikaze drones and electronic warfare alongside assault groups supported by artillery to break through Ukrainian defenses on the Bakhmut front.[288] On 20 January 2024, Ukrainian spokesperson Colonel Oleksandr Shtupun stated that Russia was focusing its assault operations in Donetsk on Avdiivka and Novomykhailivka, adding that Russian ground assaults were mostly composed of infantry, with very limited armored vehicle support. Russian forces had conducted 592 artillery strikes and launched three missile strikes on the Donetsk front in the past 24 hours, according to Shtupun.[289]

In late January–early February 2024, Russian forces broke through Ukrainian defences in Avdiivka and began flanking and encircling troops of the embattled 110th Mechanized Brigade, prompting a Ukrainian retreat and resulting in Russian forces capturing the fortified city after months of deadly fighting.[290] The Russians continued to advance west of Avdiivka, reportedly capturing Lastochkyne, Stepove and Sieverne by 27 February.[291][292] Syrskyi said that the 3rd Assault and 25th Airborne Brigades had pushed Russian troops back from Orlivka on 29 February.[293] Clashes also continued for Novomykhailivka, with Russia claiming to have captured Pobieda on 22 February, further threatening Novomykhailivka's northern flank and expanding the buffer zone south of Marinka.[294]

In February–March 2024, Russian forces continued offensive operations on the Bohdanivka-Chasiv Yar direction, namely along the O0506 highway, north and northeast of Ivanivske, and by attempting to bypass the heights north and northwest of Klishchiivka, according to Ukrainian military observer Kostyantyn Mashovets. On 21–23 February, Russian sources claimed that Russian troops, including elements of the 98th Guards Airborne Division, had entered the eastern outskirts of Ivanivske and advanced to Sadova Street amid fierce clashes.[295][296][297] By 3 March, Russian troops had reached central Ivanivske. Ukraine's Tavria operational-strategic group said defenders were managing to build isolated ramparts, bunkers and anti-tank ditches amid the fighting.[298] After weeks of fighting, the Russian defence ministry claimed the capture of Ivanivske on 23 March, although DeepState mapping claimed the town was still contested as of 2 April.[299] The Russians nevertheless continued their advance towards Chasiv Yar, reportedly capturing operationally important heights north of the city and Ivanivske respectively.[300][299]

Clashes continued west and south of Avdiivka in March and April 2024, particularly along the Tonenke-Orlivka-Berdychi line[301] and the Vodiane-Pervomaiske front. By 1 March, the Russians had a foothold on the eastern outskirts of Berdychi, had entered central Orlivka, and were threatening the northern and eastern flanks of Tonenke.[298] The Russians later claimed to have captured Orlivka on 19 March and Tonenke on 21 March.[302][303] On 12 March, the Russian defence ministry claimed the capture of Nevelske, a village located on the southern flank of Pervomaiske and less than 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) north of Krasnohorivka.[304] The Russians claimed to have captured Vodiane on 5 April and reportedly captured Pervomaiske by 10 April.[305][306]

On 14–16 April, Russian forces began expanding Avdiivka's northern flank, capturing the Zarya dachas and swiftly moving on to establish a foothold in Ocheretyne, creating a salient. Russian troops exploited the breach in defenses, capturing Ocheretyne by 28 April.[307][308][309][310] Russian forces expanded the salient by quickly capturing the villages of Novobakhmutivka by 28 April and Soloviove by 1 May along Ocheretyne's southern flank.[311][312] The Russians were concurrently advancing on a second axis northwards, east of the Ocheretyne salient, towards Novokalynove and Keramik, which were both reportedly captured by 30 April according to DeepStateMap.Live.[313] After capturing Ocheretyne and Keramik, the Russians further advanced northwards and captured Arkhanhelske by 5 May, according to DeepState.[314]

 
Damaged buildings in Chasiv Yar, 30 March 2024

On 25 April, the ISW assessed that although Russia was seeking further "tactical gains" northwest of Avdiivka, Chasiv Yar remained the primary target of the spring campaign.[315]

Russian spring campaign (April 2024–present)

Battles of Chasiv Yar and Krasnohorivka (April 2024–present)

See also: Battle of Chasiv Yar and Battle of Krasnohorivka

Russian media reported on 5 April that their troops had entered the eastern suburbs of Chasiv Yar. Ukraine's eastern command denied these reports but admitted the situation on the city's outskirts had become "tense".[316] On 6 April, Colonel-General Oleksandr Syrskyi–who succeeded Valerii Zaluzhnyi as Ukraine's commander-in-chief on 8 February–stated "Today, the fiercest battles are underway in the areas of Pervomaiske and Vodiane, as well as east of Chasiv Yar, where the enemy is trying to break through our defense lines."[317]

On 13 April, Syrskyi stated the situation on the eastern front had "deteriorated significantly" in recent days and that fighting had intensified following the 2024 Russian presidential election. Syrskyi partially attributed recent Russian gains in Donetsk Oblast to their superior weaponry and spoke of the need for training of more Ukrainian infantry units.[318] The same day, DeepStateMap.Live reported that Russian forces captured Bohdanivka, which is located less than 6 miles (10 km) east of Chasiv Yar; the Russian defence ministry later confirmed its capture on 21 April.[319][320][321][322]

Concurrent with the Chasiv Yar and Krasnohorivka battles, Russian troops also continued their ground advance west of Avdiivka into May 2024. Russian troops reportedly entered Umanske on 9 May 2024.[323]

Order of battle

Russia and pro-Russian separatists

  Russian Armed Forces
  GRU
  National Guard of Russia
  Wagner Group[9]

Ukraine

  Ukrainian Armed Forces

  Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs

Irregular civilian volunteers (militia)

Casualties

See also: Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War § Russian invasion of Ukraine

Military casualties

According to Ukrainian sources, more than 500 wounded Russian soldiers, most of them recently mobilized, were hospitalized in the occupied city of Horlivka between 10 and 16 November 2022.[378]

On 1 October 2023, a Ukrainian sniper team of 20 men called the "Ghosts of Bakhmut", claimed that they had killed 558 Russians during the battle so far, with their leader (callsign "Ghost") reportedly being responsible for 113 of them. They also claimed that only two of them had been wounded, with Ghost again being one of them.[379][380]

As of January 2024, Ukrainian obituaries recorded the names of 7,644 Ukrainian servicemen killed during the battle of Bakhmut.[381]

Civilian casualties

According to Lyudmyla Denisova, the Commissioner for Human Rights in Ukraine, four civilians were killed when a shell hit their home during the night of 9 March in the village of Slobozhanske, located in Izium Raion.[382]

Russian shelling on Derhachi on 11 March reportedly killed three civilians.[383]

On 14 March, two civilians were reportedly killed in Russian shelling on houses in Kharkiv, and a child was killed after Russian shelling hit a kindergarten in Chuhuiv.[384] On 17 March, at least 21 people were reportedly killed following Russian shelling in Merefa.[385]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Initially participated in the battle of Mariupol but eventually left to fight in the battle of Kyiv.[365][366] It later returned to fight in the Battle of Bakhmut.[367][368]

References

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January 01, 1970
eastern, ukraine, campaign, part, russian, invasion, ukraineclockwise, from, left, bombing, mariupol, theater, mariupol, destroyed, russian, tank, destroyed, near, mariupol, aftermath, missile, strike, kramatorsk, railway, stationdate24, february, 2022, presen. Eastern Ukraine campaignPart of the Russian invasion of UkraineClockwise from top left Bombing of Mariupol Theater in Mariupol destroyed Russian tank destroyed near Mariupol Aftermath of a missile strike at Kramatorsk railway stationDate24 February 2022 present 2 years 2 months 3 weeks and 2 days LocationEastern Ukraine Donetsk Oblast Luhansk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast StatusOngoing Russia and pro Russian separatists control most of Luhansk Oblast as of 21 September 2022 1 and about half of Donetsk Oblast as of 20 September 2022 1 Russia retreats from all of Kharkiv Oblast west of the Oskil River and the strategic city of Lyman Russia captures cities of Soledar Bakhmut Marinka and Avdiivka in Donetsk OblastBelligerents Russia Donetsk People s Republic Luhansk People s Republic UkraineCommanders and leadersVladimir PutinVolodymyr ZelenskyyUnits involvedSee order of battleSee order of battleStrength38 000 soldiers late March 2022 2 3 4 50 000 62 000 soldiers early April 2022 5 10 000 20 000 mercenaries per European officials early April 2022 6 7 8 300 500 Syrian and Libyan mercenaries per ISW early April 2022 9 125 000 soldiers in eastern Ukraine 10 40 000 50 000 as of the start of the Battle of Donbas 11 Ukraine s easternmost oblasts Donetsk Luhansk and Kharkiv are the site of a theatre of operation in the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine The battle of Donbas was a major offensive in the eastern theatre that took place in mid 2022 12 By the culmination of the offensive in July 2022 Russian forces and their separatist allies had captured the cities of Sievierodonetsk 13 Lysychansk 14 Rubizhne 15 and Izium 16 However in early September Ukraine launched a major counteroffensive in the east which recaptured the cities of Izium Balakliia Kupiansk Sviatohirsk 17 and the strategic city of Lyman 18 The counteroffensive stalled east of the Oskil river and a campaign in eastern Kharkiv Oblast and western Luhansk Oblast has continued since In the winter of 2022 2023 Russia focused on capturing the city of Bakhmut largely destroying the city in one of the bloodiest battles of the war Russia claimed to have fully captured Bakhmut in May 2023 amid ongoing Ukrainian counterattacks on the city s outskirts In June 2023 Ukraine launched another major counteroffensive across the entire frontline capturing some Russian positions along Bakhmut s outskirts and in southwestern Donetsk Oblast However by November 2023 this counteroffensive had largely stalled in the east and Russia began counterattacking to recapture territory gaining control of Avdiivka and Marinka in Donetsk Oblast by February 2024 19 20 Contents 1 Background 2 Campaign 2 1 Initial Russian attacks February March 2022 2 2 Battle of Donbas April September 2022 2 2 1 April 2022 2 2 2 First Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive and the recapture of Mariupol and Sievierodonetsk May September 2022 2 3 Second Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive September October 2022 2 4 First Russian winter campaign November 2022 May 2023 2 4 1 Early winter November December 2022 2 4 2 Russian breakthroughs December 2022 March 2023 2 4 3 Capture of Bakhmut and Ukrainian flanking counterattacks April May 2023 2 5 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive amp renewed Avdiivka assaults June October 2023 2 6 Second Russian winter campaign November 2023 April 2024 2 6 1 Early winter November December 2023 2 6 2 Avdiivka breakthrough and Ocheretyne salient January 2024 April 2024 2 7 Russian spring campaign April 2024 present 2 7 1 Battles of Chasiv Yar and Krasnohorivka April 2024 present 3 Order of battle 3 1 Russia and pro Russian separatists 3 2 Ukraine 4 Casualties 4 1 Military casualties 4 2 Civilian casualties 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesBackgroundFurther information War in Donbas 2014 2022 Sporadic fighting had been taking place since 2014 between Ukrainian forces and Russian backed separatists from the Donetsk People s Republic during the war in Donbas citation needed CampaignInitial Russian attacks February March 2022 See also Battle of Volnovakha and Battle of Kharkiv 2022 On 24 February after Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a special military operation in Ukraine Russian forces crossed the Russia Ukraine border and began advancing towards Kharkiv Ukrainian soldiers were deployed to positions along key routes into the city and residents began volunteering for military service within hours of the invasion 21 A Russian missile struck the Chuhuiv air base 22 which housed Bayraktar TB2 drones According to open source intelligence the attack left damage to fuel storage areas and infrastructure 23 Also on 24 February Russian forces and their separatist allies launched an offensive along the lines of contact in the Donbas 24 25 failed verification On the morning of 25 February Russian forces along with allied separatists advanced from territory controlled by the Donetsk People s Republic DPR towards Mariupol encountering Ukrainian forces in Pavlopil 26 The Ukrainians were victorious destroying at least 20 Russian tanks 27 In the evening the Russian Navy began an amphibious assault 70 kilometers 43 miles from Mariupol along the coast of the Sea of Azov 28 29 In Starobilsk Ukrainian forces reportedly destroyed a group of Russian soldiers preparing to cross the Aidar river forcing them to withdraw 30 Later that day shelling in Starobilsk destroyed several buildings 31 Russian forces bombarded Mariupol throughout 26 February the city s mayor Vadym Boychenko claimed that schools and apartment buildings had been struck 32 On 25 February fierce fighting continued in the northern outskirts of Kharkiv especially in the village of Tsyrkuny 33 On 26 February the governor of Kharkiv Oblast Oleh Syniehubov stated that the city of Kharkiv was still under Ukrainian control and announced a curfew for the city 34 nbsp Ukrainian civilians being evacuated from Volnovakha in the Donetsk region In the early morning of 27 February a gas pipeline in Kharkiv was destroyed by Russian forces 35 Russian light vehicles broke into the city 36 with half of them reportedly destroyed by Ukrainian forces in ensuing fighting 37 By the afternoon Ukrainian officials stated that Kharkiv was still under Ukrainian control despite the overnight attack by Russian forces 38 39 Meanwhile Hennadiy Matsegora the mayor of Kupiansk agreed to hand over control of the city to Russian forces and accused Ukrainian forces of abandoning it when the invasion began 40 He was later accused of treason by the Ukrainian Prosecutor General Iryna Venediktova 41 On the morning of 27 February it was reported that a Russian tank column was quickly advancing towards Mariupol from DPR held territory but the attack was prevented by Ukrainian forces Six Russian soldiers were captured 42 Luhansk Oblast governor Serhiy Haidai stated that Stanytsia Luhanska and Shchastia were captured by Russian forces who practically destroyed the settlements with shelling Donetsk Oblast governor Pavlo Kyrylenko also accused them of destroying Volnovakha 43 On 1 March Ukrainian forces began a counteroffensive toward Horlivka which had been controlled by the DPR since 2014 44 45 On 2 March forces of the Luhansk People s Republic and Russian troops captured Novoaidar taking over a base of Ukraine s 79th Brigade 46 Further north a Russian convoy of 60 vehicles entered Starobilsk where it was confronted by protesting locals waving Ukrainian flags and singing the Ukrainian national anthem 47 The Verkhovna Rada meanwhile stated that Russian shelling on Izium killed eight people 48 Russian forces entered the town of Balakliia during the day 49 Separatist held Donetsk had been under shelling for several days Some neighborhoods had no electricity supply and there were burnt cars on the streets 50 On 2 March Russian paratroopers landed in Kharkiv during the early morning and started clashing with Ukrainian forces Clashes also took place near a military hospital of the city as Russian paratroopers descended on it Kharkiv Oblast s Police Chief Volodymyr Tymoshko later stated that the situation was under control 51 Ukrainian official Oleksiy Arestovych stated that the Ukrainian forces went on the offensive for the first time during the war advancing towards Horlivka 52 53 54 Ihor Zhdanov later claimed that there were reports that a part of the city had been captured by Ukrainian forces 55 According to Ukrainian reports Ukraine s 95th Air Assault Brigade had begun attacking the city the previous day 56 nbsp An Epicentr K ablaze amid Russian bombing in Mariupol Ukrainian authorities stated on 3 March that 34 civilians had been killed in Russian shelling in Mariupol in the previous 24 hours 57 Civilians carrying Ukrainian flags protested against Russian troops in Svatove 58 After talks with locals the soldiers withdrew from the town 59 On 4 March Ukrainian forces launched a counterattack in Kharkiv Oblast reportedly pushing the Russian forces towards the Sumy Oblast and reaching part of the Russia Ukraine border 60 By 7 March Ukraine claimed to have retaken Chuhuiv near Kharkiv in a counter attack overnight 61 During the day Ukraine also claimed to have killed Russian Maj Gen Vitaly Gerasimov while also killing and wounding other senior Russian Army officers during a battle near Kharkiv 62 On 8 March Ukraine stated that it had repelled an attack by Russian forces on Izium 63 nbsp Russian and LPR units convene in Novoaidar March 2022 nbsp A Russian supply convoy in the Kharkiv region March 2022 On 5 March a ceasefire was declared in Volnovakha to allow civilians to evacuate but was later scuttled with Ukrainian officials blaming Russian shelling continuing during the evacuation process They added that about 400 civilians were still able to leave the city Russian President Vladimir Putin however blamed Ukrainian forces for the breakdown of the ceasefire agreement 64 failed verification On 6 March both sides blamed each other for the failure of a second attempt to evacuate civilians from Mariupol 65 Haidai stated that fighting was taking place on the outskirts of Lysychansk Sievierodonetsk and Rubizhne while Popasna and Hirske were being continuously shelled He added that Ukrainian forces had lost control of Svatove Starobilsk and Novopskov though Russian forces were not deployed in the city in large numbers 66 On 8 March Ukrainian officials stated that ten civilians had been killed and eight wounded in shelling on Severodonetsk during the day 67 The next day 9 March a building acting as a maternity ward and children s hospital in Mariupol was bombed by the Russian Air Force at around 17 00 killing five civilians and injuring 17 67 On 11 March the Russian Defence Ministry stated that the forces of the DPR had captured Volnovakha 68 It also claimed that they had advanced 6 kilometres 3 7 mi and had further tightened the siege of Mariupol Videos later posted on social media showed Russian forces in many neighborhoods of Volnovakha 69 Haidai meanwhile stated that Russian forces had occupied 70 percent of Luhansk Oblast 70 On 12 March the Associated Press independently confirmed that Volnovakha had been captured by pro Russian separatists and much of it had been destroyed in the fighting 71 On the same day Ukrainian forces confirmed the death of Colonel Valery Hudz the commander of the Ukrainian 24th Mechanized Brigade while fighting on the Luhansk frontline 72 Pavlo Kyrylenko the governor of Donetsk Oblast stated that while the settlements of Nikolske Manhush and Urzuf had been occupied by Russian troops they had yet to capture any key cities with the exception of Volnovakha 73 nbsp Ukrainian soldiers with a captured Russian BRDM in March 2022 Meanwhile Ukrainian officials accused Russia of using white phosphorus munitions on the town of Popasna located in the Luhansk Oblast during the night In the northern Donetsk Oblast the Sviatohirsk Lavra monastery was bombed around 22 00 wounding 30 people and damaging the monastery 74 75 The Russian Defence Ministry stated on 13 March that Russian forces had captured the settlements of Nikolske Blahodatne Volodymyrivka and Pavlivka in Donetsk Oblast in an attempt to reach Velyka Novosilka 76 77 The Ukrainian military stated that Russian forces had captured the settlements of Staromlynivka Yevhenivka Pavlivka and Yehorivka during the day 78 On 14 March Donetsk was hit by a missile attack 79 80 Denis Pushilin the head of the Donetsk People s Republic stated that they had shot down a Ukrainian Tochka U missile fired on the city of Donetsk but parts of the missile fell into the city centre killing multiple civilians The Russian Defense Ministry stated that 23 civilians were killed and 28 more wounded However the Ukrainian military denied conducting the attack and stated that it was unmistakably a Russian rocket or another munition 81 which was supported by an assessment of the Conflict Intelligence Team an investigative journalism group 82 nbsp Burning buildings in Sievierodonetsk after Russian shelling 13 March Ukrainian forces later said that Russian troops of the 336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade and the 11th Guards Air Assault Brigade had tried to advance in the Donetsk Oblast at 17 00 but were repulsed with up to 100 soldiers killed and six of their vehicles being destroyed 83 On 15 March Haidai stated that four civilians were killed due to Russian shelling of a hospital a care facility for children with visual impairments and three schools in Rubizhne 84 On 20 March Russian officials confirmed that Andrey Paliy a deputy commander of the Black Sea Fleet had been killed in Mariupol 85 On 22 March the head of the LPR Leonid Pasechnik claimed that almost 80 of the territory of the Luhansk region was under separatist control with Popasna Lysychansk Rubizhne Severodonetsk and Kreminna remaining Ukrainian held He noted that the situation in the battlefield was stably tense and that units of the People s Militia of the LPR were striving to capture Popasna and Rubizhne 86 On 25 March the Russian defence ministry stated that Russia was prepared to begin a second phase of military operations with the aim of to occupy major Ukrainian cities in eastern Ukraine According to the ministry Russian backed separatists were in control of 93 of Luhansk Oblast and 54 of Donetsk Oblast 87 Battle of Donbas April September 2022 Main article Battle of Donbas 2022 Further information Battle of Rubizhne and Battle of Kharkiv 2022 April 2022 Further information Battle of Kreminna and Battle of Avdiivka 2023 2024 Early conflict nbsp A Russian Orlan 10 drone shot down by the National Guard of Ukraine in Luhansk Oblast April 2022 After Russia abandoned its offensive to capture Kyiv it shifted its attention to eastern and southern Ukraine The Russian military began redeploying units from northern Ukraine to the east but many of these troops appeared to be nearly combat ineffective due to heavy losses However Russia still amassed tens of thousands of troops declaring its aim to fully capture the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts 88 89 It managed to secure Izium on 1 April although heavy fighting continued around the settlement over the next few days 90 According to local authorities 80 of Izium s residential buildings were destroyed in the battle 91 On 3 April according to the Ukrainian government two Russian soldiers died and 28 others were hospitalized after Ukrainian civilians handed out poisoned cakes to soldiers of the Russian 3rd Motor Rifle Division in Izium 92 93 Russia and the pro Russian separatists continued to besiege Mariupol where they made little progress However Russian troops managed to divide the Ukrainian holdouts in Mariupol into two or three pockets on 10 April 94 At the same time Russia made concentrated efforts to conquer the strategically important cities of Sievierodonetsk Popasna and Rubizhne It launched repeated attacks on these locations from 10 April 88 94 89 Russia made little progress in these attacks 89 and Ukraine claimed that it had inflicted a heavy defeat on the Russian 60th Independent Motorized Infantry Brigade ru uk on 11 April 88 In nearby Kreminna Ukraine s 128th Brigade claimed to have pushed Russian forces 6 10 kilometers away from the city 95 To support the operations aimed at Sievierodonetsk Popasna and Rubizhne Russia made a push south of Izium toward Barvinkove and Sloviansk Ukraine responded by shifting more units to hold off the Russians at Izium At the same time Russia attacked around Kharkiv to pin down local Ukrainian forces 94 88 89 Russia had made only limited gains at Izium by 12 April but more Russian forces continued to arrive to reinforce the offensive 89 On 13 April it was reported that Russia was attempting to assemble a force large enough to outnumber the Ukrainian soldiers in eastern Ukraine by five times in an attempt to finally win a decisive victory in the Donbas 96 On 16 April Russia warned the remaining defenders of Mariupol to surrender the Ukrainians ignored the demand 97 98 On 18 April Ukraine launched counter attacks and retook several small towns and villages near Kharkiv and Izium 99 Also on 18 April Zelenskyy announced that the battle for Donbas had begun as Russian forces launched an offensive across a 300 mile front According to Russian officials 1 260 military targets were hit by rockets and artillery 100 101 102 103 The initial Russian bombardment focused on Rubizhne Popasna and Marinka 99 On the same day it was reported that Russian and LNR troops had entered the city of Kreminna capturing it after a few hours of clashes with the Ukrainian Army 104 105 LNR commander Mikhail Kishchik was killed in this battle 106 Over the next days Russia gained little territory despite attacks all across the frontline Facing heavy Ukrainian resistance the Russian and separatist forces were able to advance into parts of Rubizhne Popasna and Sievierodonetsk Some reports also suggested that fighting in Kreminna was still ongoing 9 107 108 On 21 April the Russians claimed to have killed over 4 000 Ukrainian troops in Mariupol and to have captured a further 1 478 109 By 23 April Ukrainian counter attacks had reportedly further stalled the Russian advance 110 In the following days Russia continued its attempts to break through the Ukrainian defenses possibly in an aim to encircle the Izium Donetsk City salient Fighting was concentrated at Sievierodonetsk Rubizhne Popasna Marinka Kharkiv and Izium 111 112 113 114 Russia the LPR and the DPR made limited gains capturing a number of villages and the towns of Popivka Pischane Zhytlivka and Kreminna 112 113 However their overall advance was slow and stalled in most areas of the frontline Ukraine also mounted a growing number of counter attacks at Izium and Kharkiv gradually expelling Russian forces from a number of settlements 115 114 116 First Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive and the recapture of Mariupol and Sievierodonetsk May September 2022 Further information Siege of Mariupol Battle of Sievierodonetsk 2022 and Battle of Lysychansk nbsp Ukrainian troops surrender after the capture of Azovstal in Mariupol 19 May 2022 nbsp President Volodymyr Zelenskyy visiting the 24th Mechanized Brigade on the eastern front near Bakhmut and Lysychansk 5 June 2022 nbsp Burning buildings in Luhansk Oblast after Russian shelling 13 June 2022 On 30 April Ukraine launched a large scale counter offensive at Kharkiv retaking the city s suburbs and several more towns over the following days 116 117 118 119 120 By 4 May Russian forces had been pushed back to such a distance that most of their artillery could no longer strike Kharkiv 117 Meanwhile Russian and DPR LPR separatist forces continued to attempt to break through Ukrainian defenses at Izium and the Donetsk Luhansk frontline 120 118 121 119 On 6 May the ISW described a Ukrainian counteroffensive along a broad arc near Kharkiv reporting that Ukraine had recaptured several villages including Tsyrkuny Peremoha and part of Cherkaski Tyshky 122 The ISW also reported that Ukraine may successfully push Russian forces out of artillery range in Kharkiv in the coming days 122 On 7 May Russian forces destroyed several bridges in an attempt to slow down the Ukrainian counter offensive at Kharkiv On the same day Russia and separatist troops also captured Popasna 123 Following the capture of Popasna Russia began attempting to encircle Sievierodonetsk 124 125 On 7 May it was reported that Ukrainian forces had successfully pushed back Russian forces stationed around Kharkiv with the city getting further out of range for Russian forces 126 The same day Ukrainian forces also reported retaking five villages northeast of Kharkiv 127 Quoting a Ukrainian official The New York Times said that the battle for Kharkiv was not over but that at the moment Ukraine was dominating and that Russian troops were destroying bridges as they were retreating 128 On 11 May Ukrainian forces claimed to have recaptured four settlements The counteroffensive had the potential to bring Ukrainian forces within several kilometers of the Russian border 129 On 10 May Ukraine made further gains on the Kharkiv front forcing Russia to redeploy forces from the Izium front to the north 130 In addition Ukrainian artillery destroyed an entire Russian battalion tactical group attempting a river crossing in the battle of the Siverskyi Donets 131 Meanwhile Russia and the DPR attempted to cement their occupation in eastern Ukraine through political and economic means likely in an attempt to integrate these areas into the existing separatist republics or establish new ones 132 On the other side Ukrainian civilians began organizing resistance movements 112 As Ukrainian forces retook territory around Kharkiv local civilian collaborators fled to Russia 117 On 12 May Russian forces seized Rubizhne and the nearby town of Voevodivka 133 134 Heavy fighting subsequently took place at the village of Dovhenke south of Izium 135 On 13 May it was reported that Russia had decided to withdraw its forces from Kharkiv Oblast 136 On 14 May the ISW reported that Ukraine thus appears to have won the battle of Kharkiv 137 The Mayor of Kharkiv said to the BBC There was no shelling in the city for the last five days There was only one attempt from Russians to hit the city with a missile rocket near Kharkiv airport but the missile was eliminated by Ukrainian Air Defence 138 Russia continued its attempts to encircle Sievierodonetsk and began to focus on cutting the highway at Bakhmut 135 139 By 14 May the Ukrainians claimed to have killed over 6 000 Russian soldiers in Mariupol They also claimed to have destroyed 78 tanks and 100 other armored vehicles 140 On 15 May Ukrainian forces reached the border near Kharkiv while continuing to push back Russian and LPR units 139 On the following day the siege of Mariupol was formally concluded as the Ukrainian military personnel in the city s Azovstal agreed to gradually evacuate and surrender to the Russian forces 139 141 Four days later the Russians announced that they had taken an additional 2 439 Ukrainians prisoners in Mariupol bringing the total number captured during the siege to 3 917 142 In addition it was reported that unrest including public protests was growing among pro Russian collaborators and separatists in eastern Ukraine as they accused Russian forces of corruption incompetence and forced mobilizations 139 Over the following days Russia made little to no progress at the Izium frontline but captured some territory around Popasna and Sievierodonetsk increasingly threatening Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk with encirclement 143 Russia also intensified air and artillery strikes targeting Ukrainian positions around Izium possibly to prepare for renewed attacks 144 145 At the northern front where Russia and separatist forces retook a few villages and fortified their positions to stall the Ukrainian counter offensive 145 144 After the Ukrainian counteroffensive Russian forces were driven back to defensive positions some of which were within miles of the Russia Ukraine international border Despite this they continued to shell various Kharkiv suburbs as well as the city proper killing numerous civilians and wounding dozens more Skirmishes along the Russia Ukraine border in the area of northeastern Ukraine continued between Russian and Ukrainian forces beyond 14 May 146 147 148 On 20 May Russian forces again shelled several villages in the Kharkiv district including the city of Kharkiv itself using BM 21 Grad BM 27 Uragan and BM 30 Smerch multiple rocket launchers 149 150 On 21 May the Ukrainian police confirmed the recovery of the bodies of six military officials including a Russian colonel in the settlement of Zolochiv 151 On 22 May the Russian forces made minimal progress in eastern Ukraine New reports confirmed that Russian troops had occupied Rubizhne in the northern Kharkiv Oblast on May 19 In northern Kharkiv Russian forces brought in reinforcements to maintain their positions on the west bank of the Seversky Donets River instead of retreating across the river to use it as a defensive position to prevent further Ukrainian advances north or east that could jeopardize Russian communication lines along the Izium axis 152 On 24 May Russian forces attempted to retake Ternova in northern Kharkiv Oblast 153 On 23 May Russian forces took control of Lyman and attacked Avdiivka 144 154 On 24 May Russian forces attacked from Popasna with the aim of cutting off Bakhmut Lysychansk and Sievierodonetsk gaining some ground Ukrainian forces made a controlled withdrawal southwest of Popasna to strengthen their defensive position at Bakhmut Russia subsequently captured Svitlodarsk 154 155 Around this time Ukrainian defence adviser Yuriy Sak publicly demanded more multiple launch rocket systems to reinforce Ukrainian artillery capabilities 156 On 31 May the United States announced a military aid package that included precision rocket systems with a range of 80 km 157 After a fierce month long battle that ruined much of the city Russian and LPR forces captured Sievierodonetsk along the Siverskyi Donets river on 25 June 158 On the same day the battle of Lysychansk began which also saw a Russian victory on 2 July The following day Russian and LPR forces declared full control of the entire Luhansk region 159 On 4 July The Guardian reported that after the capture of the Luhansk oblast that Russian invasion troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent Donetsk oblast to attack the cities of Sloviansk and Bakhmut The Russian military declared an operational pause to rest and replenish front line forces in Luhansk 160 On 9 July a Russian rocket attack on two residential buildings in Chasiv Yar killed at least 48 people 161 On 25 26 July after Russia s operational pause concluded Russian sources reported that the towns of Berestove Novoluhanske and the nearby Vuhlehirska Power Station had been captured The Institute for the Study of War ISW suggested Ukrainian defenders likely conducted a deliberate withdrawal from the area 162 163 164 On 13 August the Russian defence ministry said its forces had captured the village of Udy northwest of Kharkiv 165 They attempted to push further and fierce battles occurred in Zolochiv on August 19 and 20 with Ukrainian forces repulsing the attack 166 failed verification The Deputy Chief of the Main Operational Directorate of Ukraine s General Staff Oleksiy Hromov alleged on 1 September that Russian president Vladimir Putin had ordered Russian forces to capture the entirety of Donetsk Oblast by 15 September via a renewed offensive Hromov further alleged that Russia was going to rotate its recently established 3rd Army Corps to the Donetsk front A senior U S defense official dismissed the purported deployment of the older unfit and ill trained 3rd Army Corps personnel as being unable to increase Russia s overall combat power in Ukraine 167 Second Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive September October 2022 Main article 2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive Further information Second battle of Lyman Battle of Kupiansk and Wagner Line nbsp President Zelenskyy with Ukrainian soldiers near the frontline in Kharkiv Oblast September 2022 nbsp Destroyed Russian equipment from the second battle of Lyman On 6 September 2022 Ukrainian forces began a surprise counter offensive on the Kharkiv front that resulted in Russian forces retreating over 1 000 square kilometres 390 sq mi east 168 On 4 September Zelenskyy announced the liberation of a village in Donetsk Oblast Ukrainian authorities released a video of their forces entering Ozerne 169 On 8 September Ukrainian forces recaptured more than 20 settlements in Kharkiv Oblast including the towns of Balakliia and Shevchenkove and penetrated Russian defense positions up to 50 km according to the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine On the same day a representative of the Russian occupation authorities announced that the defense of Kupiansk had begun and that additional Russian forces were on their way to support the effort suggesting that Ukrainian elements were close to the town 170 171 172 On 9 September Ukrainian forces reached the outskirts of Kupiansk and destroyed the main bridge over the Oskil river in the city center limiting the ability of the Russian Army to retreat or to bring in reinforcements 173 174 In the morning of 10 September Ukrainian soldiers posted pictures of the Ukrainian flag being raised in front of the town hall 175 Also on 10 September Izium a central command post of the Russians in the region fell to Ukrainian forces with thousands of Russian soldiers abandoning ammunition stockpiles and equipment as they fled 175 On 11 September it was reported that the Ukrainians had retaken Velykyi Burluk in Kharkiv Oblast just 15 miles 24 km from the border with Russia 176 Russia responded with missile strikes on civilian areas and on non military infrastructure facilities like power stations 177 The Russian Ministry of Defense then formally announced Russian forces withdrawal from the majority of Kharkiv Oblast on September 11 178 with Russia only controlling parts of the region on the east bank of the Oskil River 179 By October 2022 Ukrainian forces had retaken several villages and towns in northern Luhansk and northern Donetsk including Yatskivka Novoliubivka uk Nevske uk Hrekivka Novoiehorivka uk Nadiya Andriivka and Stelmakhivka among others 180 181 182 On 1 October Ukrainian forces entered Lyman after a short siege 183 Russian forces had fallen back to the P 66 highway near the Kharkiv Luhansk Oblast border anchored by the settlements of Svatove and Kreminna the first city to be taken during the battle of Donbas On 2 3 October Ukrainian forces began attacking towards Kreminna and Svatove in an attempt to break the Russian front line along the P 66 in northern Luhansk citation needed First Russian winter campaign November 2022 May 2023 Further information Battle of Bakhmut and Luhansk Oblast campaign Early winter November December 2022 nbsp No man s land during the battle of Bakhmut November 2022 nbsp T 80BV and T 64 tanks from Ukraine s 93rd Mechanized Brigade on the Bakhmut Soledar front December 2022 Russian forces launched a renewed offensive in southern and northern Donetsk Oblast in early November 184 with Russian troops intensifying their attempts to break through Ukrainian defensive lines in Bakhmut Soledar Pavlivka and Vuhledar 185 On 11 November DPR forces were reported to have entered Pavlivka 186 Russian forces including Wagner Group PMC fighters overran defensive lines south of Bakhmut in late November claiming to have captured the settlements of Kurdiumivka Ozarianivka Zelenopillia and Andriivka by 30 November while clashes in Opytne continued 187 188 By December 2022 the Donbas was the site of the fiercest fighting in Ukraine Russian and Ukrainian forces funneled reinforcements from other fronts to the Bakhmut Soledar axis while Ukraine s eastern counteroffensive largely stalled along the Lyman Kreminna Svatove axis 189 Russia spent much of the month consolidating defense lines along the Kreminna Svatove front seeking to prevent a Ukrainian breakthrough to the P 66 highway the Ukrainians including the 92nd Mechanized Brigade attempted intermittent local counterattacks across the line of contact while repelling many local Russian assaults 190 The Kreminna Svatove line became a defensive flashpoint for Russia which reportedly reinforced the area with two battalions of T 90 tanks and a few BMPT armored fighting vehicles and reportedly mobilized elements of the 144th Guards Motor Rifle Division and 8th Guards Combined Arms Army 190 191 Both the Russians and Ukrainians claimed to be conducting offensive operations along this front line and repelling local enemy assaults on 10 December the Russian defense ministry said it was making new advances east of Lyman 192 while the Institute for the Study of War assessed that Ukraine likely controlled the contested front line settlement of Chervonopopivka as of 22 December 193 Meanwhile multiple Russian sources reported that Wagner fighters had captured and were clearing Yakovlivka located along Soledar s northeastern flank by 7 December 194 The Russians also claimed to have shot down a Ukrainian Mi 8 helicopter in Yakovlivka on 8 December 195 Ukraine was reportedly rotating in fresh units in the Donbas by mid December particularly from the Kherson front The 57th Motorized Brigade 36th Marine Brigade and the 46th Airmobile Brigade reinforced the Bakhmut front alongside the 24th Mechanized Brigade relieving the 93rd which had defended Bakhmut and Soledar for months The 28th Brigade reportedly rotated to Kostiantynivka and the 18th Marine Infantry Battalion 35th Marine Brigade reinforced Nevelske and Pervomaiske 196 better source needed Heavy clashes along the Bakhmut Soledar axis continued by 10 December typified by grueling trench warfare drone warfare artillery duels and minor ground assaults amid freezing temperatures Zelenskyy accused Russia of having destroyed Bakhmut saying there was no residential space that hasn t been damaged by shelling for a long time On 10 December the Ukrainian General Staff said more than 20 settlements were bombarded in fighting in the Bakhmut area alone 192 197 Ukrainian paratroopers of the 71st Separate Huntsman Brigade reported repelling a Russian sabotage and reconnaissance group with mortar fire near Bakhmut eliminating at least two attackers 198 On 16 December Wagner PMC forces reportedly finished clearing Yakovlivka further threatening Soledar s northeastern flank 199 In southern and western Donetsk Oblast the battle of Marinka continued 193 with DPR president Denis Pushilin claiming on 15 December that 80 percent of the city had been captured amid ongoing heavy urban combat 200 Russia also continued demolition and reconstruction projects in Mariupol reportedly seeking to turn the ruined city into a garrison city Observers accused Russia of using the rebuilding efforts to cover up and destroy evidence of war crimes in Mariupol particularly the March 2022 Mariupol theatre airstrike 201 202 Russian regular separatist and Wagner PMC forces continued attempts to break defense lines on Bakhmut s southern and eastern flanks via small probing attacks Wagner fighters spearheaded ground assaults into the city and its satellite suburbs each of which Ukraine had turned into a stronghold Media government officials and eyewitnesses described the fighting in Bakhmut as a meat grinder as both Ukrainian and Russian troops reportedly suffered heavy casualties daily with negligible changes on the front line 194 203 The ISW assessed that the pace of Russia s Donbas advances in November and December was roughly equivalent to the pace in October According to the ISW Russian forces gained a total of 192 sq km in the Bakhmut sector between 1 October and 20 December 204 Footage posted online by a Russian journalist confirmed Russian forces had captured Andriivka 10 km south of Bakhmut by 22 December The journalist claimed that Wagner fighters were fighting near Klishchiivka where Ukraine reportedly had established strong defensive positions Meanwhile Ukraine continued to hold the northern half of Opytne and the western half of Marinka 193 On 26 December Zelenskyy referred to Ukraine s situation in the Donbas as difficult saying the Russians were using all the resources available to them to squeeze out at least some advance 205 Ukraine s Eastern Military Command reported that the Bakhmut area was shelled 225 times on 26 December alone 206 Russian breakthroughs December 2022 March 2023 nbsp Ukrainian intelligence chief Kyrylo Budanov visiting troops in Bakhmut December 2022 nbsp Wagner Group fighters pose after capturing the village of Mykolaivka north of Soledar 2 February 2023 Russian forces intensified their encirclement attempts of Bakhmut in the winter as Wagner broke through Ukrainian defense lines in the salt mining town of Soledar on 27 December capturing Bakhmutske 207 Soledar itself was taken by 16 January 2023 degrading Bakhmut s northeastern defensive flanks 208 209 The recapture of Soledar allowed Russian forces spearheaded by Wagner fighters to further flank Bakhmut from the northeastern direction and assert control over a portion of the T0513 highway towards Siversk 210 Defences along Bakhmut s northern flank collapsed as the Ukrainians withdrew from Krasna Hora on 11 February 211 Wagner advanced 2 3 kilometers to the west of Blahodatne capturing the area near the main M 03 highway leading into Bakhmut Both the UK Defence Ministry and Ukraine s governor of Donetsk Pavlo Kyrylenko said the Russians were attempting a pincer movement of Bakhmut enveloping the city from multiple directions and establishing fire control over most Ukrainian supply routes into it 212 213 214 In mid January a battle took place in Vodiane On January 15 around 9 10 in the morning elements of the DPR s 1st Slovyanska Separate Mechanized Brigade attacked eastern Vodiane from a frozen over flooded area west of Opytne These elements were not supported by artillery At 12pm a convoy of eight to nine Russian BMP 2s heading towards Ukrainian controlled west Vodiane was hit by Ukrainian fire injuring 70 of the soldiers involved according to the Russian commander of the attack Two T 72Bs then approached the town but were destroyed A third and final attack took place in the afternoon when some BMPs attempted to drive close to the bridge between Vodiane and Opytne which had been destroyed during the fighting but were also destroyed by artillery There were also attacks on Sieverne west of Avdiivka 215 On 10 February 2023 Russian fighters in Vodiane claimed that there is not a single living creature in the town from the destruction 216 A group of Russian soldiers from the Storm detachment from Kaliningrad released a video in March 2023 claiming they were suffering large losses while fighting in Vodiane 217 By 22 February Russian units had crossed the M 03 and began assaulting Yahidne and Berkhivka northwest of Bakhmut with the Ukrainians claiming to have repelled the assaults amid heavy fighting 218 Wagner claimed to have captured both villages by 26 February however Ukraine s general staff said Russian assaults remained unsuccessful amid heavy shelling 219 220 Geolocated footage on 4 March showed Russian troops were advancing along both banks of the Berkhivka reservoir located about 4 kilometers northwest of Bakhmut on the approaches to Khromove and Dubovo Vasylivka villages respectively 221 222 On 7 March Ukraine ceded eastern Bakhmut to Russian forces retreating west of the Bakhmutka river 223 224 225 Wagner claimed to have advanced along the M 03 and expanded the buffer zone north and west of Bakhmut capturing the villages of Dubovo Vasylivka and Zaliznianske by 16 March 226 227 however Ukrainian defenders stalled the advance along this axis by 19 March repelling assaults on Orikhovo Vasylivka Bohdanivka and Khromove villages 228 229 230 231 In early March 2023 Zelenskyy referred to the ongoing fighting in the Donbas as painful and difficult 232 Clashes around Avdiivka escalated in February and March as the Ukrainians claimed Russian forces had begun an attempted encirclement effort of the city 233 Russian forces increased the amount of airstrikes in the area as ground units advanced towards Avdiivka s outskirts from the north and northeast capturing Krasnohorivka 9 km north of Avdiivka and Vesele 7 km north of Avdiivka by 21 March 234 235 Further to the south the grinding battle for Marinka had reduced the city to post apocalyptic ruins as Russian ground units made minimal gains amid fierce urban combat with Ukrainian defenders 236 DPR leader Denis Pushilin claimed Ukraine was continuously transferring reserves to Marinka 237 238 Capture of Bakhmut and Ukrainian flanking counterattacks April May 2023 nbsp View of western Bakhmut during the battle 5 April 2023 Fighting inside Bakhmut continued into April and May 2023 Russian forces controlled 95 percent of the city by 18 May having corralled Ukrainian defenders into a southwestern neighborhood of multi story residential buildings the Russians referred to as the nest where Ukraine had purportedly concentrated a large number of defending units 239 240 As Wagner fighters made gradual gains inside Bakhmut Ukraine launched counterattacks on the southern and northwestern flanks of the city beginning around 10 May resulting in Russian units abandoning positions near the Berkhivka reservoir and south of Ivanivske on the approach to Klishchiivka 241 Ukraine s 3rd Assault Brigade reportedly partook in the recapture of 2 km of territory in what Ukrainian commander Oleksandr Syrskyi called the first successful offensive operation in the city s defense 240 242 243 244 Despite the Ukrainian counterattacks threatening their flanks Wagner continued to advance inside the city and claimed to have fully captured it on 20 May adding that they planned to withdraw from the front line and be replaced by regular Russian troops after finishing clearing operations 245 246 Ukraine however denied that Bakhmut had fallen and claimed their forces were in the process of partially encircling the city via their multiple localized gains on the environs 247 248 249 By 21 May Wagner forces had consolidated control over Bakhmut proper and halted their advance with Ukrainian forces still operating in neighboring localities west and south of the city The ISW assessed that Ukrainian forces had withdrawn from the city itself but were still counterattacking on the outskirts 250 251 241 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive amp renewed Avdiivka assaults June October 2023 nbsp Russian tank inside Raihorodka village in Luhansk Oblast July 2023 source source source source source source source source A Russian missile strike on the Mezhova railway station in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast August 2023 252 Video released by the Russian Ministry of Defence source source source source source source source Russian forces deploying incendiary munitions against Ukrainian positions on the Bakhmut front October 2023 In early June 2023 Ukraine launched a large counteroffensive across the frontlines including on the flanks of Bakhmut These attacks focused around areas such as Andriivka 253 Klishchiivka 254 and Berkhivka 255 where Ukrainian forces made marginal gains Ukraine s progress was notably hindered by dense Russian minefields with the Russians reportedly using rocket systems to deploy mines in areas that Ukrainian troops had previously recaptured and cleared 256 By July 2023 Russian forces were largely maintaining a defensive posture along the vast majority of the frontline with the Luhansk front being one of the few places where they reportedly remained on the offensive 257 258 Meanwhile internal tensions between the Russian defence ministry and the Wagner Group boiled over when the latter launched a one day rebellion against the Russian government on 23 June which was concluded with mediation by Belarus Wagner leader Yevgeny Prigozhin later announced on 19 July that the PMC would no longer fight in Ukraine 259 Russia reportedly increased its oversight over Wagner forces after Prigozhin and two other Wagner commanders died in a plane crash on 23 August Russian war blog Rybar reported Wagner fighters would return to the Bakhmut axis to help recapture lost positions 260 On 27 September the Ukrainian military stated that a maximum of several hundred Wagner fighters had returned to Ukraine but dismissed their impact on the battlefield as negligible describing them as a remnant force no longer fighting as a single unit being instead dispersed throughout regular Russian units 261 Later on 27 November a Ukrainian Ground Forces spokesman said that former Wagner Group members were spotted fighting on the Lyman Kupiansk front alongside Storm Z units 262 By October 2023 Ukraine was waging an active defense on the Bakhmut axis after recapturing Andriivka and Klishchiivka holding the line while conducting offensive operations to improve tactical positions when possible However Ukrainian assaults began slowly culminating on this front by the end of the month The ISW reported on 27 October that Russian forces were conducting successful counterattacks on Bakhmut s flanks recapturing positions south of the Berkhivka reservoir that they lost months prior along with making marginal gains west of Kurdyumivka located 13 km southwest of Bakhmut In turn Ukrainian troops reportedly pushed the Russians out of several positions east of the Bakhmut Horlivka railway line in the area of Andriivka 19 263 In early October 2023 as Ukraine s larger counteroffensive nominally continued on other fronts Russian forces began a localized offensive against Avdiivka attempting to encircle the fortified city 264 On 30 October 2023 Ukrainian general Oleksandr Syrskyi stated Russian forces were transferring reserves and significantly strengthening its grouping on the Bakhmut front in preparation of a renewed offensive to recapture lost positions along Bakhmut s flanks Ukrainian military spokesperson Volodymyr Fityo citing intelligence reports stated the Russians were preparing since early October 2023 and that Ukrainian troops had been strengthening defensive positions engineering fortifications and pulling up reserves in response 265 Russian sources including the Russian defence ministry said that elements of the 331st Guards Airborne Regiment 98th and 106th Guards Airborne Division 200th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade Viking spetsnaz detachment and the Alexander Nevsky Assault Brigade were among the personnel operating on the Bakhmut front around this time 266 267 268 269 270 Second Russian winter campaign November 2023 April 2024 This section needs to be updated The reason given is talk about the recent Russian advances in Novomykhailivka and Heorhiivka Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information February 2024 See also Luhansk Oblast campaign Renewed offensive towards Kupiansk November 2023 present Early winter November December 2023 In early November positional battles south of Bakhmut continued along the Klishchiivka Andriivka Kurdiumivka railway line while Russian sources claimed increased offensive operations on the Berkhivka Reservoir axis further northwest of Bakhmut 271 On 6 November Ukrainian and Russian sources reported that Russian troops had made a marginal advance south of the Berkhivka Reservoir though it was unclear at the time if they recaptured the entire reservoir or just the southern shore 272 On 10 November Russian sources reported Russian troops had regained lost positions in forestry north of Klishchiivka and a tree line north of Andriivka pushing Ukrainian forces away from the railway line and the T0513 highway however Ukrainian mines drones and artillery were complicating the advance In turn the Ukrainian General Staff reported repelling assaults near Bohdanivka Ivanivske Klishchiivka and Andriivka 267 In mid November General Syrskyi confirmed Russian forces had intensified their assaults north and south of Bakhmut in an attempt to regain the initiative and retake lost positions 269 273 274 On 13 14 November Russian troops including elements of the 98th Guards Airborne Division s Storm Division advanced west of Yahidne advancing along a tree line southwest of Orikhovo Vasylivka towards Bohdanivka and securing new positions near the Berkhivka Reservoir in the process Russian troops reportedly crossed the railway north of Klishchiivka and were consolidating positions though Ukraine s 93rd Mechanized Brigade claimed artillery had pushed them back across the railway Yuri Fedorenko the commander of the drone specialist Achilles Company confirmed the situation in the Bakhmut direction was becoming complicated crediting Russian troops constantly shifting tactics and heavy usage of battlefield drones Meanwhile the Ukrainian General Staff reported repelling numerous assaults north and south of Bakhmut in its daily reports including towards Bohdanivka Ivanivske Andriivka Klishchiivka and west of Dubovo Vasylivka 268 269 275 On 16 November Maksym Zhorin the deputy commander of the 3rd Assault Brigade accused Russian troops of deploying chemical weapons during clashes near Bakhmut 276 By 19 November the Russians were continuing assaults towards Khromove village Bohdanivka and against Klishchiivka where the Ukrainians continued to hold the tactical heights west of the village 270 277 On 29 November Russia said its forces had taken control of Khromove 278 By November 2023 both the Russians and Ukrainians were reportedly using cluster munitions on the eastern front with the Russian cluster munitions being air launched and Ukrainian cluster munitions supplied by the United States being fired via artillery 279 Around 20 November video emerged online of Russian forces reportedly targeting Ukrainian positions near Staromaiorske with RBK 500 cluster munitions fitted with UMPK glide bomb guidance kits According to The War Zone online magazine the UMPK fitted RBK 500s are considered highly effective against personnel and soft targets making them a logical weapon of choice for Russia in eastern Ukraine where fighting is dominated by trench warfare amid treelines and open terrain 280 281 According to a Ukrainian platoon commander on the Bakhmut front their cluster munitions were becoming increasingly ineffective as the Russians adapted Russian troops began assaulting positions in smaller units and were digging their trenches deeper and making them harder to strike 282 Between 8 9 December on the Bakhmut Soledar front Russian troops reportedly advanced 1 5 kilometers and 3 5 kilometers total in an apparent attempt to encircle Vesele located 20 kilometers northeast of Bakhmut 283 Over a month later on 18 January 2024 the Russian defence ministry claimed Russian troops had captured Vesele Though located near Soledar it marked the first settlement captured on the southern approach to the Siversk Bilohorivka axis a section of the eastern front that remained mostly stagnant throughout 2023 The Russian claims of advances were not independently verified at the time 284 285 286 Russian forces captured Marinka on 25 December According to The New York Times the capture of the ruined city was further evidence that Russian forces had seized the initiative in the war after Ukraine s largely unsuccessful summer counteroffensive The stalled Ukrainian offensive and renewed Russian assaults resulted in Russian forces ultimately seizing more territory in 2023 than they lost 287 Avdiivka breakthrough and Ocheretyne salient January 2024 April 2024 See also Battle of Avdiivka 2023 2024 source source source source source source source source source source Russian Pacific Fleet marines fighting in Novomykhailivka February 2024 Video released by the Russian Ministry of Defence The Russian offensive on the Bakhmut front continued into January 2024 slowly pushing west towards Chasiv Yar with ongoing clashes in and near Bohdanivka and along the Ivanivske Andriivka Klishchiivka axis 282 General Oleksandr Syrskyi said Russian forces were using kamikaze drones and electronic warfare alongside assault groups supported by artillery to break through Ukrainian defenses on the Bakhmut front 288 On 20 January 2024 Ukrainian spokesperson Colonel Oleksandr Shtupun stated that Russia was focusing its assault operations in Donetsk on Avdiivka and Novomykhailivka adding that Russian ground assaults were mostly composed of infantry with very limited armored vehicle support Russian forces had conducted 592 artillery strikes and launched three missile strikes on the Donetsk front in the past 24 hours according to Shtupun 289 In late January early February 2024 Russian forces broke through Ukrainian defences in Avdiivka and began flanking and encircling troops of the embattled 110th Mechanized Brigade prompting a Ukrainian retreat and resulting in Russian forces capturing the fortified city after months of deadly fighting 290 The Russians continued to advance west of Avdiivka reportedly capturing Lastochkyne Stepove and Sieverne by 27 February 291 292 Syrskyi said that the 3rd Assault and 25th Airborne Brigades had pushed Russian troops back from Orlivka on 29 February 293 Clashes also continued for Novomykhailivka with Russia claiming to have captured Pobieda on 22 February further threatening Novomykhailivka s northern flank and expanding the buffer zone south of Marinka 294 In February March 2024 Russian forces continued offensive operations on the Bohdanivka Chasiv Yar direction namely along the O0506 highway north and northeast of Ivanivske and by attempting to bypass the heights north and northwest of Klishchiivka according to Ukrainian military observer Kostyantyn Mashovets On 21 23 February Russian sources claimed that Russian troops including elements of the 98th Guards Airborne Division had entered the eastern outskirts of Ivanivske and advanced to Sadova Street amid fierce clashes 295 296 297 By 3 March Russian troops had reached central Ivanivske Ukraine s Tavria operational strategic group said defenders were managing to build isolated ramparts bunkers and anti tank ditches amid the fighting 298 After weeks of fighting the Russian defence ministry claimed the capture of Ivanivske on 23 March although DeepState mapping claimed the town was still contested as of 2 April 299 The Russians nevertheless continued their advance towards Chasiv Yar reportedly capturing operationally important heights north of the city and Ivanivske respectively 300 299 Clashes continued west and south of Avdiivka in March and April 2024 particularly along the Tonenke Orlivka Berdychi line 301 and the Vodiane Pervomaiske front By 1 March the Russians had a foothold on the eastern outskirts of Berdychi had entered central Orlivka and were threatening the northern and eastern flanks of Tonenke 298 The Russians later claimed to have captured Orlivka on 19 March and Tonenke on 21 March 302 303 On 12 March the Russian defence ministry claimed the capture of Nevelske a village located on the southern flank of Pervomaiske and less than 15 kilometers 9 3 miles north of Krasnohorivka 304 The Russians claimed to have captured Vodiane on 5 April and reportedly captured Pervomaiske by 10 April 305 306 On 14 16 April Russian forces began expanding Avdiivka s northern flank capturing the Zarya dachas and swiftly moving on to establish a foothold in Ocheretyne creating a salient Russian troops exploited the breach in defenses capturing Ocheretyne by 28 April 307 308 309 310 Russian forces expanded the salient by quickly capturing the villages of Novobakhmutivka by 28 April and Soloviove by 1 May along Ocheretyne s southern flank 311 312 The Russians were concurrently advancing on a second axis northwards east of the Ocheretyne salient towards Novokalynove and Keramik which were both reportedly captured by 30 April according to DeepStateMap Live 313 After capturing Ocheretyne and Keramik the Russians further advanced northwards and captured Arkhanhelske by 5 May according to DeepState 314 nbsp Damaged buildings in Chasiv Yar 30 March 2024 On 25 April the ISW assessed that although Russia was seeking further tactical gains northwest of Avdiivka Chasiv Yar remained the primary target of the spring campaign 315 Russian spring campaign April 2024 present Battles of Chasiv Yar and Krasnohorivka April 2024 present See also Battle of Chasiv Yar and Battle of Krasnohorivka Russian media reported on 5 April that their troops had entered the eastern suburbs of Chasiv Yar Ukraine s eastern command denied these reports but admitted the situation on the city s outskirts had become tense 316 On 6 April Colonel General Oleksandr Syrskyi who succeeded Valerii Zaluzhnyi as Ukraine s commander in chief on 8 February stated Today the fiercest battles are underway in the areas of Pervomaiske and Vodiane as well as east of Chasiv Yar where the enemy is trying to break through our defense lines 317 On 13 April Syrskyi stated the situation on the eastern front had deteriorated significantly in recent days and that fighting had intensified following the 2024 Russian presidential election Syrskyi partially attributed recent Russian gains in Donetsk Oblast to their superior weaponry and spoke of the need for training of more Ukrainian infantry units 318 The same day DeepStateMap Live reported that Russian forces captured Bohdanivka which is located less than 6 miles 10 km east of Chasiv Yar the Russian defence ministry later confirmed its capture on 21 April 319 320 321 322 Concurrent with the Chasiv Yar and Krasnohorivka battles Russian troops also continued their ground advance west of Avdiivka into May 2024 Russian troops reportedly entered Umanske on 9 May 2024 323 Order of battleRussia and pro Russian separatists nbsp Russian Armed Forces nbsp Russian Ground Forces 1st Guards Tank Army 113 4th Guards Tank Division 423rd Motor Rifle Regiment 324 13th Tank Regiment 324 144th Guards Motor Rifle Division 2nd CAA 115 30th Separate Motorized Infantry Brigade 115 5th CAA 118 150th Rifle Division 123 68th Tank Regiment 123 60th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade 6th CAA 113 138th Separate Mechanized Brigade 130 8th CAA 118 150th Rifle Division 325 20th CAA 113 3rd Motor Rifle Division 326 9 35th CAA 111 1st Guards Tank Army elements 111 68th Army Corps 111 64th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade 111 41st CAA 9 74th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade 131 45th Engineer Regiment 58th CAA 118 90th Guards Tank Division 9 232nd Rocket Artillery Brigade 9 4th Tank Division 119 71st Motor Rifle Regiment 123 Central Grouping of Forces 327 1st Army Corps People s Militia of the Donetsk People s Republic 118 1st Slavyansk Brigade Republican Guard Pyatnashka Brigade 328 Sparta Battalion 329 Somalia Battalion 330 Vostok Battalion 331 2nd Army Corps People s Militia of the Luhansk People s Republic 118 Prizrak Brigade 332 Cossack battalions 106 nbsp Russian Air Force nbsp Russian Airborne Forces 114 11th Guards Air Assault Brigade 76th Guards Air Assault Division 116 98th Guards Airborne Division 334th Guards Airborne Regiment 106th Airborne Division 119 nbsp Russian Navy Russian Naval Infantry 113 810th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade 333 Black Sea Fleet 85 Baltic Fleet 113 11th Army Corps 144 336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade Northern Fleet 113 Pacific Fleet 118 nbsp Logistical Support of the Russian Armed Forces Russian Railway Troops 29th Separate Railway Brigade 334 nbsp GRU nbsp Spetsnaz GRU 335 3rd Guards Spetsnaz Brigade 336 nbsp National Guard of Russia 141st Special Motorized Regiment North Battalion 337 nbsp Wagner Group 9 DShRG Rusich 338 Black Russians 339 Ukraine nbsp Ukrainian Armed Forces nbsp Ukrainian Ground Forces 3rd Assault Brigade 340 4th Tank Brigade 341 10th Mountain Assault Brigade 342 343 17th Tank Brigade 341 24th Mechanized Brigade 28th Mechanized Brigade 43rd Heavy Artillery Brigade 344 53rd Mechanized Brigade 345 346 56th Motorized Brigade 347 57th Motorized Brigade 58th Motorized Brigade 348 60th Separate Infantry Brigade 349 92nd Mechanized Brigade 93rd Mechanized Brigade 350 110th Mechanized Brigade 128th Mountain Assault Brigade 351 Georgian Legion 352 Ukrainian Volunteer Corps 353 2nd Separate Battalion 353 nbsp Ukrainian Air Assault Forces 25th Airborne Brigade 46th Airmobile Brigade 354 71st Jaeger Brigade 355 79th Air Assault Brigade 80th Air Assault Brigade 356 81st Airmobile Brigade 357 358 95th Air Assault Brigade nbsp Ukrainian Navy Ukrainian Naval Infantry 359 35th Separate Marine Brigade 18th Marine Infantry Battalion 36th Separate Marine Brigade 359 nbsp Ukrainian Air Force 135 nbsp Territorial Defense Forces 360 227th Kharkiv Territorial Defense Battalion 130 International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine Kastus Kalinoŭski Battalion Belarusian contingent 361 Freedom of Russia Legion 362 Armed Forces of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in exile 363 364 Sheikh Mansur Battalion a 365 366 Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion 369 Separate Special Purpose battalion 370 including Ajnad al Kavkaz 363 nbsp Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs nbsp National Guard of Ukraine 12th Operational Brigade ru uk 371 23rd Separate Protection of Public Order Brigade ru uk 372 4th Rapid Reaction Brigade 373 Azov Special Operations Detachment 374 Donbas Battalion 375 Special Tasks Patrol Police Sich Battalion 376 nbsp National Police of Ukraine 371 nbsp Ukrainian Border Guard 371 Irregular civilian volunteers militia Ukrainian guerrillas 377 112 CasualtiesThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it September 2023 See also Casualties of the Russo Ukrainian War Russian invasion of Ukraine Military casualties According to Ukrainian sources more than 500 wounded Russian soldiers most of them recently mobilized were hospitalized in the occupied city of Horlivka between 10 and 16 November 2022 378 On 1 October 2023 a Ukrainian sniper team of 20 men called the Ghosts of Bakhmut claimed that they had killed 558 Russians during the battle so far with their leader callsign Ghost reportedly being responsible for 113 of them They also claimed that only two of them had been wounded with Ghost again being one of them 379 380 As of January 2024 Ukrainian obituaries recorded the names of 7 644 Ukrainian servicemen killed during the battle of Bakhmut 381 Civilian casualties According to Lyudmyla Denisova the Commissioner for Human Rights in Ukraine four civilians were killed when a shell hit their home during the night of 9 March in the village of Slobozhanske located in Izium Raion 382 Russian shelling on Derhachi on 11 March reportedly killed three civilians 383 On 14 March two civilians were reportedly killed in Russian shelling on houses in Kharkiv and a child was killed after Russian shelling hit a kindergarten in Chuhuiv 384 On 17 March at least 21 people were reportedly killed following Russian shelling in Merefa 385 See also nbsp Ukraine portal nbsp Russia portal Northern Ukraine campaign Southern Ukraine campaignNotes Initially participated in the battle of Mariupol but eventually left to fight in the battle of Kyiv 365 366 It later returned to fight in the Battle of Bakhmut 367 368 References a b 20 September 2022 https storymaps arcgis com stories 36a7f6a6f5a9448496de641cf64bd375 Retrieved 21 September 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help John Bacon Tom Vanden Brook Jorge L Ortiz Celina Tebor 12 April 2022 As Russia gears up for bloodier phase of war reports indicate a chemical weapon was used in Mariupol Live Ukraine updates USA Today Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 Retrieved 12 April 2022 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Into Bakhmut The Ukrainian Army Rolled In One Of Its Armored Bridgelayers Forbes 10 March 2023 Retrieved 3 April 2023 Ukraine repels over 100 attacks in past day as Russia continues offensive The New Voice of Ukraine 14 March 2023 Retrieved 3 April 2023 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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