Afghan Armed Forces
The Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Pashto: د اسلامي امارت وسله وال ځواکونه),[2] also referred to as the Islamic Emirate Armed Forces and the Afghan Armed Forces, is the military of Afghanistan, ruled by the Taliban government from 1996 to 2001 and since August 2021. The Taliban created the first iteration of the emirate's armed forces in 1997 after taking over Afghanistan following the end of the Afghan Civil War which raged between 1992 and 1996. However, the first iteration of the armed forces was dissolved in 2001 after the downfall of the first Taliban government following the United States invasion of Afghanistan. It was officially reestablished on November 8, 2021 after the Taliban's victory in the War in Afghanistan on August 15, 2021 following the recapture of Kabul and the collapse of the U.S.-backed Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and its Afghan National Army as a whole, with the re-establishment of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan after being out of power for 20 years.
| Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | |
|---|---|
| د اسلامي امارت وسله وال ځواکونه | |
| Motto | Arabic: الارض لله والحكم لله ("The land belongs to Allah, the rule belongs to Allah") |
| Founded | 1997 |
| Current form | 8 November 2021 |
| Service branches | |
| Headquarters | Kabul |
| Leadership | |
| Supreme Commander | Hibatullah Akhundzada |
| Head of the Military Commission | Mullah Yaqoob |
| Minister of Defense | Mullah Yaqoob (acting) |
| Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces | Qari Fasihuddin (acting) |
| Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force | Amanuddin Mansoor |
| Personnel | |
| Military age | 18 (voluntary) |
| Active personnel | 110,000 - 150,000 (2022)[1] |
| Industry | |
| Foreign suppliers | Iraq Syria Pakistan Iran Russia China |
| Related articles | |
| History | Military history of Afghanistan |
| Ranks | Military ranks of Afghanistan |
History of the Armed Forces
In April 1978 there was a coup, known as the Saur Revolution, orchestrated by members of the government loyal to the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). This led to a full-scale Soviet invasion in December 1979, led by the 40th Army and the Airborne Forces. In 1981 the total strength of the Afghan Armed Forces was around 85,000 troops according to The New York Times.[3] The Afghan Army had around 35–40,000 soldiers, mostly conscripts; the Air Force had around 7,000 personnel; and the total of all military personnel was around 87,000 in 1984.[4] Throughout the 1980s, the Afghan Armed Forces was heavily involved in fighting against the multi-national mujahiddin rebel groups who were largely backed by the United States and trained by the Pakistan Armed Forces. The rebel groups were fighting to force the Soviet Union to withdraw from Afghanistan as well as to remove the Soviet-backed government of President Mohammad Najibullah. Due to large number of defectors, the Afghan Armed Forces in 1985 were reduced to no more than about 47,000, the actual figure probably being lower.[5] The Air Force had over 150 combat aircraft with about 7,000 officers who were supported by up to 5,000 Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force and Czechoslovak Air Force advisers.[6]
Under the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992), weapon deliveries by the Soviets were increased and included Mi-24 helicopters, MiG-23 fighter aircraft, ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" and ZSU-57-2 anti-aircraft self-propelled mounts, MT-LB armored personnel carriers, BM-27 "Uragan" and BM-21 "Grad" multiple-launch rocket systems and FROG-7 and Scud launchers.[7] Some of the weapons that were not damaged during the decades of wars are still being used today.
Weapons supplies were made available to the mujahideen rebel groups through numerous countries; the United States purchased all of Israel's captured Soviet weapons clandestinely, and then funnelled the weapons to the mujahideen rebels, while Egypt upgraded their own Army's weapons, and sent the older weapons to the mujahideen, Turkey sold its World War II stockpiles, and the British and Swiss provided Blowpipe missiles and Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns respectively, after they were found to be poor models for their own forces.[8] China provided the most relevant weapons, likely due to their own experience with guerrilla warfare, and kept meticulous record of all the shipments.[8]
Following the Soviet withdrawal in 1989 the mujahiddin rebel attacks continued and grew in intensity.[9] For several years the Afghan Armed Forces had actually increased their effectiveness past levels ever achieved during the Soviet military presence. The eleven-year Siege of Khost ended with the city's fall in March 1991. But the government was dealt a major blow when Abdul Rashid Dostum, a leading general, switched allegiances to the mujahideen forces in 1992 and together they captured the city of Kabul.[10]
By 1992 the Afghan Army fragmented into regional militias under local warlords because of the fall of the Soviet Union which stopped supplying the Afghan Armed Forces and later in 1992 when the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan government lost power.
The fall of the Moscow-backed regime in 1992 disintegrated the state as well as the army. Bits and pieces of the fragmented military either disappeared or joined the warring factions that were locked in a drawn-out power struggle. The warring factions were composed of odd assortments of armed groups with varying levels of loyalties, political commitment, professional skills, and organizational integrity.[11]
— Ahmed Ali Jalali, 2002
After the fall of Mohammad Najibullah's regime in 1992, the various Afghan political parties began to assemble their own more formal armed forces. By February 1992 Massoud's Jamiat-i-Islami had a central force reported at six battalions strong, plus additional second tier units, "the bulk of the army, ..made up of regional battalions, subordinate to local commanders of the Supervisory Council."[12] On 16 January 1993 Jane's Defence Weekly reported that "a special assembly of 1335 delegates elected from across Afghanistan" had both elected Professor Burhanuddin Rabbani as President of the Islamic State of Afghanistan for two years, and agreed to "establish a regular army with soldiers mostly drawn from Mojahedin groups." Pakistan had offered training assistance.[13] However, a Civil War started between the various warlords, including Ahmad Shah Massoud, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Abdul Rashid Dostum, Abdul Ali Mazari, Jalaluddin Haqqani, Ismail Khan, Atta Muhammad Nur, Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi, Mohammad Yunus Khalis, Gul Agha Sherzai and many others.
The Taliban movement arose around Kandahar in southern Afghanistan and defeated the various armed movements there that had squabbled since the dissolution of the previous Afghan Army and Afghan Air Force. They moved to confront Ahmed Shah Massoud's forces by marching to the gates of Kabul in March 1995.[14]
During the 1990s the Taliban maintained 400 T-54/55 and T-62 tanks and more than 200 armoured personnel carriers.[15][16] The Taliban also began training its own army and commanders. After the removal of the Taliban government in late 2001, private armies loyal to warlords gained more and more influence. In mid-2001, Ali Jalali wrote:[17]
The army (as a state institution, organized, armed, and commanded by the state) does not exist in Afghanistan today. Neither the Taliban-led "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan" nor the "Islamic State of Afghanistan" headed by the ousted President Rabbani has the political legitimacy or administrative efficiency of a state. The militia formations they command are composed of odd assortments of armed groups with varying level of loyalties, political commitment, professional skills, and organizational integrity. Many of them feel free to switch sides, shift loyalties, and join or leave the group spontaneously. The country suffers from the absence of a top political layer capable of controlling individual and group violence. ... Although both sides identify their units with military formations of the old regime, there is hardly any organizational or professional continuity from the past. But these units really exist in name only ... in fact only their military bases still exist, accommodating and supporting an assortment of militia groups.
During the 1990s the Taliban's air force had five supersonic MiG-21MFs and 10 Sukhoi-22 fighter-bombers.[18] They also had six Mil Mi-8 helicopters, five Mi-35s, five L-39Cs, six An-12s, 25 An-26s, a dozen An-24 and An-32s, an IL-18, and a Yakovlev. Their civil air service contained two Boeing 727A/Bs, a Tu-154, five An-24s, and a DHC-6.
On 3 August 1995, Taliban Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 fighters forced a Russian Ilyushin-76 cargo plane carrying arms from Albania to Afghanistan to land at Kandahar.[19][20] Negotiations between the Russian government and the Taliban to free the men stalled for over a year and efforts by American senator Hank Brown to mediate between the two parties broke down over a prisoner exchange.[21] Brown was able to get the Taliban to agree that the Russian crew should be allowed to maintain their aircraft.[21] This request paved the way for their escape.[21]
Branches
Army
The army under the Taliban Islamic Movement was inaugurated on November 8, 2021 as the Army of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,[22] which is also referred to as the Islamic Emirate Army and the Afghan Army. To date, the army itself relies heavily on captured hardware from the defeated Afghan National Army. Approximately 2,000 vehicles fell into Taliban hands after the Fall of Kabul, including the Humvee, M1117 Guardian, MaxxPro MRAP and Oshkosh ATV. In terms of infantry equipment, captured items include the M4 carbine, M16 rifle, night-vision goggles, body armor suits, communication equipment and shoulder-mounted grenade launchers. These U.S. made firearms are reportedly replacing Russian made AK-47s and AK-74s carried by most Taliban fighters.[23]
From 1 September 2021 to 10 January 2022, 15,102 newly trained fighters were inducted into the Islamic Emirate Army as calculated on the official site, the average number of new soldiers inducted is 120 soldiers per week not counting paramilitaries.[citation needed]
Formation and structure
Currently the conventional land forces of the Islamic Emirate Army are subdivided into eight corps, mostly superseding the previous corps of the former Afghan National Army. The conventional land warfare corps of the Islamic Emirate Army were renamed in November 2021 by Mullah Yaqoob, Acting Minister of Defense.[24] They are listed below.[25]
| Corps | Headquarters | Former Designation | Commander(s) | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 313 Central Corps | Kabul | N/A | Maulvi Naqibullah "Sahib" (Chief of Staff) Maulvi Nasrullah "Mati" (Commander) Maulvi Nusrat (Deputy Commander) | [26][27] |
| 201 Khalid Ibn Walid Corps | Laghman | 201st Corps | Abdul Rahman Mansoori (Chief of Staff) Abu Dujana (Commander) Ibrahim (Deputy Commander) | [27] |
| 203 Mansoori Corps | Gardez | 203rd Corps | Ahmadullah Mubarak (Chief of Staff) Mohammad Ayub (Commander) Rohul Amin (Deputy Commander) | [27] |
| 205 Al-Badr Corps | Kandahar | 205th Corps | Hizbullah Afghan (Chief of Staff) Mehrullah Hamad (Commander) Wali Jan Hamza (Deputy Commander) | [27] |
| 207 Al-Farooq Corps | Herat | 207th Corps | Abdul Rahman Haqqani (Chief of Staff) Mohammad Zarif Muzaffar (Commander) Abdul Shakur Baryalai (Deputy Commander) | [28][27] |
| 209 Al-Fatah Corps | Mazar-i-Sharif | 209th Corps | Abdul Razzaq Faizullah (Chief of Staff) Amir Khan Haqqani (Commander) Maulvi Amanuddin (Deputy Commander) | [27][29] |
| 215 Azam Corps | Helmand | 215th Corps | Maulvi Abdul Aziz "Ansari" (Chief of Staff) Sharafuddin Taqi (Commander) Mohibullah Nusrat (Deputy Commander) | [26][27] |
| 217 Omari Corps | Kunduz | 217th Corps | Mohammad Shafiq (Chief of Staff) Rahmatullah Mohammad (Commander) Mohammad Ismail Turkman (Deputy Commander) | [27] |
All the corps beyond Kabul can be definitively tied to previous Afghan National Army (ANA) formations. However the number '313' was not utilized by the ANA, in Kabul or beyond, and the only former Taliban unit with that number was the Badri 313 Battalion. Other reported units include the Victorious Force Unit[30] and the Panipat unit.[31]
The Badri 313 Battalion,[32] the Red Unit,[33] and the "Yarmouk 60 Special Forces Battalion"[34] may have some special forces capabilities.
Air Force
The Taliban created and ran a small air force in from 1996 to 2001. After the re-establishment of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and the fall of Kabul during the 2021 Taliban offensive, the Taliban established the Air Force of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,[35][36] which is also referred to as the Islamic Emirate Air Force and the Afghan Air Force. The air force acquired UH-60 Black Hawks, Mil Mi-24s (most of them without engines), Mil Mi-8s/Mil Mi-17s, A-29 Super Tucanos, Cessna 208s, and C-130 Hercules.
On 11 January 2022, the air force successfully repaired and flew unserviceable aircraft which were abandoned by the US Army and the former Afghan National Army after Kabul fell to the Taliban.[37][clarification needed] A new Taliban commander of the Afghan Air Force spoke as part of the announcement.
Conscription
According to the testimony of Guantanamo detainees before their Combatant Status Review Tribunals, the Taliban, in addition to conscripting men to serve as soldiers, also conscripted men to staff its civil service.[38]
Conscription of children
According to a report from the University of Oxford, the Taliban made widespread use of the conscription of children in 1997, 1998 and 1999. During the civil war that preceded the Taliban regime, thousands of orphaned boys joined various militia for "employment, food, shelter, protection and economic opportunity." The report said that during its initial period the Taliban "long depended upon cohorts of youth". Witnesses stated that each land-owning family had to provide one young man and $500 in expenses. In August, of that year 5000 students aged between 15 and 35 left madrassas in Pakistan to join the Taliban.[39]
See also
Notes
- ^ "MoD Says US Drones Entering Afghan Airspace From Pakistan".
- ^ د ملي دفاع وزارت - وزارت دفاع ملی [@modafghanistan2] (28 October 2021). "د افغانستان د اسلامي امارت وسله وال ځواکونه په کوم ځانګړي قوم او سیمه پورې اړه نه لري، بلکې د افغانستان په ټول مجاهد او دیني ولس پورې اړه لري او په ملي، سیمه ییزه او نړیواله کچه د افغانستان تاریخي عظمت بیا رغوي. د افغانستان خلک د دغو ځواکونو په زړورتیا ویاړي. t.co/74TIGW1fNs" (Tweet) (in Pashto). from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Afghan Military Aid Said to Study In Soviet". The New York Times. 11 November 1981. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
- ^ Amstutz 1986, p. 65.
- ^ Nyrop & Seekins 1986, p. xvii.
- ^ Nyrop & Seekins 1986, p. 327.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 13 May 2006. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
- ^ a b Kinsella, Warren. "Unholy Alliances", Lester Publishing, 1992
- ^ "1988: USSR pledges to leave Afghanistan". BBC News. London. 14 April 1988. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
- ^ "Afghan Guerrillas Order Kabul Army To Surrender City". The New York Times. 18 April 1992. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
- ^ Jalali, Ali A. (2002). "Rebuilding Afghanistan's National Army". Parameters: Journal of the US Army War College. U.S. Army War College. 32 (3): 78.
- ^ See "Pushing at the Cracks". Jane's Defence Weekly. 8 February 1992. See also "Army Reformed to Heal Divisions," JDW, 15 August 1992.
- ^ "MOJAHEDIN FOR AFGHAN ARMY". Jane's Defence Weekly. 16 January 1993.
- ^ Malkasian 2021, p. 36-41.
- ^ The Beasts of Kabul: Inside the Afghan Army's Soviet Tanks. Stars and Stripes. 15 July 2014. from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2022 – via YouTube.
- ^ The Guardian, Taliban lose grip on Mazar i Sharif, 7 November 2001
- ^ Ali A. Jalali, Afghanistan: The Anatomy of an Ongoing Conflict 2016-12-10 at the Wayback Machine, Parameters, Spring 2001, pp. 85–98.
- ^ York, Geoffrey. The Globe and Mail, "Military Targets Are Elusive. Afghanistan Army Called a Haphazard Operation", 19 September 2001
- ^ Russian airmen escape from Afghanistan, Phil Reeves, The Independent, 19 August 1996
- ^ Farah & Braun 2007, p. 60
- ^ a b c Associated Press 1996, p. 4
- ^ د ملي دفاع وزارت - وزارت دفاع ملی [@modafghanistan2] (10 February 2022). "د افغانستان اسلامی امارت د اردو زړور او میړني مجاهدین د اسلامی نظام د پیاوړتیا او د خپل مجاهد ولس د خدمت په خاطر هر ډول قربانۍ او سرښندنې ته چمتو دي. #دملي_دفاع_وزارت t.co/BC4aNXrt3a" (Tweet) (in Pashto). from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ Shelton, Tracey (20 August 2021). "The Taliban's new armoury of US-made equipment includes planes, guns and night-vision goggles". ABC News. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
- ^ Lalzoy, Najibullah (8 November 2021). "Taliban retitles all military corps in Afghanistan". The Khaama Press News Agency.
- ^ "Islamic Emirate Introduces New Members of Caretaker Cabinet". TOLOnews. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ^ a b "د هوايي ځواکونو عمومي قوماندانۍ او د کابل ۳۱۳ مرکزي ق ول اردو له پاره نوي مسوولین وګمارل شول | د ملی دفاع وزارت". mod.gov.af (in Pashto).
- ^ a b c d e f g h "د اسلامي امارت په تشکیلاتو کې نوي کسان پر دندو وګومارل شول". باختر خبری آژانس (in Pashto). 4 October 2021.
- ^ "به زودی ۴۵۰ نفر از قول اردوی "الفاروق" فارغ میشوند". آوا پرس | ا خبار لحظه ای افغانستان (in Persian).
- ^ کاکړ, جاويد هميم (4 March 2022). "په یو شمیر وزارتونو، قول اردو ګانو او ولایتونو کې نوې ټاکنې وشوې". pajhwok.com (in Pashto).
- ^ Islamic Emirate Of Afghanistan [@TalibanSoldiers] (16 January 2022). "Victorious Force Unit 🪖 t.co/mJyyNxKO86" (Tweet). from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ Tare, Kiran (16 February 2022). "Why the Taliban named a military unit after 'Panipat'". India Today.
- ^ "Explainer: What is Badri 313 unit? Taliban's so-called 'special force'". WION News. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- ^ Snow, Shawn (12 August 2016). "Red Group: The Taliban's New Commando Force". The Diplomat. from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
- ^ Islamic Emirate Of Afghanistan [@TalibanSoldiers] (15 January 2022). "After the Badri 313 Battalion, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan now has the Yarmouk 60 Special Forces Battalion. #YARMOOK_60 #badri313battalion #Taliban #IEA t.co/jkwf3cdjDg" (Tweet). from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ توصیه و پیغام امارت اسلامي افغانستان به مسولین و مجاهدین محترم امارت اسلامي افغانستان ! /. Afghanistan Centre at Kabul University. 1997. doi:10.29171/acku_risalah_ds357_5_tay969_1376_n783_dari_title18.
- ^ "د افغانستان اسلامي امارت د هوايي ځواکونو د فعالیت او رغونې په مناسبت د پوځي الوتکو او چورلکو مانور | د ملی دفاع وزارت". mod.gov.af. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ "مانور طیارات قوای هوایی کشور به مناسبت احیا و فعالیت چرخبال های اردوی امارت اسلامی". mod.gov.af.
- ^ Dixon, Robyn (13 October 2001). "Afghans in Kabul Flee Taliban, Not U.S. Raids". Los Angeles Times. Shirkat. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ Jo Boyden; Jo de Berry; Thomas Feeny; Jason Hart (January 2002). (PDF). University of Oxford Refugee Studies Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
References
- Associated Press (19 August 1996). . The Register-Guard. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
- Amstutz, J. Bruce (1986). Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation (PDF). Washington DC.: National Defense University. (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2015.
- Farah, Douglas; Braun, Stephen (2007). Merchant of death: money, guns, planes, and the man who makes war possible (2007 ed.). John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-04866-5.
- Malkasian, Carter (2021). The American War in Afghanistan: A History. Oxford University Press.
- Nyrop, Richard F.; Seekins, Donald M. (January 1986). Area Handbook Series: Afghanistan: A Country Study. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center.
- Watkins, Andrew H. (11 November 2021). "An Assessment of Taliban Rule at Three Months". Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. Retrieved 10 August 2022.