Basque dialects are linguistic varieties of the Basque language which differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar from each other and from Standard Basque. Between six[1] and nine[2] Basque dialects have been historically distinguished:
In modern times, however, both Lower Navarrese and Lapurdian are considered part of a Navarrese–Lapurdian dialect, so there would be five dialects, divided into 11 subdialects and 24 minor varieties.[3]
The pre-Roman tribal boundaries in the general area of the modern-day Basque Country.[image reference needed]
The boundaries of all these dialects do not coincide directly with current political or administrative boundaries. It was believed that the dialect boundaries between Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan and Upper Navarrese showed some relation to some pre-Roman tribal boundaries between the Caristii, Varduli and Vascones. However, main Basque dialectologists now deny any direct relation between those tribes and Basque dialects. It seems that these dialects were created in the Middle Ages from a previously quite unified Basque language, and the dialects diverged from each other since then as a result of the administrative and political division that happened in the Basque Country.[3][4]
Louis-Lucien Bonaparte's original 1866 map of Basque dialects.
Map of Basque dialects (Koldo Zuazo, 2019)
One of the first scientific studies of Basque dialects, regarding the auxiliary verb forms, was made by Louis-Lucien Bonaparte, a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. His original dialect map, Carte des Sept Provinces Basques, was published in 1863 along with his Le Verbe Basque en Tableaux was regarded as the authoritative guide in Basque dialectology for a century. He collected his data in fieldwork between 1856 and 1869 in five visits to the Basque Country. By then, the Basque language was in retreat throughout the territory in which it had been commonly spoken. In Álava, Basque had all but vanished from the Plains and the Highlands, remaining only in the stronghold of Aramaio and bordering fringes of Biscay and Gipuzkoa, while in Navarre the scholar collected the last live evidence in areas extending as far south as Tafalla.
In 1998, Koldo Zuazo, Professor of Basque Philology at the University of the Basque Country, redefined the dialect classifications slightly. For example, he changed the name of Biscayan to Western, Gipuzkoan to Central, Upper Navarrese to Navarrese. He also grouped Lapurdian with Lower Navarrese, distinguished Eastern Navarrese as an independent dialect, and recognised several mixed areas:
Key distinguishing features in Basque dialect phonology include:
loss of /h/ and aspirated stops in Southern Basque dialects
divergence of historic /j/ into /j/ /ɟ/ /ʒ/ /ʃ/ /x/ /χ/[2]
Souletin development of the vowel /y/
Morphological variation
Modern Basque dialects show a high degree of dialectal divergence. However, cross-dialectal communication even without prior knowledge of either Standard Basque or the other dialect is normally possible to a reasonable extent, with the notable of exception of Zuberoan (also called Souletin), which is regarded as the most divergent Basque dialect.
The names for the language in the dialects of Basque (Euskara in Standard Basque) for example exemplify to some degree the dialectal fragmentation of the Basque speaking area. The most divergent forms are generally found in the Eastern dialects.
The following map shows the approximate areas where each word is used. The smaller-type instances are cases of the name being recorded for a particular area, the larger-type instances show super-regional forms common throughout the dialect area in question:
The language name Euskara in the dialects of Basque located on the new dialect map by Koldo Zuazo.
Comparison of sample verb forms
Comparing the forms of the Basque verb used in the different Basque dialects also gives a good overview over some of the differences and common features.
I am you (familiar) are (s)he/it is we are you (formal) are you (plural) are they are
dut dun duk du dugu duzu duzue dute
dot don dok dau dogu dozu dozue dabe
det den dek du degu dezu dezu(t)e du(t)e
dut dun duk du dugu duzu duzue dute
dur,dud dun duk du digu tzu tzei dei
dut dun duk du dugu duzu duzue dute
dut dun duk du dugu duzu duzue (d)ute
düt dün dük dü dügü düzü düzüe düe
I have it you (familiar, allocutive form for female addressee) have it you (familiar, allocutive form for male addressee) have it (s)he/it has it we have it you (formal) have it you (plural) have it they have it
nakon hakon zakon ginakon zinakon zinakoten zakoten
neion heion zeion geneion zeneion zeneioen zeioen
I to him/her/it (trans.); for example eman nion "I gave it to him" you (familiar) to him/her/it (trans.) (s)he/it to him/her/it (trans.) we to him/her/it (trans.) you (formal) to him/her/it (trans.) you (plural) to him/her/it (trans.) they to him/her/it (trans.)
I went to him/her/it you (familiar) went to him/her/it (s)he/it went to him/her/it we went to him/her/it you (formal) went to him/her/it you (plural) went to him/her/it they went to him/her/it
Basque dialects all diverge from this standard inventory to a larger or lesser extent. The graphemej (historically /j/) displays by far the most noticeable divergence, followed by the fricatives and affricates. Hualde (1991) describes the following:
Arbizu, a dialect in a mixed Gipuzkoan/Western Navarrese dialect area: geminate vowels /i/~/ii/, /e/~/ee/, /a/~/aa/, /o/~/oo/, /u/~/uu/
Gernika, a Biscayan dialect: merger of /s̻/ with /s̺/ and /ts̻/ with /ts̺/. Additional phonemes: /ʒ/. Lack of /c/ and /ɟ/.
Ondarroa, a Biscayan dialect: merger of /s̻/ with /s̺/ and /ts̻/ with /ts̺/. Additional phonemes: /dz/. Lack of /c/ and /ɟ/.
Standardized dialects
There have been various attempts throughout history to promote standardised forms of Basque dialects to the level of a common standard Basque.
A standardised form of Lower Navarrese was the dialect used by influential 16th-century author Joanes Leizarraga.
Azkue's Gipuzkera Osotua ("Complemented Gipuzkoan"), dating to 1935, attempted, though largely unsuccessfully, to create a standardized Basque based on Gipuzkoan, complemented with elements from other dialects.
In the 1940s, a group called Jakintza Baitha ("Wisdom House") gathered around the academician Federico Krutwig, who preferred to base the standard on the Lapurdian of Joanes Leizarraga's Protestant Bible and the first printed books in Basque. However, they did not receive support from other Basque language scholars and activists.
In 1944, Pierre Lafitte published his Navarro-Labourdin Littéraire, based on Classical Lapurdian, which has become the de facto standard form of Lapurdian. It is taught in some schools of Lapurdi and used on radio, in church, and by the newspaper Herria.
Since 1968, Euskaltzaindia has promulgated a Unified (or Standard) Basque (Euskara batua) based on the central dialects that has successfully spread as the formal dialect of the language. Batua is found in official texts, schools, TV, newspapers and in common parlance by new speakers, especially in the cities, whereas in the countryside, with more elderly speakers, people remain more attached to the natural dialects, especially in informal situations.
More recently, the distinct dialects of Bizkaian and Zuberoan have also been standardised.
References
^ abcPagola, Rosa Miren (1984). Euskalkiz Euskalki (in Basque). Eusko Jaurlaritza.
^ abZuazo, Koldo (2010). El euskera y sus dialectos (in Spanish). Alberdania. ISBN978-84-9868-202-1.
^Michelena, Luis (1981). "Lengua común y dialectos vascos". Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo (in Spanish). 15: 291–313.
^Michelena, Luis, ed. (1992). Diccionario general vasco / Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia. Vol. VII. Euskaltzandia.
^ abAulestia, Gorka (1989). Basque–English Dictionary. University of Nevada Press.
^Camino, Iñaki, ed. (1997). Nafarroako Hizkerak Nafarroako Euskal Dialektologiako Jardunaldia 1997 (in Basque).
^Gaminde, Iñaki (1985). Aditza Ipar Goi Nafarreraz. Pamplona: Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea.
^ abLafitte, P., ed. (1981). Grammaire Basque pour tous II : Le Verbe Basque (in French). Haize Garbia.
^Casenave-Harigile, J. (1993). Hiztegia II Eüskara - Français. Hitzak.
^ abHualde, José Ignacio (1991). Basque Phonology. London: Routledge. ISBN0-415-05655-1.
Bibliography
Allières, Jacques (1979). Manuel pratique de basque. Connaissance des langues, v. 13 (in French). Paris: A. & J. Picard. ISBN2-7084-0038-X.
Campion, Arturo (1884). Gramática de los cuatro dialectos literarios de la lengua euskara (in Spanish). Tolosa: Eusebio López – via archive.org.
Lafitte, Pierre (1962). Grammaire Basque : Navarro-Labourdin littéraire (in French). Donostia/Bayonne: Elkarlanean. ISBN2-913156-10-X.
January 20, 2023
basque, dialects, linguistic, varieties, basque, language, which, differ, pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, from, each, other, from, standard, basque, between, nine, have, been, historically, distinguished, biscayan, gipuzkoan, upper, navarrese, northern, so. Basque dialects are linguistic varieties of the Basque language which differ in pronunciation vocabulary and grammar from each other and from Standard Basque Between six 1 and nine 2 Basque dialects have been historically distinguished Biscayan Gipuzkoan Upper Navarrese Northern and Southern Lower Navarrese Eastern and Western Lapurdian Souletin Souletin and Roncalese The modern dialects of Basque according to Koldo Zuazo Western Biscayan Central Gipuzkoan Upper Navarrese Navarro Lapurdian Souletin other Basque areas ca 1850 Bonaparte In modern times however both Lower Navarrese and Lapurdian are considered part of a Navarrese Lapurdian dialect so there would be five dialects divided into 11 subdialects and 24 minor varieties 3 The pre Roman tribal boundaries in the general area of the modern day Basque Country image reference needed The boundaries of all these dialects do not coincide directly with current political or administrative boundaries It was believed that the dialect boundaries between Bizkaian Gipuzkoan and Upper Navarrese showed some relation to some pre Roman tribal boundaries between the Caristii Varduli and Vascones However main Basque dialectologists now deny any direct relation between those tribes and Basque dialects It seems that these dialects were created in the Middle Ages from a previously quite unified Basque language and the dialects diverged from each other since then as a result of the administrative and political division that happened in the Basque Country 3 4 Contents 1 History of Basque dialectology 2 Morphological variation 2 1 Comparison of sample verb forms 3 Phonological variation 4 Standardized dialects 5 References 6 BibliographyHistory of Basque dialectology Edit Louis Lucien Bonaparte s original 1866 map of Basque dialects Map of Basque dialects Koldo Zuazo 2019 One of the first scientific studies of Basque dialects regarding the auxiliary verb forms was made by Louis Lucien Bonaparte a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte His original dialect map Carte des Sept Provinces Basques was published in 1863 along with his Le Verbe Basque en Tableaux was regarded as the authoritative guide in Basque dialectology for a century He collected his data in fieldwork between 1856 and 1869 in five visits to the Basque Country By then the Basque language was in retreat throughout the territory in which it had been commonly spoken In Alava Basque had all but vanished from the Plains and the Highlands remaining only in the stronghold of Aramaio and bordering fringes of Biscay and Gipuzkoa while in Navarre the scholar collected the last live evidence in areas extending as far south as Tafalla In 1998 Koldo Zuazo Professor of Basque Philology at the University of the Basque Country redefined the dialect classifications slightly For example he changed the name of Biscayan to Western Gipuzkoan to Central Upper Navarrese to Navarrese He also grouped Lapurdian with Lower Navarrese distinguished Eastern Navarrese as an independent dialect and recognised several mixed areas Western Biscayan Central Gipuzkoan Upper Navarrese Eastern Navarrese including Salazarese and the extinct Roncalese Navarrese Lapurdian SouletinSome research has also been carried out on the Basque dialect spoken formerly in Alava which appears to mix Western and Navarrese features Key distinguishing features in Basque dialect phonology include loss of h and aspirated stops in Southern Basque dialects divergence of historic j into j ɟ ʒ ʃ x x 2 Souletin development of the vowel y Morphological variation EditModern Basque dialects show a high degree of dialectal divergence However cross dialectal communication even without prior knowledge of either Standard Basque or the other dialect is normally possible to a reasonable extent with the notable of exception of Zuberoan also called Souletin which is regarded as the most divergent Basque dialect The names for the language in the dialects of Basque Euskara in Standard Basque for example exemplify to some degree the dialectal fragmentation of the Basque speaking area The most divergent forms are generally found in the Eastern dialects Dialect variant 5 Dialect group Areas documented inAuskera Upper Navarrese ArakilEskara Upper NavarreseLapurdian IrunSaint Jean de LuzEskoara Biscayan OrozkoEskuara LapurdianBiscayanLower Navarrese LabourdBiscayLower NavarreEskuera BiscayanGipuzkoan Gernika Bermeo Bergara Leintz GatzagaGoierri Burunda Etxarri AranazEuskala Biscayan Bergara Leintz GatzagaEuskara Upper NavarreseAezcoan Irun Larraun ErroEuskera BiscayanGipuzkoanUpper NavarreseEuskiera Biscayan OrozkoEuzkera Biscayan Arrigorriaga Orozko Marquina Bergara Leintz GatzagaOskara Upper Navarrese ArakilUskara Upper NavarreseAezcoanEastern Navarrese dialect Irun Bortziriak Ultzama Aezkoa Salazar Valley Roncal ValleyUskara SouletinUskaa Upper NavarreseSouletin UltzamaUskaa SouletinUska SouletinUskera BiscayanUpper Navarrese Arratia OrozkoUltzama Erro Olza GulinaThe following map shows the approximate areas where each word is used The smaller type instances are cases of the name being recorded for a particular area the larger type instances show super regional forms common throughout the dialect area in question The language name Euskara in the dialects of Basque located on the new dialect map by Koldo Zuazo Comparison of sample verb forms Edit Comparing the forms of the Basque verb used in the different Basque dialects also gives a good overview over some of the differences and common features Standard Basque Biscayan 6 Gipuzkoan 6 Upper Navarrese 1 7 8 Roncalese Lapurdian 9 Lower Navarrese 1 9 Souletin 10 Englishnaizhaizdagarazarazaretedira nazazdagarazarazariedira naizaizdage r aze r aze r atedi r a naiz y aizdaga r aza r aza r atedi r e nazyazdagrazrazreidra naizhaizdagarezarezaiztedi r e n a izh a izdagirazirazireztedira nizhizdagi r azi r azi r aedi r a I amyou familiar are s he it iswe areyou formal areyou plural arethey aredutdundukduduguduzuduzuedute dotdondokdaudogudozudozuedabe detdendekdudegudezudezu t edu t e dutdundukduduguduzuduzuedute dur dud dundukdudigutzutzeidei dutdundukduduguduzuduzuedute dutdundukduduguduzuduzue d ute dutdundukduduguduzuduzuedue I have ityou familiar allocutive form for female addressee have ityou familiar allocutive form for male addressee have it s he it has itwe have ityou formal have ityou plural have itthey have itnionhionziongenionzenionzeniotenzioten neutsaneuntsaneutsangeuntsanzeuntsanzeuntsoeneutsoen nionionziongenionzenionzeniotenzioten nio n y io n zio n ginio n zinio n ziniote n ziote n naunyaunzaunginaunzinaunzinabeinzabein nionhionzionginionzinionziniotenzioten nakonhakonzakonginakonzinakonzinakotenzakoten neionheionzeiongeneionzeneionzeneioenzeioen I to him her it trans for example eman nion I gave it to him you familiar to him her it trans s he it to him her it trans we to him her it trans you formal to him her it trans you plural to him her it trans they to him her it trans nindoakionhindoakionzihoakiongindoazkionzindoazkionzindoazkiotenzihoazkion ninoiakioninoakionjoiakionginoiakiozanzinoiakiozanzinoiakiozenjoiakiozan ninjoakioninjoakionzijoakionginjoazkionzinjoazkionzinjoazkiotenzijoazkion nindoakionhindoakionzoakionginoazkionzinoazkionzinoazkiotenzoazkion nindoakionhindoakionzoakiongindoazkionzindoakionzindoakioenzoazkion I went to him her ityou familiar went to him her it s he it went to him her itwe went to him her ityou formal went to him her ityou plural went to him her itthey went to him her itPhonological variation EditStandard Basque consonants 11 Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal VelarNasal m n ɲPlosive voiceless p t c kvoiced b d ɟ ɡAffricate voiceless ts ts tʃFricative voiceless f s s ʃ xTrill r Tap ɾLateral l ʎStandard Basque vowels 11 Front Central BackClose i uMid e oOpen aBasque dialects all diverge from this standard inventory to a larger or lesser extent The grapheme j historically j displays by far the most noticeable divergence followed by the fricatives and affricates Hualde 1991 describes the following Baztan an Eastern Navarrese dialect lack of x Arbizu a dialect in a mixed Gipuzkoan Western Navarrese dialect area geminate vowels i ii e ee a aa o oo u uu Gernika a Biscayan dialect merger of s with s and ts with ts Additional phonemes ʒ Lack of c and ɟ Ondarroa a Biscayan dialect merger of s with s and ts with ts Additional phonemes dz Lack of c and ɟ Standardized dialects EditThere have been various attempts throughout history to promote standardised forms of Basque dialects to the level of a common standard Basque A standardised form of Lower Navarrese was the dialect used by influential 16th century author Joanes Leizarraga Azkue s Gipuzkera Osotua Complemented Gipuzkoan dating to 1935 attempted though largely unsuccessfully to create a standardized Basque based on Gipuzkoan complemented with elements from other dialects In the 1940s a group called Jakintza Baitha Wisdom House gathered around the academician Federico Krutwig who preferred to base the standard on the Lapurdian of Joanes Leizarraga s Protestant Bible and the first printed books in Basque However they did not receive support from other Basque language scholars and activists In 1944 Pierre Lafitte published his Navarro Labourdin Litteraire based on Classical Lapurdian which has become the de facto standard form of Lapurdian It is taught in some schools of Lapurdi and used on radio in church and by the newspaper Herria Since 1968 Euskaltzaindia has promulgated a Unified or Standard Basque Euskara batua based on the central dialects that has successfully spread as the formal dialect of the language Batua is found in official texts schools TV newspapers and in common parlance by new speakers especially in the cities whereas in the countryside with more elderly speakers people remain more attached to the natural dialects especially in informal situations More recently the distinct dialects of Bizkaian and Zuberoan have also been standardised References Edit a b c Pagola Rosa Miren 1984 Euskalkiz Euskalki in Basque Eusko Jaurlaritza a b Trask R L 1997 The History of Basque Routledge ISBN 0 415 13116 2 a b Zuazo Koldo 2010 El euskera y sus dialectos in Spanish Alberdania ISBN 978 84 9868 202 1 Michelena Luis 1981 Lengua comun y dialectos vascos Anuario del Seminario de Filologia Vasca Julio de Urquijo in Spanish 15 291 313 Michelena Luis ed 1992 Diccionario general vasco Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia Vol VII Euskaltzandia a b Aulestia Gorka 1989 Basque English Dictionary University of Nevada Press Camino Inaki ed 1997 Nafarroako HizkerakNafarroako Euskal Dialektologiako Jardunaldia 1997 in Basque Gaminde Inaki 1985 Aditza Ipar Goi Nafarreraz Pamplona Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea a b Lafitte P ed 1981 Grammaire Basque pour tous II Le Verbe Basque in French Haize Garbia Casenave Harigile J 1993 Hiztegia II Euskara Francais Hitzak a b Hualde Jose Ignacio 1991 Basque Phonology London Routledge ISBN 0 415 05655 1 Bibliography EditAllieres Jacques 1979 Manuel pratique de basque Connaissance des langues v 13 in French Paris A amp J Picard ISBN 2 7084 0038 X Campion Arturo 1884 Gramatica de los cuatro dialectos literarios de la lengua euskara in Spanish Tolosa Eusebio Lopez via archive org Lafitte Pierre 1962 Grammaire Basque Navarro Labourdin litteraire in French Donostia Bayonne Elkarlanean ISBN 2 913156 10 X Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Basque dialects amp oldid 1124214343, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
