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Austronesian vessels

January 01, 1970

Austronesian vessels are the traditional seafaring vessels of the Austronesian peoples of Taiwan, Maritime Southeast Asia, Micronesia, coastal New Guinea, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar.[2] They also include indigenous ethnic minorities in Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Hainan, the Comoros, and the Torres Strait Islands.

They range from small dugout canoes to large lashed-lug plank-built vessels. Their hull configurations include monohulls as well as uniquely Austronesian catamarans and outrigger boats (single-outrigger boats and trimarans). Traditional sail types include a variety of distinctively Austronesian crab-claw and tanja configurations, though modern vessels are typically motorized. These vessels allowed the migrations of the Austronesian peoples during the Austronesian expansion (starting at around 3000 to 1500 BC from Taiwan and Island Southeast Asia) throughout the islands of the Indo-Pacific, reaching as far as Madagascar, New Zealand, and Easter Island. They were also used to establish trading routes, including the Austronesian maritime trade network which formed the maritime leg of the spice trade and later, the maritime silk road.

History edit

 
Map showing the migration and expansion of the Austronesians which began at about 3000 BC from Taiwan
See also: Lashed-lug boat and Crab claw sail

Austronesians used distinctive sailing technologies, namely the catamaran, the outrigger ship, tanja sail and the crab claw sail. This allowed them to colonize a large part of the Indo-Pacific region during the Austronesian expansion starting at around 3000 to 1500 BC, and ending with the colonization of Easter Island and New Zealand in the 10th to 13th centuries AD.[3][4] Prior to the 16th century Colonial Era, Austronesians were the most widespread ethnolinguistic group, spanning half the planet from Easter Island in the eastern Pacific Ocean to Madagascar in the western Indian Ocean.[5][6] They also established vast maritime trading networks, among which is the Neolithic precursor to what would become the Maritime Silk Road.[7]

The simplest form of all ancestral Austronesian boats had five parts. The bottom part consists of a single piece of hollowed-out log. At the sides were two planks, and two horseshoe-shaped wood pieces formed the prow and stern. These were fitted tightly together edge-to-edge by sewing or with dowels inserted into holes in between, and then lashed to each other with ropes (made from rattan or fibre) wrapped around protruding lugs on the planks. This characteristic and ancient Austronesian boatbuilding practice is known as the "lashed-lug" technique. They were commonly caulked with pastes made from various plants as well as tapa bark and fibres which would expand when wet, further tightening joints and making the hull watertight. They formed the shell of the boat, which was then reinforced by horizontal ribs. Shipwrecks of Austronesian ships can be identified from this construction, as well as the absence of metal nails. Austronesian ships traditionally had no central rudders but were instead steered using an oar on one side.[8][9][10]

They also independently developed various sail types during the Neolithic, beginning with the crab claw sail (also misleadingly called the "oceanic lateen" or the "oceanic sprit") at around 1500 BCE. They are used throughout the range of the Austronesian Expansion, from Maritime Southeast Asia, to Micronesia, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar. Crab claw sails are rigged fore-and-aft and can be tilted and rotated relative to the wind. They evolved from V-shaped perpendicular square sails in which the two spars converge at the base of the hull. The simplest form of the crab claw sail (also with the widest distribution) is composed of a triangular sail supported by two light spars (sometimes erroneously called "sprits") on each side. They were originally mastless, and the entire assembly was taken down when the sails were lowered.[11]

Hull and sail configurations edit

Austronesian rigs were used for double-canoe (catamaran), single-outrigger (on the windward side), or double-outrigger boat configurations, in addition to monohulls.[8][9] There are several distinct types of crab claw rigs, but unlike western rigs, they do not have fixed conventional names.[12]

Shunting technique on a single-outrigger double-ended kaep from Palau. The entire rig is moved to the other end of the boat, and the prow becomes the stern and vice versa

The need to propel larger and more heavily laden boats led to the increase in vertical sail. However this introduced more instability to the vessels. In addition to the unique invention of outriggers to solve this, the sails were also leaned backwards and the converging point moved further forward on the hull. This new configuration required a loose "prop" in the middle of the hull to hold the spars up, as well as rope supports on the windward side. This allowed more sail area (and thus more power) while keeping the center of effort low and thus making the boats more stable. The prop was later converted into fixed or removable canted masts where the spars of the sails were actually suspended by a halyard from the masthead. This type of sail is most refined in Micronesian proas which could reach very high speeds. These configurations are sometimes known as the "crane sprit" or the "crane spritsail". Micronesian, Island Melanesian, and Polynesian single-outrigger vessels also used this canted mast configuration to uniquely develop shunting, where canoes are symmetrical from front to back and change end-to-end when sailing against the wind.[11][12]

The conversion of the prop to a fixed mast led to the much later invention of the tanja sail (also known variously and misleadingly as the canted square sail, canted rectangular sail, boomed lugsail, or balance lugsail). Tanja sails were rigged similarly to crab claw sails and also had spars on both the head and the foot of the sails; but they were square or rectangular with the spars not converging into a point.[11][12]

Another evolution of the basic crab claw sail is the conversion of the upper spar into a fixed mast. In Polynesia, this gave the sail more height while also making it narrower, giving it a shape reminiscent of crab pincers (hence "crab claw" sail). This was also usually accompanied by the lower spar becoming more curved.[11][12]

List of Austronesian vessels by region edit

See also: Outrigger boat and List of multihulls
 
Ipanitika of the Tao people of Taiwan

The following is an incomplete list of traditional Austronesian vessels.

Taiwan edit

Orchid Island edit

Island Southeast Asia edit

 
The Kapal Nur Al Marege, a Makassar padewakang from Indonesia
 
A kora-kora from Halmahera, Maluku Islands, Indonesia (c. 1920)

Brunei edit

Indonesia edit

 
A jukung from Indonesia

Malaysia edit

Philippines edit

 
The double-outrigger paraw in Boracay, Philippines
 
An Iranun lanong warship from the Philippines

Singapore edit

Micronesia edit

 
A single-outrigger wa from Yap, Caroline Islands

Caroline Islands edit

  • Wa
  • Wahr
  • Waserak

Kiribati edit

Marshall Islands edit

Mariana Islands, incl. Guam edit

Palau edit

Yap edit

Island Melanesia edit

 
Lakatoi of the Motu people of Papua New Guinea
 
The traditional pōpao of Tonga

Fiji edit

Papua New Guinea edit

Solomon Islands edit

Vanuatu edit

  • Aka
  • Angga
  • Wangga

Polynesia edit

 
Illustration of a Fijian camakau (1846)
 
The Hōkūleʻa, a waka hourua from Hawaii

Cook Islands edit

Hawaiʻi edit

Marquesas edit

  • Vaka touʻua

New Zealand edit

Samoa edit

Society Islands edit

Tonga edit

Tuvalu edit

Madagascar edit

 
A single-outrigger lakana from Madagascar

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Doran, Edwin B. (1981). Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 9780890961070.
  2. ^ Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Blench, Roger M.; Letellier, Thierry (2014-01-21). "Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (3): 936–941. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111..936P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1321860111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3903192. PMID 24395773.
  3. ^ Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). "Outrigger Ages". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 83 (2): 130–140.
  4. ^ Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.). Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. ISBN 978-0-415-10054-0.
  5. ^ Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (2006). The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-1-920942-85-4.
  6. ^ Bellwood, Peter (2014). The Global Prehistory of Human Migration. p. 213.
  7. ^ Bellina, Bérénice (2014). "Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road". In Guy, John (ed.). Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. ISBN 978-1-58839-524-5.
  8. ^ a b Horridge A (2008). "Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs" (PDF). In Di Piazza A, Pearthree E (eds.). Canoes of the Grand Ocean. BAR International Series 1802. Archaeopress. ISBN 9781407302898. (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  9. ^ a b Lacsina, Ligaya (2016). Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques (PhD). Flinders University.
  10. ^ Heng, Derek (2018). "Ships, Shipwrecks, and Archaeological Recoveries as Sources of Southeast Asian History". In Ludden, David (ed.). Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.97. ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7.
  11. ^ a b c d Campbell, I.C. (1995). "The Lateen Sail in World History". Journal of World History. 6 (1): 1–23. JSTOR 20078617.
  12. ^ a b c d Horridge, Adrian (April 1986). "The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs". The Journal of Pacific History. 21 (2): 83–99. doi:10.1080/00223348608572530. JSTOR 25168892.
  13. ^ a b Tu, Karen Kan-Lun (2017). Wa and Tatala: The Transformation of Indigenous Canoes on Yap and Orchid Island (PDF) (PhD).


January 01, 1970
austronesian, vessels, traditional, seafaring, vessels, austronesian, peoples, taiwan, maritime, southeast, asia, micronesia, coastal, guinea, island, melanesia, polynesia, madagascar, they, also, include, indigenous, ethnic, minorities, vietnam, cambodia, mya. Austronesian vessels are the traditional seafaring vessels of the Austronesian peoples of Taiwan Maritime Southeast Asia Micronesia coastal New Guinea Island Melanesia Polynesia and Madagascar 2 They also include indigenous ethnic minorities in Vietnam Cambodia Myanmar Thailand Hainan the Comoros and the Torres Strait Islands Traditional Austronesian generalized sail types C D E and F are types of crab claw sails G H and I are tanja sails 1 A Double sprit Sri Lanka B Common sprit Philippines C Oceanic sprit Tahiti D Oceanic sprit Marquesas E Oceanic sprit Philippines F Crane sprit Marshall Islands G Rectangular boom lug Maluku Islands H Square boom lug Gulf of Thailand I Trapezial boom lug Vietnam They range from small dugout canoes to large lashed lug plank built vessels Their hull configurations include monohulls as well as uniquely Austronesian catamarans and outrigger boats single outrigger boats and trimarans Traditional sail types include a variety of distinctively Austronesian crab claw and tanja configurations though modern vessels are typically motorized These vessels allowed the migrations of the Austronesian peoples during the Austronesian expansion starting at around 3000 to 1500 BC from Taiwan and Island Southeast Asia throughout the islands of the Indo Pacific reaching as far as Madagascar New Zealand and Easter Island They were also used to establish trading routes including the Austronesian maritime trade network which formed the maritime leg of the spice trade and later the maritime silk road Contents 1 History 2 Hull and sail configurations 3 List of Austronesian vessels by region 3 1 Taiwan 3 1 1 Orchid Island 3 2 Island Southeast Asia 3 2 1 Brunei 3 2 2 Indonesia 3 2 3 Malaysia 3 2 4 Philippines 3 2 5 Singapore 3 3 Micronesia 3 3 1 Caroline Islands 3 3 2 Kiribati 3 3 3 Marshall Islands 3 3 4 Mariana Islands incl Guam 3 3 5 Palau 3 3 6 Yap 3 4 Island Melanesia 3 4 1 Fiji 3 4 2 Papua New Guinea 3 4 3 Solomon Islands 3 4 4 Vanuatu 3 5 Polynesia 3 5 1 Cook Islands 3 5 2 Hawaiʻi 3 5 3 Marquesas 3 5 4 New Zealand 3 5 5 Samoa 3 5 6 Society Islands 3 5 7 Tonga 3 5 8 Tuvalu 3 6 Madagascar 4 See also 5 ReferencesHistory edit nbsp Map showing the migration and expansion of the Austronesians which began at about 3000 BC from Taiwan See also Lashed lug boat and Crab claw sail Austronesians used distinctive sailing technologies namely the catamaran the outrigger ship tanja sail and the crab claw sail This allowed them to colonize a large part of the Indo Pacific region during the Austronesian expansion starting at around 3000 to 1500 BC and ending with the colonization of Easter Island and New Zealand in the 10th to 13th centuries AD 3 4 Prior to the 16th century Colonial Era Austronesians were the most widespread ethnolinguistic group spanning half the planet from Easter Island in the eastern Pacific Ocean to Madagascar in the western Indian Ocean 5 6 They also established vast maritime trading networks among which is the Neolithic precursor to what would become the Maritime Silk Road 7 The simplest form of all ancestral Austronesian boats had five parts The bottom part consists of a single piece of hollowed out log At the sides were two planks and two horseshoe shaped wood pieces formed the prow and stern These were fitted tightly together edge to edge by sewing or with dowels inserted into holes in between and then lashed to each other with ropes made from rattan or fibre wrapped around protruding lugs on the planks This characteristic and ancient Austronesian boatbuilding practice is known as the lashed lug technique They were commonly caulked with pastes made from various plants as well as tapa bark and fibres which would expand when wet further tightening joints and making the hull watertight They formed the shell of the boat which was then reinforced by horizontal ribs Shipwrecks of Austronesian ships can be identified from this construction as well as the absence of metal nails Austronesian ships traditionally had no central rudders but were instead steered using an oar on one side 8 9 10 They also independently developed various sail types during the Neolithic beginning with the crab claw sail also misleadingly called the oceanic lateen or the oceanic sprit at around 1500 BCE They are used throughout the range of the Austronesian Expansion from Maritime Southeast Asia to Micronesia Island Melanesia Polynesia and Madagascar Crab claw sails are rigged fore and aft and can be tilted and rotated relative to the wind They evolved from V shaped perpendicular square sails in which the two spars converge at the base of the hull The simplest form of the crab claw sail also with the widest distribution is composed of a triangular sail supported by two light spars sometimes erroneously called sprits on each side They were originally mastless and the entire assembly was taken down when the sails were lowered 11 Hull and sail configurations editAustronesian rigs were used for double canoe catamaran single outrigger on the windward side or double outrigger boat configurations in addition to monohulls 8 9 There are several distinct types of crab claw rigs but unlike western rigs they do not have fixed conventional names 12 source source source source source source source Shunting technique on a single outrigger double ended kaep from Palau The entire rig is moved to the other end of the boat and the prow becomes the stern and vice versa The need to propel larger and more heavily laden boats led to the increase in vertical sail However this introduced more instability to the vessels In addition to the unique invention of outriggers to solve this the sails were also leaned backwards and the converging point moved further forward on the hull This new configuration required a loose prop in the middle of the hull to hold the spars up as well as rope supports on the windward side This allowed more sail area and thus more power while keeping the center of effort low and thus making the boats more stable The prop was later converted into fixed or removable canted masts where the spars of the sails were actually suspended by a halyard from the masthead This type of sail is most refined in Micronesian proas which could reach very high speeds These configurations are sometimes known as the crane sprit or the crane spritsail Micronesian Island Melanesian and Polynesian single outrigger vessels also used this canted mast configuration to uniquely develop shunting where canoes are symmetrical from front to back and change end to end when sailing against the wind 11 12 nbsp Taumako single outrigger tepukei an example of the basic mastless crab claw sail nbsp Motuan catamaran lakatoi with crab claw sails on fixed masts nbsp Visayan double outrigger paraw with a crane sprit crab claw sail and a jib nbsp Carolinian single outrigger shunting wa with a crane sprit crab claw sail on a canted mast nbsp Madurese paduwang with crab claw sails on fixed masts nbsp Hokule a a fibreglass replica of a Hawaiian catamaran waʻa kaulua with curved spar curved leech crab claw sails nbsp Iranun double outrigger lanong with tanja sails on removable bipod masts nbsp Makassar benawa with tanja sails on removable tripod masts and a jib The conversion of the prop to a fixed mast led to the much later invention of the tanja sail also known variously and misleadingly as the canted square sail canted rectangular sail boomed lugsail or balance lugsail Tanja sails were rigged similarly to crab claw sails and also had spars on both the head and the foot of the sails but they were square or rectangular with the spars not converging into a point 11 12 Another evolution of the basic crab claw sail is the conversion of the upper spar into a fixed mast In Polynesia this gave the sail more height while also making it narrower giving it a shape reminiscent of crab pincers hence crab claw sail This was also usually accompanied by the lower spar becoming more curved 11 12 nbsp Melanesian V shaped square sail nbsp New Zealand V shaped square sail nbsp Polynesian crab claw sail nbsp New Guinea crab claw sail nbsp Hawaiian crab claw sail with the upper spar merged with the fixed mastList of Austronesian vessels by region editSee also Outrigger boat and List of multihulls nbsp Ipanitika of the Tao people of Taiwan The following is an incomplete list of traditional Austronesian vessels Taiwan edit Orchid Island edit Ipanitika Tatara Island Southeast Asia edit nbsp The Kapal Nur Al Marege a Makassar padewakang from Indonesia nbsp A kora kora from Halmahera Maluku Islands Indonesia c 1920 Brunei edit Bajak Bangkong Gubang Jong Kakap Penjajap Tongkang Indonesia edit nbsp A jukung from Indonesia Abak Bagan Bago Bajak Bangkong Banting Benawa Borobudur ship Cerucuh Chialoup Eloha Fakatora Ghali Ghurab Golekan Janggolan Jellore Jong Jongkong Juanga Jukung Jukung tambangan Kakap Kalulis Kelulus Kolay Kolekole Knabat bogolu Kora kora Kotta mara K un lun po Lancang Lancaran Lepa Lepa Lepa Leti leti Lis alis Londe Malangbang Mayang Orembai Padewakang Paduwang Pajala Paledang Penjajap Pangkur Patorani Pelang Pencalang Perahu Pinisi Lambo Palari Sampan panjang Sandeq Sarua Sekong Solu Teneh Tongkang Toop Malaysia edit Bajak Bangkong Banting Bedar Buggoh Birau Cerucuh Ghali Ghurab Jong Juanga Kakap Kolek Lancang Lancaran Lepa Pelang Pencalang Penjajap Perahu payang Perahu tambangan Pinas Sampan panjang Tongkang Philippines edit nbsp The double outrigger paraw in Boracay Philippines nbsp An Iranun lanong warship from the Philippines Armadahan Avang Awang Balacion Balangay Barangay Baloto Bangka Bangka anak anak Basnigan Batil Bigiw Bilo Birau Biray Biroko Birok Bidok Buggoh Casco Chinarem Chinedkeran Dinahit Djenging Balutu Falua Garay Guilalo Juanga Junkun Junkung Karakoa Kulibo Lanong Lapis Lepa Kumpit Pidlas Ontang Owong Panineman Pasaplap Pangayaw Paraw Salambaw Salisipan Sapyaw Seberen Tapake Tataya Tempel Tilimbao Tinimbao Tiririt Buti Vinta Dapang Pilang Singapore edit Sampan panjang Tongkang Micronesia edit nbsp A single outrigger wa from Yap Caroline Islands Caroline Islands edit Wa Wahr Waserak Kiribati edit Baurua Marshall Islands edit Korkor Tipnol Walap Mariana Islands incl Guam edit Ladjak Sakman Flying proa Palau edit Kaep Wa Yap edit Chugpin 13 Popow 13 Wa Island Melanesia edit nbsp Lakatoi of the Motu people of Papua New Guinea nbsp The traditional pōpao of Tonga Fiji edit Camakau Drua Wangga tabu Takia Papua New Guinea edit Lakatoi Solomon Islands edit Tepukei Vanuatu edit Aka Angga Wangga Polynesia edit nbsp Illustration of a Fijian camakau 1846 nbsp The Hōkuleʻa a waka hourua from Hawaii Cook Islands edit Vaka Vaka katea Hawaiʻi edit Malia Wa a Wa a kaulua Marquesas edit Vaka touʻua New Zealand edit Waka ama Waka hourua Samoa edit ʻAlia Amatasi Laʻau Lualua Foulua Paopao Vaʻa Vaʻa alo Vaʻa tele Society Islands edit Ivahah Pahi Tipairua Vaʻa Tonga edit Hamatafua Kalia Pōpao Tongiaki Tuvalu edit Paopao Madagascar edit nbsp A single outrigger lakana from Madagascar LakanaSee also editLashed lug boat Proa Crab claw sail Tanja sailReferences edit Doran Edwin B 1981 Wangka Austronesian Canoe Origins Texas A amp M University Press ISBN 9780890961070 Pierron Denis Razafindrazaka Harilanto Pagani Luca Ricaut Francois Xavier Antao Tiago Capredon Melanie Sambo Clement Radimilahy Chantal Rakotoarisoa Jean Aime Blench Roger M Letellier Thierry 2014 01 21 Genome wide evidence of Austronesian Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter gatherer group of Madagascar Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 3 936 941 Bibcode 2014PNAS 111 936P doi 10 1073 pnas 1321860111 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 3903192 PMID 24395773 Doran Edwin Jr 1974 Outrigger Ages The Journal of the Polynesian Society 83 2 130 140 Mahdi Waruno 1999 The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean In Blench Roger Spriggs Matthew eds Archaeology and Language III Artefacts languages and texts One World Archaeology Vol 34 Routledge pp 144 179 ISBN 978 0 415 10054 0 Bellwood Peter Fox James J Tryon Darrell 2006 The Austronesians Historical and Comparative Perspectives Australian National University Press ISBN 978 1 920942 85 4 Bellwood Peter 2014 The Global Prehistory of Human Migration p 213 Bellina Berenice 2014 Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road In Guy John ed Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia Hindu Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century Yale University Press pp 22 25 ISBN 978 1 58839 524 5 a b Horridge A 2008 Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs PDF In Di Piazza A Pearthree E eds Canoes of the Grand Ocean BAR International Series 1802 Archaeopress ISBN 9781407302898 Archived PDF from the original on 26 July 2020 Retrieved 22 October 2019 a b Lacsina Ligaya 2016 Examining pre colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge joined planking in local and regional construction techniques PhD Flinders University Heng Derek 2018 Ships Shipwrecks and Archaeological Recoveries as Sources of Southeast Asian History In Ludden David ed Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History doi 10 1093 acrefore 9780190277727 013 97 ISBN 978 0 19 027772 7 a b c d Campbell I C 1995 The Lateen Sail in World History Journal of World History 6 1 1 23 JSTOR 20078617 a b c d Horridge Adrian April 1986 The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs The Journal of Pacific History 21 2 83 99 doi 10 1080 00223348608572530 JSTOR 25168892 a b Tu Karen Kan Lun 2017 Wa and Tatala The Transformation of Indigenous Canoes on Yap and Orchid Island PDF PhD Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Austronesian vessels amp oldid 1221670199, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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