Lanong were large outrigger warships used by the Iranun and the Banguingui people of the Philippines. They could reach up to 30 m (98 ft) in length and had two biped shear masts which doubled as boarding ladders. They also had one to three banks of oars rowed by galley slaves. They were specialized for naval battles. They were prominently used for piracy and slave raids from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century in most of Southeast Asia. The name lanong is derived from Lanun,[note 1] an exonym of the Iranun people.[1][2]
1890 illustration by Rafael Monleón of a late 19th-century Iranunlanong warship with three banks of oars under full sail
Like the karakoa, large lanong were also known by the Spanish as joanga or juanga (Spanish for "junk"), a name which was also applied to other large ships in Southeast Asia.[3]
Lanong can reach up to 30 m (98 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) wide amidships. They were crewed by up to 150 to 200 men, led by a panglima (commander). Unlike the similar karakoa, the lanong were heavily armed specifically for naval battles. The prow jutted past the keel into a beakhead that also mounted a long gun (lela) and several swivel guns (lantaka).[1][2]
Lanong had two biped shear masts which were composed of two spars lashed together at the top, in contrast to the more common tripod masts used in other maritime Southeast Asian native ships. They were rigged with tanja sails. Their bases can partially revolve, which allowed them to be raised or lowered as needed. They are frequently used as ladders for boarding enemy vessels or for disembarking the crew on shores.[1][2][4]
A triangular banner with the standard of the panglima was flown from the stern. Like in karakoa, lanong had decks above the rowers and on both sides of the outriggers for accommodating warriors and for fighting. These platforms were defended by rows of fixed shields. Rowers (who were all galley slaves) were all housed inside the main hull, with none stationed on the outriggers. The oars were arranged into one to three banks on each side, one on top of the other.[1][2]
Like the garay and penjajap, lanong usually served as motherships to smaller salisipan war-canoes.[3]
History
1890 illustrations by Rafael Monleón of a late 19th-century Iranunlanong warship, with detail on weaponry and defenses
Lanong could sail long distances and attacked ships as far as the Straits of Malacca and Java. They became notorious from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century for the raids and piracy (magooray) in most of Southeast Asia. This was spurred by the rising demand for slave labor in the Dutch East Indies as well as growing enmity between the Moro Sultanates and the European colonial powers. Each year, Dutch, Spanish, and English colonies in the region were warned of the "pirate wind", from August to September, when the Iranun and Banguingui ships would traditionally start raiding. From 1774 to 1794, it is estimated that around 100 to 200 ships were launched annually from the Sulu Sea to raid the surrounding areas. The raids were either mounted independently or under the orders of the Sultanate of Sulu and the Sultanate of Maguindanao, whom the Iranun and Banguingui were subjects of.[2][5][6]
Unlike the captives of traditional raiders in the rest of the Philippines (who were treated as bondsmen, rather than true slaves), male captives of the Iranun and the Banguingui were treated brutally, even fellow Muslim captives were not spared. Female captives, however, were usually treated better. There were no recorded accounts of rapes, though some were starved for discipline. Rowers in lanong were composed entirely of previously captured male slaves, and it was not uncommon for rowers to die during long cruises due to exhaustion. Most of the slaves were Tagalogs, Visayans, and "Malays" (including Bugis, Mandarese, Iban, and Makassar). There were also occasional European and Chinese captives who were usually ransomed off through Tausug intermediaries of the Sulu Sultanate. Numerous accounts were recorded during this period from escaped slaves. It is estimated that in between 1770 and 1870, around 200,000 to 300,000 people were enslaved by the raiders. By 1850, as much as 50% of the population of the Sultanates in the Sulu archipelago were slaves. The sheer scale of the raids led to the disruption and cessation of traditional trade routes in the Sulu Sea. Notably, the traditional trade with China and the Sultanates of the Sulu Sea stopped. This contributed to the 19th-century economic decline of the Sultanates of Brunei, Sulu, and Maguindanao, eventually leading to the collapse of the latter two states.[2][5][6]
Spanish authorities and native Christian Filipinos responded to the Moro slave raids by building watchtowers and forts across the Philippine archipelago. Many of which are still standing today. Some provincial capitals were also moved further inland. Major command posts were built in Manila, Cavite, Cebu, Iloilo, Zamboanga, and Iligan. Defending ships were also built by local communities, especially in the Visayas Islands, including the construction of war "barangayanes" (balangay) that were faster than the Moro raiders and could give chase. As resistance against raiders increased, lanong were eventually replaced by the smaller and faster garay (which did not have outriggers) in the early 19th century. The Moro raids were eventually subdued by several major naval expeditions by the Spanish and local forces from 1848 to 1891, including retaliatory bombardment and capture of Moro settlements. By this time, the Spanish had also acquired steam gunboats (vapor),[note 2] which could easily overtake and destroy the native Moro warships.[2][6][7]
^Lanun also became the word for "pirate" in the Malay language
^Notably the Magellanes, the Elcano, and the Reina de Castilla used by Governor-General Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa in the 1848 Spanish expedition to Balanguingui. The Spanish fleet in the Philippines eventually operated a total of eighteen steam gunships.
References
^ abcdNash Maulana (30 March 2013). "How Maguindanao and Cotabato rulers helped Sulu win Sabah". Inquirer. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
^ abcdefgJames Francis Warren (2007). The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State. NUS Press. pp. 257–258. ISBN9789971693862.
^ abJames Francis Warren (1985). "The Prahus of the Sulu Zone" (PDF). Brunei Museum Journal. 6: 42–45.
^Yule, Henry & Burnell, Arthur Coke (1886). Hobson-Jobson: Being a Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases and of Kindred Terms Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. John Murray. p. 509.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abJames Francis Warren (2002). Iranun and Balangingi: Globalization, Maritime Raiding and the Birth of Ethnicity. NUS Press. pp. 53–56. ISBN9789971692421.
^ abcDomingo M. Non (1993). "Moro Piracy during the Spanish Period and its Impact" (PDF). Southeast Asian Studies. 30 (4): 401–419. doi:10.20495/tak.30.4_401.
^David P. Barrows (1905). A History of the Philippines. American Book Company.
March 05, 2023
lanong, were, large, outrigger, warships, used, iranun, banguingui, people, philippines, they, could, reach, length, biped, shear, masts, which, doubled, boarding, ladders, they, also, three, banks, oars, rowed, galley, slaves, they, were, specialized, naval, . Lanong were large outrigger warships used by the Iranun and the Banguingui people of the Philippines They could reach up to 30 m 98 ft in length and had two biped shear masts which doubled as boarding ladders They also had one to three banks of oars rowed by galley slaves They were specialized for naval battles They were prominently used for piracy and slave raids from the mid 18th century to the early 19th century in most of Southeast Asia The name lanong is derived from Lanun note 1 an exonym of the Iranun people 1 2 1890 illustration by Rafael Monleon of a late 19th century Iranun lanong warship with three banks of oars under full sail Like the karakoa large lanong were also known by the Spanish as joanga or juanga Spanish for junk a name which was also applied to other large ships in Southeast Asia 3 Contents 1 Description 2 History 3 See also 4 Notes 5 ReferencesDescription Edit Colored detail of a lanong by Rafael Monleon Lanong can reach up to 30 m 98 ft long and 6 m 20 ft wide amidships They were crewed by up to 150 to 200 men led by a panglima commander Unlike the similar karakoa the lanong were heavily armed specifically for naval battles The prow jutted past the keel into a beakhead that also mounted a long gun lela and several swivel guns lantaka 1 2 Lanong had two biped shear masts which were composed of two spars lashed together at the top in contrast to the more common tripod masts used in other maritime Southeast Asian native ships They were rigged with tanja sails Their bases can partially revolve which allowed them to be raised or lowered as needed They are frequently used as ladders for boarding enemy vessels or for disembarking the crew on shores 1 2 4 A triangular banner with the standard of the panglima was flown from the stern Like in karakoa lanong had decks above the rowers and on both sides of the outriggers for accommodating warriors and for fighting These platforms were defended by rows of fixed shields Rowers who were all galley slaves were all housed inside the main hull with none stationed on the outriggers The oars were arranged into one to three banks on each side one on top of the other 1 2 Like the garay and penjajap lanong usually served as motherships to smaller salisipan war canoes 3 History Edit 1890 illustrations by Rafael Monleon of a late 19th century Iranun lanong warship with detail on weaponry and defenses See also Slavery in Sultanates of Southeast Asia Lanong could sail long distances and attacked ships as far as the Straits of Malacca and Java They became notorious from the mid 18th century to the early 19th century for the raids and piracy magooray in most of Southeast Asia This was spurred by the rising demand for slave labor in the Dutch East Indies as well as growing enmity between the Moro Sultanates and the European colonial powers Each year Dutch Spanish and English colonies in the region were warned of the pirate wind from August to September when the Iranun and Banguingui ships would traditionally start raiding From 1774 to 1794 it is estimated that around 100 to 200 ships were launched annually from the Sulu Sea to raid the surrounding areas The raids were either mounted independently or under the orders of the Sultanate of Sulu and the Sultanate of Maguindanao whom the Iranun and Banguingui were subjects of 2 5 6 Unlike the captives of traditional raiders in the rest of the Philippines who were treated as bondsmen rather than true slaves male captives of the Iranun and the Banguingui were treated brutally even fellow Muslim captives were not spared Female captives however were usually treated better There were no recorded accounts of rapes though some were starved for discipline Rowers in lanong were composed entirely of previously captured male slaves and it was not uncommon for rowers to die during long cruises due to exhaustion Most of the slaves were Tagalogs Visayans and Malays including Bugis Mandarese Iban and Makassar There were also occasional European and Chinese captives who were usually ransomed off through Tausug intermediaries of the Sulu Sultanate Numerous accounts were recorded during this period from escaped slaves It is estimated that in between 1770 and 1870 around 200 000 to 300 000 people were enslaved by the raiders By 1850 as much as 50 of the population of the Sultanates in the Sulu archipelago were slaves The sheer scale of the raids led to the disruption and cessation of traditional trade routes in the Sulu Sea Notably the traditional trade with China and the Sultanates of the Sulu Sea stopped This contributed to the 19th century economic decline of the Sultanates of Brunei Sulu and Maguindanao eventually leading to the collapse of the latter two states 2 5 6 Spanish authorities and native Christian Filipinos responded to the Moro slave raids by building watchtowers and forts across the Philippine archipelago Many of which are still standing today Some provincial capitals were also moved further inland Major command posts were built in Manila Cavite Cebu Iloilo Zamboanga and Iligan Defending ships were also built by local communities especially in the Visayas Islands including the construction of war barangayanes balangay that were faster than the Moro raiders and could give chase As resistance against raiders increased lanong were eventually replaced by the smaller and faster garay which did not have outriggers in the early 19th century The Moro raids were eventually subdued by several major naval expeditions by the Spanish and local forces from 1848 to 1891 including retaliatory bombardment and capture of Moro settlements By this time the Spanish had also acquired steam gunboats vapor note 2 which could easily overtake and destroy the native Moro warships 2 6 7 See also EditGaray ship Banguingui warship Karakoa outrigger Filipino warship Lancaran ship Malay Indonesian ship Jong Javanese merchant and warship Spanish expedition to Balanguingui Slavery in Sultanates of Southeast AsiaNotes Edit Lanun also became the word for pirate in the Malay language Notably the Magellanes the Elcano and the Reina de Castilla used by Governor General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua in the 1848 Spanish expedition to Balanguingui The Spanish fleet in the Philippines eventually operated a total of eighteen steam gunships References Edit a b c d Nash Maulana 30 March 2013 How Maguindanao and Cotabato rulers helped Sulu win Sabah Inquirer Retrieved 5 May 2018 a b c d e f g James Francis Warren 2007 The Sulu Zone 1768 1898 The Dynamics of External Trade Slavery and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State NUS Press pp 257 258 ISBN 9789971693862 a b James Francis Warren 1985 The Prahus of the Sulu Zone PDF Brunei Museum Journal 6 42 45 Yule Henry amp Burnell Arthur Coke 1886 Hobson Jobson Being a Glossary of Anglo Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases and of Kindred Terms Etymological Historical Geographical and Discursive John Murray p 509 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b James Francis Warren 2002 Iranun and Balangingi Globalization Maritime Raiding and the Birth of Ethnicity NUS Press pp 53 56 ISBN 9789971692421 a b c Domingo M Non 1993 Moro Piracy during the Spanish Period and its Impact PDF Southeast Asian Studies 30 4 401 419 doi 10 20495 tak 30 4 401 David P Barrows 1905 A History of the Philippines American Book Company Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lanong amp oldid 1110964820, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
