Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States

Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans have given fluctuating levels of support to conservative movements and political parties in the United States, particularly the Republican Party. Many Republican Party members with these origins have obtained posts as elected representatives and political appointments as office holders.

Voting trends

From the 1940s to the 1990s most Asian Americans were anti-communist refugees who had fled mainland China, North Korea or Vietnam, and were strongly anti–Communist.^{[citation needed]} Many had ties to conservative organizations.^[1][2] In recent years, more liberal Asian–American groups such as newer Chinese and Indian immigrants have greatly changed the Asian–American political demographics, as well as a larger proportion of younger Asian Americans, many of whom have completed college degrees.^[3]

During the 1990s and 2000s, Asian American voting behavior shifted from moderate support for the Republican Party to stronger support for the Democratic Party.^[4] In the 1992 presidential election Republican George H. W. Bush received 55% of the Asian–American vote compared to 31% for Democrat Bill Clinton. Asian Americans voted Republican and were the only racial group more conservative than whites in the 1990s, according to surveys.^[1] By the 2004 election, Democrat John Kerry won 56% of the Asian American vote, with Chinese and Indian Americans tending to support Kerry, and Vietnamese and Filipino Americans tending to support George Bush.^[5] Japanese–Americans leaned towards Kerry, while Korean–Americans leaned towards Bush.^[5] Democrat Barack Obama won 62% of the Asian American vote in the 2008 presidential election,^[6] with the margin increasing during the 2012 presidential election, where Asian Americans voted to re-elect Obama by 73%.^[7] In the 2014 midterm elections, based on exit polls, 50% of Asian Americans voted Republican, while 49% voted Democrat; this swing towards voting for Republicans was a shift from the strong Democratic vote in 2012, and had not reached 50% since 1996.^[8] The 2016 National Asian American Survey, conducted before the 2016 presidential election, found that 55% of Asian American registered voters supported Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton and only 14% supported Republican candidate Donald Trump.^[9]

Despite their growing trend of voting for Democrats in national elections, Asian Americans have tended to identify as independents and have not developed strong ties to political parties as a group.^[10] Due to the smaller size of the groups population, in comparison to the population as a whole, it has been difficult to get an adequate sampling to forecast voter outcomes for Asian Americans.^[11] In 2008, polls indicated that 35% considered themselves non-partisan, 32% Democrats, 19% independents, and 14% Republicans.^[12] The 2012 National Asian American Survey found that 51% considered themselves non–partisan, 33% Democrats, 14% Republicans, and 2% Other;^[13][14] Hmong, Indian, and Korean Americans strongly identified as Democrats, and Filipino and Vietnamese Americans most strongly identified as Republicans.^[14] In 2013, according to the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, Chinese Americans were the least likely Asian American ethnicity to have a party affiliation, with only one third belonging to a party.^[15] The 2016 National Asian American Survey found that 41% of Asian Americans identified as non-partisan, 41% as Democrats (a modest increase from 2008 and 2012), and 16% as Republicans.^[9]

Neither the Republican nor Democratic parties have financed significant efforts to the registration of Asian Americans, however much more attention has been focused on contributions from Asian Americans,^[16] having once been referred to as potential "Republican Jews".^[17] As recently as 2006, the outreach efforts of America's two major political parties have been unbalanced, with the Democratic Party devoting more resources in attracting Asian Americans.^[18] In 2016, a majority of Asian-Americans possessed the same political views on racial profiling, education, social security, and immigration reform as the Democratic Party; the efforts to attract Asian-Americans has produced a proportionally significant growth in Democratic affiliation by Asian-Americans from 2012 to 2016 by 12 percent.^[19] Political affiliation aside, Asian-Americans have trended to become more politically active as a whole, with 2008 seeing an increase of voter participation by 4% to a 49% voting rate.^[20] Such efforts by the Democratic Party in attracting Asian Americans came to an apex in 2020, with only Vietnamese Americans leaning mostly to the Republicans.^[21]

Timeline of events

1900s

• 1903 – Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole elected as delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from Hawaii Territory's At–large district

1920s

• 1927 – Victor S. K. Houston elected as delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from Hawaii Territory's At–large district

1930s

• 1935 – Samuel Wilder King elected as delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from Hawaii Territory's At–large district

1950s

• 1953 – Samuel Wilder King elected as territorial governor of Hawaii
• 1956 – President Dwight Eisenhower appoints Peter Tali Coleman as governor of American Samoa
• 1959 – Hiram Fong elected a United States senator from Hawaii
  • James Kealoha elected as lieutenant governor of Hawaii

1960s

• 1969 – President Richard Nixon appoints Carlos Camacho as governor of Guam

1970s

• 1971 – Kurt Moylan elected as lieutenant governor of Guam
• 1977 – S. I. Hayakawa elected as United States Senator from California
• 1978 – Peter Tali Coleman elected as governor of American Samoa
  • Tufele Liamatua elected as lieutenant governor of American Samoa
• 1979 – Paul McDonald Calvo elected as governor of Guam
  • Joseph Franklin Ada elected as lieutenant governor of Guam

1980s

• 1981 – President Ronald Reagan appoints Wendy Lee Gramm as Head of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission
• 1982 – Pedro Tenorio elected as governor of the Northern Mariana Islands
  • Pedro Agulto Tenorio elected as lieutenant governor of the Northern Mariana Islands
• 1983 – Joseph Franklin Ada elected as governor of Guam
• 1985 – Vicente T. Blaz elected as Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from Guam's at–large district
• 1987 – Pat Saiki (HI) elected to U.S. Congress
  • Frank Blas elected as lieutenant governor of Guam
• 1989 – President George H. W. Bush appoints Elaine Chao as United States Deputy secretary of Transportation
  • Peter Tali Coleman elected as governor of American Samoa
    • Galea'i Peni Poumele elected as lieutenant governor of American Samoa

1990s

• 1990 – Juan Babauta elected as resident representative of the Northern Mariana Islands
  • Lorenzo I. De Leon Guerrero as governor of the Northern Mariana Islands
    • Benjamin Manglona as lieutenant governor of the Northern Mariana Islands
• 1991 – President George H. W. Bush appoints the following:
  • Elaine Chao as director of the Peace Corps
  • Pat Saiki as administrator of the Small Business Administration
  • Jan C. Ting as assistant commissioner at the Immigration and Naturalization Service
    • Cheryl Lau is elected as secretary of State of Nevada
• 1992 – Gaioi Tufele Galeai appointed as lieutenant governor of American Samoa
• 1993 – Jay Kim (CA) elected to U.S. Congress
• 1995 – John Ensign (NV) elected to U.S. Congress
  • Matt Fong elected as California State Treasurer
• 1998 – President Bill Clinton appoints Bert Mizusawa as Deputy Undersecretary of the Army for Interagency and International Affairs
  • Pedro Tenorio elected as governor of the Northern Mariana Islands
    • Jesus Sablan elected as lieutenant governor of the Northern Mariana Islands

2000s

• 2001 – President George W. Bush appoints the following:
  • Elaine Chao as United States secretary of labor
  • David S. C. Chu as under secretary of defense for personnel and readiness
  • Viet D. Dinh as United States assistant attorney general for the Office of Legal Policy
  • David Kuo as deputy director of the White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships
  • Susan Ralston as special assistant to the president
  • Victor Cha as director for Asian Affairs
  • Karan Bhatia as deputy under secretary of Commerce for Industry
  • John Quoc Duong as director of the White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
  • Chiling Tong as deputy assistant secretary of the International Trade Administration
    • John Ensign elected as United States senator from Nevada
• 2002 – Duke Aiona as lieutenant governor of Hawaii
  • Juan Babauta elected as governor of the Northern Mariana Islands
    • Pedro Agulto Tenorio elected as Resident Representative of the Northern Mariana Islands
      • Diego Benavente as lieutenant governor of the Northern Mariana Islands
• 2003 – Felix Perez Camacho elected as governor of Guam
  • Kaleo Moylan as lieutenant governor of Guam
• 2005 – Bobby Jindal (LA) elected to U.S. Congress
• 2006 – President George W. Bush appoints the following:
  • Edmund C. Moy as director of the United States Mint
  • Wan J. Kim as assistant United States attorney general for the Civil Rights Division
  • John Yoo as deputy assistant U.S. attorney general in the Office of Legal Counsel
  • Mina Nguyen as deputy assistant secretary for Business Affairs and Public Liaison
  • Angela Perez Baraquio to the President's Council on Service and Civic Participation
• 2007 – Michael Cruz elected as lieutenant governor of Guam
• 2008 – Bobby Jindal elected as governor of Louisiana
  • President George W. Bush appoints the following:
    • Sada Cumber as United states special envoy to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
    • Neel Kashkari as assistant secretary of the treasury for financial stability
    • Sandy Baruah as acting administrator of the Small Business Administration
    • Jessie K. Liu as deputy assistant attorney general
    • Lanhee Chen to the Social Security Advisory Board
      • James C. Ho appointed as solicitor general of Texas
• 2009 – Steve Austria (OH) and Joseph Cao (LA) are elected to U.S. Congress

2010s

• 2010 – Charles Djou (HI) elected to U.S. Congress
• 2011 – Nikki Haley elected as governor of South Carolina
  • Eddie Baza Calvo elected as governor of Guam
• 2013 – Eloy Inos elevated as governor of the Northern Mariana Islands
  • Jude Hofschneider elevated to lieutenant governor of the Northern Mariana Islands
    • Sean Reyes appointed as attorney general of Utah
• 2014 – Nandita Berry appointed as secretary of State of Texas
• 2015 – Amata Coleman Radewagen elected as delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from American Samoa's at–large district
  • Ralph Torres elected as lieutenant governor of the Northern Mariana Islands
    • Ralph Torres elevated as governor of the Northern Mariana Islands
      • Victor Hocog elevated as lieutenant governor of the Northern Mariana Islands
        • Yumi Hogan becomes the first lady of Maryland
• 2017 – President Donald Trump appoints the following:
  • Nikki Haley as United States ambassador to the United Nations
  • Elaine Chao as United States secretary of Transportation
  • Noel Francisco as solicitor general of the United States
  • Seema Verma as administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
  • Ajit Pai as chairman of the Federal Communications Commission
  • Neil Chatterjee as chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
  • Neomi Rao as administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
  • Manisha Singh as assistant secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs
  • Gopal Khanna as director of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Kari Bingen as principal deputy under secretary of defense for intelligence
  • Derek Kan as under secretary of transportation for policy
  • Vishal Amin as intellectual property enforcement coordinator
  • Raj Shah as White House principal deputy press secretary
  • Grace Koh as special assistant to the president (technology, telecom, and cyber–security policy)
• 2018 – President Donald Trump appoints the following:
  • Jeff Tien Han Pon as director of the United States Office of Personnel Management
  • Michelle Giuda as assistant secretary of State for Public Affairs
  • Holly Ham as executive director of the White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
  • Brent K. Park as deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation
  • Joyce Y. Meyer as White House deputy director of legislative affairs (House Liaison)
  • Uttam Dhillon as White House deputy counsel
    • Kimberly Yee elected as state treasurer of Arizona

2020s

• 2020 – Young Kim and Michelle Steel elected to U.S. Congress

Politicians

Arizona

• Quang Nguyen – Arizona state representative (2021–present)
• Barry Wong – Arizona state representative (1993–2001) and Arizona corporation commissioner (2006–2007)

California

• Harry Sidhu – mayor of Anaheim (2018–2022)
• Tyler Diep – California State assemblyman (2018–2020)
• Steven Choi – California State assemblyman (2016–2023)
• Phillip Chen – California State assemblyman (2016–present)
• Vince Fong – California State assemblyman (2016–present)
• Tri Ta - California State assemblyman (2023-present)
• Andrew Do – Orange County supervisor (2014–present)
• Chris Cate – San Diego City Councilman (2014–present)
• Ling Ling Chang – California State assemblywoman (2014–2016) & California state senator (2018–2021)
• Lisa Bartlett – Orange County supervisor (2014–present)
• Tani Cantil–Sakauye – Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court (2011–present)
• Harmeet Dhillon – Vice Chairwoman of the California Republican Party (2010–2016)
• Janet Nguyen – Orange County Board supervisor (2007–2014), California state senator (2014–2018), & California State assemblywoman (2020–present)
• Mike Gin – mayor of Redondo Beach (2005–2013)
• Van Tran – California State assemblyman (2004–2010)
• Betty Tom Chu – mayor of Monterey Park, California (2003–2012)
• Alan Nakanishi – California State assemblyman (2002–2008)
• Jose Esteves – mayor of Milpitas (2002–2016)
• Debra Wong Yang - United States Attorney for the Central District of California (2002-2006)
• Shirley Horton – California State assemblywoman (2000–2008)
• Ming Chin – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California (1996–2020)
• Nao Takasugi – California State assemblyman (1992–1998)
• Eunice Sato – mayor of Long Beach (1980–1982)
• Tom Hom – California State assemblyman (1970–1972)

Colorado

• Janak Joshi – Colorado state representative (2011–2017)

Connecticut

• Kimberly Fiorello – Connecticut state representative (2021–present)
• Prasad Srinivasan – Connecticut state representative (2011–2019)
• Tony Hwang – Connecticut state representative (2009–2015) & Connecticut state senator (2015–present)

Georgia

• B. J. Pak – Georgia state representative (2011–2017) and United States attorney for the Northern District of Georgia (2017–2021)
• Soo Hong – Georgia State Representative (2023-present)

Hawaii

• Kurt Fevella – Hawaii state senator (2019–present)
• Val Okimoto – Hawaii state representative (2019–present)
• Kenji M. Price – United States attorney for the District of Hawaii (2018–2021)
• Andria Tupola – Hawaii state representative (2015–2019) & Honolulu City Councilor (2020–present)
• Feki Pouha – Hawaii state representative (2015–2017)
• Lauren Matsumoto – Hawaii state representative (2013–present)
• Beth Fukumoto – Hawaii state representative (2013–2017) (Became a Democrat in 2017)
• Richard Fale – Hawaii state representative (2013–2015)
• David S. Chang – chairman of the Hawaii Republican Party (2011–2014)
• Aaron Ling Johanson – Hawaii state representative (2010–2014) (Became a Democrat in 2014)
• Karen Awana – Hawaii state representative (2007) (Became a Democrat in 2007)
• Mike Gabbard – Hawaii state senator (2007) (Became a Democrat in 2007)
• Kymberly Pine – Hawaii state representative (2005–2013) & Honolulu City Councilor (2013–2017) (Became a Democrat in 2017)
• Lynn Finnegan – Hawaii state representative (2003–2011)
• Corinne Wei Lan Ching – Hawaii state representative (2003–2013)
• Kika Bukoski – Hawaii state representative (2001–2005)
• Guy P. Ontai – Hawaii state representative (2001–2005)
• Edward H. Kubo, Jr. – United States attorney for the District of Hawaii (2001–2009)
• Emily Auwae – Hawaii state representative (1999–2003)
• Bertha Leong – Hawaii state representative (1999–2005)
• David Pendleton – Hawaii state representative (1997–2005)
• Samson Aiona – Hawaii state representative (1997–1999)
• Quentin Kawananakoa – Hawaii state representative (1995–1999)
• Larry Tanimoto – mayor of Hawaii County (1990)
• Bernard Akana – mayor of Hawaii County (1988–1990)
• Stan Koki – Hawaii state senator (1988–1995)
• Patrick A. Ribellia – Hawaii state representative (1987) (Became a Democrat in 1987)
• Ann Kobayashi – Hawaii state senator (1981–1988) (Became a Democrat in 1988)
• Marvin Dang – Hawaii state representative (1981–1983)
• Kimo Wong – Hawaii state representative (1981–1983)
• Mike Liu – Hawaii state representative (1979–1991) & Hawaii state senator (1995–1997)
• Barbara Marumoto – Hawaii state representative (1979–2013)
• Tony Narvaes – Hawaii state representative (1977–1983)
• Donna Akeda – Hawaii state representative (1975–1987) & Hawaii state senator (1987–1988) (Became a Democrat in 1988)
• Kinau Kamalli – Hawaii state representative (1975–1987)
• Dan Hakoda – Hawaii state representative (1975–1977)
• Alvin T. Amaral – Hawaii state representative (1973–1977)
• Archie Hapai III – Hawaii state representative (1973–1975)
• Patrick A. Ribellia – Hawaii state representative (1971–1974) (Became a Democrat in 1974)
• Wing Kong Chong – Hawaii state representative (1971–1975)
• Hiram Fong – Hawaii state representative (1948–1959) & United States Senator (1959–1973)
• Hiram Fong Jr. – Hawaii state representative (1971–1979)
• James Aki – Hawaii state representative (1971–1976) (Became a Democrat in 1976)
• Howard K. Oda – Hawaii state representative (1967–1976) (Became a Democrat in 1976)
• Tennyson Lum – Hawaii state representative (1967–1971 & 1977–1979) & Hawaii state senator (1977–1987)
• Wilfred Soares – Hawaii state representative (1967–1977) & Hawaii state senator (1971–1975)
• Andy Poepoe – Hawaii state representative (1967–1977)
• Ralph Ajifu – Hawaii state representative (1967–1979) & Hawaii state senator (1979–1985)
• Peter Aduja – Hawaii state representative (1967–1975)
• Thomas k. Lalakea – Hawaii state representative (1965–1967)
• Clinton I. Shirashi – Hawaii state senator (1963–1967)
• Toshi Ansai – Hawaii state senator (1963–1971)
• Kenneth H. Nakamura – Hawaii state representative (1963–1965)
• Francis M. F. Ching – Hawaii state senator (1959–1965)
• Noburu Miyake – Hawaii state senator (1959–1967)
• Lawrence Kunihisa – Hawaii state senator (1959–1963)
• Bernard H. Tokunaga – Hawaii state senator (1959–1963)
• John T. Ushijima – Hawaii state senator (1959–1962) (Became a Democrat in 1962)
• Wadsworth Yee – Hawaii state representative (1959–1967) & Hawaii state senator (1967–1983)
• Robert K. Fukuda – Hawaii state representative (1959–1963)
• Katsugo Miho – Hawaii state representative (1959–1971)
• Percy Mirikitani – Hawaii state representative (1959–1967) & Hawaii state senator (1967–1975)
• Robert Teruya – Hawaii state representative (1959–1963)
• Sanji Abe – Hawaii state representative (1940–1946)

Idaho

• Julie Yamamoto – Idaho state representative (2020–present)
• Julie VanOrden – Idaho state representative (2012–2018)
• Pat Takasugi – Idaho state representative (2007–2011)

Kansas

• Shanti Gandhi – Kansas state representative (2013–2015)

Kentucky

• Amul Thapar – United States attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky (2006–2008)

Massachusetts

• Sabita Singh – appeals court judge for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (2017–present)
• Dean Tran – Massachusetts state senator (2017–2021)
• Keiko Orrall – Massachusetts state representative (2011–2019)
• Donald Wong – Massachusetts state representative (2011–present)

Minnesota

• Jennifer Carnahan – Chair of the Minnesota Republican Party (2017–2021)
• Rachel Paulose – U.S. attorney for the District of Minnesota (2006–2007)

Missouri

• Jonathan Patterson – Missouri state representative (2019–present)

Nebraska

• Tony Fulton – Nebraska state representative (2007–2013) & Nebraska State Tax Commissioner (2016–present)
• Lormong Lo – Omaha City Councillor (1993–2001)

Nevada

• Glen Leavitt – Nevada assemblyman (2018–present)
• Francis Allen–Palenske – Nevada assemblywoman (2004–2008)

New Hampshire

• Aboul Khan – New Hampshire state representative (2012–present)
• Saggy Tahir – New Hampshire state representative (2001–2011)

New Jersey

• Philip Kwon – Deputy Counsel for Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (2012–2018)
• David F. Bauman – New Jersey Superior Court Judge (2008–present)
• Kevin J. O'Toole – New Jersey state senator (2002–2017)

New York

• Peter Koo – New York City Councillor (2010–2012) (Became a Democrat in 2012)
• Lester Chang - New York State Assemblyman (2023-present)

Ohio

• Niraj Antani – Ohio state representative (2014–2021) & Ohio state senator (2021–present)
• Cliff Rosenberger – Ohio state representative (2011–2018)

Oklahoma

• Daniel Pae – Oklahoma state representative (2018–present)
• Ervin Yen – Oklahoma state senator (2014–2018)

Oregon

• John Lim – Oregon state senator (1993–2001) & Oregon state representative (2005–2009)

Pennsylvania

• David Oh – Philadelphia City Councillor (2012–present)
• Jeff Coleman – Pennsylvania state representative (2001–2005)
• John Pippy – Pennsylvania state representative (1997–2003) & Pennsylvania state senator (2003–2012)

Rhode Island

• Allan Fung – mayor of Cranston (2009–2021); Republican nominee for governor of Rhode Island in 2014 and 2018.

Tennessee

• Jerome Cochran – Tennessee state representative (2002–2006)
• Sabi Kumar - Tennessee state representative (2015–present)

Texas

• Jacey Jetton – Texas state representative (2021–present)
• Steve Le – Houston City Councillor (2015–present)
• Richard Nguyen – Houston City Councillor (2013–2015)
• Angie Chen Button – Texas state representative (2009–present)
• Al Hoang – Houston City Councillor (2009–2013)
• M.J. Khan – Houston City Councillor (2003–2009)
• Martha Wong – Texas state representative (2003–2007) & Houston City Councillor (1993–2003)
• Bala K. Srinivas – mayor of Hollywood Park (1988–1994)

Utah

• Sophia M. DiCaro – Utah state representative (2015–2017)
• Brian Shiozawa – Utah state senator (2013–2017)
• Dean Sanpei – Utah state representative (2010–2017)
• Curtis Oda – Utah state representative (2005–2017)

Virginia

• Ron Villanueva – Virginia State Delegate (2010–2018)

Washington

• Conrad Lee – mayor of Bellevue (2012–2018)

Washington, D.C.

• Viet D. Dinh – Assistant attorney general of the United States (2001–2003)
• Jessie K. Liu – United States attorney for the District of Columbia (2017–2020)

West Virginia

• Tom Takubo – West Virginia state senator (2015–present)

Wyoming

• Nimi McConigley – Wyoming state representative (1994–1996)

Academics, policy specialists, and commentators

• A.D. Amar
• Reihan Salam
• Dinesh D’Souza
• Husain Haqqani
• Miles Yu
• Raj Shah
• Hsiao-ting Lin
• Raghuram Rajan
• Ramesh Ponnuru
• Ajit Pai
• Sadanand Dhume
• John Yoo
• Tunku Varadarajan
• Vivek Ramaswamy

References

1. Jeffrey D. Schultz, ed., Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics (2000) Volume 1 pp 261-62
2. William Wei, The Asian American movement (1993) pp 16, 226, 274
3. William Wei, The Asian American movement (1993) pp 170, 274
4. "How Asian Americans Became Democrats". The American Prospect. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
5. Jim Lobe, Asian-Americans lean toward Kerry Archived 19 September 2008 at the Library of Congress Web Archives, Asia Times. September 16, 2004.
6. Election results, America Votes 2004, CNN;
   ^ Exit Polls, CNN.
7. Hilburn, Matthew (2012-11-07). "Exit Polls Show Asian Americans Backed Obama by Wide Margin". Voice of America. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
8. McLaughlin, Seth (9 November 2014). "GOP makes big inroads with Asian voters in midterms". Washington Times. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
9. Ramakrishnan, Karthick; Wong, Janelle; Lee, Taeku; Lee, Jennifer (2016-10-05). "Report on Registered Voters in the Fall 2016 National Asian American Survey" (PDF). National Asian American Survey. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
10. Hajnal, Zoltan L.; Lee, Taeku (27 February 2011). Hajnal, Z.L. and Lee, T.: Why Americans Don't Join the Party: Race, Immigration, and the Failure (of Political Parties) to Engage the Electorate. (eBook and Paperback). press.princeton.edu. ISBN 9780691148793. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
11. Lee, Taeku. "Asian Americans and the Electorate". American Political Science Association. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
12. Feng, Rex (24 October 2008). . AsianWeek. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
13. Jerry Large (26 September 2012). . Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
14. Karthick Ramakrishnan; Taeku Lee (8 October 2012). "Public Opinion Of a Growing Electorate: Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in 2012" (PDF). The National Asian American Survey. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
15. Matthew Hilburn (17 January 2013). "Asian-American Vote Reveals Nuances". Voice of America. Retrieved 25 January 2013. Chinese-Americans were the least likely to affiliate with a party. Magpantay suggested that only one third of Chinese-Americans belong to a party, compared with 71 percent among all Asian-Americans, because of the negative association of the word party with the Communist Party in China.
16. Chen, Edith Wen-Chu (2010). Grace J. Yoo (ed.). Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 722. ISBN 978-0-313-34751-1. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
17. Cho, Wendy K. Tam (2002). "Tapping Motives and Dynamics behind Campaign Contributions: Insights from the Asian American Case". American Politics Research. SAGE Publications. 30 (4): 347–383. doi:10.1177/1532673X02030004001. S2CID 154904550. Retrieved 19 March 2011.^{[permanent dead link]}
18. Stewart David Ikeda. . IMDiversity Inc. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
19. "Inclusion, Not Exclusion" (PDF). apiavote.org. Asian-American Voter Survey(AAVS). May 22, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
20. Edwards, Tom (20 July 2009). "Voter Turnout Increases by 5 Million in 2008 Presidential Election". U.S. Census Bureau News. U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on 2010-10-20. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
21. "How Asian Americans Are Thinking About the 2020 Election". 18 September 2020.

Further reading

• Wang, Anthony S. (1998). "Demystifying the Asian American Neo-Conservative: A Strange and New Political Animal". Asian American Law Journal. 5 (1): 213–246. doi:10.15779/Z38200Q.