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Armenian mythology

January 06, 2023

See also: Hetanism

Armenian mythology originated in ancient Indo-European traditions, specifically Proto-Armenian, and gradually incorporated Hurro-Urartian, Mesopotamian, Iranian, and Greek beliefs and deities.[2][3]

Armenian mythology
A bronze head of Aphrodite from Satala identified as Armenian Anahit
Created1st centuries BC [1]

Formation of Armenian mythology

 
Side view of the Temple of Garni.

The pantheon of Armenian gods, initially worshipped by Proto-Armenians, inherited their essential elements from the religious beliefs and mythologies of the Proto-Indo-Europeans and peoples of the Armenian Highlands. Historians distinguish a significant body of Indo-European language words which were used in Armenian pagan rites. The oldest cults are believed to have worshipped a creator called Ar[4] (or possibly Ara), embodied as the sun (Arev or Areg); the ancient Armenians called themselves "children of the sun". Also among the most ancient types of Indo-European-derived worship are the cults of eagles and lions, and of the sky.[5]

After the establishment of Iranian dominance in Armenia in the 1st millennium BCE, Zoroastrianism had a major influence on Armenian religion. Until the late Parthian period, the Armenian lands adhered to a syncretic form of Mazdaism, which mixed Iranian religious concepts with traditional Armenian beliefs.[6] For example, the supreme god of the Armenian pantheon, Vanatur, was later replaced by Aramazd (the Parthian form of Ahura Mazda).[6] However, the Armenian version of Aramazd preserved many native Armenian aspects. Similarly, the traditional Armenian goddess of fertility, Nar, was replaced by Anahit, which may derived from Persian Anahita, although the Armenian goddess was entirely distinct from her Iranian counterpart.

In the Hellenistic age (3rd to 1st centuries BCE), ancient Armenian deities were identified with ancient Greek deities: Aramazd with Zeus, Anahit with Artemis, Vahagn with Heracles, Astłik with Aphrodite, Nane with Athena, Mihr with Hephaestus, Tir with Apollo.

After the formal adoption of Christianity in the 4th century CE, ancient myths and beliefs transformed to adhere more closely to Christian beliefs. Biblical characters took over the functions of the archaic gods and spirits. For example, John the Baptist inherited certain features of Vahagn and Tir, and the archangel Gabriel took on elements of Vahagn.

Basic information about Armenian pagan traditions were preserved in the works of ancient Greek authors such as Plato, Herodotus, Xenophon and Strabo, Byzantine scholar Procopius of Caesarea, as well as medieval Armenian writers such as Movses Khorenatsi, Agathangelos, Eznik of Kolb, Sebeos, and Anania Shirakatsi, as well as in oral folk traditions.

Pantheon

The pantheon of pre-Christian Armenia changed over the centuries. Originally native Armenian in nature, the pantheon was modified through, Hurro-Urartian, Semitic, Iranian and Greek influences.

One common motif that spanned many or all pagan Armenian pantheons was the belief in a ruling triad of supreme gods, usually comprising a chief, creator god, his thunder god son, and a mother goddess.

Early Armenian

These gods are believed to have been native Armenian gods, worshipped during the earliest eras of Armenian history (Proto-Armenian). Many, if not all, of them are believed to have derived from Proto-Indo-European religion. There is also likely influence from the indigenous beliefs of the Armenian Highlands.

  • Areg (Arev) or Ar, god of the Sun, comparable with Mesopotamian Utu.[7] Likely also known as, or developed into, Ara. This god was probably mentioned on the Urartian-era Door of Meher (as Ara or Arwaa).[8] Linguists Martin E. Huld and Birgit Anette Olsen state that the word arew is cognate to the Indian name Ravi, also meaning "sun".[9][10] This etymological connection, argues H. Martirosyan, indicates an inherited Armeno-Aryan poetical expression.[11]
  • Astłik,[12] cognate to the Mesopotamian goddess Inanna, identified with Venus. A fertility goddess and consort of Vahagn, sharing a temple with him in the city of Ashtishat.[2] The holiday of Vardavar was originally in honor of Astɫik. The name "Astɫik" derives from astɫ "star" from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr plus the Armenian diminutive suffix -ik.[13]
  • Ayg, goddess of the dawn.[14][15]
  • Angeł - "the Invisible" (literally: "unseen"), god of the underworld.[16] The main temple of Angeł was located at Angeł-tun (House of Angeł), which possibly corresponded to the Ingalova of Hittite and Ingelene/Ingilena of Greek and Latin records, likely located near modern Eğil.[17] Comparable with Nergal and Hades.
  • Tork Angegh - "Given by Angeł". A great-grandson of Hayk.[18] A monstrous and ugly hero. Threw massive boulders to sink enemy ships in the Black Sea.[19] Sometimes equated with Thor and Polyphemus and possibly Tarḫunna.
  • Amanor - "The bearer of new fruits" (the god of the new year, Navasard). May or may not have been the same god as Vanatur.[20]
  • Vanatur - Either meaning "the Lord of Van" or "giving asylum", Vanatur was the god of hospitality. He may or may not have been the same god as Amanor.[20] Later equated with Aramazd and Zeus.
  • Nvard (Classical Armenian: Nuard) - Consort of Ara. Comparable with Nane and Inanna (Ishtar). Likely developed into Anahit.[21]
  • Tsovinar - "Nar of the Sea", goddess of waters and the ocean. Perhaps also a lightning goddess. Became the consort of Vahagn.[22] Possibly connected to Inara.
  • Andndayin ōj, "the Abyssal Serpent" that lived in the black waters surrounding the world tree.[23]

Hayasan

While the exact relationship between the Bronze Age kingdom of Hayasa-Azzi and Armenians is uncertain, many scholars believe that there is a connection (compare Hayasa with the Armenian endonyms Hayastan and Hay). Not much is known about the Hayasan pantheon but some names survive via Hittite records. The triad may have comprised U.GUR, INANNA, and Tarumu.[24]

  • U.GUR - The chief god of the Hayasan pantheon. Represented by the divine ideogram U.GUR in Hittite records, which is equated with the Sumerian god Nergal. This god's name is unknown, but it may have been Angeł, Hayk, Ar, or a variation of the Hattian god Šulikatte. Probably the father of Terettitunnis and Tarumu. May also have been associated with Semitic El (Elkunirša in Hittite).[25]
  • INANNA - The consort of the chief god of Hayasa. Like her husband, her name has not survived, but it is speculated that she was an early form of Anahit, and associated with the Hittite Asertu.[24]
  • Terittitunnis - Possibly an early form of Vahagn. Perhaps related to Greek Triton.[26]
  • Tarumu - The sixth god of the Hayasan pantheon. Perhaps connected to Tarhu.[26]
  • Baltaik - Possibly a goddess connected to West Semitic Ba‘alat (Astarte), with a probable Armenian diminutive suffix -ik (such as is present in the name of the goddess "Astɫik").[26] Alternately, it could etymologically derive from Proto Indo-European *bʰel- (meaning 'bright'), via the *bʰel-to form.[27]
  • Izzistanus(?) - A proposed reconstruction of a damaged name "s/t-an-nu-us". Perhaps a version of Hattian Estan (Ezzi Estan: 'good Estan').[26]
  • Unag-astuas or Unagastas - A deity mentioned in the treaty with the Hittites, but with unknown qualities. Likely connected, etymologically, to Astvats (Classical Armenian: Astuas), a name which continues to be used today for God in Armenian Christianity. May have been a form of the Subarian god Astuvanu (Astupinu), who is equated with Sumerian Nergal.[28]

Urartian

The gods of the Urartian pantheon were mostly borrowed from Hittite and Luwian, Hurrian, Semitic, and possibly Armenian and Indo-Iranian religions.

  • Ḫaldi or Khaldi - The chief god of Urartu. An Akkadian deity (with a possible Armenian or Greco-Armenian name—compare to Helios) not introduced into the Urartian pantheon until the reign of Ishpuini.[29] Formed a triad with his sons Artinis and Teisheba.[2] Equated with Baal and Mitra/Mihr. Sometimes also connected to Hayk.
  • Arubani - Wife of Ḫaldi. Goddess of fertility and art. Possibly an early form of Anahit.[30]
  • Bagvarti or Bagmashtu (Bagbartu) - Wife of Ḫaldi. Possibly a regional variant (of Armenian or Indo-Iranian origins) of Arubani, or perhaps a different goddess entirely.
  • Teispas or Teisheba - Storm god, a son of Ḫaldi, with whom he formed the lead triad of the gods. A variation of Hurrian Teshub.[2]
  • Shivini or Artinis - Sun god, a son of Ḫaldi, with whom he formed the lead triad of the gods.[2] From the Proto-Indo-European and Hittite god Siu (compare with Zeus, Deus, etc.). Artinis is the Armenian form, literally meaning "sun god" and is possibly connected to Ara.
  • Selardi (or Melardi) - Moon god or goddess. Possibly the sister of Artinis (from Armenian siela 'sister'; ardi 'sun god').[2][31]
  • Saris - Probably a corruption of Ishtar.[2]
  • Huba - Wife of Theispas. Version of Hebat.
  • Keura - Possibly god of the land.
  • Šebitu - Little is known about this god but Rusa III claimed to be his servant.

Iranian influence

Zoroastrian influences penetrated Armenian culture during the Achaemenid Empire, though conversion was incomplete and syncretistic, and the Persians and Armenians never appeared to identify with each other as co-religionists[2] despite both referring to themselves as "Mazda worshipers."[3]

  • Aramazd - Cognate of the Iranian Ahura Mazda (or Ormazd), possibly mixed with Ara or Aram. Head of the pantheon, identified with Zeus in the interpretatio graeca, with whom he shared many titles.[2][3] Along with Anahit and Vahagn formed a lead triad.[2] Equated with Vanatur and Aram and Ara, all of which he took aspects from. In time, the positive functions of Baal Shamin were absorbed by Aramazd.[3]
  • Anadatus - The Armenian form of the Zoroastrian Amesha Spenta Ameretat.[2]
  • Anahit - Cognate of the Iranian Anahita. Probably originally related to Sumerian Inanna and Babylonian Anunit (Ishtar, Astarte) prior to Iranian presence in the region. The goddess of fertility and birth, and daughter or wife of Aramazd, Anahit is also identified with Artemis and Aphrodite. Temples dedicated to Anahit were established in Ani-Kammakh, Armavir, Artashat, Ashtishat. Ani is likely a derivation or alternate form of Anahit.
  • Mihr - Cognate with the Iranian Mithra. God of the sun and light, son of Aramazd, the brother of Anahit and Nane. Historically, despite his high place in the pantheon, worship of Mihr was eclipsed by Vahagn[2] (indeed, Mihr's worship appears to have been supplementary to Vahagn's[32]), and little is known about his worship aside from similarities to the Iranian Mithra and the absence of the Mithraic mysteries.[2] Mihr was identified with Hephaestus by Movses Khorenatsi and later authors.[3] His center of worship was located in Bagaharich,[2] and the temple of Garni was dedicated to him.
  • Omanos - The Armenian form of the Zoroastrian Vohu Manah.[2]
  • Spandaramet - Cognate of the Iranian Spenta Armaiti,[2][33] a daughter of Aramazd, and cthonic goddess of fertility, vineyards[2] and the underworld.[33] Spandaramet was chosen by translators of some Armenian Bibles to convey the meaning of Διόνυσος) in 2 Maccabees 6:7. Sometimes called Sandaramet[2] or Santamaret[33] denoting a connection to the underworld unique to Armenian theology, even in Christian writings.[2] Her kingdom is said to be inhabited by evil spirits called Santarametakans.[34]
  • Tir or Tiur - Cognate to either the Iranian Tir (or Tishtrya) or (via Armenian dpir "scribe") the Babylonian Nabu. In either case, the mercurial god of wisdom, written language, culture, and science; messenger of the gods[2][3][35] and psychopomp.[3][36] Identified with the Greek Apollo.[2] Tir's role as psychopomp may have been absorbed from the Luwian thunder god Tarhunda, whose name had been used to translate that of the Mesopotamian underworld god Nergal.[3] Tir's temple was located near Artashat.
  • Vahagn - A "k'aj" (brave). Etymologically derived from Iranian Verethragna (via Vahram -> Vram -> Vam + -agn), however, the Armenian Vahagn had little to do with his Iranian namesake.[37] The storm god and dragon slayer, identified with the Greek Hercules, this identification went full circle when Armenian translators of the Bible used Vahagn to translate Ἡρακλῆς in 2 Maccabees 4:19.[2] Sometimes referred to by the title Tsovean, particularly in his role as a god of the seas.[22] Vahagn may have originally been the Hayasan god, Terittitunni,[38] who adopted some features of the Hurro-Urartian storm god Teshub/Teisheba. Christian folklore absorbed Vahagn's role as a storm or weather god into the archangel Gabriel.[3] Derik housed the central temple to Vahagn.

Post-Alexandrian influences

  • Barsamin - God of sky and weather, derived from the Semitic god Baal Shamin.[2]
  • Nane - Cognate of the Elamitic Nanē, (via the Babylonian Nanâ),[2][39] also assimilating aspects of the Phrygian Cybele.[40] Daughter of Aramazd, sister of Anahit and Mihr. A goddess of motherhood, war, and wisdom. Identified with Athena.[39] Her cult was related to Anahit, both of their temples located near each other in Gavar.

Monsters and spirits

 
Aralez on the battlefield.
  • Al - The Al is a dwarfish evil spirit that attacks pregnant women and steals newborn babies. Described as half-animal and half-man, its teeth are of iron and nails of brass or copper. It usually wears a pointed hat covered in bells, and can become invisible.[41][42]
  • Aralez - Aralezner - The oldest gods in the Armenian pantheon, Aralez are dog-like creatures (modeled on Gampr) with powers to resuscitate fallen warriors and resurrect the dead by licking wounds clean.
  • Devs - The Dev are air-composed spirit creatures originating from Zoroastrian mythology (the Daevas), and share many similarities to angels and demons. They reside in stony places and ruins, and usually keep to themselves.[42]
  • Shahapet - The Shahapet (Սհահապետ), also called Khshathrapti, Shavod, Shoithrapaiti, Shvaz and Shvod, were usually friendly guardian spirits of Armenian, Slavic and Persian mythology, who typically appeared in the form of serpents. They inhabited houses, orchards, fields, forests and graveyards, among other places. The Shvaz type was more agriculturally oriented, while the Shvod was a guardian of the home. A Shvod who is well-treated may reward the home's inhabitants with gold, but if mistreated might cause strife and leave.[42]
  • Nhang - The Nhang was a river-dwelling serpent-monster with shape shifting powers, often connected to the more conventional Armenian dragons. The creature could change into a seal or lure a man by transforming into a woman, then drag in and drown the victim to drink its blood. The word "Nhang" is sometimes used as a generic term for a sea-monster in ancient Armenian literature.[42]
  • Piatek - The Piatek is a large mammalian creature similar to a wingless griffin.
  • Vishap - A dragon closely associated with water, similar to the Leviathan. It is usually depicted as a winged snake or with a combination of elements from different animals. Prior to Iranian domination in Armenia, the dragons may have been called "gegh".[43] May have been connected to Hurrian Ullikummi and Hittite Illuyanka.[43]

Heroes and legendary monarchs

 
Shamiram stares at the corpse of Ara the Beautiful (painting by Vardges Sureniants, 1899).

These figures are mainly known through post-Christian sources, but have belonged to the pre-Christian mythology.[40] Many seem to be derived from Proto-Indo-European mythologies and religious traditions. It is suspected that Hayk, Ara, and Aram were originally deities, possibly from the oldest Armenian pantheon.[44]

  • Ara the Handsome, son of Aram. A handsome warrior slain in a war against Semiramis, in some versions brought back to life by her prayers. Possibly, originally a personified version of the sun god Ar (Arev), likely mentioned on the Urartian-era Door of Meher.[8]
  • Aram, slayer of the giant Barsamin, possibly originally a war god known as Aremenius.[45] Father of Ara. The name Aram is likely an Armenian that directly developed from Proto-Indo-European *rēmo-, meaning "black".[46] The name is related to Hindu Rama.[a]
  • Hayk, legendary forefather of the Armenians, who led a successful rebellion against a Babylonian king named Bel.[40][48] When Bel and his armies pursued Hayk and his people, Hayk fired an arrow across the battle field, killing Bel and scaring off his forces.[48] Said to have been a giant. Possibly, a thunder/storm god originally.[49] Equated with Ḫaldi, Mitra, and Orion. The name Hayk may derive from Proto-Indo-European *poti- (lord, master, patriarch).[50]
  • Karapet, a pre-Christian Armenian mythological character identified with John the Baptist after the adoption of Christianity by the Armenians. Karapet is usually represented as a glittering long-haired thunder-god with a purple crown and a cross.
  • Nimrod, great-grandson of Noah and the king of Shinar, Nimrod is depicted in the Bible as both a man of power in the earth and a mighty hunter.
  • Sanasar and Baghdasar, two brothers founded the town of Sason, ushering in the eponymous state. Sanasar was considered the ancestor of several generations of heroes of Sassoon. It is said that their mother was subject to a miraculous pregnancy, by drinking water from a certain fountain.[51]
  • Sargis, a hero, associated with pre-Christian myths, later identified with Christian saints who bore the same name. He is represented as a tall, slender, handsome knight mounted upon a white horse. Sarkis is able to raise the wind, storms and blizzards, and turn them against enemies.
  • Shamiram, the legendary queen of the Neo-Assyrian Empire who waged war to get Ara.
  • Yervaz and Yervant (Classical Armenian: Eruaz and Eruand), mythical twins born from a woman of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, distinguished by enormous features and over-sensitivity.

Bibliography

  • Petrosyan, Armen (2002). The Indo‑european and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic. Washington, D.C. : Institute for the Study of Man. ISBN 9780941694810.
  • Petrosyan, Armen (2007). "State Pantheon of Greater Armenia: Earliest Sources". Aramazd: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 2: 174–201. ISSN 1829-1376.
  • Ahyan, Stepan (1982). "Les débuts de l'histoire d'Arménie et les trois fonctions indo-européennes". Revue de l'histoire des religions. 199 (3): 251–271. doi:10.3406/rhr.1982.4670.
  • Gelzer, Heinrich (1896). "Zur armenischen Götterlehre". Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königlich Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig: 99–148. OCLC 665221528.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Armen Petrosyan argues that both Armenian Aram and Indic Rama derive from a "common" Indo-European myth about a hero whose name means black (PIE *h₂reh₁mo-) defeating a foe named "bright, white, silver" (PIE *h₂erg-).[47]

References

  1. ^ "The Satala Aphrodite". British Museum.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Armenia (Vannic)" by A.H. Sayce, p.793-4; "Armenia (Zoroastrian)", by M(ardiros). H. Ananikian, p.794-802; in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, ed. James Hastings, vol. 1, 1908
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Russell, James R. (15 December 1986). "ARMENIA AND IRAN iii. Armenian Religion". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  4. ^ Herouni, Paris M. (2004). Armenians and old Armenia: archaeoastronomy, linguistics, oldest history. Tigran Metz Publishing House. p. 127. ISBN 9789994101016.
  5. ^ Boettiger, Louis Angelo (1918). Armenian Legends and Festivals. University of Minnesota.
  6. ^ a b Mary Boyce. Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Psychology Press, 2001 ISBN 0415239028 p 84
  7. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach Origins and historical development of the Armenian language (2014). pp. 13.
  8. ^ a b The Cambridge Ancient History: III Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC. Cambridge University Press. 1971. p. 335.
  9. ^ Huld, Martin E. (1986). "Proto- and Post-Indo-European Designations for 'Sun.'". Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung. 99 (2): 194–202. JSTOR 40848835.. Accessed 8 Dec. 2022.
  10. ^ Olsen, Birgit Annete. The noun in Biblical Armenian. Origin and word-formation, with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999. p. 109. ISBN 9783110801989.
  11. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach. Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 23 Nov. 2009. pp. 136-137. doi: https://doi-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1163/9789047426837
  12. ^ Petrosyan, Armen The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic (2002). pp. 68.
  13. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach. Origins and historical development of the Armenian language (2014).
  14. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach. Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 23 Nov. 2009. pp. 54-56. doi: https://doi-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1163/9789047426837
  15. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach, An Armenian theonym of Indo-European origin: Ayg ‘Dawn Goddess’. In: Aramadz: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies (2014). pp. 219-224.
  16. ^ Petrosyan, Armen, Indo-European *wel- in Armenian mythology. In: Journal of Indo-European Studies (2016). pp. 132.
  17. ^ Marciak, Michał (2017). Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West. BRILL. pp. 43–4. ISBN 978-90-04-35072-4.
  18. ^ Petrosyan, Armen, Indo-European *wel- in Armenian mythology. In: Journal of Indo-European Studies (2016). pp. 132.
  19. ^ Petrosyan, Armen. The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic (2002) pp. 29.
  20. ^ a b Movses Khorenatsi; Thomson, Robert W. (1976). History of the Armenians. SUNY Press. p. 493. ISBN 978-0-87395-323-8.
  21. ^ Kavoukjian, Martiros Armenia, Subartu and Sumer [1] Montreal. (1987) pp. 71-72
  22. ^ a b "Vahagn" in Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend, Third Edition, by Anthony Mercanante and James Dow, Infobase, 2009. p.991
  23. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2018). "Armenian Andndayin ōj and Vedic Áhi- Budhnyà- "Abyssal Serpent"". Farnah: Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies: 191–197.
  24. ^ a b Petrosyan, Armen The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic [2] (2002) pp. 130.
  25. ^ Petrosyan, Armen The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic [3] (2002) pp. 128-131.
  26. ^ a b c d Petrosyan, Armen The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic [4] (2002) pp. 106.
  27. ^ Matiossian, Vartan (2009). "Azzi-Hayasa on the Black Sea? Another Puzzle of Armenian Origins". In: Hovannisian, Richard G (ed.). Armenian Pontus: the Trebizond-Black Sea communities. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series. p. 77.
  28. ^ Kavoukjian, Martiros Armenia, Subartu and Sumer [5] Montreal. (1987) pp. 136
  29. ^ Zimansky, Paul (2012). "Imagining Haldi". Stories of Long Ago: Festschrift Fur Michael Roaf: 714.
  30. ^ Piotrovsky, Boris B. (1969) The Ancient Civilization of Urartu: An Archaeological Adventure. Cowles Book Co. ISBN 9780214667930
  31. ^ Yervand Grekyan. "Urartian State Mythology". Yerevan Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Press. 2018. p. 34. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351107801_Biaynili-Owrartu_Astvacner_tacarner_pastamunk_BIAINILI-URARTU_GODS_TEMPLES_CULTS
  32. ^ "Mihr" in Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend, Third Edition, by Anthony Mercanante and James Dow, Infobase, 2009. p.671
  33. ^ a b c "Santamaret" in Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend, Third Edition, by Anthony Mercanante and James Dow, Infobase, 2009. p.861
  34. ^ Coulter, Charles Russell. Turner, Patricia. "Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities" McFarland & Co., Routledge, 2012; pg. 438.
  35. ^ Herouni, Paris (2004). Armenians and Old Armenia. Yerevan. pp. 8, 133. ISBN 9789994101016.
  36. ^ "Tiur (Tur)" in Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend, Third Edition, by Anthony Mercanante and James Dow, Infobase, 2009. p.959
  37. ^ Petrosyan, Armen The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic [6] (2002) pp. 36.
  38. ^ Petrosyan, Armen The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic [7] (2002) pp. 41.
  39. ^ a b "Nane (Hanea)" in Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend, Third Edition, by Anthony Mercanante and James Dow, Infobase, 2009. p.703
  40. ^ a b c "Armenian Mythology" in The Oxford Companion to World Mythology, by David Leeming, Oxford University Press, 17 Nov 2005, p.29
  41. ^ A History of Armenia by Vahan M. Kurkjian
  42. ^ a b c d . Archived from the original on 2008-11-19.
  43. ^ a b Petrosyan, Armen, Indo-European *wel- in Armenian mythology Journal of Indo-European Studies.[8] (2016). pp. 134-135.
  44. ^ Petrosyan, Armen The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic [9] (2002) pp. 57.
  45. ^ "Aram" in Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend, Third Edition, by Anthony Mercanante and James Dow, Infobase, 2009. p.96
  46. ^ Petrosyan, Armen The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic [10] (2002) pp. 73.
  47. ^ Petrosyan, Armen. "Armeno-Indian Epic Parallels". In: Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES). Volume 45, Number 1 & 2, Spring/Summer 2017. pp. 174, 178-180 and footnote nr. 4.
  48. ^ a b "Hayk" in Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend, Third Edition, by Anthony Mercanante and James Dow, Infobase, 2009. p.452
  49. ^ Petrosyan, Armen Problems of Armenian Prehistory. Myth, Language, History [11] (2009) pp. 7, 12
  50. ^ Petrosyan, Armen The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic [12] (2002) pp. 58.
  51. ^ Hoogasian-Villa, Susie. 100 Armenian Tales and Their Folkloristic Relevance. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 1966. p. 506.

January 06, 2023
armenian, mythology, also, hetanism, originated, ancient, indo, european, traditions, specifically, proto, armenian, gradually, incorporated, hurro, urartian, mesopotamian, iranian, greek, beliefs, deities, bronze, head, aphrodite, from, satala, identified, ar. See also Hetanism Armenian mythology originated in ancient Indo European traditions specifically Proto Armenian and gradually incorporated Hurro Urartian Mesopotamian Iranian and Greek beliefs and deities 2 3 Armenian mythologyA bronze head of Aphrodite from Satala identified as Armenian AnahitCreated1st centuries BC 1 Contents 1 Formation of Armenian mythology 2 Pantheon 2 1 Early Armenian 2 2 Hayasan 2 3 Urartian 2 4 Iranian influence 2 5 Post Alexandrian influences 3 Monsters and spirits 4 Heroes and legendary monarchs 5 Bibliography 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 ReferencesFormation of Armenian mythology Edit Side view of the Temple of Garni The pantheon of Armenian gods initially worshipped by Proto Armenians inherited their essential elements from the religious beliefs and mythologies of the Proto Indo Europeans and peoples of the Armenian Highlands Historians distinguish a significant body of Indo European language words which were used in Armenian pagan rites The oldest cults are believed to have worshipped a creator called Ar 4 or possibly Ara embodied as the sun Arev or Areg the ancient Armenians called themselves children of the sun Also among the most ancient types of Indo European derived worship are the cults of eagles and lions and of the sky 5 After the establishment of Iranian dominance in Armenia in the 1st millennium BCE Zoroastrianism had a major influence on Armenian religion Until the late Parthian period the Armenian lands adhered to a syncretic form of Mazdaism which mixed Iranian religious concepts with traditional Armenian beliefs 6 For example the supreme god of the Armenian pantheon Vanatur was later replaced by Aramazd the Parthian form of Ahura Mazda 6 However the Armenian version of Aramazd preserved many native Armenian aspects Similarly the traditional Armenian goddess of fertility Nar was replaced by Anahit which may derived from Persian Anahita although the Armenian goddess was entirely distinct from her Iranian counterpart In the Hellenistic age 3rd to 1st centuries BCE ancient Armenian deities were identified with ancient Greek deities Aramazd with Zeus Anahit with Artemis Vahagn with Heracles Astlik with Aphrodite Nane with Athena Mihr with Hephaestus Tir with Apollo After the formal adoption of Christianity in the 4th century CE ancient myths and beliefs transformed to adhere more closely to Christian beliefs Biblical characters took over the functions of the archaic gods and spirits For example John the Baptist inherited certain features of Vahagn and Tir and the archangel Gabriel took on elements of Vahagn Basic information about Armenian pagan traditions were preserved in the works of ancient Greek authors such as Plato Herodotus Xenophon and Strabo Byzantine scholar Procopius of Caesarea as well as medieval Armenian writers such as Movses Khorenatsi Agathangelos Eznik of Kolb Sebeos and Anania Shirakatsi as well as in oral folk traditions Pantheon EditThe pantheon of pre Christian Armenia changed over the centuries Originally native Armenian in nature the pantheon was modified through Hurro Urartian Semitic Iranian and Greek influences One common motif that spanned many or all pagan Armenian pantheons was the belief in a ruling triad of supreme gods usually comprising a chief creator god his thunder god son and a mother goddess Early Armenian Edit These gods are believed to have been native Armenian gods worshipped during the earliest eras of Armenian history Proto Armenian Many if not all of them are believed to have derived from Proto Indo European religion There is also likely influence from the indigenous beliefs of the Armenian Highlands Areg Arev or Ar god of the Sun comparable with Mesopotamian Utu 7 Likely also known as or developed into Ara This god was probably mentioned on the Urartian era Door of Meher as Ara or Arwaa 8 Linguists Martin E Huld and Birgit Anette Olsen state that the word arew is cognate to the Indian name Ravi also meaning sun 9 10 This etymological connection argues H Martirosyan indicates an inherited Armeno Aryan poetical expression 11 Astlik 12 cognate to the Mesopotamian goddess Inanna identified with Venus A fertility goddess and consort of Vahagn sharing a temple with him in the city of Ashtishat 2 The holiday of Vardavar was originally in honor of Astɫik The name Astɫik derives from astɫ star from Proto Indo European h stḗr plus the Armenian diminutive suffix ik 13 Ayg goddess of the dawn 14 15 Angel the Invisible literally unseen god of the underworld 16 The main temple of Angel was located at Angel tun House of Angel which possibly corresponded to the Ingalova of Hittite and Ingelene Ingilena of Greek and Latin records likely located near modern Egil 17 Comparable with Nergal and Hades Tork Angegh Given by Angel A great grandson of Hayk 18 A monstrous and ugly hero Threw massive boulders to sink enemy ships in the Black Sea 19 Sometimes equated with Thor and Polyphemus and possibly Tarḫunna Amanor The bearer of new fruits the god of the new year Navasard May or may not have been the same god as Vanatur 20 Vanatur Either meaning the Lord of Van or giving asylum Vanatur was the god of hospitality He may or may not have been the same god as Amanor 20 Later equated with Aramazd and Zeus Nvard Classical Armenian Nuard Consort of Ara Comparable with Nane and Inanna Ishtar Likely developed into Anahit 21 Tsovinar Nar of the Sea goddess of waters and the ocean Perhaps also a lightning goddess Became the consort of Vahagn 22 Possibly connected to Inara Andndayin ōj the Abyssal Serpent that lived in the black waters surrounding the world tree 23 Hayasan Edit While the exact relationship between the Bronze Age kingdom of Hayasa Azzi and Armenians is uncertain many scholars believe that there is a connection compare Hayasa with the Armenian endonyms Hayastan and Hay Not much is known about the Hayasan pantheon but some names survive via Hittite records The triad may have comprised U GUR INANNA and Tarumu 24 U GUR The chief god of the Hayasan pantheon Represented by the divine ideogram U GUR in Hittite records which is equated with the Sumerian god Nergal This god s name is unknown but it may have been Angel Hayk Ar or a variation of the Hattian god Sulikatte Probably the father of Terettitunnis and Tarumu May also have been associated with Semitic El Elkunirsa in Hittite 25 INANNA The consort of the chief god of Hayasa Like her husband her name has not survived but it is speculated that she was an early form of Anahit and associated with the Hittite Asertu 24 Terittitunnis Possibly an early form of Vahagn Perhaps related to Greek Triton 26 Tarumu The sixth god of the Hayasan pantheon Perhaps connected to Tarhu 26 Baltaik Possibly a goddess connected to West Semitic Ba alat Astarte with a probable Armenian diminutive suffix ik such as is present in the name of the goddess Astɫik 26 Alternately it could etymologically derive from Proto Indo European bʰel meaning bright via the bʰel to form 27 Izzistanus A proposed reconstruction of a damaged name s t an nu us Perhaps a version of Hattian Estan Ezzi Estan good Estan 26 Unag astuas or Unagastas A deity mentioned in the treaty with the Hittites but with unknown qualities Likely connected etymologically to Astvats Classical Armenian Astuas a name which continues to be used today for God in Armenian Christianity May have been a form of the Subarian god Astuvanu Astupinu who is equated with Sumerian Nergal 28 Urartian Edit The gods of the Urartian pantheon were mostly borrowed from Hittite and Luwian Hurrian Semitic and possibly Armenian and Indo Iranian religions Ḫaldi or Khaldi The chief god of Urartu An Akkadian deity with a possible Armenian or Greco Armenian name compare to Helios not introduced into the Urartian pantheon until the reign of Ishpuini 29 Formed a triad with his sons Artinis and Teisheba 2 Equated with Baal and Mitra Mihr Sometimes also connected to Hayk Arubani Wife of Ḫaldi Goddess of fertility and art Possibly an early form of Anahit 30 Bagvarti or Bagmashtu Bagbartu Wife of Ḫaldi Possibly a regional variant of Armenian or Indo Iranian origins of Arubani or perhaps a different goddess entirely Teispas or Teisheba Storm god a son of Ḫaldi with whom he formed the lead triad of the gods A variation of Hurrian Teshub 2 Shivini or Artinis Sun god a son of Ḫaldi with whom he formed the lead triad of the gods 2 From the Proto Indo European and Hittite god Siu compare with Zeus Deus etc Artinis is the Armenian form literally meaning sun god and is possibly connected to Ara Selardi or Melardi Moon god or goddess Possibly the sister of Artinis from Armenian siela sister ardi sun god 2 31 Saris Probably a corruption of Ishtar 2 Huba Wife of Theispas Version of Hebat Keura Possibly god of the land Sebitu Little is known about this god but Rusa III claimed to be his servant Iranian influence Edit Zoroastrian influences penetrated Armenian culture during the Achaemenid Empire though conversion was incomplete and syncretistic and the Persians and Armenians never appeared to identify with each other as co religionists 2 despite both referring to themselves as Mazda worshipers 3 Aramazd Cognate of the Iranian Ahura Mazda or Ormazd possibly mixed with Ara or Aram Head of the pantheon identified with Zeus in the interpretatio graeca with whom he shared many titles 2 3 Along with Anahit and Vahagn formed a lead triad 2 Equated with Vanatur and Aram and Ara all of which he took aspects from In time the positive functions of Baal Shamin were absorbed by Aramazd 3 Anadatus The Armenian form of the Zoroastrian Amesha Spenta Ameretat 2 Anahit Cognate of the Iranian Anahita Probably originally related to Sumerian Inanna and Babylonian Anunit Ishtar Astarte prior to Iranian presence in the region The goddess of fertility and birth and daughter or wife of Aramazd Anahit is also identified with Artemis and Aphrodite Temples dedicated to Anahit were established in Ani Kammakh Armavir Artashat Ashtishat Ani is likely a derivation or alternate form of Anahit Mihr Cognate with the Iranian Mithra God of the sun and light son of Aramazd the brother of Anahit and Nane Historically despite his high place in the pantheon worship of Mihr was eclipsed by Vahagn 2 indeed Mihr s worship appears to have been supplementary to Vahagn s 32 and little is known about his worship aside from similarities to the Iranian Mithra and the absence of the Mithraic mysteries 2 Mihr was identified with Hephaestus by Movses Khorenatsi and later authors 3 His center of worship was located in Bagaharich 2 and the temple of Garni was dedicated to him Omanos The Armenian form of the Zoroastrian Vohu Manah 2 Spandaramet Cognate of the Iranian Spenta Armaiti 2 33 a daughter of Aramazd and cthonic goddess of fertility vineyards 2 and the underworld 33 Spandaramet was chosen by translators of some Armenian Bibles to convey the meaning of Dionysos in 2 Maccabees 6 7 Sometimes called Sandaramet 2 or Santamaret 33 denoting a connection to the underworld unique to Armenian theology even in Christian writings 2 Her kingdom is said to be inhabited by evil spirits called Santarametakans 34 Tir or Tiur Cognate to either the Iranian Tir or Tishtrya or via Armenian dpir scribe the Babylonian Nabu In either case the mercurial god of wisdom written language culture and science messenger of the gods 2 3 35 and psychopomp 3 36 Identified with the Greek Apollo 2 Tir s role as psychopomp may have been absorbed from the Luwian thunder god Tarhunda whose name had been used to translate that of the Mesopotamian underworld god Nergal 3 Tir s temple was located near Artashat Vahagn A k aj brave Etymologically derived from Iranian Verethragna via Vahram gt Vram gt Vam agn however the Armenian Vahagn had little to do with his Iranian namesake 37 The storm god and dragon slayer identified with the Greek Hercules this identification went full circle when Armenian translators of the Bible used Vahagn to translate Ἡraklῆs in 2 Maccabees 4 19 2 Sometimes referred to by the title Tsovean particularly in his role as a god of the seas 22 Vahagn may have originally been the Hayasan god Terittitunni 38 who adopted some features of the Hurro Urartian storm god Teshub Teisheba Christian folklore absorbed Vahagn s role as a storm or weather god into the archangel Gabriel 3 Derik housed the central temple to Vahagn Post Alexandrian influences Edit Barsamin God of sky and weather derived from the Semitic god Baal Shamin 2 Nane Cognate of the Elamitic Nane via the Babylonian Nana 2 39 also assimilating aspects of the Phrygian Cybele 40 Daughter of Aramazd sister of Anahit and Mihr A goddess of motherhood war and wisdom Identified with Athena 39 Her cult was related to Anahit both of their temples located near each other in Gavar Monsters and spirits Edit Aralez on the battlefield Al The Al is a dwarfish evil spirit that attacks pregnant women and steals newborn babies Described as half animal and half man its teeth are of iron and nails of brass or copper It usually wears a pointed hat covered in bells and can become invisible 41 42 Aralez Aralezner The oldest gods in the Armenian pantheon Aralez are dog like creatures modeled on Gampr with powers to resuscitate fallen warriors and resurrect the dead by licking wounds clean Devs The Dev are air composed spirit creatures originating from Zoroastrian mythology the Daevas and share many similarities to angels and demons They reside in stony places and ruins and usually keep to themselves 42 Shahapet The Shahapet Սհահապետ also called Khshathrapti Shavod Shoithrapaiti Shvaz and Shvod were usually friendly guardian spirits of Armenian Slavic and Persian mythology who typically appeared in the form of serpents They inhabited houses orchards fields forests and graveyards among other places The Shvaz type was more agriculturally oriented while the Shvod was a guardian of the home A Shvod who is well treated may reward the home s inhabitants with gold but if mistreated might cause strife and leave 42 Nhang The Nhang was a river dwelling serpent monster with shape shifting powers often connected to the more conventional Armenian dragons The creature could change into a seal or lure a man by transforming into a woman then drag in and drown the victim to drink its blood The word Nhang is sometimes used as a generic term for a sea monster in ancient Armenian literature 42 Piatek The Piatek is a large mammalian creature similar to a wingless griffin Vishap A dragon closely associated with water similar to the Leviathan It is usually depicted as a winged snake or with a combination of elements from different animals Prior to Iranian domination in Armenia the dragons may have been called gegh 43 May have been connected to Hurrian Ullikummi and Hittite Illuyanka 43 Heroes and legendary monarchs Edit Shamiram stares at the corpse of Ara the Beautiful painting by Vardges Sureniants 1899 These figures are mainly known through post Christian sources but have belonged to the pre Christian mythology 40 Many seem to be derived from Proto Indo European mythologies and religious traditions It is suspected that Hayk Ara and Aram were originally deities possibly from the oldest Armenian pantheon 44 Ara the Handsome son of Aram A handsome warrior slain in a war against Semiramis in some versions brought back to life by her prayers Possibly originally a personified version of the sun god Ar Arev likely mentioned on the Urartian era Door of Meher 8 Aram slayer of the giant Barsamin possibly originally a war god known as Aremenius 45 Father of Ara The name Aram is likely an Armenian that directly developed from Proto Indo European remo meaning black 46 The name is related to Hindu Rama a Hayk legendary forefather of the Armenians who led a successful rebellion against a Babylonian king named Bel 40 48 When Bel and his armies pursued Hayk and his people Hayk fired an arrow across the battle field killing Bel and scaring off his forces 48 Said to have been a giant Possibly a thunder storm god originally 49 Equated with Ḫaldi Mitra and Orion The name Hayk may derive from Proto Indo European poti lord master patriarch 50 Karapet a pre Christian Armenian mythological character identified with John the Baptist after the adoption of Christianity by the Armenians Karapet is usually represented as a glittering long haired thunder god with a purple crown and a cross Nimrod great grandson of Noah and the king of Shinar Nimrod is depicted in the Bible as both a man of power in the earth and a mighty hunter Sanasar and Baghdasar two brothers founded the town of Sason ushering in the eponymous state Sanasar was considered the ancestor of several generations of heroes of Sassoon It is said that their mother was subject to a miraculous pregnancy by drinking water from a certain fountain 51 Sargis a hero associated with pre Christian myths later identified with Christian saints who bore the same name He is represented as a tall slender handsome knight mounted upon a white horse Sarkis is able to raise the wind storms and blizzards and turn them against enemies Shamiram the legendary queen of the Neo Assyrian Empire who waged war to get Ara Yervaz and Yervant Classical Armenian Eruaz and Eruand mythical twins born from a woman of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia distinguished by enormous features and over sensitivity Bibliography EditPetrosyan Armen 2002 The Indo european and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic Washington D C Institute for the Study of Man ISBN 9780941694810 Petrosyan Armen 2007 State Pantheon of Greater Armenia Earliest Sources Aramazd Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2 174 201 ISSN 1829 1376 Ahyan Stepan 1982 Les debuts de l histoire d Armenie et les trois fonctions indo europeennes Revue de l histoire des religions 199 3 251 271 doi 10 3406 rhr 1982 4670 Gelzer Heinrich 1896 Zur armenischen Gotterlehre Berichte uber die Verhandlungen der Koniglich Sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig 99 148 OCLC 665221528 See also Edit Mythology portalProto Indo European mythology Hittite mythology and religion Zoroastrianism in Armenia Hinduism in Armenia Persian mythology The Golden Headed Fish The Story of ZoulvisiaFootnotes Edit Armen Petrosyan argues that both Armenian Aram and Indic Rama derive from a common Indo European myth about a hero whose name means black PIE h reh mo defeating a foe named bright white silver PIE h erg 47 References Edit The Satala Aphrodite British Museum a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Armenia Vannic by A H Sayce p 793 4 Armenia Zoroastrian by M ardiros H Ananikian p 794 802 in Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics ed James Hastings vol 1 1908 a b c d e f g h i Russell James R 15 December 1986 ARMENIA AND IRAN iii Armenian Religion Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved 3 July 2014 Herouni Paris M 2004 Armenians and old Armenia archaeoastronomy linguistics oldest history Tigran Metz Publishing House p 127 ISBN 9789994101016 Boettiger Louis Angelo 1918 Armenian Legends and Festivals University of Minnesota a b Mary Boyce Zoroastrians Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Psychology Press 2001 ISBN 0415239028 p 84 Martirosyan Hrach Origins and historical development of the Armenian language 2014 pp 13 a b The Cambridge Ancient History III Part 1 The Prehistory of the Balkans the Middle East and the Aegean World Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC Cambridge University Press 1971 p 335 Huld Martin E 1986 Proto and Post Indo European Designations for Sun Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Sprachforschung 99 2 194 202 JSTOR 40848835 Accessed 8 Dec 2022 Olsen Birgit Annete The noun in Biblical Armenian Origin and word formation with special emphasis on the Indo European heritage Berlin New York Mouton de Gruyter 1999 p 109 ISBN 9783110801989 Martirosyan Hrach Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon Leiden The Netherlands Brill 23 Nov 2009 pp 136 137 doi https doi org wikipedialibrary idm oclc org 10 1163 9789047426837 Petrosyan Armen The Indo European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic 2002 pp 68 Martirosyan Hrach Origins and historical development of the Armenian language 2014 Martirosyan Hrach Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon Leiden The Netherlands Brill 23 Nov 2009 pp 54 56 doi https doi org wikipedialibrary idm oclc org 10 1163 9789047426837 Martirosyan Hrach An Armenian theonym of Indo European origin Ayg Dawn Goddess In Aramadz Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2014 pp 219 224 Petrosyan Armen Indo European wel in Armenian mythology In Journal of Indo European Studies 2016 pp 132 Marciak Michal 2017 Sophene Gordyene and Adiabene Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West BRILL pp 43 4 ISBN 978 90 04 35072 4 Petrosyan Armen Indo European wel in Armenian mythology In Journal of Indo European Studies 2016 pp 132 Petrosyan Armen The Indo European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic 2002 pp 29 a b Movses Khorenatsi Thomson Robert W 1976 History of the Armenians SUNY Press p 493 ISBN 978 0 87395 323 8 Kavoukjian Martiros Armenia Subartu and Sumer 1 Montreal 1987 pp 71 72 a b Vahagn in Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend Third Edition by Anthony Mercanante and James Dow Infobase 2009 p 991 Martirosyan Hrach 2018 Armenian Andndayin ōj and Vedic Ahi Budhnya Abyssal Serpent Farnah Indo Iranian and Indo European Studies 191 197 a b Petrosyan Armen The Indo European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic 2 2002 pp 130 Petrosyan Armen The Indo European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic 3 2002 pp 128 131 a b c d Petrosyan Armen The Indo European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic 4 2002 pp 106 Matiossian Vartan 2009 Azzi Hayasa on the Black Sea Another Puzzle of Armenian Origins In Hovannisian Richard G ed Armenian Pontus the Trebizond Black Sea communities UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series p 77 Kavoukjian Martiros Armenia Subartu and Sumer 5 Montreal 1987 pp 136 Zimansky Paul 2012 Imagining Haldi Stories of Long Ago Festschrift Fur Michael Roaf 714 Piotrovsky Boris B 1969 The Ancient Civilization of Urartu An Archaeological Adventure Cowles Book Co ISBN 9780214667930 Yervand Grekyan Urartian State Mythology Yerevan Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Press 2018 p 34 https www researchgate net publication 351107801 Biaynili Owrartu Astvacner tacarner pastamunk BIAINILI URARTU GODS TEMPLES CULTS Mihr in Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend Third Edition by Anthony Mercanante and James Dow Infobase 2009 p 671 a b c Santamaret in Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend Third Edition by Anthony Mercanante and James Dow Infobase 2009 p 861 Coulter Charles Russell Turner Patricia Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities McFarland amp Co Routledge 2012 pg 438 Herouni Paris 2004 Armenians and Old Armenia Yerevan pp 8 133 ISBN 9789994101016 Tiur Tur in Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend Third Edition by Anthony Mercanante and James Dow Infobase 2009 p 959 Petrosyan Armen The Indo European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic 6 2002 pp 36 Petrosyan Armen The Indo European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic 7 2002 pp 41 a b Nane Hanea in Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend Third Edition by Anthony Mercanante and James Dow Infobase 2009 p 703 a b c Armenian Mythology in The Oxford Companion to World Mythology by David Leeming Oxford University Press 17 Nov 2005 p 29 A History of Armenia by Vahan M Kurkjian a b c d Chapter 11 Armenian Mythology Archived from the original on 2008 11 19 a b Petrosyan Armen Indo European wel in Armenian mythology Journal of Indo European Studies 8 2016 pp 134 135 Petrosyan Armen The Indo European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic 9 2002 pp 57 Aram in Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend Third Edition by Anthony Mercanante and James Dow Infobase 2009 p 96 Petrosyan Armen The Indo European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic 10 2002 pp 73 Petrosyan Armen Armeno Indian Epic Parallels In Journal of Indo European Studies JIES Volume 45 Number 1 amp 2 Spring Summer 2017 pp 174 178 180 and footnote nr 4 a b Hayk in Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend Third Edition by Anthony Mercanante and James Dow Infobase 2009 p 452 Petrosyan Armen Problems of Armenian Prehistory Myth Language History 11 2009 pp 7 12 Petrosyan Armen The Indo European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic 12 2002 pp 58 Hoogasian Villa Susie 100 Armenian Tales and Their Folkloristic Relevance Detroit Wayne State University Press 1966 p 506 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Armenian mythology amp oldid 1128842352, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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