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Oglala

January 06, 2023

For other uses, see Oglala (disambiguation).

The Oglala (pronounced [oɡəˈlala], meaning "to scatter one's own" in Lakota language[5]) are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota, make up the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (Seven Council Fires). A majority of the Oglala live on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, the eighth-largest Native American reservation in the United States.

Oglala
Total population
46,855 enrolled tribal members (2013)[1]
Regions with significant populations
 United States ( South Dakota)
Languages
Lakota, English[2]
Religion
Traditional tribal religion, Sun Dance,[3]
Native American Church, Christianity[4]
Related ethnic groups
other Lakota peoples, Dakota, Nakota[5]

The Oglala are a federally recognized tribe whose official title is the Oglala Sioux Tribe (previously called the Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota). However, many Oglala reject the term "Sioux" due to the hypothesis (among other possible theories) that its origin may be a derogatory word meaning "snake" in the language of the Ojibwe, who were among the historical enemies of the Lakota. They are also known as Oglála Lakhóta Oyáte.

History

Oglala elders relate stories about the origin of the name "Oglala" and their emergence as a distinct group, probably sometime in the 18th century.

Conflict with the European settlers

In the early 1800s, Europeans passed through Lakota territory in greater and greater numbers. They sought furs, especially beaver fur at first, and later buffalo fur. The trade in fur changed the Oglala economy and way of life.

1868 brought the Fort Laramie Treaty, and in its wake the Oglala became increasingly polarized over this question: How should they react to continued American encroachment on their territory? This treaty forfeited large amounts of Oglala to the United States in exchange for food and other necessities.[6] Some bands turned to the Indian agencies—forerunners to the Indian reservations—where they received beef and other rations from the US government. Other bands held fast to traditional ways of life. Many bands moved between these two extremes, coming in to the agencies during the winter and joining their relatives in the north each spring. These challenges further split the various Oglala bands.

The influx of white immigrant-pioneers into the Idaho Territory often meant passing through Oglala territory, and, occasionally, brought with it its perils, as described by Fanny Kelly in 1871, in her book entitled, Narrative of My Captivity among the Sioux Indians.[7]

Early reservation

The Great Sioux Reservation was broken up into five portions. This caused the Red Cloud Agency to be moved multiple times throughout the 1870s until it was relocated and renamed the Pine Ridge Reservation in 1878. By 1890, the reservation included 5,537 people, divided into a number of districts that included some 30 distinct communities.

2022 temporary Christian missions suspension

In July 2022, the Oglala Sioux Tribal Council effected a temporary suspension of Christian missions on the Pine Ridge Reservation. The council called for an investigation into the financial practices of the Dream Center Missionary, and the Jesus is King Mission was ejected from the reservation for spreading pamphlets that the tribe characterized as hateful.[8]

Social organization

 
Kevin Pourier, an Oglala Lakota jeweler and sculptor whose medium is buffalo horn[9]
 
The Wake Singers, band of Oglala Lakota musicians

The respected Oglala elder Left Heron once explained that before the coming of the White Buffalo Calf Woman, "the people ran around the prairie like so many wild animals," not understanding the central importance of community. Left Heron emphasized that not only did this revered spirit woman bring the Sacred Pipe to the tribe but she also taught the Lakota people many valuable lessons, including the importance of family (tiwahe) and community (tiyospaye). The goal of promoting these two values then became a priority, and in the words of Dakota anthropologist Ella Cara Deloria, "every other consideration was secondary — property, personal ambition, glory, good times, life itself. Without that aim and the constant struggle to attain it, the people would no longer be Dakotas in truth. They would no longer even be human."[10] This strong and enduring connection between related families profoundly influenced Oglala history.

Community (Tiyóšpaye)

Dr. John J. Saville, the U.S. Indian agent at the Red Cloud Agency, observed in 1875 that the Oglala tribe was divided into three main groups: the Kiyuksa, the Oyuĥpe and the True Oglala. "Each of these bands are subdivided into smaller parties, variously named, usually designated by the name of their chief or leader."[11] As the Oglala were settled on the Pine Ridge Reservation in the late 1870s, their communities probably looked something like this:

Oyuȟpe Tiyóšpaye

  • True Oyuȟpe (Big Road's band). Other members include: Black Elk
  • Wakaŋ
  • Makaicu (Red Dog's band)

Oglala Tiyóšpaye

Kiyaksa Tiyóšpaye

Population

By 1830, the Oglala had around 3,000 members. In the 1820s and 1830s, the Oglala, along with the Brulé, another Lakota band, and three other Sioux bands, formed the Sioux Alliance. This Alliance attacked surrounding tribes for territorial and hunting reasons.

Culture

Gender roles

Historically, women have been critical to the family's life: making almost everything used by the family and tribe. They have cultivated and processed a variety of crops; prepared the food; prepared game and fish; worked skins to make clothing and footwear, as well as storage bags, the covering of tipis, and other items. Women have historically controlled the food, resources and movable property, as well as owned the family's home.[12]

Typically, in the Oglala Lakota society, the men are in charge of the politics of the tribe. The men are usually the chiefs for political affairs, war leaders and warriors, and hunters. Traditionally, when a man marries, he goes to live with his wife with her people.

Oglala flag

 
Oglala flag in use since 1961

First used in 1961, this flag was approved by the Oglala Sioux Tribal Council on March 9, 1962, as the flag of the Oglala Sioux Tribe (OST). The circle of nine tipi on the flag represent the nine districts of the reservation: Porcupine, Wakpamni, Medicine Root, Pass Creek, Eagle Nest, White Clay, LaCreek, Wounded Knee, and Pine Ridge. The red field represents the blood shed by the tribe in defense of their lands and an allegorical reference to the term "red man," by which they were referred to by European Americans. The blue represents the sky, as seen in all four cardinal directions during the worship of the Great Spirit, and the elements. It also represents the Lakota spiritual concept of heaven or "the Spirit World" to which departed tribal members go.[13] The flag pictured is the original not the current OST Flag.

Notable Oglala

 
Ola Mildred Rexroat, the only Native American pilot in the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP)

Leaders

Military personnel

Artists

Poets

Athletes

Performers

  • Albert Afraid of Hawk – member of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show who died and was buried in Danbury, Connecticut, while on tour in 1900. His remains were exhumed and re-interred on Pine Ridge Reservation in 2012.[15]

Culinary activists

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Pine Ridge Agency." 2013-02-17 at the Wayback Machine US Department of the Interior Indian Affairs. Retrieved 25 Feb 2013.
  2. ^ Pritzker 329
  3. ^ Pritzker 331
  4. ^ Pritzker 335
  5. ^ a b Pritzker 328
  6. ^ Means, Jeffrey D. (Autumn 2011). "'Indians SHALL DO THINGS in Common': Oglala Lakota Identity and Cattle-Raising on the Pine Ridge Reservation". Montana: The Magazine of Western History. 61 (3): 3–21, 91–93. JSTOR 23054756.
  7. ^ Fanny Kelly on her captivity among the Sioux Indians, Narrative of My Captivity Among the Sioux Indians by Fanny KELLY read by Tricia G. | Full Audio Book on YouTube, LibriVox Audiobooks.
  8. ^ Thompson, Darren (July 28, 2022). "Oglala Sioux Tribe Temporarily Suspends All Christian Missionary Work". Native News Online. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  9. ^ Crash, Tom (12 June 2008). "Oglala Lakota College opens their summer artist series". Lakota Times. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
  10. ^ Deloria, Ella (1944). Speaking of Indians. New York: Friendship Press. p. 25.
  11. ^ Saville, John J. (August 31, 1875). "To Commissioner of Indian Affairs". Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Indian Affairs, Government Printing Office: 250. Dr. Saville also listed a fourth band, the Wajaje, in his report, but while they were closely associated with the Oglala at that time, they were in fact Brulé.
  12. ^ LaFromboise, Teresa D.; Heyle, Anneliese M.; Ozer, Emily J. (1990). "Changing and diverse roles of women in American Indian cultures". Sex Roles. 22 (7–8): 455–476. doi:10.1007/bf00288164. S2CID 145685255.
  13. ^ Oglala Sioux Tribe, Official Website
  14. ^ "American Indian Heritage Month – Native American Women Veterans". Department of Defense.
  15. ^ "Albert Afraid of Hawk". Albert Afraid of Hawk. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  16. ^ "The Sioux Chef". The Sioux Chef. Retrieved 13 January 2019. From website ("Sean Sherman: Founder / CEO Chef"): "The Sioux Chef team continues with their mission statement to help educate and make indigenous foods more accessible to as many communities as possible."

References

  • Oglala Sioux Tribe: A Profile
  • Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1.

Further reading

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oglala Lakota.
  • Official Oglala Lakota Nation website
  • Oglala Lakota College
  • National Museum of the American Indian: Oglala Lakota art

January 06, 2023
oglala, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, schola. For other uses see Oglala disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Oglala news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Oglala pronounced oɡeˈlala meaning to scatter one s own in Lakota language 5 are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who along with the Dakota make up the Ochethi Sakowiŋ Seven Council Fires A majority of the Oglala live on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota the eighth largest Native American reservation in the United States OglalaTotal population46 855 enrolled tribal members 2013 1 Regions with significant populations United States South Dakota LanguagesLakota English 2 ReligionTraditional tribal religion Sun Dance 3 Native American Church Christianity 4 Related ethnic groupsother Lakota peoples Dakota Nakota 5 The Oglala are a federally recognized tribe whose official title is the Oglala Sioux Tribe previously called the Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation South Dakota However many Oglala reject the term Sioux due to the hypothesis among other possible theories that its origin may be a derogatory word meaning snake in the language of the Ojibwe who were among the historical enemies of the Lakota They are also known as Oglala Lakhota Oyate Contents 1 History 1 1 Conflict with the European settlers 1 2 Early reservation 1 3 2022 temporary Christian missions suspension 2 Social organization 2 1 Community Tiyospaye 2 2 Population 3 Culture 3 1 Gender roles 4 Oglala flag 5 Notable Oglala 5 1 Leaders 5 2 Military personnel 5 3 Artists 5 4 Poets 5 5 Athletes 5 6 Performers 5 7 Culinary activists 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistory EditOglala elders relate stories about the origin of the name Oglala and their emergence as a distinct group probably sometime in the 18th century Conflict with the European settlers Edit In the early 1800s Europeans passed through Lakota territory in greater and greater numbers They sought furs especially beaver fur at first and later buffalo fur The trade in fur changed the Oglala economy and way of life 1868 brought the Fort Laramie Treaty and in its wake the Oglala became increasingly polarized over this question How should they react to continued American encroachment on their territory This treaty forfeited large amounts of Oglala to the United States in exchange for food and other necessities 6 Some bands turned to the Indian agencies forerunners to the Indian reservations where they received beef and other rations from the US government Other bands held fast to traditional ways of life Many bands moved between these two extremes coming in to the agencies during the winter and joining their relatives in the north each spring These challenges further split the various Oglala bands The influx of white immigrant pioneers into the Idaho Territory often meant passing through Oglala territory and occasionally brought with it its perils as described by Fanny Kelly in 1871 in her book entitled Narrative of My Captivity among the Sioux Indians 7 Early reservation Edit The Great Sioux Reservation was broken up into five portions This caused the Red Cloud Agency to be moved multiple times throughout the 1870s until it was relocated and renamed the Pine Ridge Reservation in 1878 By 1890 the reservation included 5 537 people divided into a number of districts that included some 30 distinct communities 2022 temporary Christian missions suspension Edit In July 2022 the Oglala Sioux Tribal Council effected a temporary suspension of Christian missions on the Pine Ridge Reservation The council called for an investigation into the financial practices of the Dream Center Missionary and the Jesus is King Mission was ejected from the reservation for spreading pamphlets that the tribe characterized as hateful 8 Social organization Edit Kevin Pourier an Oglala Lakota jeweler and sculptor whose medium is buffalo horn 9 The Wake Singers band of Oglala Lakota musicians The respected Oglala elder Left Heron once explained that before the coming of the White Buffalo Calf Woman the people ran around the prairie like so many wild animals not understanding the central importance of community Left Heron emphasized that not only did this revered spirit woman bring the Sacred Pipe to the tribe but she also taught the Lakota people many valuable lessons including the importance of family tiwahe and community tiyospaye The goal of promoting these two values then became a priority and in the words of Dakota anthropologist Ella Cara Deloria every other consideration was secondary property personal ambition glory good times life itself Without that aim and the constant struggle to attain it the people would no longer be Dakotas in truth They would no longer even be human 10 This strong and enduring connection between related families profoundly influenced Oglala history Community Tiyospaye Edit Dr John J Saville the U S Indian agent at the Red Cloud Agency observed in 1875 that the Oglala tribe was divided into three main groups the Kiyuksa the Oyuĥpe and the True Oglala Each of these bands are subdivided into smaller parties variously named usually designated by the name of their chief or leader 11 As the Oglala were settled on the Pine Ridge Reservation in the late 1870s their communities probably looked something like this Oyuȟpe Tiyospaye True Oyuȟpe Big Road s band Other members include Black Elk Wakaŋ Makaicu Red Dog s band Oglala Tiyospaye True Oglala Caŋkahuȟaŋ He Dog s band Other members include Short Bull Amos Bad Heart Bull Hokayuta Black Twin s band Huŋkpatila Little Hawk and Crazy Horse s band Ite sicA Red Cloud s band Payabya Young Man Afraid of His Horses s band Wagluȟe Chief Blue Horse American Horse and Three Bear s band Kiyaksa Tiyospaye True Kiyaksa Kuinyan Little Wound s band Tapisleca Yellow Bear s band Population Edit By 1830 the Oglala had around 3 000 members In the 1820s and 1830s the Oglala along with the Brule another Lakota band and three other Sioux bands formed the Sioux Alliance This Alliance attacked surrounding tribes for territorial and hunting reasons Culture EditGender roles Edit Historically women have been critical to the family s life making almost everything used by the family and tribe They have cultivated and processed a variety of crops prepared the food prepared game and fish worked skins to make clothing and footwear as well as storage bags the covering of tipis and other items Women have historically controlled the food resources and movable property as well as owned the family s home 12 Typically in the Oglala Lakota society the men are in charge of the politics of the tribe The men are usually the chiefs for political affairs war leaders and warriors and hunters Traditionally when a man marries he goes to live with his wife with her people Oglala flag Edit Oglala flag in use since 1961 First used in 1961 this flag was approved by the Oglala Sioux Tribal Council on March 9 1962 as the flag of the Oglala Sioux Tribe OST The circle of nine tipi on the flag represent the nine districts of the reservation Porcupine Wakpamni Medicine Root Pass Creek Eagle Nest White Clay LaCreek Wounded Knee and Pine Ridge The red field represents the blood shed by the tribe in defense of their lands and an allegorical reference to the term red man by which they were referred to by European Americans The blue represents the sky as seen in all four cardinal directions during the worship of the Great Spirit and the elements It also represents the Lakota spiritual concept of heaven or the Spirit World to which departed tribal members go 13 The flag pictured is the original not the current OST Flag Notable Oglala Edit American Horse The Younger Ola Mildred Rexroat the only Native American pilot in the Women Airforce Service Pilots WASP Leaders Edit American Horse The Younger American Horse The Elder Bryan Brewer Crazy Horse Crow Dog Kangisanka Kicking Bear Little Wound Old Chief Smoke Sota Red Cloud Iron Tail Flying Hawk Big Mouth Cecilia Fire Thunder Theresa Two Bulls Young Man Afraid of His Horses Black Elk Red Shirt Oglala Luther Standing Bear Henry Standing Bear Russell Means Oyate Wacinyapin John Yellow Bird Steele Steve LivermontMilitary personnel Edit Ed McGaa Korean and Vietnam War veteran Ola Mildred Rexroat WASP World War II 14 Artists Edit Imogene Goodshot Arquero beadwork artist Arthur Amiotte mixed media artist Amos Bad Heart Bull Kicking Bear ledger artistPoets Edit Layli Long SoldierAthletes Edit Billy Mills Olympic champion 1964 Teton Saltes professional football player signed by the New York Jets of the NFL 2021 Performers Edit Albert Afraid of Hawk member of Buffalo Bill s Wild West Show who died and was buried in Danbury Connecticut while on tour in 1900 His remains were exhumed and re interred on Pine Ridge Reservation in 2012 15 Culinary activists Edit Sean Sherman Pine Ridge South Dakota co author of The Sioux Chef s Indigenous Kitchen 16 See also EditSicaŋǧu Brule Burned Thighs Itazipco Sans Arc No Bows Huŋkpapa End of Village Miniconjou Swamp Plant Sihasapa Blackfoot Sioux O ohenuŋpa Two Kettles Four GunsNotes Edit Pine Ridge Agency Archived 2013 02 17 at the Wayback Machine US Department of the Interior Indian Affairs Retrieved 25 Feb 2013 Pritzker 329 Pritzker 331 Pritzker 335 a b Pritzker 328 Means Jeffrey D Autumn 2011 Indians SHALL DO THINGS in Common Oglala Lakota Identity and Cattle Raising on the Pine Ridge Reservation Montana The Magazine of Western History 61 3 3 21 91 93 JSTOR 23054756 Fanny Kelly on her captivity among the Sioux Indians Narrative of My Captivity Among the Sioux Indians by Fanny KELLY read by Tricia G Full Audio Book on YouTube LibriVox Audiobooks Thompson Darren July 28 2022 Oglala Sioux Tribe Temporarily Suspends All Christian Missionary Work Native News Online Retrieved December 23 2022 Crash Tom 12 June 2008 Oglala Lakota College opens their summer artist series Lakota Times Retrieved 21 December 2009 Deloria Ella 1944 Speaking of Indians New York Friendship Press p 25 Saville John J August 31 1875 To Commissioner of Indian Affairs Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs Washington D C Bureau of Indian Affairs Government Printing Office 250 Dr Saville also listed a fourth band the Wajaje in his report but while they were closely associated with the Oglala at that time they were in fact Brule LaFromboise Teresa D Heyle Anneliese M Ozer Emily J 1990 Changing and diverse roles of women in American Indian cultures Sex Roles 22 7 8 455 476 doi 10 1007 bf00288164 S2CID 145685255 Oglala Sioux Tribe Official Website American Indian Heritage Month Native American Women Veterans Department of Defense Albert Afraid of Hawk Albert Afraid of Hawk Retrieved 3 February 2017 The Sioux Chef The Sioux Chef Retrieved 13 January 2019 From website Sean Sherman Founder CEO Chef The Sioux Chef team continues with their mission statement to help educate and make indigenous foods more accessible to as many communities as possible References EditOglala Sioux Tribe A Profile Pritzker Barry M A Native American Encyclopedia History Culture and Peoples Oxford Oxford University Press 2000 ISBN 978 0 19 513877 1 Further reading EditRuling Pine Ridge Oglala Lakota Politics from the IRA to Wounded Knee Texas Tech University Press Black Elk Speaks Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux University of Nebraska PressExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oglala Lakota Official Oglala Lakota Nation website Oglala Lakota College National Museum of the American Indian Oglala Lakota art Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Oglala amp oldid 1129130846, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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