Ḫaldi (d,Ḫaldi, also known as Khaldi) was one of the three chief deities of Urartu (Urarat/Ararat Kingdom) along with Teisheba and Shivini. He was a warrior god to whom the kings of Urartu would pray for victories in battle. Ḫaldi was portrayed as a man with or without wings, standing on a lion.[3]
His principle shrine was at Ardini (Muṣaṣir). The temples dedicated to Khaldi were adorned with weapons such as swords, spears, bows and arrows, and shields hung from the walls and were sometimes known as "the house of weapons".[3]
Column base; the god Khaldi stands on a lion, holding in his left hand a bowl and in his right hand a spearhead (or a plant) Reign of King Rusa II (685–645 BCE); Urartu; Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara
According to Urartologist Paul Zimansky, Haldi was not a native Urartian god but apparently an obscure Akkadian deity (which explains the location of the main temple of worship for Haldi in Musasir, believed to be near modern Rawandiz, Iraq).[4] Haldi was not initially worshipped by Urartians, at least as their chief god, as his cult does not appear to have been introduced until the reign of Ishpuini.[4]
Ḫaldi, written in cuneiform
According to Michael C. Astour, Haldi could be etymologically related to the Hurrian word "heldi", meaning "high".[5] An alternate theory postulates that the name could be of Indo-European (possibly Helleno-Armenian) or Old Armenian origin, meaning "sun god" (compare with Hellenic Helios and Roman Sol). The Urartian Kings used to erect steles dedicated to Ḫaldi in which they inscribed the successes of their military campaigns, the buildings built, and also the agricultural activities that took place during their reign.[6]
He was the primary god of the most prominent group of Urartian tribes, which eventually evolved into the Armenian nation. Some sources claim that the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenians, Hayk, is derived from Ḫaldi, but other theories about the etymology of Hayk are more widely accepted.[7]
Haldi's depiction in Uratian art has been the subject of confusion, and as of 2012 no images of him explicitly labelled as such were known. In 1963, Margarete Riemschneider proposed that Haldi was "pictureless" and never depicted in Uratian imagery, and suggested that he was symbolized by a lance. Zimansky in 2012 wrote that he had been a skeptic of this theory, but "I think it unlikely that the paucity of securely identified depictions of Haldi can be due entirely to the poverty of secure identifications in Uratian art generally" and suggested that one image, of a man surrounded by flames leading a pantheon of gods into battle, might represent the king: a "mortal agent...empowered by the divine".[8]
^ abc"Haldi (ancient god)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
^ abZimansky, Paul (2012). "Imagining Haldi". Stories of Long Ago: Festschrift Fur Michael Roaf: 714.
^ abAstour, Michael C. (1987). Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians. p. 48. ISBN9780931464089 – via Google Books.
^Çiftçi, Ali (2017). The Socio-Economic Organisation of the Urartian Kingdom. Brill. p. 228. ISBN9789004347588.
^Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2000–2005). The heritage of Armenian literature. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 65. ISBN0814328156. OCLC 42477084. Hayk, the legendary archer, has been part of Armenian culture and history since time immemorial.[¶] Hayk is considered the patriarch of the Armenians, and is indeed for this reason that Armenians call themselves Hay (pronounced haï). Hayk derives from the Urartian deity Khaldi, whose divide attributes he originally assumed with the constellation Orion. The well-known epic of Hayk's fight against Bell provides substantial proof that Hayk and his people stood up against Bel and halted the unrestrained influx of Semitic peoples from the south.
^Zimansky, Paul (January 2012). "Imagining Haldi". Stories of Long Ago: Festschrift fur Michael Roaf. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
Piotrovsky, Boris B. (1969). The Ancient Civilization of Urartu: An archaeological adventure. Cowles Book Co. ISBN0-214-66793-6.
Ḫaldi, confused, with, khaldi, people, also, known, khaldi, three, chief, deities, urartu, urarat, ararat, kingdom, along, with, teisheba, shivini, warrior, whom, kings, urartu, would, pray, victories, battle, portrayed, with, without, wings, standing, lion, s. Not to be confused with Khaldi people Ḫaldi d Ḫaldi also known as Khaldi was one of the three chief deities of Urartu Urarat Ararat Kingdom along with Teisheba and Shivini He was a warrior god to whom the kings of Urartu would pray for victories in battle Ḫaldi was portrayed as a man with or without wings standing on a lion 3 ḪaldiSupreme and war godPossible depiction of the Araratian god Khaldi standing on a lion Erebuni Fortress Museum Yerevan ArmeniaOther namesKhaldiAffiliationUrartian mythology Theispas ShiviniAbodeUrartuSymbolLionPersonal informationChildrenArdinis 1 2 His principle shrine was at Ardini Muṣaṣir The temples dedicated to Khaldi were adorned with weapons such as swords spears bows and arrows and shields hung from the walls and were sometimes known as the house of weapons 3 Column base the god Khaldi stands on a lion holding in his left hand a bowl and in his right hand a spearhead or a plant Reign of King Rusa II 685 645 BCE Urartu Museum of Anatolian Civilizations AnkaraContents 1 History 2 Mythology 3 Gallery 4 ReferencesHistory EditAccording to Urartologist Paul Zimansky Haldi was not a native Urartian god but apparently an obscure Akkadian deity which explains the location of the main temple of worship for Haldi in Musasir believed to be near modern Rawandiz Iraq 4 Haldi was not initially worshipped by Urartians at least as their chief god as his cult does not appear to have been introduced until the reign of Ishpuini 4 nbsp Ḫaldi written in cuneiformAccording to Michael C Astour Haldi could be etymologically related to the Hurrian word heldi meaning high 5 An alternate theory postulates that the name could be of Indo European possibly Helleno Armenian or Old Armenian origin meaning sun god compare with Hellenic Helios and Roman Sol The Urartian Kings used to erect steles dedicated to Ḫaldi in which they inscribed the successes of their military campaigns the buildings built and also the agricultural activities that took place during their reign 6 Mythology EditAlong with Ḫaldi of Ardini the other two chief deities of Urartu were Theispas of Kumenu and Shivini of Tushpa 5 Of all the gods of the Urartian pantheon the most inscriptions are dedicated to Ḫaldi citation needed His wife was the goddess Arubani and or the goddess Bagvarti 3 He was the primary god of the most prominent group of Urartian tribes which eventually evolved into the Armenian nation Some sources claim that the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenians Hayk is derived from Ḫaldi but other theories about the etymology of Hayk are more widely accepted 7 Haldi s depiction in Uratian art has been the subject of confusion and as of 2012 no images of him explicitly labelled as such were known In 1963 Margarete Riemschneider proposed that Haldi was pictureless and never depicted in Uratian imagery and suggested that he was symbolized by a lance Zimansky in 2012 wrote that he had been a skeptic of this theory but I think it unlikely that the paucity of securely identified depictions of Haldi can be due entirely to the poverty of secure identifications in Uratian art generally and suggested that one image of a man surrounded by flames leading a pantheon of gods into battle might represent the king a mortal agent empowered by the divine 8 Gallery Edit nbsp Khaldi s temple in Erebuni 782 BCE nbsp Khaldi god standing on a lion Armenian postage stamp 1993 nbsp Urartu God Chaldi nbsp nbsp nbsp Erebuni Fortress nbsp Erebuni Fortress nbsp Erywan Erebuni Fortress nbsp Erebuni pattern nbsp Modern Armenian reproduction nbsp Urartian CarcanetReferences Edit Sayce A H 1908 Armenia Vannic In Hastings James ed Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics Vol 1 pp 793 794 iarchive encyclopaediaofr01hastuoft Ananikian Mardiros H 1908 Armenia Zoroastrian In Hastings James ed Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics Vol 1 pp 794 802 iarchive encyclopaediaofr01hastuoft a b c Haldi ancient god Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 25 November 2015 a b Zimansky Paul 2012 Imagining Haldi Stories of Long Ago Festschrift Fur Michael Roaf 714 a b Astour Michael C 1987 Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians p 48 ISBN 9780931464089 via Google Books Ciftci Ali 2017 The Socio Economic Organisation of the Urartian Kingdom Brill p 228 ISBN 9789004347588 Hacikyan Agop Jack Basmajian Gabriel Franchuk Edward S Ouzounian Nourhan 2000 2005 The heritage of Armenian literature Detroit Wayne State University Press pp 65 ISBN 0814328156 OCLC 42477084 Hayk the legendary archer has been part of Armenian culture and history since time immemorial Hayk is considered the patriarch of the Armenians and is indeed for this reason that Armenians call themselves Hay pronounced hai Hayk derives from the Urartian deity Khaldi whose divide attributes he originally assumed with the constellation Orion The well known epic of Hayk s fight against Bell provides substantial proof that Hayk and his people stood up against Bel and halted the unrestrained influx of Semitic peoples from the south Zimansky Paul January 2012 Imagining Haldi Stories of Long Ago Festschrift fur Michael Roaf Retrieved 28 August 2020 Piotrovsky Boris B 1969 The Ancient Civilization of Urartu An archaeological adventure Cowles Book Co ISBN 0 214 66793 6 Portals nbsp Mythology nbsp Asia nbsp This article relating to a myth or legend from the ancient Middle East is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This Ancient Near East biographical article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp nbsp This Armenian history related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ḫaldi amp oldid 1172456731, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
