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Wikipedia

Anti-Defamation League

December 04, 2023

For other uses, see Anti-Defamation League (disambiguation).

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL), formerly known as the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith,[a] is a New York-based international Jewish non-governmental organization and advocacy group[4][5] that specializes in civil rights law and combats antisemitism and extremism.[6][7]

Anti-Defamation League
FormationSeptember 1913; 110 years ago (1913-09)
FounderSigmund Livingston
TypeCivil rights advocacy group
13-1818723 (EIN)[1]
Legal status501(c)(3) organization
HeadquartersNew York City, New York, US
Chair
Ben Sax
CEO
Jonathan Greenblatt
Revenue (2021)
$101.1 million[2]
Expenses (2021)$81.5 million[2]
Staff (2021)
501[2]
Volunteers (2021)
3,500[2]
Websiteadl.org
Formerly called
Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith

It was founded in late September 1913 by the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith, a Jewish service organization, in the wake of the contentious murder conviction of Leo Frank. ADL subsequently split from B'nai B'rith and continued as an independent US section 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Its current CEO is Jonathan Greenblatt. ADL headquarters are located in Murray Hill, in the New York City borough of Manhattan. The ADL has 25 regional offices in the United States[8] including a Government Relations Office in Washington, DC, as well as an office in Israel and staff in Europe.[9] In its 2019 annual information Form 990, ADL reported total revenues of $92 million, the vast majority from contributions and grants.[10] Its total operating revenue is reported at $80.9 million.[11]

In an early campaign, ADL and allied groups pressured the automaker Henry Ford, who had published virulently antisemitic propaganda.[12][6] In the 1930s, ADL worked with the American Jewish Committee (AJC) to oppose pro-Nazi activity in the United States.[13][7] It opposed McCarthyism during the Cold War,[6] and campaigned for major civil rights legislation in the 1960s.[6][7] In the 1980s, it was involved in propaganda against Nelson Mandela of South Africa before embracing him the following decade.[14][15] The ADL did not recognize the Armenian genocide until 2007, instead calling it a "massacre" and an "atrocity" in years prior.[16][17] As a pro-Israel group, the ADL has opposed views critical of the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, bringing it into conflict with activists sympathetic towards the Palestinians.[18][7] The ADL is a proponent of the idea of new antisemitism[19] that includes anti-Zionism;[20] the latter's inclusion has been the subject of debate.[21]

History

In its early decades, the ADL benefited from being among the few highly centralized Jewish community relations organizations alongside the American Jewish Committee and American Jewish Congress. This characteristic gave these three organizations greater influence on the national Jewish community at a time when most local congregations and organizations were splintered, with little outreach to the broader community. By the 1970s, decentralization yielded greater influence. By this point the ADL had succeeded in developing local branches, though the central office remained significant even in terms of local branch activities.[22]

Origins

The ADL was founded in late September 1913 by B'nai B'rith, with Sigmund Livingston as its first leader.[23] Initially the league largely represented Midwestern and Southern Jews concerned with antagonistic portrayals of Jews in popular culture along with social and economic discrimination.[24] In 1913, Atlanta B'nai B'rith President Leo Frank was convicted of the murder of a 13-year-old employee at a factory where he was superintendent; historians today generally consider Frank to have been innocent.[25] Jewish leadership viewed Frank as having been wrongly prosecuted and convicted because of local antisemitism and agitation by some of the local press.[26][27] The role that prejudice played in Frank's conviction was mentioned by Adolf Kraus when he announced the creation of the ADL.[28][29][30] According to historians, ADL's early strategy would be to pressure newspapers, theaters, and other businesses seen as defaming or discriminating against Jews; proposed methods included boycotts and pressuring advertisers, and it also considered demanding prior reviews of theater productions for antisemitism.[27] After Georgia's outgoing governor commuted Frank's death sentence to life imprisonment in 1915, a lynch mob abducted Frank from prison and killed him.[25] Frank was granted a posthumous pardon from Georgia in 1986 after ADL requests.[25]

1920s through 1960s

See also: Jews in the civil rights movement

The historian Leonard Dinnerstein writes that until after World War II, the ADL had limited impact, particularly less than the American Jewish Committee (AJC).[24] One of the ADL's early campaigns occurred in the 1920s when it organized a media effort and consumer boycott against The Dearborn Independent, a publication published by American automobile industrialist Henry Ford. The publication contained virulently antisemitic articles and quoted heavily from The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an antisemitic hoax. The ADL and allied organizations pressured Ford until he issued an apology in 1927.[12]

In 1933 the ADL moved offices to Chicago and Richard E. Gutstadt became director of national activities. With the change in leadership, the ADL shifted from Livingston's reactive responses to antisemitic action to a much more aggressive policy.[31]

During the 1930s, ADL, along with the AJC, coordinated American Jewish groups across the country in monitoring the activities of the German-American Bund and its pro-Nazi, nativist allies in the United States. In many instances, these community-based defense organizations paid informants to infiltrate these groups and report on what they discovered. The longest-lived and most effective of these American Jewish resistance organizations was the Los Angeles Jewish Community Committee (LAJCC), which was backed financially by the Jewish leaders of the motion picture industry. The day-to-day operations of the LAJCC were supervised by a Jewish attorney, Leon L. Lewis. Lewis was uniquely qualified to combat the rise of Nazism in Los Angeles, having served as the first national secretary of the Anti-Defamation League in Chicago from 1925 to 1931. From 1934 to 1941, the LAJCC maintained its undercover surveillance of the German-American Bund, the Silver Shirts and dozens of other pro-Nazi, nativist groups that operated in Los Angeles. Partnering with the American Legion in Los Angeles, the LAJCC channeled eyewitness accounts of sedition on to federal authorities. Working with the ADL, Leon Lewis and the LAJCC played a strategic role in counseling the McCormack-Dickstein Committee investigation of Nazi propaganda activities in the United States (1934) and the Dies Committee investigation of "un-American activities" (1938–1940). In their final reports to Congress, both committees found that the sudden rise in political antisemitism in the United States during the decade was due, in part, to the German government's support of these domestic groups.[32][13]

Paralleling its infiltration efforts, the ADL continued its attempts to reduce antisemitic caricatures in the media. Much like the NAACP, it chose a non-confrontational approach, attempting to build long-lasting relationships and avoid backlash. The ADL requested its members avoid public confrontation, instead directing them to send letters to the media and advertising companies that included antisemitic or racist references in screening copies of their books and movies. This strategy kept the campaigns out of the public eye and instead emphasized the development of a relationship with companies.[33]

The ADL opposed red-baiting and McCarthyism in the 1950s.[6] The ADL campaigned for civil rights legislation including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[7]

1970s and 1980s

In 1973, Nathan Perlmutter took the role of national director, serving until his death in 1987.[34] Under the tenure of Perlmutter and his 1978–1983 co-director of interreligious affairs Yechiel Eckstein, the ADL shifted its approach to the evangelical Christian movement. Through the 60s and early 70s, the ADL had conflicted with the American Jewish Congress over their collaborations with evangelicals. Perlmutter and Eckstein changed this orientation, increasing collaborations and developing long-lasting lines of communication between the ADL and evangelical groups. This collaboration continued under the Foxman administration.[35]

Since the 1970s, the ADL has partnered with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) field offices, sharing information learned from the monitoring of extremist groups.[36]

In 1977 the ADL opened a headquarters in Jerusalem.[37][better source needed]

It opposed an anti-Mormon film called The God Makers in 1982, viewing it a challenge to religious freedom.[6]

1990s

The ADL released a 1991 report observing an increase in the use of public access television stations by extremist groups. The report came in the wake of the trial of Tom Metzger, a white supremacist leader found guilty of inciting a murder via his public access TV station.[38]

San Francisco police searched two offices of the ADL in April 1993, suspecting it of having monitored thousands of activists; in the search, they confiscated police records including fingerprints and copies of confidential reports, according to court documents.[39] The San Francisco district attorney considered indictments, but settled with the ADL in November 1993 in exchange for the ADL paying $75,000 for use fighting hate crimes.[40][41] During the investigation, a private investigator hired by the ADL, Roy H. Bullock, told police he had tracked skinheads, white supremacists, Arab Americans and critics of Israel. In court documents, state officials said that the ADL conspired to obtain the confidential police material, a felony in California, and that the ADL had violated state tax laws by paying Bullock through a lawyer.[39] The court documents said ADL had a network of sympathetic police officers sharing data, and that investigators had questioned police about free sponsored trips to Israel they received from the ADL. The ADL's Foxman contended that the ADL had a right to use the police information to combat antisemitism, and he argued in an interview that allegations that the ADL acted as an agent for Israel were antisemitic.[39]

News of the investigation led Arab Americans listed in the ADL's files to sue the ADL, contending invasion of privacy and the forwarding of confidential information to Israel and South Africa.[42] In 1996, ADL settled the federal civil lawsuit filed by groups representing African Americans and Arab Americans. The ADL did not admit any wrongdoing but agreed to a restraining injunction barring it from obtaining information from state employees who cannot legally disclose such information.[43] The ADL agreed to contribute $25,000 to a fund that funds inter-community relationship projects, and cover the plaintiffs' legal costs of $175,000.[43][44][45] It settled with three remaining plaintiffs in 2002 for $178,000.[40]

In 1994, ADL became embroiled in a dispute between neighbors in Denver, Colorado. One neighbor recorded private telephone conversations of the other on advice of the ADL after reporting antisemitic remarks to the ADL made by these neighbors heard via a police scanner.[46] Neither the Aronsons nor ADL were aware that Congress had amended federal wiretap law which made it illegal to record conversations from a cordless telephone, to transcribe the material, and to use the transcriptions for any purpose. These recordings were used as basis for a federal civil lawsuit against the family, and ADL Regional Director Saul Rosenthal described the remarks as part of a "vicious antisemitic campaign". This led to the family being ridiculed and excluded in their community and to career damage.[47][48] All charges against the couple were dropped in 2000 due to changes in federal wiretapping law making recording of cordless phone conversations illegal, a fact about which the ADL and the attorneys in the case were unaware. The jury awarded the couple $10 million in damages.[49]

This was the first-ever verdict against the ADL. Only once before had the League been subject to a defamation trial, a case it won in 1984. Other cases were dismissed before reaching trial.[49] The ADL appealed the case to a superior court, which upheld the verdict, and the Supreme Court ultimately declined to take the case. The ADL paid the original $10 million plus interest in 2004.[50]

2000s

In 2003, the ADL opposed an advertising campaign by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) called "Holocaust on Your Plate" that compared animals killed in the meat industry to victims of the Holocaust.[51] In 2005, PETA apologized for causing distress to the Jewish community through the campaign, though in 2008, the Chief Rabbinate announced that it was planning to gradually phase out the use of the "shackle and hoist" method of kosher slaughter in Israel and South America, in part in response to pressure from PETA.[52]

As of 2007, the ADL said it was archiving MySpace pages associated with white supremacists as part of its effort to track extremism.[53]

The ADL opposed 2008 California Proposition 8, a ballot successful initiative that banned same-sex marriage. It did so alongside Jewish organizations, including the National Council of Jewish Women and the Progressive Jewish Alliance.[54] The ADL filed amicus briefs urging the Supreme Court of California, Ninth Circuit, and the Supreme Court to invalidate Prop 8.[55] In 2015, the ADL opposed the State Religious Freedom Restoration Acts, state laws that used the United States Supreme Court decision in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. recognizing a for-profit corporation's claim of religious belief. The ADL opposed these laws out of concern they largely targeted LGBT people or denied access to contraceptives to employees of religiously owned businesses.[56]

The ADL split from B'nai B'rith in 2009 and went independent, dropping the reference to the other organization in its name.[3]

2010s

The ADL was one of the groups that opposed the Shelby County v. Holder decision by the Supreme Court in 2013 to strike down a portion of the Voting Rights Act. The court's decision ended the portion of the law that required states with a history of discrimination to undergo federal scrutiny for election rules.[57][58]

In November 2014, the organization announced that Jonathan Greenblatt, a former Silicon Valley tech executive and former Obama administration official who had not operated within the Jewish communal organization world prior to his hiring, would succeed Abraham Foxman as national director in July 2015.[59] Foxman had served as national director since 1987. The ADL board of directors renewed Greenblatt's contract as CEO and national director in fall 2020 for a second five-year term. The national chair of the governing board of directors is Esta Gordon Epstein; elected in late 2018 for a three-year term, she is the second woman to hold the organization's top volunteer leadership post.[60][61]

ADL repeatedly accused Donald Trump, when he was a presidential candidate in 2016, of making use of antisemitic tropes or otherwise exploiting divisive and bigoted rhetoric during the 2016 presidential election campaign.[62] The ADL accused President Trump of politicizing charges of antisemitism for partisan purposes,[63] and for continued use of antisemitic tropes.[64]

In mid-2018, ADL raised concerns over President Donald Trump's nomination of then-DC Circuit Court of Appeals judge Brett Kavanaugh as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.[65] Subsequently, in another move that enraged many on the right, ADL called for the resignation or firing of Trump administration official Stephen Miller, the architect of the administration's immigration policy, on the basis of his association with white supremacists.[66][67]

The ADL says it has participated in YouTube's Trusted Flagger program and has encouraged YouTube to remove videos that they flag as hate speech, citing the need to "fight against terrorist use of online resources and cyberhate."[68] The ADL's Center on Technology and Society launched a survey in 2019 exploring online harassment in video games. It found that the majority of surveyed players experienced severe harassment of some kind, and the ADL recommended increased content moderation from game companies and governments. On the other hand, the survey found that over half of players experienced some form of positive community in video games. A separate, earlier survey of the general population found that around a third of people have experienced some form of online harassment.[69]

In July 2017, ADL announced that they would be developing profiles on 36 alt-right and alt-lite leaders.[70][71] In 2019 and 2020 ADL executives and staff testified multiple times in front of Congressional committees concerning the dangers of right-wing domestic extremists, noting that the large majority of extremist murders in the United States over the past decade had been committed by white supremacists.[72][73][failed verification]

2020s

In 2020, ADL joined with the NAACP, Color of Change, LULAC, Free Press, the National Hispanic Media Coalition and other organizations in the Stop Hate For Profit campaign.[74] The campaign targeted online hate on Facebook, with over 1000 businesses pausing their ad buys on Facebook for a month. Subsequently, in September 2020, the campaign organized celebrity supporters including Sacha Baron Cohen, Kim Kardashian, and Mark Ruffalo.[75][76]

In 2020, the ADL trained staff to edit Wikipedia pages, but after the project caused Wikipedia editors to criticize this as a conflict of interest, the ADL said it suspended the project in April 2021. The ADL is considered a reliable source on Wikipedia, and the ADL said its staff complied with Wikipedia policies by disclosing their affiliations, but some Wikipedia editors objected that the project cited ADL sources disproportionately and did not reflect the volunteer spirit of the website, especially in heavily editing its own Wikipedia article.[77]

In early January 2021, the ADL called for the removal of Donald Trump as president in response to the storming of the United States Capitol and described the relationship of the storming of the Capitol to the far-right and antisemitic groups.[78]

In April 2021, Jonathan Greenblatt released a letter calling on the right-wing American network Fox News to drop commentator Tucker Carlson from its lineup, saying that Carlson had espoused the white genocide conspiracy theory on his show.[79][80] This call appeared shortly after research indicating that many who participated in the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol had been influenced by this conspiracy theory.[80] The ADL again called for Carlson to be fired in September 2021 following Carlson expressing support for the great replacement theory.[81] Carlson responded, saying "Fuck them" regarding the ADL, describing the ADL's call as politically motivated and defending his statements.[81][82] In 2023, Fox dropped Carlson, a move welcomed by ADL leadership.[83][84]

In November 2022, ADL acquired JLens, a pro-Israel advocacy group started in 2012 which campaigns against incentives for economic disengagement with Israel in environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) investing guidelines. Jlens publishes company rankings based on participation in boycotts of Israel and publishes guidelines on investing used by around 30 Jewish companies with portfolios totaling around $200 million. JLens launched a campaign criticizing Morningstar, Inc.), a campaign the ADL collaborated on prior to the 2020 acquisition. The ADL said it would contribute funding to Jlens.[85][86]

The ADL tracked rapid growth in hate speech and harassment on Twitter after Elon Musk bought the social network in 2022.[87][88] In early September 2023, Musk liked and replied to a tweet by a self-described "raging antisemite", Keith Woods, that called for banning the ADL from X, which was Twitter's new name under Musk.[87][89][90] Musk also accused the ADL of defamation and threatened to sue it, writing that advertising revenue was "still down 60%, primarily due to pressure on advertisers by @ADL (that’s what advertisers tell us), so they almost succeeded in killing X/Twitter!" The ADL said as matter of policy it did not comment on legal threats, but that it had recently met with X leadership including CEO Linda Yaccarino, who had thanked the ADL's CEO on the platform.[88] Greenblatt later praised Musk after he announced policy banning phrases such as "decolonization" and "from the river to the sea" on Twitter.[91][92][93]

In November 2023 during the Israel-Hamas war, the ADL classified anti-war protest events led by Jewish groups including Jewish Voice for Peace and IfNotNow as "anti-Israel", adding the protests to a database documenting rising antisemitism in the US. The ADL told The Intercept that it did not consider the protests antisemitic, but Greenblatt labelled the protesting groups as hate groups.[94] Former staff told the The Daily Beast in 2023 of dissent within the ADL over the increasing equation of anti-Zionism and antisemitism, and over Greenblatt's calls for bans and investigations of pro-Palestinian organizations that he alleged had supported terrorist groups.[95][96]

Political positions

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

The ADL is described as a pro-Israel group.[97] It says it supports Israel as a Jewish and democratic state.[98] It says it supports a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, arguing that in a one-state solution, "demographic realities would lead to the effective end of a Jewish State of Israel."[99][non-primary source needed]

The organization opposed the 1975 United Nations resolution (revoked in 1991) which stated in the resolution that "Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination",[100][non-primary source needed] and attempts to revive that formulation at the 2001 U.N. World Conference Against Racism in Durban, South Africa.[101][non-primary source needed] In a 2022 speech, Greenblatt said that "anti-Zionism is antisemitism"; The Times of Israel noted that the "speech marked a rare moment of the organization unequivocally stating that anti-Zionism is an expression of antisemitism."[102][103]

Israel boycotts and the BDS movement

While ADL was a lead supporter of Congressional legislation prohibiting US individuals and businesses from joining "unsanctioned boycotts" such as the 1970s Arab League Boycott against Israel,[104] it has taken a different, case-by-case approach to state anti-BDS laws more recently enacted in response to the BDS movement. Several of these laws, which seek to prohibit state agencies and instrumentalities from investing in companies that boycott Israel and from entering into contracts with entities that boycott Israel, have been successfully challenged in the courts. The legal challenges have primarily been brought by the ACLU and CAIR on First Amendment constitutional grounds.[105][106] ADL generally has not publicly supported laws it felt were constitutionally suspect under the First Amendment, both for legal reasons and because the organization believed that such laws, even if what ADL describes as "well-intentioned", were not an effective means of combating the BDS movement.[107] However, as a general matter the organization also has not publicly opposed such state laws, preferring to work behind the scenes to try to make such laws less infirm under the Constitution or to propose non-binding resolutions opposing BDS. A possible division of internal views in ADL was disclosed when the liberal Jewish publication, The Forward, published ostensible leaked internal ADL staff memos dating from 2016 that opposed the anti-boycott laws.[108] ADL did not comment directly on the leaked memos, but the statement it issued in response appeared to acknowledge both that there were sharply divided views within the organization and that the organization did not try to suppress internal robust discussion.[108]

In 2010, ADL published a list of the "ten leading organizations responsible for maligning Israel in the US," which has included ANSWER, the International Solidarity Movement, and Jewish Voice for Peace for its call for BDS.[109] The ADL published a similar list in 2013.[110]

Alongside similar statements from StandWithUs and American Jewish Committee representatives, the ADL's Greenblatt condemned the United Nations Human Rights Council's (UNHRC) list of companies doing business with Jewish settlements in Israeli-run territories (West Bank, East Jerusalem, Golan Heights), issued in February 2020, calling it a "blacklist".[111]

Circumcision

ADL has opposed efforts in the US and in Europe to ban circumcision of minors on the grounds of parental and religious freedom, citing the importance of circumcision in Judaism and Islam.[112][113] ADL has also criticized specific instances of anti-circumcision imagery, such as an anti-circumcision cartoon in the Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet[114] and the comic book Foreskin Man. Regarding the latter, Associate Regional Director Nancy Appel stated that while good people could disagree on the issue of circumcision, it was unacceptable to use antisemitic imagery within the debate.[115] ADL also criticized an anti-circumcision resolution by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, describing it as "leading Europe in a horrific direction toward the forced exclusion of Jewish citizens."[116] In 2018, ADL's Jonathan Greenblatt sent Iceland's Parliament a letter regarding a proposed infant circumcision ban in that country, arguing that the ban should be rejected due to circumcision's religious significance and health benefits. Greenblatt also said that if the ban passed, ADL would report on any celebration by antisemites and other extremists, asserting that this would deter tourism and harm Iceland's economy.[117] The Reykjavík Grapevine described this letter as a threat.[118]

Federal and state legislation

ADL was among the lead organizations campaigning for thirteen years, ultimately successfully, for the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act.[119][120] The hold-up in passing that law focused on the inclusion of the term "sexual orientation" as one of the bases that a crime could be deemed a hate crime.[121] ADL also drafted the model hate crimes legislation in the 1980s; it serves as a model for the legislation that a majority of states have adopted.[122]

In 2010, during a hearing for Florida House Bill 11 (Crimes Against Homeless Persons), which was to revise the list of offenses judged to be hate crimes in Florida by adding a person's homeless status,[123] the League lobbied against the bill, which subsequently passed in the House by a vote of 80 to 28 and was sent to the Senate,[124] taking the position that adding more categories to the list would dilute the effectiveness of the law, which already includes race, religion, sexual orientation, disability, and age.[125]

ADL expressed concern over Israeli legislative proposals requiring that NGOs publicize if they receive funding primarily from non-Israeli governments, a bill mostly opposed by centrist and left-wing and supported by right-wing Jewish American groups.[126][127][non-primary source needed]

New antisemitism concept

Main article: New antisemitism

In 1974, ADL attorney Arnold Forster and national director Benjamin Epstein published the book The New Anti-Semitism. They expressed concern about what they described as new manifestations of antisemitism coming from radical left, radical right, and pro-Arab figures in the US.[128] Forster and Epstein argued that radical left antisemitism took the form of indifference to the fears of the Jewish people, apathy in dealing with anti-Jewish bias, and an inability to understand the importance of Israel to Jewish survival.[129] A subsequent book, The Real Anti-Semitism in America, published in 1982, was written by ADL national leader Nathan Perlmutter and his wife, Ruth Ann Perlmutter.[34]

Reviewing Forster and Epstein's work in 1974 for the neoconservative magazine Commentary, Earl Raab, founding director of the Nathan Perlmutter Institute for Jewish Advocacy at Brandeis University, agreed that a "new anti-Semitism" was indeed emerging in America in the form of opposition to the supposed collective rights of the Jewish people, but Raab criticized Forster and Epstein for "stretch[ing] the word in practice to mean anti-Israel bias in general".[130] Allan Brownfeld, a columnist with The Lincoln Review, wrote in the Journal of Palestine Studies 1987 that Forster and Epstein's new definition of antisemitism trivialized the concept by turning it into "a form of political blackmail" and "a weapon with which to silence any criticism of either Israel or US policy in the Middle East,"[131] while Edward S. Shapiro, in A Time for Healing: American Jewry Since World War II, has written that, "Forster and Epstein implied that the new antisemitism was the inability of Gentiles to love Jews and Israel enough."[132]

In 2005, Norman Finkelstein wrote that organizations such as the Anti-Defamation League have brought forward charges of new antisemitism at various intervals since the 1970s, "not to fight antisemitism, but rather to exploit the historical suffering of Jews in order to immunize Israel against criticism."[133] The Washington Post reported in 2006 that the ADL had over the years repeatedly accused Finkelstein of being a "Holocaust denier", and that "these charges have proved baseless."[134][135]

In early 2023, the ADL pressured Bard College to cancel a course called "Apartheid in Israel-Palestine" taught by Jerusalem-based researcher Nathan Thrall. The course had also been objected to by an Israeli consul. Bard's president, Leon Botstein, described the phone call with ADL CEO Greenblatt as "not civil".[136]

South Africa and apartheid

The ADL, the AJC, and other American Jewish groups asked Nelson Mandela to clarify his views on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 1990 in advance of a visit Mandela planned to the United States. The groups' leaders said they were concerned about the possibility of protests because Mandela had embraced Palestine Liberation Organization Chairman Yasser Arafat and Libyan president Muammar Gaddafi. The ADL said it was "disturbed and pained" by comments Mandela had made in a meeting earlier that year with PLO leader Yasser Arafat.[137] Mandela met with a group of the American Jewish leaders in Geneva including ADL director Abe Foxman. At the event, Mandela expressed appreciation for South African Jews who opposed apartheid, praised past Israeli leaders Golda Meir and Menachem Begin, and said that the State of Israel had a right to exist. According to Foxman, Mandela told the group "I'm not angry at you and Israel because Israel was dealing with the apartheid South African government. Therefore, don't be angry at me because I was dealing with Castro and Arafat. If you can understand that, we can go forward."[138][139]

In his 2010 book The Unspoken Alliance, Sasha Polakow-Suransky criticized the ADL for hiring the private spy Roy Bullock to collect information on the anti-apartheid movement in the United States.[140] Glenn Frankel, writing about the book, said the ADL "participated in a blatant propaganda campaign against Nelson Mandela and the ANC" during the 1980s but had changed its stance on Mandela around 1990 with Foxman calling him a hero.[14] South African-born Israeli journalist Benjamin Pogrund said in a review of The Unspoken Alliance for The Jewish Chronicle that the ADL and South Africa's Jewish Board of Deputies "played toadying and inglorious roles over the years in defending Israel's ties and in support of the apartheid government".[15]

Armenian genocide recognition

Prior to 2007, the ADL described the Armenian genocide as a massacre and an atrocity, but not a genocide.[17] Foxman had earlier opposed calls for the US Government to recognise it as a genocide.[141] ADL was reported to have received direct pressure from the Turkish foreign ministry.[142]

In Watertown, Massachusetts, which has a significant Armenian population, the town council in early August 2007 decided unanimously to withdraw from ADL's "No Place for Hate" anti-discrimination campaign over the issue. Human rights commissions in some other Massachusetts communities also withdrew in subsequent months.[143][144] An editorial in The Boston Globe criticized the ADL, saying, "as an organization concerned about human rights, it ought to acknowledge the genocide against the Armenian people during World War I, and criticize Turkish attempts to repress the memory of this historical reality."[145] On August 17, 2007, ADL fired its regional New England director, Andrew H. Tarsy, for breaking ranks and saying that ADL should recognize the genocide.[146] In its August 21, 2007, "Statement on the Armenian Genocide", ADL acknowledged the genocide, but maintained its opposition to congressional resolutions aimed at recognizing it.[17] Foxman wrote that "the consequences of those actions" by the Ottoman Empire against Armenians "were indeed tantamount to genocide."[16] The Turkish government condemned the league's statement.[147] It was also criticized by activists who believed that it failed to be unequivocal because of its qualifier "tantamount", and the word "consequences" was seen as avoiding language that would imply intent, a crucial aspect of the 1948 UN Genocide Convention definition.[148][verification needed] Tarsy won his job back,[149] but he subsequently submitted his resignation, on December 4, 2007.[143][150]

On May 2, 2014, an ADL statement said it was "deeply concerned by ongoing questions about our organization's position with regard to the Armenian Genocide". It said that the ADL had not denied atrocities against Armenians.[151]

On October 28, 2019, the ADL endorsed the bipartisan H. Res. 296, which states that the U.S. officially recognizes the Armenian genocide and encourages education and public understanding on the issue. ADL also endorsed and encouraged action on S. Res. 150, the resolution's identical bipartisan companion measure in the Senate.[152]

Park51 Community Center opposition

In 2010, ADL issued a statement opposing the Park51 Community Center, a proposed Islamic community center and mosque two blocks from the World Trade Center site in New York. It said, "The controversy which has emerged regarding the building of a Community Center at this location is counterproductive to the healing process. Therefore, under these unique circumstances, we believe the City of New York would be better served if an alternative location could be found."[153] ADL denounced what it saw as bigoted attacks on the project. Foxman opined that some of those who oppose the mosque are "bigots", and that the plan's proponents may have every right to build the mosque at that location. Nevertheless, he said that building the mosque at that site would unnecessarily cause more pain for the families of some victims of 9/11.[153][154][155]

This opposition to the Community Center led to criticism of the statement from various parties, including one ADL board member, the American Jewish Committee, the Jewish Community Relations Council of New York, Rabbi Irwin Kula, columnists Jeffrey Goldberg and Peter Beinart, the Interfaith Alliance,[156] and the Shalom Center.[157] In an interview with The New York Times Abraham Foxman published a statement in reaction to criticism.[158] In protest of ADL's stance, CNN host Fareed Zakaria returned the Hubert H. Humphrey First Amendment Freedoms Prize ADL awarded him in 2005.[159] ADL chair Robert G. Sugarman responded to a critical New York Times editorial[160] writing, "we have publicly taken on those who criticized the mosque in ways that reflected anti-Muslim bigotry or used the controversy for that purpose" and stating that ADL has combated Islamophobia.[155]

On September 5, 2021, the national director and CEO of ADL, Jonathan Greenblatt, apologized for ADL's opposition to the center, stating, "We were wrong, plain and simple".[161][162][163]

Other

In October 2010, the ADL condemned remarks by Ovadia Yosef that the sole purpose of non-Jews was to serve the Jews.[164]

ADL supports Comprehensive and DREAM Act legislation that would provide conditional permanent residency to certain undocumented immigrants of good moral character who graduate from US high schools, arrived in the United States as minors, and lived in the country continuously for at least five years prior to the bill's enactment.[165]

The ADL repeatedly criticized Trump for what they viewed as antisemitic tropes and engagement in apologetics for white supremacists.[166][63][64] Alongside at least eight other Jewish advocacy organizations, dozens of civil rights organizations, and more than one hundred members of congress, ADL called on the Trump administration to fire administration executive Stephen Miller, the architect of the Trump administration policies on immigration, condemning Miller as a white supremacist.[66]

In 2022, the ADL criticized the government formed by Benjamin Netanyahu in his sixth term, which included representatives from the far-right Otzma Yehudit and Religious Zionist Party, and their leaders, Itamar Ben-Gvir and Bezalel Smotrich. The ADL said that including these parties and lawmakers "would run counter to Israel's founding principles, and impact its standing, even among its strongest supporters."[167][168]

Relations with religious and ethnic groups

Relations with African-Americans

During the 1970s, the ADL was a staunch opponent of affirmative action, with its then-leader Perlmutter one of the national figures in opposition.[169] It filed an amicus brief in support of Allan Bakke, the white student in the landmark 1978 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke Supreme Court Case that struck down racial quotas for university students.[170] Differences on the issue and others were described as leading to a rift between Jewish and African-American groups in the 1970s.[169] In the 2003 landmark Supreme Court case Grutter v. Bollinger, the ADL filed a brief opposing the University of Michigan's affirmative action program, but its argument did not propose to end affirmative action entirely; rather, the ADL contended that race "may appropriately be considered in the admissions process," but with no more weight than other characteristics of applicants.[169][171]

In 1984, The Boston Globe reported that then-ADL national director Nathan Perlmutter said that Rev. Jesse Jackson, Sr. was antisemitic after Jackson referred to New York City as "Hymietown".[172][173]

The ADL criticized film director Spike Lee regarding his portrayal of Jewish nightclub owners Moe and Josh Flatbush in his film Mo' Better Blues (1990). The ADL said the characterizations of the nightclub owners "dredge up an age-old and highly dangerous form of anti-Semitic stereotyping", and that it was "disappointed that Spike Lee – whose success is largely due to his efforts to break down racial stereotypes and prejudice – has employed the same kind of tactics that he supposedly deplores".[174] Lee's portrayal also angered the B'nai B'rith and other such Jewish organizations, causing Lee to address the criticism in an opinion piece for The New York Times, where he stated "...if critics are telling me that to avoid charges of anti-Semitism, all Jewish characters I write have to be model citizens, and not one can be a villain, cheat or a crook, and that no Jewish people have ever exploited black artists in the history of the entertainment industry, that's unrealistic and unfair".[175]

In 2004, ADL became the lead partner in the Peace and Diversity Academy, a new New York City public high school with predominantly black and Hispanic students. The school was part of a Bloomberg-led effort to open many smaller schools. In 2014, the school was designated among New York's schools with the lowest graduation rates.[176][177]

In 2018 the ADL criticized US Representative Danny Davis for not condemning Louis Farrakhan.[178][clarification needed] Davis subsequently condemned Farrakhan's views, saying, "So let me be clear: I reject, condemn and oppose Minister Farrakhan's views and remarks regarding the Jewish people and the Jewish religion."[179]

Interfaith camp

In 1996 ADL's New England Regional Office established a faith-based initiative called "The Interfaith Youth Leadership Program", better known as "Camp If", or Camp Interfaith. Involving teenagers of the Christian, Jewish, and Islamic faiths, the camp brings the teens together for a week at camp where the teens bond and learn about each other's cultures. The camp has emerged as a new attempt to foster good relations between younger members of the Abrahamic faiths.[180]

Reception

ADL has been criticized both from the right[181] and left of the US political spectrum, including from within the American Jewish community.[182] ADL positions and actions that have generated criticism include alleged domestic spying,[183][184] its former Armenian genocide denial,[185] (since repudiated and apologized for),[185] and what parts of the American left argue is the ADL's conflation of criticism of the Israeli government with antisemitism.[186][187] ADL's support for the Trump administration's decision to move the US Embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem in May 2018[188][189] drew criticism.[from whom?] Right-wing groups and pundits, including right-wing Jewish groups, have criticized ADL as having moved too far to the left under Jonathan Greenblatt, labeling it a "Democratic Party auxiliary".[190][191]

Graduate student and activist Emmaia Gelman, writing in the Boston Review, says the ADL has conducted a "vigorous, and successful campaign, alongside AIPAC, specifically to characterize Arab American political organizing as dual loyalty." Gelman further says the ADL has propagated "anti-black, anti-immigrant, and anti-queer hate" and has promoted islamophobia rather than deal with the issue.[192]

2020 "Drop the ADL" campaign

In August 2020, a coalition of progressive organizations launched the "Drop the ADL" campaign, arguing that "the ADL is not an ally" in social justice work. The campaign consisted of an open letter and a website, which were shared on social media with the hashtag "#DropTheADL". Notable signatories included the Democratic Socialists of America, Movement for Black Lives, Jewish Voice for Peace, Center for Constitutional Rights, and Council on American–Islamic Relations.[193] The open letter stated that the ADL "has a history and ongoing pattern of attacking social justice movements led by communities of color, queer people, immigrants, Muslims, Arabs, and other marginalized groups, while aligning itself with police, right-wing leaders, and perpetrators of state violence."[194] Some liberal groups responded by defending the ADL, with HIAS CEO Mark Hetfield characterizing Drop the ADL as a "smear campaign". The ADL published a statement that the campaign involved "many of the same groups who have been pushing an anti-Israel agenda for years."[18] Around sixty organizations supported the campaign on its initial launch, and an additional hundred groups had joined by February 2021.[195]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The ADL went independent and shortened its name in 2009.[3]

References

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External links

  • Official website

December 04, 2023
anti, defamation, league, other, uses, disambiguation, formerly, known, rith, york, based, international, jewish, governmental, organization, advocacy, group, that, specializes, civil, rights, combats, antisemitism, extremism, formationseptember, 1913, years, . For other uses see Anti Defamation League disambiguation The Anti Defamation League ADL formerly known as the Anti Defamation League of B nai B rith a is a New York based international Jewish non governmental organization and advocacy group 4 5 that specializes in civil rights law and combats antisemitism and extremism 6 7 Anti Defamation LeagueFormationSeptember 1913 110 years ago 1913 09 FounderSigmund LivingstonTypeCivil rights advocacy groupTax ID no 13 1818723 EIN 1 Legal status501 c 3 organizationHeadquartersNew York City New York USChairBen SaxCEOJonathan GreenblattRevenue 2021 101 1 million 2 Expenses 2021 81 5 million 2 Staff 2021 501 2 Volunteers 2021 3 500 2 Websiteadl wbr orgFormerly calledAnti Defamation League of B nai B rithIt was founded in late September 1913 by the Independent Order of B nai B rith a Jewish service organization in the wake of the contentious murder conviction of Leo Frank ADL subsequently split from B nai B rith and continued as an independent US section 501 c 3 nonprofit Its current CEO is Jonathan Greenblatt ADL headquarters are located in Murray Hill in the New York City borough of Manhattan The ADL has 25 regional offices in the United States 8 including a Government Relations Office in Washington DC as well as an office in Israel and staff in Europe 9 In its 2019 annual information Form 990 ADL reported total revenues of 92 million the vast majority from contributions and grants 10 Its total operating revenue is reported at 80 9 million 11 In an early campaign ADL and allied groups pressured the automaker Henry Ford who had published virulently antisemitic propaganda 12 6 In the 1930s ADL worked with the American Jewish Committee AJC to oppose pro Nazi activity in the United States 13 7 It opposed McCarthyism during the Cold War 6 and campaigned for major civil rights legislation in the 1960s 6 7 In the 1980s it was involved in propaganda against Nelson Mandela of South Africa before embracing him the following decade 14 15 The ADL did not recognize the Armenian genocide until 2007 instead calling it a massacre and an atrocity in years prior 16 17 As a pro Israel group the ADL has opposed views critical of the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories bringing it into conflict with activists sympathetic towards the Palestinians 18 7 The ADL is a proponent of the idea of new antisemitism 19 that includes anti Zionism 20 the latter s inclusion has been the subject of debate 21 Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 1920s through 1960s 1 3 1970s and 1980s 1 4 1990s 1 5 2000s 1 6 2010s 1 7 2020s 2 Political positions 2 1 Israeli Palestinian conflict 2 1 1 Israel boycotts and the BDS movement 2 2 Circumcision 2 3 Federal and state legislation 2 4 New antisemitism concept 2 5 South Africa and apartheid 2 6 Armenian genocide recognition 2 7 Park51 Community Center opposition 2 8 Other 3 Relations with religious and ethnic groups 3 1 Relations with African Americans 3 2 Interfaith camp 4 Reception 4 1 2020 Drop the ADL campaign 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksHistoryIn its early decades the ADL benefited from being among the few highly centralized Jewish community relations organizations alongside the American Jewish Committee and American Jewish Congress This characteristic gave these three organizations greater influence on the national Jewish community at a time when most local congregations and organizations were splintered with little outreach to the broader community By the 1970s decentralization yielded greater influence By this point the ADL had succeeded in developing local branches though the central office remained significant even in terms of local branch activities 22 Origins The ADL was founded in late September 1913 by B nai B rith with Sigmund Livingston as its first leader 23 Initially the league largely represented Midwestern and Southern Jews concerned with antagonistic portrayals of Jews in popular culture along with social and economic discrimination 24 In 1913 Atlanta B nai B rith President Leo Frank was convicted of the murder of a 13 year old employee at a factory where he was superintendent historians today generally consider Frank to have been innocent 25 Jewish leadership viewed Frank as having been wrongly prosecuted and convicted because of local antisemitism and agitation by some of the local press 26 27 The role that prejudice played in Frank s conviction was mentioned by Adolf Kraus when he announced the creation of the ADL 28 29 30 According to historians ADL s early strategy would be to pressure newspapers theaters and other businesses seen as defaming or discriminating against Jews proposed methods included boycotts and pressuring advertisers and it also considered demanding prior reviews of theater productions for antisemitism 27 After Georgia s outgoing governor commuted Frank s death sentence to life imprisonment in 1915 a lynch mob abducted Frank from prison and killed him 25 Frank was granted a posthumous pardon from Georgia in 1986 after ADL requests 25 1920s through 1960s See also Jews in the civil rights movement The historian Leonard Dinnerstein writes that until after World War II the ADL had limited impact particularly less than the American Jewish Committee AJC 24 One of the ADL s early campaigns occurred in the 1920s when it organized a media effort and consumer boycott against The Dearborn Independent a publication published by American automobile industrialist Henry Ford The publication contained virulently antisemitic articles and quoted heavily from The Protocols of the Elders of Zion an antisemitic hoax The ADL and allied organizations pressured Ford until he issued an apology in 1927 12 In 1933 the ADL moved offices to Chicago and Richard E Gutstadt became director of national activities With the change in leadership the ADL shifted from Livingston s reactive responses to antisemitic action to a much more aggressive policy 31 During the 1930s ADL along with the AJC coordinated American Jewish groups across the country in monitoring the activities of the German American Bund and its pro Nazi nativist allies in the United States In many instances these community based defense organizations paid informants to infiltrate these groups and report on what they discovered The longest lived and most effective of these American Jewish resistance organizations was the Los Angeles Jewish Community Committee LAJCC which was backed financially by the Jewish leaders of the motion picture industry The day to day operations of the LAJCC were supervised by a Jewish attorney Leon L Lewis Lewis was uniquely qualified to combat the rise of Nazism in Los Angeles having served as the first national secretary of the Anti Defamation League in Chicago from 1925 to 1931 From 1934 to 1941 the LAJCC maintained its undercover surveillance of the German American Bund the Silver Shirts and dozens of other pro Nazi nativist groups that operated in Los Angeles Partnering with the American Legion in Los Angeles the LAJCC channeled eyewitness accounts of sedition on to federal authorities Working with the ADL Leon Lewis and the LAJCC played a strategic role in counseling the McCormack Dickstein Committee investigation of Nazi propaganda activities in the United States 1934 and the Dies Committee investigation of un American activities 1938 1940 In their final reports to Congress both committees found that the sudden rise in political antisemitism in the United States during the decade was due in part to the German government s support of these domestic groups 32 13 Paralleling its infiltration efforts the ADL continued its attempts to reduce antisemitic caricatures in the media Much like the NAACP it chose a non confrontational approach attempting to build long lasting relationships and avoid backlash The ADL requested its members avoid public confrontation instead directing them to send letters to the media and advertising companies that included antisemitic or racist references in screening copies of their books and movies This strategy kept the campaigns out of the public eye and instead emphasized the development of a relationship with companies 33 The ADL opposed red baiting and McCarthyism in the 1950s 6 The ADL campaigned for civil rights legislation including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 7 1970s and 1980s In 1973 Nathan Perlmutter took the role of national director serving until his death in 1987 34 Under the tenure of Perlmutter and his 1978 1983 co director of interreligious affairs Yechiel Eckstein the ADL shifted its approach to the evangelical Christian movement Through the 60s and early 70s the ADL had conflicted with the American Jewish Congress over their collaborations with evangelicals Perlmutter and Eckstein changed this orientation increasing collaborations and developing long lasting lines of communication between the ADL and evangelical groups This collaboration continued under the Foxman administration 35 Since the 1970s the ADL has partnered with the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI field offices sharing information learned from the monitoring of extremist groups 36 In 1977 the ADL opened a headquarters in Jerusalem 37 better source needed It opposed an anti Mormon film called The God Makers in 1982 viewing it a challenge to religious freedom 6 1990s The ADL released a 1991 report observing an increase in the use of public access television stations by extremist groups The report came in the wake of the trial of Tom Metzger a white supremacist leader found guilty of inciting a murder via his public access TV station 38 San Francisco police searched two offices of the ADL in April 1993 suspecting it of having monitored thousands of activists in the search they confiscated police records including fingerprints and copies of confidential reports according to court documents 39 The San Francisco district attorney considered indictments but settled with the ADL in November 1993 in exchange for the ADL paying 75 000 for use fighting hate crimes 40 41 During the investigation a private investigator hired by the ADL Roy H Bullock told police he had tracked skinheads white supremacists Arab Americans and critics of Israel In court documents state officials said that the ADL conspired to obtain the confidential police material a felony in California and that the ADL had violated state tax laws by paying Bullock through a lawyer 39 The court documents said ADL had a network of sympathetic police officers sharing data and that investigators had questioned police about free sponsored trips to Israel they received from the ADL The ADL s Foxman contended that the ADL had a right to use the police information to combat antisemitism and he argued in an interview that allegations that the ADL acted as an agent for Israel were antisemitic 39 News of the investigation led Arab Americans listed in the ADL s files to sue the ADL contending invasion of privacy and the forwarding of confidential information to Israel and South Africa 42 In 1996 ADL settled the federal civil lawsuit filed by groups representing African Americans and Arab Americans The ADL did not admit any wrongdoing but agreed to a restraining injunction barring it from obtaining information from state employees who cannot legally disclose such information 43 The ADL agreed to contribute 25 000 to a fund that funds inter community relationship projects and cover the plaintiffs legal costs of 175 000 43 44 45 It settled with three remaining plaintiffs in 2002 for 178 000 40 In 1994 ADL became embroiled in a dispute between neighbors in Denver Colorado One neighbor recorded private telephone conversations of the other on advice of the ADL after reporting antisemitic remarks to the ADL made by these neighbors heard via a police scanner 46 Neither the Aronsons nor ADL were aware that Congress had amended federal wiretap law which made it illegal to record conversations from a cordless telephone to transcribe the material and to use the transcriptions for any purpose These recordings were used as basis for a federal civil lawsuit against the family and ADL Regional Director Saul Rosenthal described the remarks as part of a vicious antisemitic campaign This led to the family being ridiculed and excluded in their community and to career damage 47 48 All charges against the couple were dropped in 2000 due to changes in federal wiretapping law making recording of cordless phone conversations illegal a fact about which the ADL and the attorneys in the case were unaware The jury awarded the couple 10 million in damages 49 This was the first ever verdict against the ADL Only once before had the League been subject to a defamation trial a case it won in 1984 Other cases were dismissed before reaching trial 49 The ADL appealed the case to a superior court which upheld the verdict and the Supreme Court ultimately declined to take the case The ADL paid the original 10 million plus interest in 2004 50 2000s In 2003 the ADL opposed an advertising campaign by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals PETA called Holocaust on Your Plate that compared animals killed in the meat industry to victims of the Holocaust 51 In 2005 PETA apologized for causing distress to the Jewish community through the campaign though in 2008 the Chief Rabbinate announced that it was planning to gradually phase out the use of the shackle and hoist method of kosher slaughter in Israel and South America in part in response to pressure from PETA 52 As of 2007 the ADL said it was archiving MySpace pages associated with white supremacists as part of its effort to track extremism 53 The ADL opposed 2008 California Proposition 8 a ballot successful initiative that banned same sex marriage It did so alongside Jewish organizations including the National Council of Jewish Women and the Progressive Jewish Alliance 54 The ADL filed amicus briefs urging the Supreme Court of California Ninth Circuit and the Supreme Court to invalidate Prop 8 55 In 2015 the ADL opposed the State Religious Freedom Restoration Acts state laws that used the United States Supreme Court decision in Burwell v Hobby Lobby Stores Inc recognizing a for profit corporation s claim of religious belief The ADL opposed these laws out of concern they largely targeted LGBT people or denied access to contraceptives to employees of religiously owned businesses 56 The ADL split from B nai B rith in 2009 and went independent dropping the reference to the other organization in its name 3 2010s The ADL was one of the groups that opposed the Shelby County v Holder decision by the Supreme Court in 2013 to strike down a portion of the Voting Rights Act The court s decision ended the portion of the law that required states with a history of discrimination to undergo federal scrutiny for election rules 57 58 In November 2014 the organization announced that Jonathan Greenblatt a former Silicon Valley tech executive and former Obama administration official who had not operated within the Jewish communal organization world prior to his hiring would succeed Abraham Foxman as national director in July 2015 59 Foxman had served as national director since 1987 The ADL board of directors renewed Greenblatt s contract as CEO and national director in fall 2020 for a second five year term The national chair of the governing board of directors is Esta Gordon Epstein elected in late 2018 for a three year term she is the second woman to hold the organization s top volunteer leadership post 60 61 ADL repeatedly accused Donald Trump when he was a presidential candidate in 2016 of making use of antisemitic tropes or otherwise exploiting divisive and bigoted rhetoric during the 2016 presidential election campaign 62 The ADL accused President Trump of politicizing charges of antisemitism for partisan purposes 63 and for continued use of antisemitic tropes 64 In mid 2018 ADL raised concerns over President Donald Trump s nomination of then DC Circuit Court of Appeals judge Brett Kavanaugh as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court 65 Subsequently in another move that enraged many on the right ADL called for the resignation or firing of Trump administration official Stephen Miller the architect of the administration s immigration policy on the basis of his association with white supremacists 66 67 The ADL says it has participated in YouTube s Trusted Flagger program and has encouraged YouTube to remove videos that they flag as hate speech citing the need to fight against terrorist use of online resources and cyberhate 68 The ADL s Center on Technology and Society launched a survey in 2019 exploring online harassment in video games It found that the majority of surveyed players experienced severe harassment of some kind and the ADL recommended increased content moderation from game companies and governments On the other hand the survey found that over half of players experienced some form of positive community in video games A separate earlier survey of the general population found that around a third of people have experienced some form of online harassment 69 In July 2017 ADL announced that they would be developing profiles on 36 alt right and alt lite leaders 70 71 In 2019 and 2020 ADL executives and staff testified multiple times in front of Congressional committees concerning the dangers of right wing domestic extremists noting that the large majority of extremist murders in the United States over the past decade had been committed by white supremacists 72 73 failed verification 2020s In 2020 ADL joined with the NAACP Color of Change LULAC Free Press the National Hispanic Media Coalition and other organizations in the Stop Hate For Profit campaign 74 The campaign targeted online hate on Facebook with over 1000 businesses pausing their ad buys on Facebook for a month Subsequently in September 2020 the campaign organized celebrity supporters including Sacha Baron Cohen Kim Kardashian and Mark Ruffalo 75 76 In 2020 the ADL trained staff to edit Wikipedia pages but after the project caused Wikipedia editors to criticize this as a conflict of interest the ADL said it suspended the project in April 2021 The ADL is considered a reliable source on Wikipedia and the ADL said its staff complied with Wikipedia policies by disclosing their affiliations but some Wikipedia editors objected that the project cited ADL sources disproportionately and did not reflect the volunteer spirit of the website especially in heavily editing its own Wikipedia article 77 In early January 2021 the ADL called for the removal of Donald Trump as president in response to the storming of the United States Capitol and described the relationship of the storming of the Capitol to the far right and antisemitic groups 78 In April 2021 Jonathan Greenblatt released a letter calling on the right wing American network Fox News to drop commentator Tucker Carlson from its lineup saying that Carlson had espoused the white genocide conspiracy theory on his show 79 80 This call appeared shortly after research indicating that many who participated in the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol had been influenced by this conspiracy theory 80 The ADL again called for Carlson to be fired in September 2021 following Carlson expressing support for the great replacement theory 81 Carlson responded saying Fuck them regarding the ADL describing the ADL s call as politically motivated and defending his statements 81 82 In 2023 Fox dropped Carlson a move welcomed by ADL leadership 83 84 In November 2022 ADL acquired JLens a pro Israel advocacy group started in 2012 which campaigns against incentives for economic disengagement with Israel in environmental social and corporate governance ESG investing guidelines Jlens publishes company rankings based on participation in boycotts of Israel and publishes guidelines on investing used by around 30 Jewish companies with portfolios totaling around 200 million JLens launched a campaign criticizing Morningstar Inc a campaign the ADL collaborated on prior to the 2020 acquisition The ADL said it would contribute funding to Jlens 85 86 The ADL tracked rapid growth in hate speech and harassment on Twitter after Elon Musk bought the social network in 2022 87 88 In early September 2023 Musk liked and replied to a tweet by a self described raging antisemite Keith Woods that called for banning the ADL from X which was Twitter s new name under Musk 87 89 90 Musk also accused the ADL of defamation and threatened to sue it writing that advertising revenue was still down 60 primarily due to pressure on advertisers by ADL that s what advertisers tell us so they almost succeeded in killing X Twitter The ADL said as matter of policy it did not comment on legal threats but that it had recently met with X leadership including CEO Linda Yaccarino who had thanked the ADL s CEO on the platform 88 Greenblatt later praised Musk after he announced policy banning phrases such as decolonization and from the river to the sea on Twitter 91 92 93 In November 2023 during the Israel Hamas war the ADL classified anti war protest events led by Jewish groups including Jewish Voice for Peace and IfNotNow as anti Israel adding the protests to a database documenting rising antisemitism in the US The ADL told The Intercept that it did not consider the protests antisemitic but Greenblatt labelled the protesting groups as hate groups 94 Former staff told the The Daily Beast in 2023 of dissent within the ADL over the increasing equation of anti Zionism and antisemitism and over Greenblatt s calls for bans and investigations of pro Palestinian organizations that he alleged had supported terrorist groups 95 96 Political positionsIsraeli Palestinian conflict The ADL is described as a pro Israel group 97 It says it supports Israel as a Jewish and democratic state 98 It says it supports a two state solution to the Israeli Palestinian conflict arguing that in a one state solution demographic realities would lead to the effective end of a Jewish State of Israel 99 non primary source needed The organization opposed the 1975 United Nations resolution revoked in 1991 which stated in the resolution that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination 100 non primary source needed and attempts to revive that formulation at the 2001 U N World Conference Against Racism in Durban South Africa 101 non primary source needed In a 2022 speech Greenblatt said that anti Zionism is antisemitism The Times of Israel noted that the speech marked a rare moment of the organization unequivocally stating that anti Zionism is an expression of antisemitism 102 103 Israel boycotts and the BDS movement While ADL was a lead supporter of Congressional legislation prohibiting US individuals and businesses from joining unsanctioned boycotts such as the 1970s Arab League Boycott against Israel 104 it has taken a different case by case approach to state anti BDS laws more recently enacted in response to the BDS movement Several of these laws which seek to prohibit state agencies and instrumentalities from investing in companies that boycott Israel and from entering into contracts with entities that boycott Israel have been successfully challenged in the courts The legal challenges have primarily been brought by the ACLU and CAIR on First Amendment constitutional grounds 105 106 ADL generally has not publicly supported laws it felt were constitutionally suspect under the First Amendment both for legal reasons and because the organization believed that such laws even if what ADL describes as well intentioned were not an effective means of combating the BDS movement 107 However as a general matter the organization also has not publicly opposed such state laws preferring to work behind the scenes to try to make such laws less infirm under the Constitution or to propose non binding resolutions opposing BDS A possible division of internal views in ADL was disclosed when the liberal Jewish publication The Forward published ostensible leaked internal ADL staff memos dating from 2016 that opposed the anti boycott laws 108 ADL did not comment directly on the leaked memos but the statement it issued in response appeared to acknowledge both that there were sharply divided views within the organization and that the organization did not try to suppress internal robust discussion 108 In 2010 ADL published a list of the ten leading organizations responsible for maligning Israel in the US which has included ANSWER the International Solidarity Movement and Jewish Voice for Peace for its call for BDS 109 The ADL published a similar list in 2013 110 Alongside similar statements from StandWithUs and American Jewish Committee representatives the ADL s Greenblatt condemned the United Nations Human Rights Council s UNHRC list of companies doing business with Jewish settlements in Israeli run territories West Bank East Jerusalem Golan Heights issued in February 2020 calling it a blacklist 111 Circumcision ADL has opposed efforts in the US and in Europe to ban circumcision of minors on the grounds of parental and religious freedom citing the importance of circumcision in Judaism and Islam 112 113 ADL has also criticized specific instances of anti circumcision imagery such as an anti circumcision cartoon in the Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet 114 and the comic book Foreskin Man Regarding the latter Associate Regional Director Nancy Appel stated that while good people could disagree on the issue of circumcision it was unacceptable to use antisemitic imagery within the debate 115 ADL also criticized an anti circumcision resolution by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe describing it as leading Europe in a horrific direction toward the forced exclusion of Jewish citizens 116 In 2018 ADL s Jonathan Greenblatt sent Iceland s Parliament a letter regarding a proposed infant circumcision ban in that country arguing that the ban should be rejected due to circumcision s religious significance and health benefits Greenblatt also said that if the ban passed ADL would report on any celebration by antisemites and other extremists asserting that this would deter tourism and harm Iceland s economy 117 The Reykjavik Grapevine described this letter as a threat 118 Federal and state legislation ADL was among the lead organizations campaigning for thirteen years ultimately successfully for the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr Hate Crimes Prevention Act 119 120 The hold up in passing that law focused on the inclusion of the term sexual orientation as one of the bases that a crime could be deemed a hate crime 121 ADL also drafted the model hate crimes legislation in the 1980s it serves as a model for the legislation that a majority of states have adopted 122 In 2010 during a hearing for Florida House Bill 11 Crimes Against Homeless Persons which was to revise the list of offenses judged to be hate crimes in Florida by adding a person s homeless status 123 the League lobbied against the bill which subsequently passed in the House by a vote of 80 to 28 and was sent to the Senate 124 taking the position that adding more categories to the list would dilute the effectiveness of the law which already includes race religion sexual orientation disability and age 125 ADL expressed concern over Israeli legislative proposals requiring that NGOs publicize if they receive funding primarily from non Israeli governments a bill mostly opposed by centrist and left wing and supported by right wing Jewish American groups 126 127 non primary source needed New antisemitism concept Main article New antisemitism In 1974 ADL attorney Arnold Forster and national director Benjamin Epstein published the book The New Anti Semitism They expressed concern about what they described as new manifestations of antisemitism coming from radical left radical right and pro Arab figures in the US 128 Forster and Epstein argued that radical left antisemitism took the form of indifference to the fears of the Jewish people apathy in dealing with anti Jewish bias and an inability to understand the importance of Israel to Jewish survival 129 A subsequent book The Real Anti Semitism in America published in 1982 was written by ADL national leader Nathan Perlmutter and his wife Ruth Ann Perlmutter 34 Reviewing Forster and Epstein s work in 1974 for the neoconservative magazine Commentary Earl Raab founding director of the Nathan Perlmutter Institute for Jewish Advocacy at Brandeis University agreed that a new anti Semitism was indeed emerging in America in the form of opposition to the supposed collective rights of the Jewish people but Raab criticized Forster and Epstein for stretch ing the word in practice to mean anti Israel bias in general 130 Allan Brownfeld a columnist with The Lincoln Review wrote in the Journal of Palestine Studies 1987 that Forster and Epstein s new definition of antisemitism trivialized the concept by turning it into a form of political blackmail and a weapon with which to silence any criticism of either Israel or US policy in the Middle East 131 while Edward S Shapiro in A Time for Healing American Jewry Since World War II has written that Forster and Epstein implied that the new antisemitism was the inability of Gentiles to love Jews and Israel enough 132 In 2005 Norman Finkelstein wrote that organizations such as the Anti Defamation League have brought forward charges of new antisemitism at various intervals since the 1970s not to fight antisemitism but rather to exploit the historical suffering of Jews in order to immunize Israel against criticism 133 The Washington Post reported in 2006 that the ADL had over the years repeatedly accused Finkelstein of being a Holocaust denier and that these charges have proved baseless 134 135 In early 2023 the ADL pressured Bard College to cancel a course called Apartheid in Israel Palestine taught by Jerusalem based researcher Nathan Thrall The course had also been objected to by an Israeli consul Bard s president Leon Botstein described the phone call with ADL CEO Greenblatt as not civil 136 South Africa and apartheid The ADL the AJC and other American Jewish groups asked Nelson Mandela to clarify his views on the Israeli Palestinian conflict in 1990 in advance of a visit Mandela planned to the United States The groups leaders said they were concerned about the possibility of protests because Mandela had embraced Palestine Liberation Organization Chairman Yasser Arafat and Libyan president Muammar Gaddafi The ADL said it was disturbed and pained by comments Mandela had made in a meeting earlier that year with PLO leader Yasser Arafat 137 Mandela met with a group of the American Jewish leaders in Geneva including ADL director Abe Foxman At the event Mandela expressed appreciation for South African Jews who opposed apartheid praised past Israeli leaders Golda Meir and Menachem Begin and said that the State of Israel had a right to exist According to Foxman Mandela told the group I m not angry at you and Israel because Israel was dealing with the apartheid South African government Therefore don t be angry at me because I was dealing with Castro and Arafat If you can understand that we can go forward 138 139 In his 2010 book The Unspoken Alliance Sasha Polakow Suransky criticized the ADL for hiring the private spy Roy Bullock to collect information on the anti apartheid movement in the United States 140 Glenn Frankel writing about the book said the ADL participated in a blatant propaganda campaign against Nelson Mandela and the ANC during the 1980s but had changed its stance on Mandela around 1990 with Foxman calling him a hero 14 South African born Israeli journalist Benjamin Pogrund said in a review of The Unspoken Alliance for The Jewish Chronicle that the ADL and South Africa s Jewish Board of Deputies played toadying and inglorious roles over the years in defending Israel s ties and in support of the apartheid government 15 Armenian genocide recognition Prior to 2007 the ADL described the Armenian genocide as a massacre and an atrocity but not a genocide 17 Foxman had earlier opposed calls for the US Government to recognise it as a genocide 141 ADL was reported to have received direct pressure from the Turkish foreign ministry 142 In Watertown Massachusetts which has a significant Armenian population the town council in early August 2007 decided unanimously to withdraw from ADL s No Place for Hate anti discrimination campaign over the issue Human rights commissions in some other Massachusetts communities also withdrew in subsequent months 143 144 An editorial in The Boston Globe criticized the ADL saying as an organization concerned about human rights it ought to acknowledge the genocide against the Armenian people during World War I and criticize Turkish attempts to repress the memory of this historical reality 145 On August 17 2007 ADL fired its regional New England director Andrew H Tarsy for breaking ranks and saying that ADL should recognize the genocide 146 In its August 21 2007 Statement on the Armenian Genocide ADL acknowledged the genocide but maintained its opposition to congressional resolutions aimed at recognizing it 17 Foxman wrote that the consequences of those actions by the Ottoman Empire against Armenians were indeed tantamount to genocide 16 The Turkish government condemned the league s statement 147 It was also criticized by activists who believed that it failed to be unequivocal because of its qualifier tantamount and the word consequences was seen as avoiding language that would imply intent a crucial aspect of the 1948 UN Genocide Convention definition 148 verification needed Tarsy won his job back 149 but he subsequently submitted his resignation on December 4 2007 143 150 On May 2 2014 an ADL statement said it was deeply concerned by ongoing questions about our organization s position with regard to the Armenian Genocide It said that the ADL had not denied atrocities against Armenians 151 On October 28 2019 the ADL endorsed the bipartisan H Res 296 which states that the U S officially recognizes the Armenian genocide and encourages education and public understanding on the issue ADL also endorsed and encouraged action on S Res 150 the resolution s identical bipartisan companion measure in the Senate 152 Park51 Community Center opposition In 2010 ADL issued a statement opposing the Park51 Community Center a proposed Islamic community center and mosque two blocks from the World Trade Center site in New York It said The controversy which has emerged regarding the building of a Community Center at this location is counterproductive to the healing process Therefore under these unique circumstances we believe the City of New York would be better served if an alternative location could be found 153 ADL denounced what it saw as bigoted attacks on the project Foxman opined that some of those who oppose the mosque are bigots and that the plan s proponents may have every right to build the mosque at that location Nevertheless he said that building the mosque at that site would unnecessarily cause more pain for the families of some victims of 9 11 153 154 155 This opposition to the Community Center led to criticism of the statement from various parties including one ADL board member the American Jewish Committee the Jewish Community Relations Council of New York Rabbi Irwin Kula columnists Jeffrey Goldberg and Peter Beinart the Interfaith Alliance 156 and the Shalom Center 157 In an interview with The New York Times Abraham Foxman published a statement in reaction to criticism 158 In protest of ADL s stance CNN host Fareed Zakaria returned the Hubert H Humphrey First Amendment Freedoms Prize ADL awarded him in 2005 159 ADL chair Robert G Sugarman responded to a critical New York Times editorial 160 writing we have publicly taken on those who criticized the mosque in ways that reflected anti Muslim bigotry or used the controversy for that purpose and stating that ADL has combated Islamophobia 155 On September 5 2021 the national director and CEO of ADL Jonathan Greenblatt apologized for ADL s opposition to the center stating We were wrong plain and simple 161 162 163 Other In October 2010 the ADL condemned remarks by Ovadia Yosef that the sole purpose of non Jews was to serve the Jews 164 ADL supports Comprehensive and DREAM Act legislation that would provide conditional permanent residency to certain undocumented immigrants of good moral character who graduate from US high schools arrived in the United States as minors and lived in the country continuously for at least five years prior to the bill s enactment 165 The ADL repeatedly criticized Trump for what they viewed as antisemitic tropes and engagement in apologetics for white supremacists 166 63 64 Alongside at least eight other Jewish advocacy organizations dozens of civil rights organizations and more than one hundred members of congress ADL called on the Trump administration to fire administration executive Stephen Miller the architect of the Trump administration policies on immigration condemning Miller as a white supremacist 66 In 2022 the ADL criticized the government formed by Benjamin Netanyahu in his sixth term which included representatives from the far right Otzma Yehudit and Religious Zionist Party and their leaders Itamar Ben Gvir and Bezalel Smotrich The ADL said that including these parties and lawmakers would run counter to Israel s founding principles and impact its standing even among its strongest supporters 167 168 Relations with religious and ethnic groupsRelations with African Americans During the 1970s the ADL was a staunch opponent of affirmative action with its then leader Perlmutter one of the national figures in opposition 169 It filed an amicus brief in support of Allan Bakke the white student in the landmark 1978 Regents of the University of California v Bakke Supreme Court Case that struck down racial quotas for university students 170 Differences on the issue and others were described as leading to a rift between Jewish and African American groups in the 1970s 169 In the 2003 landmark Supreme Court case Grutter v Bollinger the ADL filed a brief opposing the University of Michigan s affirmative action program but its argument did not propose to end affirmative action entirely rather the ADL contended that race may appropriately be considered in the admissions process but with no more weight than other characteristics of applicants 169 171 In 1984 The Boston Globe reported that then ADL national director Nathan Perlmutter said that Rev Jesse Jackson Sr was antisemitic after Jackson referred to New York City as Hymietown 172 173 The ADL criticized film director Spike Lee regarding his portrayal of Jewish nightclub owners Moe and Josh Flatbush in his film Mo Better Blues 1990 The ADL said the characterizations of the nightclub owners dredge up an age old and highly dangerous form of anti Semitic stereotyping and that it was disappointed that Spike Lee whose success is largely due to his efforts to break down racial stereotypes and prejudice has employed the same kind of tactics that he supposedly deplores 174 Lee s portrayal also angered the B nai B rith and other such Jewish organizations causing Lee to address the criticism in an opinion piece for The New York Times where he stated if critics are telling me that to avoid charges of anti Semitism all Jewish characters I write have to be model citizens and not one can be a villain cheat or a crook and that no Jewish people have ever exploited black artists in the history of the entertainment industry that s unrealistic and unfair 175 In 2004 ADL became the lead partner in the Peace and Diversity Academy a new New York City public high school with predominantly black and Hispanic students The school was part of a Bloomberg led effort to open many smaller schools In 2014 the school was designated among New York s schools with the lowest graduation rates 176 177 In 2018 the ADL criticized US Representative Danny Davis for not condemning Louis Farrakhan 178 clarification needed Davis subsequently condemned Farrakhan s views saying So let me be clear I reject condemn and oppose Minister Farrakhan s views and remarks regarding the Jewish people and the Jewish religion 179 Interfaith camp In 1996 ADL s New England Regional Office established a faith based initiative called The Interfaith Youth Leadership Program better known as Camp If or Camp Interfaith Involving teenagers of the Christian Jewish and Islamic faiths the camp brings the teens together for a week at camp where the teens bond and learn about each other s cultures The camp has emerged as a new attempt to foster good relations between younger members of the Abrahamic faiths 180 ReceptionADL has been criticized both from the right 181 and left of the US political spectrum including from within the American Jewish community 182 ADL positions and actions that have generated criticism include alleged domestic spying 183 184 its former Armenian genocide denial 185 since repudiated and apologized for 185 and what parts of the American left argue is the ADL s conflation of criticism of the Israeli government with antisemitism 186 187 ADL s support for the Trump administration s decision to move the US Embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem in May 2018 188 189 drew criticism from whom Right wing groups and pundits including right wing Jewish groups have criticized ADL as having moved too far to the left under Jonathan Greenblatt labeling it a Democratic Party auxiliary 190 191 Graduate student and activist Emmaia Gelman writing in the Boston Review says the ADL has conducted a vigorous and successful campaign alongside AIPAC specifically to characterize Arab American political organizing as dual loyalty Gelman further says the ADL has propagated anti black anti immigrant and anti queer hate and has promoted islamophobia rather than deal with the issue 192 2020 Drop the ADL campaign In August 2020 a coalition of progressive organizations launched the Drop the ADL campaign arguing that the ADL is not an ally in social justice work The campaign consisted of an open letter and a website which were shared on social media with the hashtag DropTheADL Notable signatories included the Democratic Socialists of America Movement for Black Lives Jewish Voice for Peace Center for Constitutional Rights and Council on American Islamic Relations 193 The open letter stated that the ADL has a history and ongoing pattern of attacking social justice movements led by communities of color queer people immigrants Muslims Arabs and other marginalized groups while aligning itself with police right wing leaders and perpetrators of state violence 194 Some liberal groups responded by defending the ADL with HIAS CEO Mark Hetfield characterizing Drop the ADL as a smear campaign The ADL published a statement that the campaign involved many of the same groups who have been pushing an anti Israel agenda for years 18 Around sixty organizations supported the campaign on its initial launch and an additional hundred groups had joined by February 2021 195 See alsoAmerican Arab Anti Discrimination Committee Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations Defamation Gay amp Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation Israel lobby in the United States Jewish Council for Public Affairs Membership discrimination in California social clubs Simon Wiesenthal Center Pepe the FrogNotes The ADL went independent and shortened its name in 2009 3 References Anti Defamation League Nonprofit Explorer ProPublica May 9 2013 Archived from the original on November 14 2019 Retrieved April 9 2021 a b c d 2021 Form 990 PDF ADL p 1 Archived PDF from the original on June 11 2023 Retrieved September 14 2023 a b B nai B rith Anti defamation League Amistad Research Center Retrieved September 9 2023 Craig K M 2004 Retaliation Fear or Rage In Phyllis B Gerstenfeld Diana R Grant ed Crimes of Hate Selected Readings Sage p 58 ISBN 9780761929437 Purington M S 2017 Assessing the reliability and accuracy of advocacy group data in hate group research PDF Thesis James Madison University p 60 a b c d e f Hendricks Nancy 2019 Anti Defamation League In Ainsworth Scott H Harward Brian M eds Political Groups Parties and Organizations That Shaped America An Encyclopedia and Document Collection Vol 1 Bloomsbury Academic ISBN 9781440851964 a b c d e Golembeski Cynthia June 25 2023 Anti Defamation League Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved July 8 2023 Anti Semitism in the US Anti Defamation League Archived from the original on January 5 2020 Retrieved December 10 2019 Through our network of 25 regional offices Anti Semitism Globally Anti Defamation League Archived from the original on December 27 2019 Retrieved December 10 2019 ADL 2019 Form 990 November 17 2020 Archived from the original on April 2 2021 Retrieved March 23 2021 ADL 2019 Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules August 27 2020 Archived from the original on April 2 2021 Retrieved March 23 2021 a b Blakeslee Spencer 2000 The Death of American Antisemitism Praeger Greenwood ISBN 0 275 96508 2 p 83 a b Ross Steven 2017 Hitler in Los Angeles How Jews Foiled Nazi Plots Against Hollywood and America New York Bloomsbury ISBN 9781620405642 Archived from the original on September 21 2017 Retrieved May 6 2018 a b Frankel Glenn May 24 2010 Israel s Most Illicit Affair Foreign Policy Retrieved March 28 2023 a b Pogrund Benjamin May 24 2010 The Unspoken Alliance Israel s Secret Relationship With Apartheid South Africa The Jewish Chronicle Retrieved March 27 2023 a b O Brien Keith August 22 2007 ADL chief bows to critics Foxman cites rift calls Armenian deaths genocide The Boston Globe Archived from the original on May 10 2008 Retrieved March 14 2008 a b c ADL Statement on the Armenian Genocide Press release August 21 2007 Archived from the original on July 20 2012 a b Sales Ben August 18 2020 Liberal groups defend ADL after renewed attack from progressive coalition The Forward Archived from the original on September 21 2020 Retrieved January 3 2021 Romeyn Esther March 14 2020 Anti new antisemitism as a transnational field of racial governance Patterns of Prejudice Informa UK Limited 54 1 2 199 214 doi 10 1080 0031322x 2019 1696048 ISSN 0031 322X S2CID 219029515 In the United States one the strongest promoters of various installments of the new antisemitism thesis has been the Anti Defamation League ADL which in 1974 published a book entitled The New Anti Semitism Levin Geoffery P 2021 Before the New Antisemitism Arab Critics of Zionism and American Jewish Politics 1917 1974 American Jewish History Project MUSE 105 1 2 103 126 doi 10 1353 ajh 2021 0005 ISSN 1086 3141 S2CID 239741775 The ADL responded to these critiques as they came but also in a cohesive way through a new book by Forster and Epstein titled The New Anti Semitism which would be their most important and best selling publication 98 Like their previous books The New Anti Semitism stitched together a list of types of antisemitic threats which had grown in length In contrast to prior books focused on the far right and Arab propagandists The New Anti Semitism included the right wing threat alongside threats that emanated from The USSR Western Europe Latin America and included the Radical Left Arabs and Pro Arabs and Black Americans Taken collectively this bundle of threats taken to include anti Zionism has been called the New Anti Semitism from the book s publication onwards Guyer Jonathan May 25 2023 The high stakes debate over how the US defines antisemitism Vox Retrieved September 27 2023 Sklare Marshall 1974 The Jewish Community in America New York New York Behrman House pp 88 89 ISBN 0874412048 Our Mission Anti Defamation League Archived from the original on October 30 2018 Retrieved December 10 2019 a b Dinnerstein Leonard 1995 Antisemitism in America New York p 74 ISBN 1 4237 3446 7 OCLC 62319785 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link a b c The People Revisit Leo Frank The Forward May 13 2009 Retrieved March 16 2023 Leo Frank Case Leonard Dinnerstein PDF a b In a letter to Simon Wolf Louis Marshall explained further that this entire prosecution was set in motion by the yellow press of Georgia which finally succeeded in forcing the police from motives of self protection to frame up this case The remedy must be found in Georgia and the press Wertheimer s analysis reveals that the ADL proposed to deal with defamations on the stage by asking for the right to inspect proposed performances before the staging of the same were this right to prior censorship refused patrons of the theater would be enlisted for active cooperation that is the ADL would organize a boycott of the given theater Similarly the ADL would fight newspaper defamations by protests to the editor by correcting all defamations through subsequent articles upon the same subject matter and if this did not happen the ADL would appeal to the patrons and advertisers for cooperation Here again the ADL threatened financial pressure Moore Deborah Dash 1981 B nai B rith and the Challenge of Ethnic Leadership State University of New York Press p 108 ISBN 978 0 87395 480 8 Excerpt of the Anti Defamation League Founding Charter ADL www adl org Retrieved March 25 2023 Moore Deborah Dash 1981 B nai B rith and the Challenge of Ethnic Leadership State University of New York Press p 108 ISBN 978 0 87395 480 8 Jerome A Chanes 2001 Who Does What In Louis S y Maisel Ira N Forman Donald Altschiller Charles Walker Bassett eds Jews in American Politics Essays Rowman amp Littlefield p 105 ISBN 978 0 7425 0181 2 A Goldman EricQ September 23 2014 Hollywood s Most Misunderstood and Forgotten Jewish Movie Returns The Forward Retrieved January 22 2022 Rosenzweig Laura 2017 Hollywood s Spies The Undercover Surveillance of Nazis in Los Angeles New York NYU Press ISBN 9781479855179 Archived from the original on August 7 2017 Retrieved June 2 2017 Greenberg Cheryl Lynn 2006 Troubling the waters Black Jewish relations in the American century Princeton Princeton University Press pp 55 58 ISBN 9780691058658 a b Nathan Perlmutter Author and ADL Director Dead at 64 Jewish Telegraphic Agency July 14 1987 Archived from the original on June 24 2021 Retrieved June 16 2021 Hummel Daniel G December 2018 His Land and the Origins of the Jewish Evangelical Israel Lobby Church History 87 4 1147 1150 doi 10 1017 S0009640718002391 S2CID 166538830 Michael George 2003 Confronting Right Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA Routledge Studies in Extremism and Democracy Vol 4 Routledge p 167 ISBN 978 1 134 37762 6 Wall Harry March 14 2010 Op ed Appreciation Arnold Forster ADL leader and Israel advocate The Jerusalem Post Retrieved August 5 2021 Rosenkrantz H Glenn Hate Group Makes Hay On Public Access American Journalism Review No September 1991 a b c McGee Jim October 19 1993 JEWISH GROUP S TACTICS INVESTIGATED The Washington Post a b Goldsmith Aleza February 26 2002 ADL settles privacy lawsuit Jewish Telegraphic Agency Retrieved September 23 2023 Paddock Richard C November 16 1993 ADL to Avoid Prosecution in Spying Case Los Angeles Times Retrieved September 23 2023 McGee Jim October 19 1993 JEWISH GROUP S TACTICS INVESTIGATED The Washington Post a b Weinstein Henry September 4 1996 Anti Defamation League Settles Lawsuit by Civil Rights Groups Los Angeles Times Retrieved March 11 2023 Tugend Tom September 6 1996 ADL to Pay 200 000 to Settle Suit Alleging Spying Activities JTA Daily News Bulletin Jewish Telegraphic Agency Archived from the original on January 28 2019 Retrieved January 28 2019 David Singer Ruth R Seldin eds 1998 American Jewish year book 1998 Vol 98 PDF New York American Jewish Committee pp 96 97 ISBN 0874951135 Archived PDF from the original on July 21 2020 Retrieved March 24 2021 Leppek Chris May 12 2000 Judge fines ADL 10 5 million in Colorado defamation suit Jewish News Weekly of Northern California Archived from the original on May 10 2006 Quigley v Rosenthall Findlaw Archived from the original on June 23 2015 Retrieved June 23 2015 Lane George Charges of bigotry backfire Denver Post No April 29 2000 Archived from the original on June 23 2015 Retrieved June 23 2015 a b Privacy Rights Win Over Bias Charges In Defamation Case The New York Times May 13 2000 Archived from the original on August 3 2017 Retrieved February 5 2017 Abbott Karen March 12 2004 ADL Pays More Than 12 Million to Former Evergreen Couple Rocky Mountain News Archived from the original on March 16 2004 Group blasts PETA Holocaust project CNN February 28 2003 Wagner Matthew February 19 2008 Rabbinate to phase out shackle and hoist animal slaughter More humane method to be adopted following claims of cruelty The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on June 2 2021 Retrieved May 29 2021 Spencer Jason Found in My Space American Journalism Review No October November 2007 Retrieved July 16 2021 Spence Rebecca August 29 2008 Orthodox Join Fight Against Gay Nuptials The Forward Archived from the original on September 11 2008 Retrieved September 19 2008 BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE ANTI DEFAMATION LEAGUE ET AL IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS Archived from the original on March 7 2013 Retrieved November 1 2013 Sokol Sam April 2 2015 ADL slams controversial religious freedom laws in US The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on March 29 2020 Retrieved March 29 2020 Jewish Groups Blast Top U S Court s Changes to Voting Rights Act Haaretz June 26 2013 Retrieved July 15 2023 Zipken Romy June 26 2013 Jewish Groups Respond Voting Rights Act Decision Tablet Heilman Uriel November 6 2014 White House aide Jonathan Greenblatt to succeed Abe Foxman as ADL chief Jewish Telegraphic Agency Archived from the original on August 23 2018 Longtime ADL Boston Leader Esta Gordon Named Chair of Organization s National Board ADL Press release November 8 2018 Archived from the original on March 29 2020 Retrieved March 29 2020 Esta Epstein named chair of ADL s Board of Directors Jewish Journal November 29 2018 Archived from the original on July 12 2021 Retrieved March 23 2021 Cortelless Eric November 7 2016 Trump campaign fires back at ADL over ad criticized for anti Semitic tones The Times of Israel Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 a b ADL CEO Jews are not political props for partisan gain CNN August 21 2019 Archived from the original on July 12 2021 Retrieved April 22 2020 a b Kuruvilla Carol August 21 2019 Jewish Leaders Blast Trump s Accusations Of Disloyalty HuffPost Archived from the original on February 14 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 Jewish Groups Slam Trump s Supreme Court Nominee Kavanaugh Haaretz July 10 2018 Archived from the original on May 24 2020 Retrieved April 15 2020 a b Mathias Christopher November 21 2019 Jewish Groups Demand Stephen Miller Resign From White House HuffPost Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved March 29 2020 Kampeas Ron January 15 2020 Jewish groups again call for Stephen Miller to quit The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on April 22 2020 Retrieved April 15 2020 Kerstein Benjamin June 5 2019 ADL Praises YouTube for Decision to Remove Racist Extremist Content Algemeiner Archived from the original on October 3 2019 Retrieved October 3 2019 Takahashi Dean July 26 2019 Anti Defamation League 65 of gamers have suffered severe harassment online Venturebeat Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved March 28 2020 Cortellessa Eric July 18 2017 ADL releases Who s Who guide of alt right and alt lite extremists The Times of Israel Archived from the original on July 18 2017 Retrieved July 19 2017 Backgrounder From Alt Right to Alt Lite Naming the Hate 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violated Wikipedia rules editing its own entries Forward Retrieved January 30 2023 Kampeas Ron January 9 2021 Anti Defamation League calls for Trump s removal from the presidency Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on January 19 2021 Retrieved January 16 2021 Benveniste Alexis April 11 2021 Anti Defamation League CEO Fox needs to rethink its entire primetime lineup CNN Archived from the original on April 25 2021 Retrieved April 25 2021 a b Cameron Chris April 9 2021 The Anti Defamation League calls for Tucker Carlson to be fired over replacement theory remarks The New York Times Archived from the original on April 23 2021 Retrieved April 25 2021 a b Pengelly Martin September 25 2021 Fresh calls for Fox News to fire Tucker Carlson over replacement theory The Guardian Retrieved October 22 2021 Schwartz Ian September 24 2021 Tucker Carlson Responds To Condemnation From Anti Defamation League F ck Them RealClearPolitics Retrieved October 22 2021 Lapin Andrew April 24 2023 ADL cheers Tucker Carlson s ouster at Fox News where he had long embraced white nationalist rhetoric Jewish Telegraphic Agency Bidgood Jess April 24 2023 Tucker Carlson s hold on the GOP and role in the disinformation business isn t going anywhere Boston Globe via MSN Elia Shalev Asaf November 10 2022 Anti Defamation League acquires Jewish investment watchdog to fight threats to Israel on Wall Street Jewish Telegraphic Agency Retrieved January 9 2023 Shalev Asaf February 9 2022 A new BDS battlefront emerges in investing world with spotlight on Morningstar Times of Israel JTA Retrieved January 9 2023 a b Kampeas Ron September 4 2023 Elon Musk is amplifying a self declared antisemite s call to ban the ADL from X Jewish Telegraph Agence Retrieved September 4 2023 a b Valinsky Jordan September 5 2023 Elon Musk blames the ADL for 60 ad sales decline at X threatens to sue CNN Business CNN Retrieved September 5 2023 Novak Matt Elon Musk Promotes Campaign To Ban ADL While Agreeing With Raging Anti Semite Forbes Retrieved September 5 2023 Algemeiner The September 4 2023 Musk Fuels White Supremacist Ban the ADL Campaign on Social Media Algemeiner com www algemeiner com Retrieved September 5 2023 Lanard Noah Days after he endorsed an antisemitic tweet the ADL praises Elon Musk s clampdown on Palestinian speech Mother Jones Retrieved November 20 2023 Heer Jeet November 20 2023 Why the Anti Defamation League Loves Certain Bigots The Nation ISSN 0027 8378 Retrieved November 20 2023 Musk Terms Such as Decolonization and From the River to the Sea Will Result in Suspension From X Haaretz Retrieved November 20 2023 Anti Defamation League Maps Jewish Peace Rallies with Antisemitic Attacks The Intercept Weill Kelly November 22 2023 Dissent Over Zionism Is Splitting the ADL From Within Ex Staff The Daily Beast Retrieved November 27 2023 For More Than 100 Years the ADL Has Been Fighting Antisemitism Critics Say It s Losing Its Way Rolling Stone Pro Israel groups publicly back U S action in Syria Reuters September 4 2013 Retrieved September 4 2023 Response To Common Inaccuracy Israel Can t be Jewish amp Democratic Anti Defamation League Archived from the original on June 22 2019 Response To Common Inaccuracy Bi National One State Solution Anti Defamation League Archived from the original on June 22 2019 U N World Conference Against Racism ADL Archived from the original on March 26 2006 Retrieved March 7 2006 U N World Conference Against Racism ADL Archived from the original on May 2 2006 Retrieved March 7 2006 Chotiner Isaac May 11 2022 Is Anti Zionism Anti Semitism The New Yorker Retrieved January 9 2023 Kampeas Ron May 2 2022 ADL CEO Jonathan Greenblatt equates anti Zionist rhetoric with antisemitism The Times of Israel Retrieved January 9 2023 Arab Economic Boycott ADL Archived from the original on March 28 2020 Retrieved March 28 2020 Sterling Joe April 26 2019 Texas has a law that says contractors can t boycott Israel But a federal judge just blocked it CNN Archived from the original on June 5 2020 Retrieved March 28 2020 Hauss Brian April 16 2019 Arizona Lawmakers Running Scared After Anti Boycott Law Ruled Unconstitutional ACLU blog Archived from the original on February 14 2020 Retrieved March 28 2020 ADL Urges Texas City to Remove No Israel Boycott Requirement from Aid Application Press release ADL October 24 2017 Archived from the original on March 28 2020 Retrieved March 28 2020 a b Nathan Kazis Josh December 13 2018 REVEALED Secret ADL Memo Slammed Anti BDS Laws As Harmful To Jews The Forward Archived from the original on May 25 2020 Retrieved March 28 2020 Benhorin Yitzhak October 15 2010 Jewish group makes ADL blacklist ynet news Archived from the original on October 17 2010 Eidelson Josh October 22 2013 Anti Defamation League slams Jewish groups for Israel criticism Salon Archived from the original on March 18 2021 Retrieved May 27 2021 Bandler Aaron February 12 2020 UNHRC Releases Blacklist of Companies Conducting Business in Israeli Settlements Jewish Journal Archived from the original on March 28 2020 Retrieved March 28 2020 Madrid Carolina June 22 2011 Jews Muslims sue to block referendum on circumcision Reuters Archived from the original on October 1 2020 Retrieved September 22 2020 Harkov Lahav June 27 2012 Germany must pass law to protect circumcision The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on October 1 2020 Retrieved September 22 2020 Jewish organizations slam circumcision cartoon The Jerusalem Post Jewish Telegraphic Agency May 30 2013 Archived from the original on November 12 2020 Retrieved September 22 2020 Oster Marcy June 6 2011 Anti circumcision cartoon called anti Semitic Jewish Telegraphic Agency Archived from the original on January 26 2021 Retrieved September 22 2020 ADL Circumcision Resolution Targets Europe s Jewish Citizens Anti Defamation League Press release Archived from the original on November 28 2020 Retrieved August 25 2020 Greenblatt Jonathan A Comments regarding THingskjal 183 114 mal Umsogn um breytingu a almennum hegningarlogum nr 19 1940 bann vid umskurdi drengja PDF Althingi Archived PDF from the original on September 22 2020 Retrieved August 26 2020 Demurtas Alice March 22 2018 American Anti Defamation League Threatens Iceland Because Of Circumcision Ban The Reykjavik Grapevine Froken Ltd Archived from the original on July 12 2021 Retrieved August 25 2020 Michael Lieberman 81 Duke Law News Releases Archived from the original on March 28 2020 Retrieved March 28 2020 Attorney General Loretta E Lynch Hosts the 63rd Annual Attorney General Awards Honoring Department Employees and Others For Their Service U S Department of Justice News Release October 21 2015 Archived from the original on March 28 2020 Retrieved March 28 2020 1 year after Blaze Bernstein s killing parents look to turn alleged hate crime into movement of hope ABC News December 30 2018 Archived from the original on April 29 2020 Retrieved April 1 2020 Bronski Michael Pellegrini Ann Amico Michael October 2 2013 Hate Crime Laws Don t Prevent Violence Against LGBT People So why do many LGBT people and others feel so deeply about the need to have them The Nation Archived from the original on March 29 2020 Retrieved March 29 2020 flhouse gov HB 11 Crimes Against Homeless Persons Archived from the original on July 21 2011 Retrieved April 22 2010 flhouse gov HB 11 Apr 20 2010 Voting record Florida House of Representatives Archived from the original on July 21 2011 Retrieved April 22 2010 Homeless could be added to Florida s hate crimes law Miami Herald Retrieved April 22 2010 Miami Herald Miami Herald Media Co April 21 2010 by Lee Logan Tallahassee Bureau During a committee hearing on the bill the Anti Defamation League spoke against the bill arguing that adding more categories to the hate crimes law would dilute its effect But lawmakers were swayed by arguments in favor of protecting the homeless ADL Concerned That Proposed Legislation on NGO Funding in Israel Would Erode Nation s Democratic Character Press release Anti Defamation League January 11 2016 Archived from the original on January 17 2016 In 2011 the League urged the Israeli government to work to modify two similar bills regarding donations from foreign governments to Israeli NGOs and voiced concern over laws that stifle free expression Reform joins ADL AJC in opposing Israel s NGO bill The Times of Israel Archived from the original on February 17 2016 Retrieved February 5 2016 Forster Arnold amp Epstein Benjamin The New Anti Semitism McGraw Hill 1974 p 165 See for instance chapters entitled Gerald Smith s Road 19 48 The Radical Right 285 296 Arabs and Pro Arabs 155 174 The Radical Left 125 154 Forster Arnold amp Epstein Benjamin The New Anti Semitism McGraw Hill 1974 p 324 Raab Earl May 1974 Is there a New Anti Semitism Commentary magazine pp 53 54 Archived from the original on December 1 2021 Brownfeld Allan 1987 Anti Semitism Its Changing Meaning Journal of Palestine Studies Institute for Palestine Studies 16 3 53 67 doi 10 2307 2536789 ISSN 1533 8614 JSTOR 2536789 Shapiro Edward S 1992 A Time for Healing American Jewry Since World War II Johns Hopkins University Press p 47 ISBN 0 8018 4347 2 Finkelstein Norman 2005 Beyond Chutzpah On the Misuse of Anti Semitism and the Abuse of History University of California Press pp 21 22 Powell Michael October 9 2006 In N Y Sparks Fly Over Israel Criticism The Washington Post pp A03 Archived from the original on August 21 2017 Retrieved August 24 2017 The terms the ADL website uses to describe Finkelstein are an anti Israel academic whose career has been marked by a vitriolic hatred of Zionism and Israel You are being redirected You are being redirected Retrieved July 9 2023 anti Israel academic Jewish Voice for Peace JVP What You Need to Know ADL November 17 2022 Retrieved July 9 2023 Antisemitism and the Radical Anti Israel Movement on U S Campuses 2019 ADL May 20 2020 Retrieved July 9 2023 political scientist Antisemitism Uncovered Myth Jews Use Christian Blood for Religious Rituals Antisemitism Uncovered in Spanish February 27 2020 Retrieved July 9 2023 an anti Israel speaker Ron Unz Controversial Writer and Funder of Anti israel Activists ADL January 22 2014 Retrieved July 9 2023 McGreal Chris November 8 2023 Israeli diplomat pressured US college to drop course on apartheid debate The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved November 11 2023 Jewish Groups Question ANC Leader Over Israel The Washington Post Retrieved March 26 2023 Mandela Regrets Offending Jews Says He is Ready to Visit Israel Jewish Telegraphic Agency June 11 1990 Retrieved March 26 2023 How Mandela Won Over the Jewish Community Anti Defamation League Retrieved March 26 2023 Kane Alex December 29 2021 Desmond Tutu s Lifelong Struggle Against Apartheid Jewish Currents Retrieved March 27 2023 Kurtzman Joey July 8 2007 Fire Foxman Denying the Armenian genocide should be the last atrocity perpetrated by the ADL chief Jewcy Tablet magazine Archived from the original on March 8 2008 Retrieved March 14 2008 Ravid Barak October 10 2007 טורקיה לישראל עזרו לנו לעצור הכרה אמריקאית בשואה הארמנית Haaretz Archived from the original on February 15 2009 a b Woolhouse Megan December 5 2007 ADL s regional leader resigns Backers cite rift on genocide issue The Boston Globe Archived from the original on February 17 2012 Retrieved March 14 2008 Esker Sharon Tosto City recognizes Armenian genocide suspends ADL membership Medford Transcript Archived from the original on May 5 2018 Retrieved May 14 2018 Editorial A genocide not to be denied Boston Globe August 3 2007 Archived from the original on November 4 2011 Retrieved March 14 2008 O Brien Keith August 18 2007 ADL local leader fired on Armenian issue Genocide question sparked bitter debate The Boston Globe Archived from the original on May 17 2008 Retrieved March 14 2008 Levenson Michael August 24 2007 Turkey condemns statement by ADL The Boston Globe Archived from the original on August 26 2007 Retrieved March 14 2008 Schwartz Penny October 17 2007 Armenians push forward with ADL fight Jewish Telegraphic Agency Archived from the original on September 25 2020 Retrieved March 31 2021 O Brien Keith September 7 2007 Anti Defamation League rehires New England director The Boston Globe Archived from the original on August 31 2009 Axelbank Rachel December 6 2007 Tarsy Resignation Draws Mixed Emotions From Area Colleagues Jewish Advocate Archived from the original on December 10 2007 Retrieved January 7 2008 ADL Statement on the Armenian Genocide ADL www adl org Retrieved May 19 2023 ADL Endorses Congressional Resolution Commemorating the Armenian Genocide ADL www adl org Retrieved May 19 2023 a b Berkman Jacob July 30 2010 ADL opposes World Trade Center Mosque Jewish Telegraphic Agency Archived from the original on August 3 2010 Jacoby Susan August 6 2010 The Spirited Atheist Ground Zero mosque protected by First Amendment but it s still salt in a wound The Washington Post Archived from the original on August 17 2010 Retrieved April 24 2015 a b The ADL the Mosque and the Fight Against Bigotry The New York Times August 4 2010 Archived from the original on August 3 2017 Retrieved February 5 2017 Adam Dickter In Wake Of ADL Jewish Groups Back Ground Zero Mosque Archived August 6 2010 at the Wayback Machine The Jewish Week August 3 2010 Grace Rauh Jewish Leaders Rally In Support Of WTC Mosque Archived August 16 2010 at the Wayback Machine NY1 August 5 2010 Abraham H Foxman The Mosque at Ground Zero Archived August 6 2010 at the Wayback Machine originally published in Huffington Post August 2 2010 CNN host returns ADL award over stance on Islamic center CNN August 9 2010 Archived from the original on November 8 2012 Editorial A Monument to Tolerance The New York Times August 3 2010 Archived from the original on January 7 2017 Greenblatt Jonathan A September 5 2021 Opinion ADL head On NY Islamic center we were wrong plain and simple CNN Barnard Anne September 11 2021 Painful memory for Muslims Outrage over a proposed Islamic center in Manhattan The New York Times Elfer Helen September 5 2021 Anti Defamation League apologises for opposing mosque near Ground Zero after 9 11 Yahoo News The Independent Mozgovaya Natasha October 20 2010 ADL slams Shas spiritual leader for saying non Jews were born to serve Jews Haaretz Archived from the original on October 4 2011 Retrieved October 21 2010 Afirman que con el debate de reforma migratoria subieron los crimenes de odio EFE News Services January 25 2013 La Liga Antidifamacion Judia ADL aseguro hoy que desde que se inicio el debate sobre una reforma migratoria integral en Estados Unidos se ha registrado un aumento de los crimenes de odio contra los hispanos Por su parte el director del Departamento de Asuntos Legales de ADL Steven Freeman dijo a Efe que esta organizacion aboga por una reforma migratoria integral y el Dream Act ADL Condemns President Trump s Remarks ADL Press release August 15 2017 Archived from the original on August 17 2017 Retrieved April 22 2020 ADL says including far right in next government will hurt country globally The Times of Israel November 3 2022 Retrieved January 9 2023 Federman Josef December 7 2022 Jewish Americans express alarm over expected Israeli government Associated Press Retrieved January 9 2023 a b c Jews temper views on affirmative action Jewish Telegraphic Agency January 29 2003 Retrieved April 1 2023 Jewish Organizations Hail Court Ruling in Bakke Case Say It Vindicates Their Stand Against Quotas Jewish Telegraphic Agency June 29 1978 Retrieved April 1 2023 Grutter v Bollinger Anti Defamation League Retrieved April 1 2023 Joyce Fay February 23 1984 Post Reaffirms Report On Jackson Comment The New York Times 13 Archived from the original on December 10 2008 Retrieved February 5 2017 Joyce Fay February 27 1984 Jackson Admits Saying Hymie And Apologizes At A Synagogue The New York Times 16 Archived from the original on December 10 2008 Retrieved February 5 2017 Caryn James August 16 1990 Spike Lee s Jews and the Passage From Benign Cliche Into Bigotry The New York Times Archived from the original on July 8 2018 Retrieved July 27 2018 Spike Lee August 22 1990 I Am Not an Anti Semite The New York Times Archived from the original on October 23 2020 Retrieved June 9 2020 Darville Sarah May 28 2015 City s struggling schools face another annual test enrollment Chalkbeat New York Archived from the original on July 12 2021 Retrieved April 4 2021 Wall Patrick January 27 2015 After 30 year career founding principal reflects on his school and the city s plan to revamp it Chalkbeat New York Archived from the original on July 12 2021 Retrieved April 4 2021 Giosue Leo March 5 2018 ADL pans congressman who won t condemn Farrakhan for lacking courage The Jerusalem Post Jpost com Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved April 15 2020 Kampeas Ron March 9 2018 Democratic congressman who praised Louis Farrakhan now denounces him JTA Jewish Telegraphic Agency Retrieved October 30 2018 Siek Stephanie V April 6 2006 A different kind of camp The Boston Globe Archived from the original on May 22 2006 ADL combats criticism of being too tough on Trump Politico January 1 2016 Archived from the original on March 29 2020 Retrieved March 29 2020 Cohen Debra Nussbaum May 3 2018 Opinion From Left and Right Why Is a League of Haters Descending on the ADL Haaretz Archived from the original on March 29 2020 Retrieved March 29 2020 Paddock Richard C April 13 1993 New Details of Extensive ADL Spy Operation Emerge Inquiry Transcripts reveal nearly 40 years of espionage by a man who infiltrated political groups Los Angeles Times Bamford James November 17 2023 Israel s War on American Student Activists ISSN 0027 8378 Retrieved November 20 2023 a b Janbazian Rupen May 16 2016 ADL s Official Recognition of Armenian Genocide Ends Years Long Controversy The Armenian Weekly Archived from the original on January 4 2018 Retrieved September 25 2019 Sales Ben How a Jewish civil rights group became a villain on the far left www timesofisrael com Archived from the original on June 16 2019 Retrieved December 6 2018 Hanau Shira November 28 2018 Can ADL Be A Moral Voice For Millennials jewishweek timesofisrael com Archived from the original on September 25 2019 Retrieved September 25 2019 ADL May 14 2018 ADL Celebrates Historic Milestone as U S Embassy Opens in Jerusalem ADL Press release Archived from the original on October 24 2020 Retrieved October 10 2020 Roth Daniel J May 15 2018 U S Jewish groups laud Trump s courageous embassy move The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on September 20 2020 Retrieved October 10 2020 Ahmari Sohrab April 19 2018 The ADL Smears Mike Pompeo Archived from the original on March 29 2020 Retrieved March 29 2020 Tobin Jonathan July 13 2018 Opinion Whatever happened to the ADL Jewish News Syndicate Archived from the original on March 29 2020 Retrieved March 29 2020 Gelman Emmaia May 21 2019 The Anti Defamation League Is Not What It Seems Boston Review Retrieved October 31 2021 Klein David Ian August 13 2020 Left wing activists call for boycott of Anti Defamation League The Forward Archived from the original on December 6 2020 Retrieved January 3 2021 Khalel Sheren August 12 2020 Don t work with Anti Defamation League progressive groups urge Middle East Eye Archived from the original on December 22 2020 Retrieved January 3 2021 Hutt Jacob Kane Alex February 8 2021 How the ADL s Israel Advocacy Undermines Its Civil Rights Work Jewish Currents Archived from the original on April 25 2021 Retrieved April 23 2021 External linksOfficial website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Anti Defamation League amp oldid 1187625880, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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