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Wikipedia

Ann Dunham

February 16, 2024

Not to be confused with the equestrian Anne Dunham.

Stanley Ann Dunham (November 29, 1942 – November 7, 1995) was an American anthropologist who specialized in the economic anthropology and rural development of Indonesia.[1] She was the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th president of the United States.

Ann Dunham
Dunham in 1960
Born
Stanley Ann Dunham

(1942-11-29)November 29, 1942
Wichita, Kansas, U.S.
DiedNovember 7, 1995(1995-11-07) (aged 52)
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
Education
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1961; div. 1964)​
​
​
(m. 1965; div. 1980)​
Children
Parents
RelativesCharles T. Payne (uncle)
HonoursMain Star of Service of Indonesia

Born in Wichita, Kansas, Dunham studied at the East–West Center and at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in Honolulu, where she attained a Bachelor of Arts degree in anthropology (1967),[2] and later received Master of Arts (1974) and PhD (1992) degrees, also in anthropology.[3] She also attended the University of Washington in Seattle from 1961 to 1962. Interested in craftsmanship, weaving, and the role of women in cottage industries, Dunham's research focused on women's work on the island of Java and blacksmithing in Indonesia. To address the problem of poverty in rural villages, she created microcredit programs while working as a consultant for the United States Agency for International Development. Dunham was also employed by the Ford Foundation in Jakarta and she consulted with the Asian Development Bank in Gujranwala, Pakistan. Towards the latter part of her life, she worked with Bank Rakyat Indonesia, where she helped apply her research to the largest microfinance program in the world.[3]

After her son was elected president, interest renewed in Dunham's work: the University of Hawaiʻi held a symposium about her research; an exhibition of Dunham's Indonesian batik textile collection toured the United States; and in December 2009, Duke University Press published Surviving against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia, a book based on Dunham's original 1992 dissertation. Janny Scott, an author and former New York Times reporter, published a biography of her titled A Singular Woman in 2011. Posthumous interest has also led to the creation of the Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment in the Anthropology Department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, as well as the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships, intended to fund students associated with the East–West Center in Honolulu, Hawaii.[4]

In an interview, Barack Obama referred to his mother as "the dominant figure in my formative years ... The values she taught me continue to be my touchstone when it comes to how I go about the world of politics."[5]

Early life edit

Dunham was born on November 29, 1942, at St. Francis Hospital in Wichita, Kansas,[6] the only child of Madelyn Lee Payne and Stanley Armour Dunham.[7] She was of predominantly English ancestry, with small amounts of Scottish, Welsh, Irish, German and Swiss-German.[8] Wild Bill Hickok was her sixth cousin, five times removed.[9] Ancestry.com announced on July 30, 2012, after using a combination of old documents and yDNA analysis, that Dunham's mother was descended from John Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in seventeenth-century colonial Virginia.[10][11]

Her parents were born in Kansas and met in Wichita, where they married on May 5, 1940.[12] After the attack on Pearl Harbor, her father joined the United States Army and her mother worked at a Boeing plant in Wichita.[13] According to Dunham, she was named after her father because he wanted a son, though her relatives doubt this story and her maternal uncle recalled that her mother named Dunham after her favorite actress Bette Davis' character in the film In This Our Life, because she thought Stanley, as a girl's name, sounded sophisticated.[14] As a child and teenager, she was known as Stanley.[15] Other children teased her about her name. Nonetheless, she used it through high school, "apologizing for it each time she introduced herself in a new town."[16] By the time Dunham began attending college, she was known by her middle name, Ann, instead.[15] After World War II, Dunham's family moved from Wichita to California while her father attended the University of California, Berkeley. In 1948, they moved to Ponca City, Oklahoma, and from there to Vernon, Texas, and then to El Dorado, Kansas.[17] In 1955, the family moved to Seattle, Washington, where her father was employed as a furniture salesman and her mother worked as vice president of a bank. They lived in an apartment complex in the Wedgwood neighborhood where she attended Nathan Eckstein Junior High School.[18]

In 1957, Dunham's family moved to Mercer Island, an Eastside suburb of Seattle. Dunham's parents wanted their 13-year-old daughter to attend the newly opened Mercer Island High School.[5] At the school, teachers Val Foubert and Jim Wichterman taught the importance of challenging social norms and questioning authority to the young Dunham, and she took the lessons to heart: "She felt she didn't need to date or marry or have children." One classmate remembered her as "intellectually way more mature than we were and a little bit ahead of her time, in an off-center way",[5] and a high school friend described her as knowledgeable and progressive: "If you were concerned about something going wrong in the world, Stanley would know about it first. We were liberals before we knew what liberals were." Another called her "the original feminist".[5] She went through high school "reading beatnik poets and French existentialists".[19]

Family life and marriages edit

Further information: Family of Barack Obama
 
Stanley Armour Dunham, Ann Dunham, Maya Soetoro and Barack Obama, mid-1970s (l to r)

On August 21, 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state to be admitted into the Union. Dunham's parents sought business opportunities in the new state, and after graduating from high school in 1960, Dunham and her family moved to Honolulu. Dunham enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa.

First marriage edit

While attending a Russian language class, Dunham met Barack Obama Sr., the school's first African student.[20][21] At the age of 23, Obama Sr. had come to Hawaii to pursue his education, leaving behind a pregnant wife, Kezia, and their infant son in his home town of Nyang'oma Kogelo in Kenya. Dunham and Obama Sr. were married on the Hawaiian island of Maui on February 2, 1961, despite parental opposition from both families.[5][22] Dunham was three months pregnant.[5][16] Obama Sr. eventually informed Dunham about his first marriage in Kenya but claimed he was divorced. Years later she discovered this was false.[21] Obama Sr.'s first wife, Kezia, later said she had granted her consent for him to marry a second wife in keeping with Luo customs.[23]

On August 4, 1961, at the age of 18, Dunham gave birth to her first child, Barack Obama, in Honolulu.[24] Friends in the state of Washington recall her visiting with her month-old baby in 1961.[25][26][27][28][29] She studied at the University of Washington from September 1961 to June 1962, and lived as a single mother in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle with her son while her husband continued his studies in Hawaii.[18][26][30][31] When Obama Sr. graduated from the University of Hawaii in June 1962,[32] he left for Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he began graduate study at Harvard University in fall 1962.[21] Dunham returned to Honolulu and resumed her undergraduate education at the University of Hawaii with the spring semester in January 1963. During this time, her parents helped her raise the young Barack. Dunham filed for divorce in January 1964, which Obama Sr. did not contest.[16]

Second marriage edit

It was at the East–West Center that Dunham met Lolo Soetoro,[33] a Javanese[3] surveyor who had come to Honolulu in September 1962 on an East–West Center grant to study geography at the University of Hawaii. Soetoro graduated from the University of Hawaii with an MA in geography in June 1964. In 1965, Soetoro and Dunham were married in Hawaii, and in 1966, Soetoro returned to Indonesia. Dunham graduated from the University of Hawaii with a B.A. in anthropology on August 6, 1967, and moved in October the same year with her six-year-old son to Jakarta, Indonesia, to rejoin her husband.[34]

In Indonesia, Soetoro worked first as a low-paid topographical surveyor for the Indonesian government, and later in the government relations office of Union Oil Company.[21][35] The family first lived at 16 Kyai Haji Ramli Tengah Street in a newly built neighborhood in the Menteng Dalam administrative village of the Tebet subdistrict in South Jakarta for two and a half years, with her son attending the nearby Indonesian-language Santo Fransiskus Asisi (St. Francis of Assisi) Catholic School for 1st, 2nd, and part of 3rd grade, then in 1970 moved two miles north to 22 Taman Amir Hamzah Street in the Matraman Dalam neighborhood in the Pegangsaan administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta, with her son attending the Indonesian-language government-run Besuki School one and half miles east in the exclusive Menteng administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict for part of 3rd grade and for 4th grade.[36][37] On August 15, 1970, Soetoro and Dunham had a daughter, Maya Kassandra Soetoro.[12]

In Indonesia, Dunham enriched her son's education with correspondence courses in English, recordings of Mahalia Jackson, and speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. In 1971, she sent the young Obama back to Hawaii to attend Punahou School starting in 5th grade rather than having him stay in Indonesia with her.[34] Madelyn Dunham's job at the Bank of Hawaii, where she had worked her way up over a decade from clerk to becoming one of its first two female vice presidents in 1970, helped pay the steep tuition,[38] with some assistance from a scholarship.[39]

A year later, in August 1972, Dunham and her daughter moved back to Hawaii to rejoin her son and begin graduate study in anthropology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Dunham's graduate work was supported by an Asia Foundation grant from August 1972 to July 1973 and by an East–West Center Technology and Development Institute grant from August 1973 to December 1978.[40]

Dunham completed her coursework at the University of Hawaii for an M.A. in anthropology in December 1974,[3] and after having spent three years in Hawaii, Dunham, accompanied by her daughter Maya, returned to Indonesia in 1975 to do anthropological field work.[40][41] Her son chose not to go with them back to Indonesia, preferring to finish high school at Punahou School in Honolulu while living with his grandparents.[42] Lolo Soetoro and Dunham divorced on November 5, 1980; Lolo Soetoro married Erna Kustina in 1980 and had two children, a son, Yusuf Aji Soetoro (born 1981), and daughter, Rahayu Nurmaida Soetoro (born 1987). Lolo Soetoro died, age 52, on March 2, 1987, due to liver failure.[43]

Dunham was not estranged from either ex-husband and encouraged her children to feel connected to their fathers.[44]

Professional life edit

From January 1968 to December 1969, Dunham taught English and was an assistant director of the Lembaga Persahabatan Indonesia Amerika (LIA)–the Indonesia-America Friendship Institute at 9 Teuku Umar Street in the Gondangdia administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta–which was subsidized by the United States government.[40] From January 1970 to August 1972, Dunham taught English and was a department head and a director of the Lembaga Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Manajemen (LPPM)–the Institute of Management Education and Development at 9 Menteng Raya Street in the Kebon Sirih administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta.[40]

From 1968 to 1972, Dunham was a co-founder and active member of the Ganesha Volunteers (Indonesian Heritage Society) at the National Museum in Jakarta.[40][45] From 1972 to 1975, Dunham was crafts instructor (in weaving, batik, and dye) at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu.[40]

Dunham then had a career in rural development, championing women's work and microcredit for the world's poor and worked with leaders from organizations supporting Indonesian human rights, women's rights, and grass-roots development.[34]

In March 1977, Dunham, under the supervision of agricultural economics professor Leon A. Mears, developed and taught a short lecture course at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Indonesia (FEUI) in Jakarta for staff members of BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional)—the Indonesian National Development Planning Agency.[40]

From June 1977 through September 1978, Dunham carried out research on village industries in the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY)—the Yogyakarta Special Region within Central Java in Indonesia under a student grant from the East–West Center.[46] As a weaver herself, Dunham was interested in village industries, and moved to Yogyakarta City, the center of Javanese handicrafts.[41][47]

In May and June 1978, Dunham was a short-term consultant in the office of the International Labour Organization (ILO) in Jakarta, writing recommendations on village industries and other non-agricultural enterprises for the Indonesian government's third five-year development plan (REPELITA III).[40][46]

From October 1978 to December 1980, Dunham was a rural industries consultant in Central Java on the Indonesian Ministry of Industry's Provincial Development Program (PDP I), funded by USAID in Jakarta and implemented through Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI).[40][46]

From January 1981 to November 1984, Dunham was the program officer for women and employment in the Ford Foundation's Southeast Asia regional office in Jakarta.[40][46] While at the Ford Foundation, she developed a model of microfinance which is now the standard in Indonesia, a country that is a world leader in micro-credit systems.[48] Peter Geithner, father of Tim Geithner (who later became U.S. Secretary of the Treasury in her son's administration), was head of the foundation's Asia grant-making at that time.[49]

From May to November 1986 and from August to November 1987, Dunham was a cottage industries development consultant for the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (ADBP) under the Gujranwala Integrated Rural Development Project (GADP).[40][46] The credit component of the project was implemented in the Gujranwala district of the Punjab province of Pakistan with funding from the Asian Development Bank and IFAD, with the credit component implemented through Louis Berger International, Inc.[40][46] Dunham worked closely with the Lahore office of the Punjab Small Industries Corporation (PSIC).[40][46]

From January 1988 to 1995, Dunham was a consultant and research coordinator for Indonesia's oldest bank, Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) in Jakarta, with her work funded by USAID and the World Bank.[40][46] In March 1993, Dunham was a research and policy coordinator for Women's World Banking (WWB) in New York.[40] She helped WWB manage the Expert Group Meeting on Women and Finance in New York in January 1994, and helped the WWB take prominent roles in the UN's Fourth World Conference on Women held September 4–15, 1995 in Beijing, and in the UN regional conferences and NGO forums that preceded it.[40]

On August 9, 1992, she was awarded PhD in anthropology from the University of Hawaii, under the supervision of Alice G. Dewey, with a 1,043-page dissertation[50] titled Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia: surviving and thriving against all odds.[51] Anthropologist Michael Dove described the dissertation as "a classic, in-depth, on-the-ground anthropological study of a 1,200-year-old industry".[52] According to Dove, Dunham's dissertation challenged popular perceptions regarding economically and politically marginalized groups, and countered the notions that the roots of poverty lie with the poor themselves and that cultural differences are responsible for the gap between less-developed countries and the industrialized West.[52] According to Dove, Dunham

found that the villagers she studied in Central Java had many of the same economic needs, beliefs and aspirations as the most capitalist of Westerners. Village craftsmen were "keenly interested in profits", she wrote, and entrepreneurship was "in plentiful supply in rural Indonesia", having been "part of the traditional culture" there for a millennium.

Based on these observations, Dr. Soetoro concluded that underdevelopment in these communities resulted from a scarcity of capital, the allocation of which was a matter of politics, not culture. Antipoverty programs that ignored this reality had the potential, perversely, of exacerbating inequality because they would only reinforce the power of elites. As she wrote in her dissertation, "many government programs inadvertently foster stratification by channeling resources through village officials", who then used the money to strengthen their own status further.[52]

Dunham produced a large amount of professional papers that are held in collections of the National Anthropological Archives (NAA). Her daughter donated a collection of them that is categorized as the S. Ann Dunham papers, 1965-2013. This collection contains case studies, correspondence, field notebooks, lectures, photographs, reports, research files, research proposals, surveys, and floppy disks documenting her dissertation research on blacksmithing, as well as her professional work as a consultant for organizations such as the Ford Foundation and the Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI). They are housed at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

On November 11, 2010, for her research on women role, socio-economic empowerment, and micro-credit on rural villages, her son Barack Obama received the Main Star of Service in her name given by the Government of Indonesia.

Her field notes have been digitized and, in 2020, Smithsonian Magazine noted that an effort had been established for a project to transcribe them.[53] Public participation in the transcription project was announced at the same time.

Illness and death edit

In late 1994, Dunham was living and working in Indonesia. One night, during dinner at a friend's house in Jakarta, she experienced stomach pain. A visit to a local physician led to an initial diagnosis of indigestion.[16] Dunham returned to the United States in early 1995 and was examined at the Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center in New York City and diagnosed with uterine cancer. By this time, the cancer had spread to her ovaries.[21] She moved back to Hawaii to live near her widowed mother and died on November 7, 1995, 22 days short of her 53rd birthday.[54][55][34][56][57] Following a memorial service at the University of Hawaii, Obama and his sister spread their mother's ashes in the Pacific Ocean at Lanai Lookout on the south side of Oahu.[34] Obama scattered the ashes of his grandmother Madelyn Dunham in the same spot on December 23, 2008, weeks after his election to the presidency.[58]

Obama talked about Dunham's death in a 30-second campaign advertisement ("Mother") arguing for health care reform. The ad featured a photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama in her arms as Obama talks about her last days worrying about expensive medical bills.[57] The topic also came up in a 2007 speech in Santa Barbara:[57]

I remember my mother. She was 52 years old when she died of ovarian cancer, and you know what she was thinking about in the last months of her life? She wasn't thinking about getting well. She wasn't thinking about coming to terms with her own mortality. She had been diagnosed just as she was transitioning between jobs. And she wasn't sure whether insurance was going to cover the medical expenses because they might consider this a preexisting condition. I remember just being heartbroken, seeing her struggle through the paperwork and the medical bills and the insurance forms. So, I have seen what it's like when somebody you love is suffering because of a broken health care system. And it's wrong. It's not who we are as a people.[57]

Dunham's employer-provided health insurance covered most of the costs of her medical treatment, leaving her to pay the deductible and uncovered expenses, which came to several hundred dollars per month.[59] Her employer-provided disability insurance denied her claims for uncovered expenses because the insurance company said her cancer was a preexisting condition.[59]

Posthumous interest edit

In September 2008, the University of Hawaii at Mānoa held a symposium about Dunham.[60] In December 2009, Duke University Press published a version of Dunham's dissertation titled Surviving against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia. The book was revised and edited by Dunham's graduate advisor, Alice G. Dewey, and Nancy I. Cooper. Dunham's daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, wrote the foreword for the book. In his afterword, Boston University anthropologist Robert W. Hefner describes Dunham's research as "prescient" and her legacy as "relevant today for anthropology, Indonesian studies, and engaged scholarship".[61] The book was launched at the 2009 annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association in Philadelphia with a special Presidential Panel on Dunham's work; the 2009 meeting was taped by C-SPAN.[62]

In 2009, an exhibition of Dunham's Javanese batik textile collection (A Lady Found a Culture in its Cloth: Barack Obama's Mother and Indonesian Batiks) toured six museums in the United States, finishing the tour at the Textile Museum of Washington, D.C., in August.[63] Early in her life, Dunham explored her interest in the textile arts as a weaver, creating wall hangings for her own enjoyment. After moving to Indonesia, she was attracted to the striking textile art of the batik and began to collect a variety of different fabrics.[64]

In December 2010 Dunham was awarded the Bintang Jasa Utama, Indonesia's highest civilian award; the Bintang Jasa is awarded at three levels, and is presented to those individuals who have made notable civic and cultural contributions.[65]

A lengthy major biography of Dunham by former New York Times reporter Janny Scott, titled A Singular Woman, was published in 2011.

The University of Hawaii Foundation has established the Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment, which supports a faculty position housed in the Anthropology Department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, and the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships, providing funding for students associated with the East–West Center (EWC) in Honolulu, Hawaii.[4]

In 2010 the Stanley Ann Dunham Scholarship was established for young women graduating from Mercer Island High School, Ann's alma mater. In its first six years the scholarship fund has awarded eleven college scholarships.[66]

On January 1, 2012, President Obama and his family visited an exhibition of his mother's anthropological work on display at the East–West Center.[67]

Filmmaker Vivian Norris's feature length biographical film of Ann Dunham entitled Obama Mama (La mère d'Obama-French title) premiered on May 31, 2014, as part of the 40th annual Seattle International Film Festival, not far from where Dunham grew up on Mercer Island.[68]

In the 2016 film Barry, a dramatization of Barack Obama's life as an undergraduate college student, Dunham is played by Ashley Judd.[69]

Personal beliefs edit

In his 1995 memoir Dreams from My Father, Barack Obama wrote, "My mother's confidence in needlepoint virtues depended on a faith I didn't possess... In a land [Indonesia] where fatalism remained a necessary tool for enduring hardship ... she was a lonely witness for secular humanism, a soldier for New Deal, Peace Corps, position-paper liberalism."[70] In his 2006 book The Audacity of Hope Obama wrote, "I was not raised in a religious household ... My mother's own experiences ... only reinforced this inherited skepticism. Her memories of the Christians who populated her youth were not fond ones ... And yet for all her professed secularism, my mother was in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I've ever known."[71] "Religion for her was "just one of the many ways—and not necessarily the best way—that man attempted to control the unknowable and understand the deeper truths about our lives," Obama wrote.[72]

She felt that somehow, wandering through uncharted territory, we might stumble upon something that will, in an instant, seem to represent who we are at the core. That was very much her philosophy of life—to not be limited by fear or narrow definitions, to not build walls around ourselves and to do our best to find kinship and beauty in unexpected places.
—Maya Soetoro-Ng[34]

Dunham's best friend in high school, Maxine Box, said that Dunham "touted herself as an atheist, and it was something she'd read about and could argue. She was always challenging and arguing and comparing. She was already thinking about things that the rest of us hadn't."[5][73] On the other hand, Dunham's daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, when asked later if her mother was an atheist, said, "I wouldn't have called her an atheist. She was an agnostic. She basically gave us all the good books—the Bible, the Hindu Upanishads and the Buddhist scripture, the Tao Te Ching—and wanted us to recognize that everyone has something beautiful to contribute."[33] "Jesus, she felt, was a wonderful example. But she felt that a lot of Christians behaved in un-Christian ways."[72]

In a 2007 speech, Obama contrasted the beliefs of his mother to those of her parents, and commented on her spirituality and skepticism: "My mother, whose parents were nonpracticing Baptists and Methodists, was one of the most spiritual souls I ever knew. But she had a healthy skepticism of religion as an institution."[16]

Obama also described his own beliefs in relation to the religious upbringing of his mother and father:

My father was from Kenya and a lot of people in his village were Muslim. He didn't practice Islam. Truth is he wasn't very religious. He met my mother. My mother was a Christian from Kansas, and they married and then divorced. I was raised by my mother. So, I've always been a Christian. The only connection I've had to Islam is that my grandfather on my father's side came from that country. But I've never practiced Islam.[74]

Publications edit

  • Dunham, S Ann (1982). Civil rights of working Indonesian women. OCLC 428080409.
  • Dunham, S Ann (1982). The effects of industrialization on women workers in Indonesia. OCLC 428078083.
  • Dunham, S Ann (1982). Women's work in village industries on Java. OCLC 663711102.
  • Dunham, S Ann (1983). Women's economic activities in North Coast fishing communities: background for a proposal from PPA. OCLC 428080414.
  • Dunham, S Ann; Haryanto, Roes (1990). BRI Briefing Booklet: KUPEDES Development Impact Survey. Jakarta: Bank Rakyat Indonesia.
  • Dunham, S Ann (1992). Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia : surviving against all odds (Thesis). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. OCLC 608906279, 607863728, 221709485.
  • Dunham, S Ann; Liputo, Yuliani; Prabantoro, Andityas (2008). Pendekar-pendekar besi Nusantara : kajian antropologi tentang pandai besi tradisional di Indonesia [Nusantara iron warriors: an anthropological study of traditional blacksmiths in Indonesia] (in Indonesian). Bandung, Indonesia: Mizan. ISBN 9789794335345. OCLC 778260082.
  • Dunham, S Ann (2010) [2009]. Dewey, Alice G; Cooper, Nancy I (eds.). Surviving against the odds : village industry in Indonesia. Foreword by Maya Soetoro-Ng; afterword by Robert W. Hefner. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822346876. OCLC 492379459, 652066335.
  • Dunham, S Ann; Ghildyal, Anita (2012). Ann Dunham's legacy : a collection of Indonesian batik. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia. ISBN 9789834469672. OCLC 809731662.

References edit

  1. ^ "S. Ann Dunham – Surviving against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia". Dukeupress.edu. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  2. ^ The University of Hawaii at Manoa Department of Anthropology says Ann Dunham received a B.A. in anthropology in August 1967 and contemporaneous correspondence in 1966 and 1967 between S. Ann Soetoro and the INS makes repeated references to her obtaining a BA in anthropology in 1967.
  3. ^ a b c d Dewey, Alice; White, Geoffrey (November 2008). . Anthropology News. 49 (8): 20. doi:10.1111/an.2008.49.8.20. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2009. reprinted by:
    • "Spotlight on Alumni: EWC Alumna Ann Dunham— Mother to President Obama and Champion of Women's Rights and Economic Justice". Honolulu, HI: East–West Center. December 9, 2008. from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  4. ^ a b "The Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowed Fund". Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Barack Obama: mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo). Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
    "Video: Reflections on Obama's mother (02:34)". Chicago Tribune. March 27, 2007. from the original on March 29, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
    "Video: Jim Wichterman reflects on his former student (02:03)". Chicago Tribune. March 27, 2007. from the original on March 29, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
    "Video: She changed his diapers (01:02)". Chicago Tribune. March 27, 2007. from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  6. ^ Peters, Susan (January 27, 2009). . Wichita: KAKE 10 News (ABC). Archived from the original on May 6, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
  7. ^ "Partial ancestor table: President Barack Hussein Obama, Jr" (PDF). Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
    Peters, Susan (January 27, 2009). . Wichita: KAKE 10 News (ABC). Archived from the original on July 1, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
  8. ^ Smolenyak, Megan (November–December 2008). "The quest for Obama's Irish roots". Ancestry. 26 (6): 46–47, 49. ISSN 1075-475X. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
    • Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). "Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall". The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
    • Rising, David; Noelting, Christoph (June 4, 2009). "Researchers: Obama has German roots". USAToday.com. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
    • Hutton, Brian; Nickerson, Matthew (May 3, 2007). "For sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. Press Association of Ireland. p. 3. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
    • Jordon, Mary (May 13, 2007). "Tiny Irish village is latest place to claim Obama as its own". The Washington Post. p. A14. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
    • David Williamson (July 5, 2008). "Wales link in US presidential candidate's past". www.walesonline.co.uk. from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
  9. ^ Boston Genealogical Society Confirms Obama and "Wild Bill" Hickok Are Cousins New England Historic Genealogical Society, July 30, 2008.
  10. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 20, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  11. ^ Harman, Anatasia; Cottrill, Natalie D.; Reed, Paul C.; Shumway, Joseph (July 15, 2012). "Documenting President Barack Obama's Maternal African-American Ancestry:Tracing His Mother's Bunch Ancestry to the First Slave in America" (PDF). Ancestry.com. Retrieved September 10, 2013. Most people will be surprised to learn that U.S. President Barack Obama has African-American ancestry through his mother. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ a b Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg (September 9, 2007). (PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 2B. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  13. ^ Nakaso, Dan (November 4, 2008). "Barack Obama's grandma, 86, dies of cancer before election". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
    Nakaso, Dan (November 11, 2008). "Day, time of Dunham death clarified". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  14. ^ Scott (2011), pp. 41–42.
    Maraniss (2012), p. 68

    A woman named Stanley: "Madelyn thought that was the height of sophistication!" recalled her brother Charles Payne, and the notion of giving her baby girl that name took hold. The coincidence that her husband was also Stanley only deepened the association.
  15. ^ a b Scott (2011), p. 6

    Anyone writing about Dunham's life must address the question of what to call her. She was Stanley Ann Dunham at birth and Stanley Ann as a child, but dropped the Stanley upon graduating from high school. She was Ann Dunham, then Ann Obama, then Ann Soetoro until her second divorce. Then she kept her husband's name but modernized the spelling to Sutoro. In the early 1980s, she was Ann Sutoro, Ann Dunham Sutoro, S. Ann Dunham Sutoro. In conversation, Indonesians who worked with her in the late 1980s and early 1990s referred to her as Ann Dunham, putting the emphasis on the second syllable of the surname. Toward the end of her life, she signed her dissertation S. Ann Dunham and official correspondence (Stanley) Ann Dunham.

    p. 363:
    modernized the spelling: The spelling of certain Indonesian words changed after Indonesia gained its independence from the Dutch in 1949, and again under a 1972 agreement between Indonesia and Malaysia... Names containing oe,... are now often spelled with a u... However, older spellings are still used in some personal names... After her divorce from Lolo Soetoro, Ann Dunham kept his last name for a number of years while she was still working in Indonesia, but she changed the spelling to Sutoro. Their daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, chose to keep the traditional spelling of her Indonesian surname.
  16. ^ a b c d e Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). . Time. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2009. Ripley, Amanda (April 21, 2008). "A mother's story". Time. Vol. 171, no. 16. pp. 36–40, 42.
  17. ^ Jones 2007. See also: . Tulsa: KOTV 6 News (CBS). Associated Press. February 8, 2009. Archived from the original on July 30, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2010. Also: Stewart, Linda (February 15, 2009). "'Connections everywhere': Barack Obama's mother spent time in Vernon as child". Times Record News. Wichita Falls. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
  18. ^ a b Dougherty, Phil (February 7, 2009). . Seattle: HistoryLink.org. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  19. ^ Obama, Barack (2020) A Promised Land. Crown. p. 15. ISBN 978-1524763169
  20. ^ Obama, Barack (2004) [1995]. Dreams from my father: a story of race and inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4000-8277-3.
    Mendell (2007), p. 27.
    Glauberman, Stu; Burris, Jerry (2008). The dream begins: how Hawai'i shaped Barack Obama. Honolulu: Watermark Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-9815086-8-9.
    Jacobs, Sally (September 21, 2008). "A father's charm, absence; friends recall Barack Obama Sr. as a self-confident, complex dreamer whose promising life ended in tragedy". The Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
  21. ^ a b c d e Maraniss, David (August 22, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 5, 2008. (online)
    Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. (print)
  22. ^ Meacham, Jon (August 23, 2008). "On his own". newsweek.com. from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010. (online)
    Meacham, Jon (September 1, 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. 152 (9): 26–36. ("Special Democratic Convention issue") (print)
  23. ^ Oywa, John (November 10, 2008). "Keziah Obama: My life with Obama Senior". The Standard (Kenya). in keeping with the Luo customs, Obama Senior sought her consent to take another wife, which she granted.
  24. ^ Henig, Jess; Miller, Joe (August 21, 2008). Washington, D.C.: FactCheck.org. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
  25. ^ Brodeur, Nicole (February 5, 2008). "Memories of Obama's mother". The Seattle Times. p. B1. from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009. Box last saw her friend in 1961, when she visited Seattle...
  26. ^ a b Martin, Jonathan (April 8, 2008). . The Seattle Times. p. A1. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
    Regarding the 1961 visit to Washington state: "Susan Blake,[Botkin] another high-school classmate, said that during a brief visit in 1961, Dunham was excited about her husband's plans to return to Kenya."
    Regarding her enrollment at University of Washington: "By 1962, Dunham had returned to Seattle as a single mother, enrolling in the UW for spring quarter and living in an apartment on Capitol Hill."
  27. ^ Montgomery, Rick (May 26, 2008). "Barack Obama's mother wasn't just a girl from Kansas". The Kansas City Star. p. A1. Retrieved February 13, 2009. But all doubts dissipated when she passed through Mercer Island in 1961 with her month-old son.
  28. ^ "Video: She changed his diapers (01:02)". Chicago Tribune. March 27, 2007. from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009. Susan Blake [Botkin] (Stanley Ann Dunham's high school classmate)
  29. ^ At some point, she gave her old friends the impression that she was on her way to visit her husband at Harvard (where he would not enroll until the fall of 1962). See Maraniss August 22, 2008.
  30. ^ LeFevre, Charlette (January 9, 2009). . Capitol Hill Times. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2013. A single mother who enrolled in the University of Washington in 1961 and signed up for 1962 extension program, she likely came across many social prejudices in the predominantly all-white campus ... Recently located was a listing for Stanley Ann Obama in the 1961 Polk directory at the Seattle Public Library.
  31. ^ LeFevre, Charlette; Lipson, Philip (January 28, 2009). "Baby sitting Barack Obama on Seattle's Capitol Hill". Seattle Gay News. p. 3. Retrieved January 12, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. LeFevre and Lipson wrote:

    Mary Toutonghi ... recalls as best she can the dates she baby sat Barack as her daughter was 18 months old and was born in July of 1959 and that would have placed the months of babysitting Barack in January and February of 1962 ... Anna was taking night classes at the University of Washington, and according to the University of Washington's registrar's office her major was listed as history. She was enrolled at the University of Washington in the fall of 1961, took a full course load in the spring of 1962 and had her transcript transferred to the University of Hawaii in the fall of 1962. Along with the Seattle Polk Directory, Marc Leavipp of the University of Washington Registrar's office confirms 516 13th Ave. E. was the address Ann Dunham had given upon registering at the University.

    Both Anna Obama and Joseph Toutonghi were listed as residing at the same address, in the Seattle Reverse Directory, 1961–1962. See:
    Dougherty, Phil (February 7, 2009). . Seattle: HistoryLink.org. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  32. ^ Meacham, Jon (August 23, 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
  33. ^ a b Solomon, Deborah (January 20, 2008). "Questions for Maya Soetoro-Ng: All in the family". The New York Times Magazine. p. 17. from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  34. ^ a b c d e f Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). "A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  35. ^ Nakaso, Dan (September 12, 2008). "Obama's mother's work focus of UH seminar". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. 1A. from the original on October 12, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
    Habib, Ridlawn (November 11, 2008). "Kalau ke Jogja, Barry bisa habiskan seekor ayam baceman (If traveling to Yogyakarta, Barry can eat one whole chicken)". Jawa Pos (in Indonesian). Surabya. Retrieved May 10, 2011. Google Translate's English translation
    Scott, Janny (2011). A singular woman: the untold story of Barack Obama's mother. New York: Riverhead Books. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-59448-797-2. When Lolo completed his military service, Trisulo, who was married to Lolo's sister, Soewardinah, used his contacts with foreign oil companies doing business in Indonesia, he told me, to help Lolo get a job in the Jakarta office of the Union Oil Company of California.
  36. ^ Higgins, Andrew (April 9, 2010). "Catholic school in Indonesia seeks recognition for its role in Obama's life". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
  37. ^ Onishi, Norimitsu (November 9, 2010). "Obama visits a nation that knew him as Barry". The New York Times. p. A14. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
  38. ^ Mendell (2007), p. 36.
  39. ^ Tani, Carlyn (Spring 2007). . Punahou Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Dunham, S. Ann (2008). "Tentang penulis (About the author)". Pendekar-pendekar besi Nusantara: kajian antropologi tentang pandai besi tradisional di Indonesia (Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia: surviving and thriving against all odds). Bandung: Mizan. pp. 211–219. ISBN 978-979-433-534-5.
  41. ^ a b Dunham, S. Ann; Dewey, Alice G.; Cooper, Nancy I. (2009). "January 8, 1976, letter from Ann Dunham Soetoro (Jl. Polowijan 3, Kraton, Yogyakarta) to Prof. Alice G. Dewey (Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu)". Surviving against the odds: village industry in Indonesia. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. pp. xli–xliv. ISBN 978-0-8223-4687-6.

    Actually I had hoped to move to Jogja at midyear, but was unable to win a contract release from my old school in Jakarta (they sponsored me via an Asia Foundation grant for my first two years in Hawaii). As it turns out, however, I had plenty to do to keep me busy in W. Java, and was able to carry out reasonably complete surveys of 3 village areas within radius of Jakarta.

    At present I am staying with my mother-in-law on the corner of Taman Sari inside the Benteng, but according to old law foreigners are not allowed to live inside the Benteng. I had to get a special dispensation from the kraton on the grounds that I am "djaga-ing" my mother-in-law (she is 76 and strong as a horse but manages to look nice and frail). In June I am having Barry come over for the summer, however, and will probably need to find another place, since I don't think I can stretch an excuse and say we are both needed to djaga my mother-in-law.
  42. ^ Mendell (2007), p. 43.
  43. ^ Habib, Ridlawn (November 6, 2008). "Keluarga besar Lolo Soetoro, kerabat dekat calon Presiden Amerika di Jakarta (Lolo Soetoro's extended family, close relatives to American Presidential nominee in Jakarta)". Jawa Pos. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
  44. ^ Staunton, Denis (November 6, 2008). . The Irish Times. p. 51. Archived from the original on October 26, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
  45. ^ Van Dam, Emma (September 28, 2009). "Exploring the 'real' Indonesia with the Heritage Society". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h Dunham, S. Ann; Dewey, Alice G.; Cooper, Nancy I. (2009). "Appendix. Other projects undertaken by the author related to the present research". Surviving against the odds: village industry in Indonesia. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. pp. 299–301. ISBN 978-0-8223-4687-6.
  47. ^ Sutoro, Ann Dunham; Haryanto, Roes (1990). BRI briefing booklet: Kupedes development impact survey. Jakarta: Bank Rakyat Indonesia.
  48. ^ Kampfner, Judith (September 15, 2009). "Dreams from my mother". London: BBC World Service. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  49. ^ Wilhelm, Ian (December 3, 2008). "Ford Foundation links parents of Obama and Treasury secretary nominee". The Chronicle of Philanthropy. from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
  50. ^ Scott (2011), p. 292.
  51. ^ Dunham, S. Ann (1992). Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia : surviving against all odds (Thesis). Honolulu: University of Hawaii. OCLC 65874559.
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Further reading edit

February 16, 2024
dunham, confused, with, equestrian, anne, dunham, stanley, november, 1942, november, 1995, american, anthropologist, specialized, economic, anthropology, rural, development, indonesia, mother, barack, obama, 44th, president, united, states, dunham, 1960bornsta. Not to be confused with the equestrian Anne Dunham Stanley Ann Dunham November 29 1942 November 7 1995 was an American anthropologist who specialized in the economic anthropology and rural development of Indonesia 1 She was the mother of Barack Obama the 44th president of the United States Ann DunhamDunham in 1960BornStanley Ann Dunham 1942 11 29 November 29 1942Wichita Kansas U S DiedNovember 7 1995 1995 11 07 aged 52 Honolulu Hawaii U S EducationUniversity of Washington attended University of Hawaii at Manoa BA MA PhD SpousesBarack Obama Sr m 1961 div 1964 wbr Lolo Soetoro m 1965 div 1980 wbr ChildrenBarack Obama Maya Soetoro NgParentsStanley Armour Dunham father Madelyn Dunham mother RelativesCharles T Payne uncle HonoursMain Star of Service of IndonesiaBorn in Wichita Kansas Dunham studied at the East West Center and at the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa in Honolulu where she attained a Bachelor of Arts degree in anthropology 1967 2 and later received Master of Arts 1974 and PhD 1992 degrees also in anthropology 3 She also attended the University of Washington in Seattle from 1961 to 1962 Interested in craftsmanship weaving and the role of women in cottage industries Dunham s research focused on women s work on the island of Java and blacksmithing in Indonesia To address the problem of poverty in rural villages she created microcredit programs while working as a consultant for the United States Agency for International Development Dunham was also employed by the Ford Foundation in Jakarta and she consulted with the Asian Development Bank in Gujranwala Pakistan Towards the latter part of her life she worked with Bank Rakyat Indonesia where she helped apply her research to the largest microfinance program in the world 3 After her son was elected president interest renewed in Dunham s work the University of Hawaiʻi held a symposium about her research an exhibition of Dunham s Indonesian batik textile collection toured the United States and in December 2009 Duke University Press published Surviving against the Odds Village Industry in Indonesia a book based on Dunham s original 1992 dissertation Janny Scott an author and former New York Times reporter published a biography of her titled A Singular Woman in 2011 Posthumous interest has also led to the creation of the Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment in the Anthropology Department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa as well as the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships intended to fund students associated with the East West Center in Honolulu Hawaii 4 In an interview Barack Obama referred to his mother as the dominant figure in my formative years The values she taught me continue to be my touchstone when it comes to how I go about the world of politics 5 Contents 1 Early life 2 Family life and marriages 2 1 First marriage 2 2 Second marriage 3 Professional life 4 Illness and death 5 Posthumous interest 6 Personal beliefs 7 Publications 8 References 9 Further readingEarly life editDunham was born on November 29 1942 at St Francis Hospital in Wichita Kansas 6 the only child of Madelyn Lee Payne and Stanley Armour Dunham 7 She was of predominantly English ancestry with small amounts of Scottish Welsh Irish German and Swiss German 8 Wild Bill Hickok was her sixth cousin five times removed 9 Ancestry com announced on July 30 2012 after using a combination of old documents and yDNA analysis that Dunham s mother was descended from John Punch an enslaved African man who lived in seventeenth century colonial Virginia 10 11 Her parents were born in Kansas and met in Wichita where they married on May 5 1940 12 After the attack on Pearl Harbor her father joined the United States Army and her mother worked at a Boeing plant in Wichita 13 According to Dunham she was named after her father because he wanted a son though her relatives doubt this story and her maternal uncle recalled that her mother named Dunham after her favorite actress Bette Davis character in the film In This Our Life because she thought Stanley as a girl s name sounded sophisticated 14 As a child and teenager she was known as Stanley 15 Other children teased her about her name Nonetheless she used it through high school apologizing for it each time she introduced herself in a new town 16 By the time Dunham began attending college she was known by her middle name Ann instead 15 After World War II Dunham s family moved from Wichita to California while her father attended the University of California Berkeley In 1948 they moved to Ponca City Oklahoma and from there to Vernon Texas and then to El Dorado Kansas 17 In 1955 the family moved to Seattle Washington where her father was employed as a furniture salesman and her mother worked as vice president of a bank They lived in an apartment complex in the Wedgwood neighborhood where she attended Nathan Eckstein Junior High School 18 In 1957 Dunham s family moved to Mercer Island an Eastside suburb of Seattle Dunham s parents wanted their 13 year old daughter to attend the newly opened Mercer Island High School 5 At the school teachers Val Foubert and Jim Wichterman taught the importance of challenging social norms and questioning authority to the young Dunham and she took the lessons to heart She felt she didn t need to date or marry or have children One classmate remembered her as intellectually way more mature than we were and a little bit ahead of her time in an off center way 5 and a high school friend described her as knowledgeable and progressive If you were concerned about something going wrong in the world Stanley would know about it first We were liberals before we knew what liberals were Another called her the original feminist 5 She went through high school reading beatnik poets and French existentialists 19 Family life and marriages editFurther information Family of Barack Obama nbsp Stanley Armour Dunham Ann Dunham Maya Soetoro and Barack Obama mid 1970s l to r On August 21 1959 Hawaii became the 50th state to be admitted into the Union Dunham s parents sought business opportunities in the new state and after graduating from high school in 1960 Dunham and her family moved to Honolulu Dunham enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Manoa First marriage edit While attending a Russian language class Dunham met Barack Obama Sr the school s first African student 20 21 At the age of 23 Obama Sr had come to Hawaii to pursue his education leaving behind a pregnant wife Kezia and their infant son in his home town of Nyang oma Kogelo in Kenya Dunham and Obama Sr were married on the Hawaiian island of Maui on February 2 1961 despite parental opposition from both families 5 22 Dunham was three months pregnant 5 16 Obama Sr eventually informed Dunham about his first marriage in Kenya but claimed he was divorced Years later she discovered this was false 21 Obama Sr s first wife Kezia later said she had granted her consent for him to marry a second wife in keeping with Luo customs 23 On August 4 1961 at the age of 18 Dunham gave birth to her first child Barack Obama in Honolulu 24 Friends in the state of Washington recall her visiting with her month old baby in 1961 25 26 27 28 29 She studied at the University of Washington from September 1961 to June 1962 and lived as a single mother in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle with her son while her husband continued his studies in Hawaii 18 26 30 31 When Obama Sr graduated from the University of Hawaii in June 1962 32 he left for Cambridge Massachusetts where he began graduate study at Harvard University in fall 1962 21 Dunham returned to Honolulu and resumed her undergraduate education at the University of Hawaii with the spring semester in January 1963 During this time her parents helped her raise the young Barack Dunham filed for divorce in January 1964 which Obama Sr did not contest 16 Second marriage edit It was at the East West Center that Dunham met Lolo Soetoro 33 a Javanese 3 surveyor who had come to Honolulu in September 1962 on an East West Center grant to study geography at the University of Hawaii Soetoro graduated from the University of Hawaii with an MA in geography in June 1964 In 1965 Soetoro and Dunham were married in Hawaii and in 1966 Soetoro returned to Indonesia Dunham graduated from the University of Hawaii with a B A in anthropology on August 6 1967 and moved in October the same year with her six year old son to Jakarta Indonesia to rejoin her husband 34 In Indonesia Soetoro worked first as a low paid topographical surveyor for the Indonesian government and later in the government relations office of Union Oil Company 21 35 The family first lived at 16 Kyai Haji Ramli Tengah Street in a newly built neighborhood in the Menteng Dalam administrative village of the Tebet subdistrict in South Jakarta for two and a half years with her son attending the nearby Indonesian language Santo Fransiskus Asisi St Francis of Assisi Catholic School for 1st 2nd and part of 3rd grade then in 1970 moved two miles north to 22 Taman Amir Hamzah Street in the Matraman Dalam neighborhood in the Pegangsaan administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta with her son attending the Indonesian language government run Besuki School one and half miles east in the exclusive Menteng administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict for part of 3rd grade and for 4th grade 36 37 On August 15 1970 Soetoro and Dunham had a daughter Maya Kassandra Soetoro 12 In Indonesia Dunham enriched her son s education with correspondence courses in English recordings of Mahalia Jackson and speeches by Martin Luther King Jr In 1971 she sent the young Obama back to Hawaii to attend Punahou School starting in 5th grade rather than having him stay in Indonesia with her 34 Madelyn Dunham s job at the Bank of Hawaii where she had worked her way up over a decade from clerk to becoming one of its first two female vice presidents in 1970 helped pay the steep tuition 38 with some assistance from a scholarship 39 A year later in August 1972 Dunham and her daughter moved back to Hawaii to rejoin her son and begin graduate study in anthropology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa Dunham s graduate work was supported by an Asia Foundation grant from August 1972 to July 1973 and by an East West Center Technology and Development Institute grant from August 1973 to December 1978 40 Dunham completed her coursework at the University of Hawaii for an M A in anthropology in December 1974 3 and after having spent three years in Hawaii Dunham accompanied by her daughter Maya returned to Indonesia in 1975 to do anthropological field work 40 41 Her son chose not to go with them back to Indonesia preferring to finish high school at Punahou School in Honolulu while living with his grandparents 42 Lolo Soetoro and Dunham divorced on November 5 1980 Lolo Soetoro married Erna Kustina in 1980 and had two children a son Yusuf Aji Soetoro born 1981 and daughter Rahayu Nurmaida Soetoro born 1987 Lolo Soetoro died age 52 on March 2 1987 due to liver failure 43 Dunham was not estranged from either ex husband and encouraged her children to feel connected to their fathers 44 Professional life editFrom January 1968 to December 1969 Dunham taught English and was an assistant director of the Lembaga Persahabatan Indonesia Amerika LIA the Indonesia America Friendship Institute at 9 Teuku Umar Street in the Gondangdia administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta which was subsidized by the United States government 40 From January 1970 to August 1972 Dunham taught English and was a department head and a director of the Lembaga Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Manajemen LPPM the Institute of Management Education and Development at 9 Menteng Raya Street in the Kebon Sirih administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta 40 From 1968 to 1972 Dunham was a co founder and active member of the Ganesha Volunteers Indonesian Heritage Society at the National Museum in Jakarta 40 45 From 1972 to 1975 Dunham was crafts instructor in weaving batik and dye at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu 40 Dunham then had a career in rural development championing women s work and microcredit for the world s poor and worked with leaders from organizations supporting Indonesian human rights women s rights and grass roots development 34 In March 1977 Dunham under the supervision of agricultural economics professor Leon A Mears developed and taught a short lecture course at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Indonesia FEUI in Jakarta for staff members of BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional the Indonesian National Development Planning Agency 40 From June 1977 through September 1978 Dunham carried out research on village industries in the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta DIY the Yogyakarta Special Region within Central Java in Indonesia under a student grant from the East West Center 46 As a weaver herself Dunham was interested in village industries and moved to Yogyakarta City the center of Javanese handicrafts 41 47 In May and June 1978 Dunham was a short term consultant in the office of the International Labour Organization ILO in Jakarta writing recommendations on village industries and other non agricultural enterprises for the Indonesian government s third five year development plan REPELITA III 40 46 From October 1978 to December 1980 Dunham was a rural industries consultant in Central Java on the Indonesian Ministry of Industry s Provincial Development Program PDP I funded by USAID in Jakarta and implemented through Development Alternatives Inc DAI 40 46 From January 1981 to November 1984 Dunham was the program officer for women and employment in the Ford Foundation s Southeast Asia regional office in Jakarta 40 46 While at the Ford Foundation she developed a model of microfinance which is now the standard in Indonesia a country that is a world leader in micro credit systems 48 Peter Geithner father of Tim Geithner who later became U S Secretary of the Treasury in her son s administration was head of the foundation s Asia grant making at that time 49 From May to November 1986 and from August to November 1987 Dunham was a cottage industries development consultant for the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan ADBP under the Gujranwala Integrated Rural Development Project GADP 40 46 The credit component of the project was implemented in the Gujranwala district of the Punjab province of Pakistan with funding from the Asian Development Bank and IFAD with the credit component implemented through Louis Berger International Inc 40 46 Dunham worked closely with the Lahore office of the Punjab Small Industries Corporation PSIC 40 46 From January 1988 to 1995 Dunham was a consultant and research coordinator for Indonesia s oldest bank Bank Rakyat Indonesia BRI in Jakarta with her work funded by USAID and the World Bank 40 46 In March 1993 Dunham was a research and policy coordinator for Women s World Banking WWB in New York 40 She helped WWB manage the Expert Group Meeting on Women and Finance in New York in January 1994 and helped the WWB take prominent roles in the UN s Fourth World Conference on Women held September 4 15 1995 in Beijing and in the UN regional conferences and NGO forums that preceded it 40 On August 9 1992 she was awarded PhD in anthropology from the University of Hawaii under the supervision of Alice G Dewey with a 1 043 page dissertation 50 titled Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia surviving and thriving against all odds 51 Anthropologist Michael Dove described the dissertation as a classic in depth on the ground anthropological study of a 1 200 year old industry 52 According to Dove Dunham s dissertation challenged popular perceptions regarding economically and politically marginalized groups and countered the notions that the roots of poverty lie with the poor themselves and that cultural differences are responsible for the gap between less developed countries and the industrialized West 52 According to Dove Dunham found that the villagers she studied in Central Java had many of the same economic needs beliefs and aspirations as the most capitalist of Westerners Village craftsmen were keenly interested in profits she wrote and entrepreneurship was in plentiful supply in rural Indonesia having been part of the traditional culture there for a millennium Based on these observations Dr Soetoro concluded that underdevelopment in these communities resulted from a scarcity of capital the allocation of which was a matter of politics not culture Antipoverty programs that ignored this reality had the potential perversely of exacerbating inequality because they would only reinforce the power of elites As she wrote in her dissertation many government programs inadvertently foster stratification by channeling resources through village officials who then used the money to strengthen their own status further 52 Dunham produced a large amount of professional papers that are held in collections of the National Anthropological Archives NAA Her daughter donated a collection of them that is categorized as the S Ann Dunham papers 1965 2013 This collection contains case studies correspondence field notebooks lectures photographs reports research files research proposals surveys and floppy disks documenting her dissertation research on blacksmithing as well as her professional work as a consultant for organizations such as the Ford Foundation and the Bank Rakyat Indonesia BRI They are housed at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History On November 11 2010 for her research on women role socio economic empowerment and micro credit on rural villages her son Barack Obama received the Main Star of Service in her name given by the Government of Indonesia Her field notes have been digitized and in 2020 Smithsonian Magazine noted that an effort had been established for a project to transcribe them 53 Public participation in the transcription project was announced at the same time Illness and death editIn late 1994 Dunham was living and working in Indonesia One night during dinner at a friend s house in Jakarta she experienced stomach pain A visit to a local physician led to an initial diagnosis of indigestion 16 Dunham returned to the United States in early 1995 and was examined at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City and diagnosed with uterine cancer By this time the cancer had spread to her ovaries 21 She moved back to Hawaii to live near her widowed mother and died on November 7 1995 22 days short of her 53rd birthday 54 55 34 56 57 Following a memorial service at the University of Hawaii Obama and his sister spread their mother s ashes in the Pacific Ocean at Lanai Lookout on the south side of Oahu 34 Obama scattered the ashes of his grandmother Madelyn Dunham in the same spot on December 23 2008 weeks after his election to the presidency 58 Obama talked about Dunham s death in a 30 second campaign advertisement Mother arguing for health care reform The ad featured a photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama in her arms as Obama talks about her last days worrying about expensive medical bills 57 The topic also came up in a 2007 speech in Santa Barbara 57 I remember my mother She was 52 years old when she died of ovarian cancer and you know what she was thinking about in the last months of her life She wasn t thinking about getting well She wasn t thinking about coming to terms with her own mortality She had been diagnosed just as she was transitioning between jobs And she wasn t sure whether insurance was going to cover the medical expenses because they might consider this a preexisting condition I remember just being heartbroken seeing her struggle through the paperwork and the medical bills and the insurance forms So I have seen what it s like when somebody you love is suffering because of a broken health care system And it s wrong It s not who we are as a people 57 Dunham s employer provided health insurance covered most of the costs of her medical treatment leaving her to pay the deductible and uncovered expenses which came to several hundred dollars per month 59 Her employer provided disability insurance denied her claims for uncovered expenses because the insurance company said her cancer was a preexisting condition 59 Posthumous interest editIn September 2008 the University of Hawaii at Manoa held a symposium about Dunham 60 In December 2009 Duke University Press published a version of Dunham s dissertation titled Surviving against the Odds Village Industry in Indonesia The book was revised and edited by Dunham s graduate advisor Alice G Dewey and Nancy I Cooper Dunham s daughter Maya Soetoro Ng wrote the foreword for the book In his afterword Boston University anthropologist Robert W Hefner describes Dunham s research as prescient and her legacy as relevant today for anthropology Indonesian studies and engaged scholarship 61 The book was launched at the 2009 annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association in Philadelphia with a special Presidential Panel on Dunham s work the 2009 meeting was taped by C SPAN 62 In 2009 an exhibition of Dunham s Javanese batik textile collection A Lady Found a Culture in its Cloth Barack Obama s Mother and Indonesian Batiks toured six museums in the United States finishing the tour at the Textile Museum of Washington D C in August 63 Early in her life Dunham explored her interest in the textile arts as a weaver creating wall hangings for her own enjoyment After moving to Indonesia she was attracted to the striking textile art of the batik and began to collect a variety of different fabrics 64 In December 2010 Dunham was awarded the Bintang Jasa Utama Indonesia s highest civilian award the Bintang Jasa is awarded at three levels and is presented to those individuals who have made notable civic and cultural contributions 65 A lengthy major biography of Dunham by former New York Times reporter Janny Scott titled A Singular Woman was published in 2011 The University of Hawaii Foundation has established the Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment which supports a faculty position housed in the Anthropology Department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa and the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships providing funding for students associated with the East West Center EWC in Honolulu Hawaii 4 In 2010 the Stanley Ann Dunham Scholarship was established for young women graduating from Mercer Island High School Ann s alma mater In its first six years the scholarship fund has awarded eleven college scholarships 66 On January 1 2012 President Obama and his family visited an exhibition of his mother s anthropological work on display at the East West Center 67 Filmmaker Vivian Norris s feature length biographical film of Ann Dunham entitled Obama Mama La mere d Obama French title premiered on May 31 2014 as part of the 40th annual Seattle International Film Festival not far from where Dunham grew up on Mercer Island 68 In the 2016 film Barry a dramatization of Barack Obama s life as an undergraduate college student Dunham is played by Ashley Judd 69 Personal beliefs editIn his 1995 memoir Dreams from My Father Barack Obama wrote My mother s confidence in needlepoint virtues depended on a faith I didn t possess In a land Indonesia where fatalism remained a necessary tool for enduring hardship she was a lonely witness for secular humanism a soldier for New Deal Peace Corps position paper liberalism 70 In his 2006 book The Audacity of Hope Obama wrote I was not raised in a religious household My mother s own experiences only reinforced this inherited skepticism Her memories of the Christians who populated her youth were not fond ones And yet for all her professed secularism my mother was in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I ve ever known 71 Religion for her was just one of the many ways and not necessarily the best way that man attempted to control the unknowable and understand the deeper truths about our lives Obama wrote 72 She felt that somehow wandering through uncharted territory we might stumble upon something that will in an instant seem to represent who we are at the core That was very much her philosophy of life to not be limited by fear or narrow definitions to not build walls around ourselves and to do our best to find kinship and beauty in unexpected places Maya Soetoro Ng 34 Dunham s best friend in high school Maxine Box said that Dunham touted herself as an atheist and it was something she d read about and could argue She was always challenging and arguing and comparing She was already thinking about things that the rest of us hadn t 5 73 On the other hand Dunham s daughter Maya Soetoro Ng when asked later if her mother was an atheist said I wouldn t have called her an atheist She was an agnostic She basically gave us all the good books the Bible the Hindu Upanishads and the Buddhist scripture the Tao Te Ching and wanted us to recognize that everyone has something beautiful to contribute 33 Jesus she felt was a wonderful example But she felt that a lot of Christians behaved in un Christian ways 72 In a 2007 speech Obama contrasted the beliefs of his mother to those of her parents and commented on her spirituality and skepticism My mother whose parents were nonpracticing Baptists and Methodists was one of the most spiritual souls I ever knew But she had a healthy skepticism of religion as an institution 16 Obama also described his own beliefs in relation to the religious upbringing of his mother and father My father was from Kenya and a lot of people in his village were Muslim He didn t practice Islam Truth is he wasn t very religious He met my mother My mother was a Christian from Kansas and they married and then divorced I was raised by my mother So I ve always been a Christian The only connection I ve had to Islam is that my grandfather on my father s side came from that country But I ve never practiced Islam 74 Publications editDunham S Ann 1982 Civil rights of working Indonesian women OCLC 428080409 Dunham S Ann 1982 The effects of industrialization on women workers in Indonesia OCLC 428078083 Dunham S Ann 1982 Women s work in village industries on Java OCLC 663711102 Dunham S Ann 1983 Women s economic activities in North Coast fishing communities background for a proposal from PPA OCLC 428080414 Dunham S Ann Haryanto Roes 1990 BRI Briefing Booklet KUPEDES Development Impact Survey Jakarta Bank Rakyat Indonesia Dunham S Ann 1992 Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia surviving against all odds Thesis Honolulu University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa OCLC 608906279 607863728 221709485 Dunham S Ann Liputo Yuliani Prabantoro Andityas 2008 Pendekar pendekar besi Nusantara kajian antropologi tentang pandai besi tradisional di Indonesia Nusantara iron warriors an anthropological study of traditional blacksmiths in Indonesia in Indonesian Bandung Indonesia Mizan ISBN 9789794335345 OCLC 778260082 Dunham S Ann 2010 2009 Dewey Alice G Cooper Nancy I eds Surviving against the odds village industry in Indonesia Foreword by Maya Soetoro Ng afterword by Robert W Hefner Durham NC Duke University Press ISBN 9780822346876 OCLC 492379459 652066335 Dunham S Ann Ghildyal Anita 2012 Ann Dunham s legacy a collection of Indonesian batik Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia ISBN 9789834469672 OCLC 809731662 References edit S Ann Dunham Surviving against the Odds Village Industry in Indonesia Dukeupress edu Retrieved August 20 2014 The University of Hawaii at Manoa Department of Anthropology says Ann Dunham received a B A in anthropology in August 1967 and contemporaneous correspondence in 1966 and 1967 between S Ann Soetoro and the INS makes repeated references to her obtaining a BA in anthropology in 1967 a b c d Dewey Alice White Geoffrey November 2008 Ann Dunham a personal reflection Anthropology News 49 8 20 doi 10 1111 an 2008 49 8 20 Archived from the original on June 10 2010 Retrieved August 23 2009 reprinted by Spotlight on Alumni EWC Alumna Ann Dunham Mother to President Obama and Champion of Women s Rights and Economic Justice Honolulu HI East West Center December 9 2008 Archived from the original on October 12 2012 Retrieved March 9 2013 a b The Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowed Fund Retrieved January 2 2012 a b c d e f g Jones Tim March 27 2007 Barack Obama mother not just a girl from Kansas Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator Chicago Tribune p 1 Tempo Archived from the original on April 2 2012 Retrieved February 16 2009 Video Reflections on Obama s mother 02 34 Chicago Tribune March 27 2007 Archived from the original on March 29 2009 Retrieved February 16 2009 Video Jim Wichterman reflects on his former student 02 03 Chicago Tribune March 27 2007 Archived from the original on March 29 2009 Retrieved February 16 2009 Video She changed his diapers 01 02 Chicago Tribune March 27 2007 Archived from the original on March 30 2009 Retrieved February 16 2009 Peters Susan January 27 2009 President Obama from Kansas to the capital part II video at videosurf com Wichita KAKE 10 News ABC Archived from the original on May 6 2010 Retrieved September 12 2009 Partial ancestor table President Barack Hussein Obama Jr PDF Boston New England Historic Genealogical Society 2009 Archived from the original PDF on March 19 2010 Retrieved June 11 2009 Peters Susan January 27 2009 President Obama from Kansas to the capital Wichita KAKE 10 News ABC Archived from the original on July 1 2009 Retrieved July 29 2009 Smolenyak Megan November December 2008 The quest for Obama s Irish roots Ancestry 26 6 46 47 49 ISSN 1075 475X Retrieved December 20 2011 Smolenyak Megan May 9 2011 Tracing Barack Obama s Roots to Moneygall The Huffington Post Retrieved May 19 2011 Rising David Noelting Christoph June 4 2009 Researchers Obama has German roots USAToday com Retrieved May 13 2010 Hutton Brian Nickerson Matthew May 3 2007 For sure Obama s South Side Irish One of his roots traces back to small village paid archive Chicago Sun Times Press Association of Ireland p 3 Retrieved November 24 2008 Jordon Mary May 13 2007 Tiny Irish village is latest place to claim Obama as its own The Washington Post p A14 Retrieved May 13 2007 David Williamson July 5 2008 Wales link in US presidential candidate s past www walesonline co uk Archived from the original on May 21 2011 Retrieved April 30 2011 Boston Genealogical Society Confirms Obama and Wild Bill Hickok Are Cousins New England Historic Genealogical Society July 30 2008 Press Release Ancestry com Discovers President Obama Related to First Documented Slave in America Research Connects First African American President to First African Slave in the American Colonies PDF Archived from the original PDF on November 20 2012 Retrieved March 24 2013 Harman Anatasia Cottrill Natalie D Reed Paul C Shumway Joseph July 15 2012 Documenting President Barack Obama s Maternal African American Ancestry Tracing His Mother s Bunch Ancestry to the First Slave in America PDF Ancestry com Retrieved September 10 2013 Most people will be surprised to learn that U S President Barack Obama has African American ancestry through his mother a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b Fornek Scott Good Greg September 9 2007 The Obama family tree PDF Chicago Sun Times p 2B Archived from the original PDF on June 25 2008 Retrieved February 13 2009 Nakaso Dan November 4 2008 Barack Obama s grandma 86 dies of cancer before election The Honolulu Advertiser Retrieved February 13 2009 Nakaso Dan November 11 2008 Day time of Dunham death clarified The Honolulu Advertiser Retrieved February 13 2009 Scott 2011 pp 41 42 Maraniss 2012 p 68 A woman named Stanley Madelyn thought that was the height of sophistication recalled her brother Charles Payne and the notion of giving her baby girl that name took hold The coincidence that her husband was also Stanley only deepened the association a b Scott 2011 p 6 Anyone writing about Dunham s life must address the question of what to call her She was Stanley Ann Dunham at birth and Stanley Ann as a child but dropped the Stanley upon graduating from high school She was Ann Dunham then Ann Obama then Ann Soetoro until her second divorce Then she kept her husband s name but modernized the spelling to Sutoro In the early 1980s she was Ann Sutoro Ann Dunham Sutoro S Ann Dunham Sutoro In conversation Indonesians who worked with her in the late 1980s and early 1990s referred to her as Ann Dunham putting the emphasis on the second syllable of the surname Toward the end of her life she signed her dissertation S Ann Dunham and official correspondence Stanley Ann Dunham p 363 modernized the spelling The spelling of certain Indonesian words changed after Indonesia gained its independence from the Dutch in 1949 and again under a 1972 agreement between Indonesia and Malaysia Names containing oe are now often spelled with a u However older spellings are still used in some personal names After her divorce from Lolo Soetoro Ann Dunham kept his last name for a number of years while she was still working in Indonesia but she changed the spelling to Sutoro Their daughter Maya Soetoro Ng chose to keep the traditional spelling of her Indonesian surname a b c d e Ripley Amanda April 9 2008 The story of Barack Obama s mother Time Archived from the original on April 1 2012 Retrieved August 27 2009 Ripley Amanda April 21 2008 A mother s story Time Vol 171 no 16 pp 36 40 42 Jones 2007 See also Obama s grandparents mother lived in Oklahoma Tulsa KOTV 6 News CBS Associated Press February 8 2009 Archived from the original on July 30 2018 Retrieved December 30 2010 Also Stewart Linda February 15 2009 Connections everywhere Barack Obama s mother spent time in Vernon as child Times Record News Wichita Falls Retrieved January 29 2011 a b Dougherty Phil February 7 2009 Stanley Ann Dunham mother of Barack Obama graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960 Seattle HistoryLink org Archived from the original on June 4 2011 Retrieved February 13 2009 Obama Barack 2020 A Promised Land Crown p 15 ISBN 978 1524763169 Obama Barack 2004 1995 Dreams from my father a story of race and inheritance New York Three Rivers Press p 9 ISBN 978 1 4000 8277 3 Mendell 2007 p 27 Glauberman Stu Burris Jerry 2008 The dream begins how Hawai i shaped Barack Obama Honolulu Watermark Publishing p 25 ISBN 978 0 9815086 8 9 Jacobs Sally September 21 2008 A father s charm absence friends recall Barack Obama Sr as a self confident complex dreamer whose promising life ended in tragedy The Boston Globe p 1A Retrieved December 5 2008 a b c d e Maraniss David August 22 2008 Though Obama had to leave to find himself it is Hawaii that made his rise possible The Washington Post Retrieved December 5 2008 online Maraniss David August 24 2008 Though Obama had to leave to find himself it is Hawaii that made his rise possible The Washington Post p A22 print Meacham Jon August 23 2008 On his own newsweek com Archived from the original on July 23 2010 Retrieved July 27 2010 online Meacham Jon September 1 2008 On his own Newsweek 152 9 26 36 Special Democratic Convention issue print Oywa John November 10 2008 Keziah Obama My life with Obama Senior The Standard Kenya in keeping with the Luo customs Obama Senior sought her consent to take another wife which she granted Henig Jess Miller Joe August 21 2008 Born in the U S A Washington D C FactCheck org Archived from the original on October 25 2008 Retrieved October 24 2008 Brodeur Nicole February 5 2008 Memories of Obama s mother The Seattle Times p B1 Archived from the original on February 24 2009 Retrieved February 13 2009 Box last saw her friend in 1961 when she visited Seattle a b Martin Jonathan April 8 2008 Obama s mother known here as uncommon The Seattle Times p A1 Archived from the original on February 7 2009 Retrieved February 13 2009 Regarding the 1961 visit to Washington state Susan Blake Botkin another high school classmate said that during a brief visit in 1961 Dunham was excited about her husband s plans to return to Kenya Regarding her enrollment at University of Washington By 1962 Dunham had returned to Seattle as a single mother enrolling in the UW for spring quarter and living in an apartment on Capitol Hill Montgomery Rick May 26 2008 Barack Obama s mother wasn t just a girl from Kansas The Kansas City Star p A1 Retrieved February 13 2009 But all doubts dissipated when she passed through Mercer Island in 1961 with her month old son Video She changed his diapers 01 02 Chicago Tribune March 27 2007 Archived from the original on March 30 2009 Retrieved February 16 2009 Susan Blake Botkin Stanley Ann Dunham s high school classmate At some point she gave her old friends the impression that she was on her way to visit her husband at Harvard where he would not enroll until the fall of 1962 See Maraniss August 22 2008 LeFevre Charlette January 9 2009 Barack Obama from Capitol Hill to Capitol Hill Capitol Hill Times Archived from the original on February 27 2015 Retrieved March 9 2013 A single mother who enrolled in the University of Washington in 1961 and signed up for 1962 extension program she likely came across many social prejudices in the predominantly all white campus Recently located was a listing for Stanley Ann Obama in the 1961 Polk directory at the Seattle Public Library LeFevre Charlette Lipson Philip January 28 2009 Baby sitting Barack Obama on Seattle s Capitol Hill Seattle Gay News p 3 Retrieved January 12 2024 via Newspapers com LeFevre and Lipson wrote Mary Toutonghi recalls as best she can the dates she baby sat Barack as her daughter was 18 months old and was born in July of 1959 and that would have placed the months of babysitting Barack in January and February of 1962 Anna was taking night classes at the University of Washington and according to the University of Washington s registrar s office her major was listed as history She was enrolled at the University of Washington in the fall of 1961 took a full course load in the spring of 1962 and had her transcript transferred to the University of Hawaii in the fall of 1962 Along with the Seattle Polk Directory Marc Leavipp of the University of Washington Registrar s office confirms 516 13th Ave E was the address Ann Dunham had given upon registering at the University Both Anna Obama and Joseph Toutonghi were listed as residing at the same address in the Seattle Reverse Directory 1961 1962 See Dougherty Phil February 7 2009 Stanley Ann Dunham mother of Barack Obama graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960 Seattle HistoryLink org Archived from the original on June 4 2011 Retrieved February 13 2009 Meacham Jon August 23 2008 On his own Newsweek Retrieved November 14 2008 a b Solomon Deborah January 20 2008 Questions for Maya Soetoro Ng All in the family The New York Times Magazine p 17 Archived from the original on February 12 2009 Retrieved February 13 2009 a b c d e f Scott Janny March 14 2008 A free spirited wanderer who set Obama s path The New York Times p A1 Retrieved February 13 2009 Nakaso Dan September 12 2008 Obama s mother s work focus of UH seminar The Honolulu Advertiser p 1A Archived from the original on October 12 2011 Retrieved May 10 2011 Habib Ridlawn November 11 2008 Kalau ke Jogja Barry bisa habiskan seekor ayam baceman If traveling to Yogyakarta Barry can eat one whole chicken Jawa Pos in Indonesian Surabya Retrieved May 10 2011 Google Translate s English translationScott Janny 2011 A singular woman the untold story of Barack Obama s mother New York Riverhead Books p 113 ISBN 978 1 59448 797 2 When Lolo completed his military service Trisulo who was married to Lolo s sister Soewardinah used his contacts with foreign oil companies doing business in Indonesia he told me to help Lolo get a job in the Jakarta office of the Union Oil Company of California Higgins Andrew April 9 2010 Catholic school in Indonesia seeks recognition for its role in Obama s life The Washington Post p A1 Retrieved January 1 2011 Onishi Norimitsu November 9 2010 Obama visits a nation that knew him as Barry The New York Times p A14 Retrieved January 1 2011 Mendell 2007 p 36 Tani Carlyn Spring 2007 A kid called Barry Barack Obama 79 Punahou Bulletin Archived from the original on May 27 2010 Retrieved April 1 2008 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Dunham S Ann 2008 Tentang penulis About the author Pendekar pendekar besi Nusantara kajian antropologi tentang pandai besi tradisional di Indonesia Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia surviving and thriving against all odds Bandung Mizan pp 211 219 ISBN 978 979 433 534 5 a b Dunham S Ann Dewey Alice G Cooper Nancy I 2009 January 8 1976 letter from Ann Dunham Soetoro Jl Polowijan 3 Kraton Yogyakarta to Prof Alice G Dewey Univ of Hawaii Honolulu Surviving against the odds village industry in Indonesia Durham N C Duke University Press pp xli xliv ISBN 978 0 8223 4687 6 Actually I had hoped to move to Jogja at midyear but was unable to win a contract release from my old school in Jakarta they sponsored me via an Asia Foundation grant for my first two years in Hawaii As it turns out however I had plenty to do to keep me busy in W Java and was able to carry out reasonably complete surveys of 3 village areas within radius of Jakarta At present I am staying with my mother in law on the corner of Taman Sari inside the Benteng but according to old law foreigners are not allowed to live inside the Benteng I had to get a special dispensation from the kraton on the grounds that I am djaga ing my mother in law she is 76 and strong as a horse but manages to look nice and frail In June I am having Barry come over for the summer however and will probably need to find another place since I don t think I can stretch an excuse and say we are both needed to djaga my mother in law Mendell 2007 p 43 Habib Ridlawn November 6 2008 Keluarga besar Lolo Soetoro kerabat dekat calon Presiden Amerika di Jakarta Lolo Soetoro s extended family close relatives to American Presidential nominee in Jakarta Jawa Pos Retrieved January 1 2011 Staunton Denis November 6 2008 Easy going youth who put passion into politics The Irish Times p 51 Archived from the original on October 26 2010 Retrieved August 21 2009 Van Dam Emma September 28 2009 Exploring the real Indonesia with the Heritage Society The Jakarta Post Retrieved January 1 2011 a b c d e f g h Dunham S Ann Dewey Alice G Cooper Nancy I 2009 Appendix Other projects undertaken by the author related to the present research Surviving against the odds village industry in Indonesia Durham N C Duke University Press pp 299 301 ISBN 978 0 8223 4687 6 Sutoro Ann Dunham Haryanto Roes 1990 BRI briefing booklet Kupedes development impact survey Jakarta Bank Rakyat Indonesia Kampfner Judith September 15 2009 Dreams from my mother London BBC World Service Retrieved February 16 2010 Wilhelm Ian December 3 2008 Ford Foundation links parents of Obama and Treasury secretary nominee The Chronicle of Philanthropy Archived from the original on December 11 2008 Retrieved December 20 2008 Scott 2011 p 292 Dunham S Ann 1992 Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia surviving against all odds Thesis Honolulu University of Hawaii OCLC 65874559 a b c Dove Michael R August 11 2009 Dreams from his mother The New York Times p A21 Retrieved August 11 2009 Sexton Courtney Help Transcribe Field Notes Penned by S Ann Dunham a Pioneering Anthropologist and Barack Obama s Mother Smithsonian Magazine July 15 2020 Obituaries Stanley Ann Dunham Honolulu Star Bulletin November 14 1995 p C12 Retrieved July 13 2018 Obituaries Stanley Ann Dunham The Honolulu Advertiser November 17 1995 p D6 Retrieved July 13 2018 Chipman Kim February 11 2008 Obama drive gets inspiration from his white mom born in Kansas Bloomberg com Retrieved February 11 2008 a b c d McCormick John September 21 2007 Obama s mother in new ad Chicago Tribune p 3 Retrieved January 17 2008 Obama bids farewell to grandmother photo gallery New York Post December 24 2008 Retrieved December 25 2008 a b Scott 2011 pp 328 336 Gerhart Ann July 14 2011 Obama s mother had health insurance according to biography The Washington Post Retrieved June 2 2012 Essoyan Susan September 18 2008 A woman of the people a symposium recalls the efforts of Stanley Ann Dunham to aid the poor Honolulu Star Bulletin Archived from the original on October 6 2008 Retrieved November 5 2008 Book by President Barack Obama s mother to be published by Duke University Press Durham NC USA Duke University May 4 2009 Archived from the original on August 6 2012 Retrieved March 9 2013 See also Details Surviving against the odds village industry in Indonesia by S Ann Dunham Durham N C Duke University Press 2009 Archived from the original on March 23 2010 Retrieved August 22 2009 C SPAN airs 2009 presidential session on S Ann Dunham Arlington Va American Anthropological Association December 16 2009 Archived from the original on June 13 2010 Retrieved May 10 2010 Panel on Ann Dunham s Surviving against the odds village industry in Indonesia video 1 57 18 American Anthropological Association 108th annual meeting Philadelphia Washington D C Book TV December 3 2009 Retrieved April 5 2015 McCann Ruth August 8 2009 Cut from Obama s mother s cloth The Washington Post p C1 Retrieved August 22 2009 Previous exhibitions A lady found a culture in its cloth Barack Obama s mother and Indonesian batiks August 9 23 2009 Washington D C Textile Museum 2009 Archived from the original on August 11 2009 Retrieved September 6 2009 Wisdom 2010 Yogyakarta Indonesia Retrieved February 28 2012 Stanley Ann Dunham Scholarship Fund Website Scenes from Hawaii Part II mrs o org January 3 2012 Retrieved February 6 2012 Obama Mama Seattle International Film Festival Archived from the original on February 17 2015 Retrieved February 19 2015 Gandhi Vikram December 16 2016 Barry Biography Drama Devon Terrell Anya Taylor Joy Jason Mitchell Black Bear Pictures Cinetic Media retrieved June 17 2023 De Zutter Hank December 8 1995 What makes Obama run Chicago Reader Archived from the original on May 2 2008 Retrieved April 1 2008 Obama Barack October 15 2006 Book excerpt from The Audacity of Hope Time Archived from the original on March 14 2008 Retrieved February 28 2008 a b Sabar Ariel July 16 2007 Barack Obama Putting faith out front The Christian Science Monitor p 1 Archived from the original on July 3 2008 Retrieved June 1 2008 Jones Tim March 27 2007 Family portraits Strong personalities shaped a future senator Barack Obama Chicago Tribune Anburajan Aswini December 22 2007 Obama asked about connection to Islam First Read msnbc com Archived from the original on March 6 2008 Retrieved February 28 2008 Saul Michael December 22 2007 I m no Muslim says Barack Obama New York Daily News Retrieved February 28 2008 Further reading editMaraniss David 2012 Barack Obama the story New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 1 4391 6040 4 Mendell David 2007 Obama from promise to power New York Amistad HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 06 085820 9 Scott Janny 2011 A singular woman the untold story of Barack Obama s mother New York Riverhead Books ISBN 978 1 59448 797 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ann Dunham amp oldid 1206412880, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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