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Wikipedia

Afro-Portuguese people

December 13, 2023

For Afro-Portuguese artwork, see Kongo ivories.

Afro-Portuguese (Afro portugueses or Lusoafricanos), African-Portuguese (Portugueses com ascendência africana), or Black Portuguese are Portuguese citizens or residents of Portugal with total or partial ancestry from any of the Sub-Saharan ethnic groups of Africa.

Black Portuguese
Total population
Approximately
at least 255,000 people (about 2.44% of Portugal's population, possibly much higher)
Regions with significant populations
Portugal (Lisbon metropolitan area, Algarve, Porto Metropolitan Area)
Languages
Portuguese
various African languages
and Portuguese creoles
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholicism, Afro-Portugueses religions,
Protestantism, Sunni Islam and Irreligious minorities
Related ethnic groups
Afro-Brazilians, Cape Verdeans in Portugal, Angolans in Portugal, Bissau-Guineans in Portugal, Mozambicans in Portugal

Most of those perceived as Afro-Portuguese trace their ancestry to former Portuguese overseas colonies in Africa. Black Brazilians living in Portugal, as well as other Black people (e.g. Black Caribbean, Black Europeans) are also sometimes included, although no statistics are available, as it is illegal for the Portuguese State to collect data on ethnicity and race (similarly to what happens in other European countries such as France, Italy or Spain but contrarily to the Anglo-Saxon-style Census).

Alternatively, Afro-Portuguese (Afro portugueses or Lusoafricanos) may also refer to various populations of Portuguese descent, to various degrees, living throughout Africa, often speaking Portuguese or Portuguese creole (see Luso-Africans or Portuguese Africans instead). They often also adopt Portuguese cultural norms, from which the Black Portuguese population in Portugal often derive.

History edit

Early history edit

 
Ancient slave market in Lagos

Although there may have been people of Black African descent living in Portugal since the Antiquity, they started arriving in significant numbers only after the Moorish conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (Saqaliba) and, more significantly, after the creation of the Portuguese Empire.[1][2] For instance, there are early reports of Sudanese working in Portugal dating back to 1440 and of Ethiopian people living in Porto in 1466.[3][4][5] The first slaves were brought to Portugal as early as 1444.[6]

There are also records of there being Black slaves in Lisbon in the Middle Ages.[7] By the mid-16th century, there were approximately 10,000 Africans in Lisbon, around 10% of the city's population.[8] By the end of the 16th neighborhood, the predominantly African neighborhood of Mocambo was established in the modern neighborhood of Madragoa [pt].[9]

Modern period edit

20th century edit

 
Cape Verdean Batuque dancers in Damaia, Amadora in the early 90s

Black Portuguese citizens are primarily descendants or migrants issuing from the former Portuguese African colonies: Angola, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, Cape Verde and Mozambique. The colonies were abolished in 1951, transformed into overseas provinces by the Estado Novo regime and became integral parts of Portugal. A minority originate in other Sub-Saharan African countries. These communities arrived in Portugal after the independence of the African overseas provinces, in 1974–75 and after the Portuguese economic growth of the second half of the 1980s. They should not be confused with the population - of overwhelming white European descent - that "returned" from the said colonies immediately after their independence. This different ethnic group is the one formed by the so-called retornados (meaning "those who came back") — Portuguese settlers and descendants of Portuguese (or other European such as Germans or Italians) settlers born in former African colonies who relocated to Portugal after their independence and in the first half of the 1980s.

One of the primary settlement areas for communities in Portugal, especially the Cape Verdean one, were the lands north of Lisbon, near the present-day parish of Benfica. Starting from the 1970s, numerous clandestine neighborhoods (bairros)

emerged here, often lacking basic services and plagued by crime-related issues.[10] From 1993 onwards, with Portugal's slum eradication program, many people have been provided with alternative public housing and, despite the initial discrimination, many have nowadays found success.[11] For instance, in Amadora only around 10,000 people used to live in shanty towns such as:

 
A protestor in Quinta da Lage, Amadora, calling for full equality
  • Bairro 6 de Maio: settled in 1970, it housed 1,200 Cape Verdean families, it has been completely demolished in 2021[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]
  • Fontainhas and Bairro Novo das Fontainhas: demolished in 2005[19][20][21][22]
  • Cova da Moura and Estrela d'Africa: Housing 6,500 people, is the biggest informal settlement still existing in Amadora and possibly in the whole of Portugal. It was partially demolished in 2004.[23][24][25][26]
  • Pedreira dos Húngaros: In the northern portion of Oeiras, bordering Benfica. It was considered one of the biggest slums - if not the biggest - in Portugal and in 1984 already housed more than 4,000 people. With the growing Cape Verdean community, it reached a peak of 30,000 shacks. It was fully demolished in 2003. The area was acquired by a Chinese group in 2019 with plans to build residential buildings and offices. The first unites should be inaugurated in 2023. The area is now known as Miraflores and little to nothing of the old settlement remains.[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]
  • Bairro da Quinta da Lage: The demolition process is ongoing, having started in 2019. Up to 300 families used to live here, with the overwhelming majority having already resettled. This slum was different from the previous ones since a plurality of the inhabitants was not of African descent.[35][36][37][38][39][40]
  • Bairro de Santa Filomena: Football player Nani was originally from here. It suffered a major demolition and subsequent resettlement campaign in 2012-2016. Until 2012 around 2,000 people lived here in precarious conditions, housed in 442 shacks.[41][42]

Despite initial difficulty during the resettlements, many Afro-Portuguese people have now access to enhanced opportunities and some popular neighbourhoods built for housing them, such as Outurela and Casal da Mira, have been praised for their succeeding in actually bettering the living conditions of citizens once neglected.[43]

Immigration to Portugal, historically low, soared after the country's accession to the EU in 1986 and increased significantly starting in the late 1990s, also under form of human trafficking.[44][45]

21st century edit

 
Awareness and demand for civil rights have heightened among black Portuguese, who are calling for full equality
 
Civil workers in Lisbon

After a hiatus due to the 2008 Global recession, immigration increased again starting in mid-2010s.[46] African immigrants have always be an important fraction of the total immigrant population, especially those coming from former colonies.

In 2015, Francisca Van Dunem (Angolan-Portuguese) became the first black Portuguese minister in the Portuguese government. Since the inauguration of Portuguese democracy, 6 Portuguese people of African descent have been elected MPs.[47] As of today, the only MP of African descent is jurist and politician Romualda Fernandes.[48]

In recent years, a renewed interest towards immigration to Portugal has emerged, particularly in Portuguese-speaking African countries[49][50][51] and for study purposes.[52][53] For instance, the number of students coming from a Portuguese-speaking African country has increased by 170% from 2017 to 2022.[54] Moreover, as Portugal started returning tuition fees to those who come to study and then stay in the country to work student visas are in high demand.[55][56][57][58][59]

In early 2023, Portugal regularized around 113,000 CPLP citizens residing illegally in the country, with PALOP citizens having their status legalized numbering around 20,000.[60][61]

Immigrants from non-Lusophone countries in Africa edit

In recent years, Afro-Portuguese immigration has emerged from non-Lusophone African countries, such as Kenya,[62][63] South Africa,[64][65][66] The Gambia[67][68] and Ghana/[69] Around 3,000 Nigerians are thought to be living in Portugal[70][71][72][73] and they are generally well integrated apart from a recent problem of marriages of convenience aiming at legalizing immigrants seeking an EU residence permit.[74] Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine some Nigerians have also started arriving in Portugal from Eastern Europe.[75] The small community from Mali is well integrated and characterized by their staying legally in the country, contrarily to what happens in other European nations.[76]

Other recently arrived immigrants include refugees (e.g. Sudan, South Sudan, Eritrea, Nigeria and Somalia)[77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90] as well as investors (e.g. Uganda, Namibia, Nigeria and Kenya).[91][92][93][94]

Demographics edit

 
Quinta do Mocho, in Loures, houses around 4,000 people,[95] mainly of Angolan descent. Once a problematic neighborhood, it was recently turned into a touristic attraction thanks to many murals - around 110[96] - found on its buildings
 
African immigrants in Lisbon, Rossio

According to the Portuguese Foreigners and Borders Services, in December 2022, there were approximately 119,876 people holding the citizenship of a Sub-Saharan African country legally residing in Portugal, and thus accounting for 1.15% of the total population.[97] In addition, only taking into account the period between 2008 and 2022, around 134,489 people hailing from Sub-Saharan Africa received the Portuguese citizenship, accounting for a further 1.28% of the Portuguese population.[98]

Bearing in mind that there were many naturalizations occurred before 2008 (as reported by Eurostat[99]), that Black people from former African colonies living in Portugal were considered Portuguese citizens until 1975 (and many retained their citizenship after 1976) and reminding that many Black Portuguese have settled permanently in Portugal for generations (thus their descendants are Portuguese nationals) this leads to an estimate of at least 254,365 people in Portugal of Sub-Saharan African descent. This estimate is done taking into account people with recent immigrant background only, as there are no statistics available indicating the number of Portuguese people of African descent.

For instance, if a person holding a citizenship of a Sub-Saharan country marries a Portuguese national (regardless of their "ethnic origin"), the children of this union are not detected in official statistics. This means that, even if a person is of pure African descent (for example, a daughter of a Portuguese mother of Cape Verdean descent and a recently arrived Angolan father) they would not appear amongst the 254,365 people of "recent" Sub-Saharan background, as the Portuguese nationality law privileges jus sanguinis. Moreover, a person born in Portugal to non-citizens acquires citizenship at birth if at least one parent has been resident in the country for at least one year prior to the time of birth,[100] or was born in Portugal and resident in the country at the time of birth, a fact that is quite common amongst long-established communities such as the African one: again, these Portuguese individuals, although of African descent, do not appear in official statistics as there are no data aiming at portraying the ethnic diversity of the country.

This means that – as of December 2022 – at least 2.44% of the population of Portugal is of African descent (recent immigrant background only), although the percentage is likely much higher. For instance, the Cape Verdean government estimates that 200,000 Cape Verdeans alone might be living in Portugal.[101]

Country Foreign citizens[97] Portuguese citizens

by naturalization (2008-2022)[98][102]

 People with recent

immigrant background

(Naturalised citizens + Foreigners)

Other estimates
  Cape Verde 36,748 55,109 91,857 200,000[101]
  Angola[a][103] 31,761 25,805 57,566 179,524[104]
  Guinea-Bissau 23,737 27,045 50,782
  São Tomé and Príncipe 13,077 14,990 28,067
  Mozambique 4,785 2,974 7,759 80,570[105]
Other Sub-Saharan African

countries

9,634 8,501 18,135
Countries in the Caribbean

where people of African descent form the majority of the population[b]

 134 65 199
Total 119,876 134,489 254,365

To sum up, it is difficult to estimate the number of Portuguese people having African ancestry. In fact, the number of Afro-Portuguese with Portuguese nationality is not known, as there are no official statistics in Portugal regarding race or ethnicity.

Nationality edit

 
Protestor in Moscavide

The Portuguese nationality law privileges Jus sanguinis and a sizable number of Black-Africans in Portugal maintained their respective nationality of origin.[106]

Even if the nationality law of 1959 was based on the principle of Jus soli, the changes made in 1975 and 1981 changed it to a Jus sanguinis law after the independence of the African provinces, which denied naturalization not only to first generation migrants, but also to their children and grandchildren. Still this legislation had special clauses: Portuguese nationality was granted to citizens proceeding from Brazil, Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe and East Timor, as well as those born under Portuguese administration in Goa, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Macau if legally living in Portugal for six years. All other migrants need to live in the country for a period of ten years.

A new 2006 law granted Portuguese nationality to the second generation, if living in Portugal for at least five years. It also removed differences between countries of origin, given the influx of immigrants from Eastern Europe, most notably Ukrainians. The law was announced in 2005 by Prime minister José Sócrates and granted Portuguese nationality to children born in Portugal of foreign parents, as he stated: "those children did not spoke another language other than Portuguese and only studied in Portuguese schools, but had nationality denied."[107]

 
Immigrants in Odemira

In general, today is much easier for Black people living in Portugal to naturalise as Portuguese citizens via naturalisation: after residing in the country for at least five years and demonstrating proficiency in the Portuguese language (the overwhelming majority of the Black people in Portugal come from countries where Portuguese is an official language) they can, in fact, proceed to acquire Portuguese citizenship. If married to Portuguese citizens they may acquire citizenship by declaration after three years of residence.[108]

The arrival of these black Africans in Portugal, coupled with their difficulty in accessing full citizenship, enhanced, from the 1970s onwards, the processes of ethnic and racial discrimination.[109][110][111] This is the result of multiple factors, from institutional and juridical, to socio-cultural (the construction of stereotypical ethno-racial differences), residential (with the concentration of black migrants in degraded ghettos in Lisbon area, although this does not occur elsewhere in the country) and economical (the poorly qualified professional and educational profile of the migrants).[112][113][114][115] coupled with a parallel strengthening of black identity in African migrants, even surpassing national origins.[116]

In 2016, the UN committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination visited Portugal and recommended that Portugal implement specific measures for the Afro-descendent community, in as in cases where some black Portuguese, today full adults, are without citizenship even in cases where siblings can be full Portuguese citizens, such as those born before 1981 or after their parents become legal migrants.[117]

Notable Afro-Portuguese edit

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

V

X

Z

Notes edit

  1. ^ Around 40,000 Angolans live in Lisbon Metropolitan Area alone, with the majority found in Sintra
  2. ^ These countries include Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Barbados, The Bahamas, Grenada, Jamaica, Antigua and Barbuda, Haiti, Dominica

See also edit

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December 13, 2023
afro, portuguese, people, afro, portuguese, artwork, kongo, ivories, afro, portuguese, afro, portugueses, lusoafricanos, african, portuguese, portugueses, ascendência, africana, black, portuguese, portuguese, citizens, residents, portugal, with, total, partial. For Afro Portuguese artwork see Kongo ivories Afro Portuguese Afro portugueses or Lusoafricanos African Portuguese Portugueses com ascendencia africana or Black Portuguese are Portuguese citizens or residents of Portugal with total or partial ancestry from any of the Sub Saharan ethnic groups of Africa Black PortugueseEusebioMaria JoaoMario ColunaSara TavaresJose de Almada NegreirosNaide GomesNaniFrancisca Van DunemRafael LeaoTotal populationApproximatelyat least 255 000 people about 2 44 of Portugal s population possibly much higher Regions with significant populationsPortugal Lisbon metropolitan area Algarve Porto Metropolitan Area LanguagesPortuguesevarious African languagesand Portuguese creolesReligionPredominantly Roman Catholicism Afro Portugueses religions Protestantism Sunni Islam and Irreligious minoritiesRelated ethnic groupsAfro Brazilians Cape Verdeans in Portugal Angolans in Portugal Bissau Guineans in Portugal Mozambicans in PortugalMost of those perceived as Afro Portuguese trace their ancestry to former Portuguese overseas colonies in Africa Black Brazilians living in Portugal as well as other Black people e g Black Caribbean Black Europeans are also sometimes included although no statistics are available as it is illegal for the Portuguese State to collect data on ethnicity and race similarly to what happens in other European countries such as France Italy or Spain but contrarily to the Anglo Saxon style Census Alternatively Afro Portuguese Afro portugueses or Lusoafricanos may also refer to various populations of Portuguese descent to various degrees living throughout Africa often speaking Portuguese or Portuguese creole see Luso Africans or Portuguese Africans instead They often also adopt Portuguese cultural norms from which the Black Portuguese population in Portugal often derive Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 Modern period 1 2 1 20th century 1 2 2 21st century 1 2 2 1 Immigrants from non Lusophone countries in Africa 2 Demographics 3 Nationality 4 Notable Afro Portuguese 5 Notes 6 See also 7 ReferencesHistory editEarly history edit nbsp Ancient slave market in LagosAlthough there may have been people of Black African descent living in Portugal since the Antiquity they started arriving in significant numbers only after the Moorish conquest of the Iberian Peninsula Saqaliba and more significantly after the creation of the Portuguese Empire 1 2 For instance there are early reports of Sudanese working in Portugal dating back to 1440 and of Ethiopian people living in Porto in 1466 3 4 5 The first slaves were brought to Portugal as early as 1444 6 There are also records of there being Black slaves in Lisbon in the Middle Ages 7 By the mid 16th century there were approximately 10 000 Africans in Lisbon around 10 of the city s population 8 By the end of the 16th neighborhood the predominantly African neighborhood of Mocambo was established in the modern neighborhood of Madragoa pt 9 Modern period edit 20th century edit nbsp Cape Verdean Batuque dancers in Damaia Amadora in the early 90sBlack Portuguese citizens are primarily descendants or migrants issuing from the former Portuguese African colonies Angola Guinea Bissau Sao Tome and Principe Cape Verde and Mozambique The colonies were abolished in 1951 transformed into overseas provinces by the Estado Novo regime and became integral parts of Portugal A minority originate in other Sub Saharan African countries These communities arrived in Portugal after the independence of the African overseas provinces in 1974 75 and after the Portuguese economic growth of the second half of the 1980s They should not be confused with the population of overwhelming white European descent that returned from the said colonies immediately after their independence This different ethnic group is the one formed by the so called retornados meaning those who came back Portuguese settlers and descendants of Portuguese or other European such as Germans or Italians settlers born in former African colonies who relocated to Portugal after their independence and in the first half of the 1980s One of the primary settlement areas for communities in Portugal especially the Cape Verdean one were the lands north of Lisbon near the present day parish of Benfica Starting from the 1970s numerous clandestine neighborhoods bairros emerged here often lacking basic services and plagued by crime related issues 10 From 1993 onwards with Portugal s slum eradication program many people have been provided with alternative public housing and despite the initial discrimination many have nowadays found success 11 For instance in Amadora only around 10 000 people used to live in shanty towns such as nbsp A protestor in Quinta da Lage Amadora calling for full equalityBairro 6 de Maio settled in 1970 it housed 1 200 Cape Verdean families it has been completely demolished in 2021 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Fontainhas and Bairro Novo das Fontainhas demolished in 2005 19 20 21 22 Cova da Moura and Estrela d Africa Housing 6 500 people is the biggest informal settlement still existing in Amadora and possibly in the whole of Portugal It was partially demolished in 2004 23 24 25 26 Pedreira dos Hungaros In the northern portion of Oeiras bordering Benfica It was considered one of the biggest slums if not the biggest in Portugal and in 1984 already housed more than 4 000 people With the growing Cape Verdean community it reached a peak of 30 000 shacks It was fully demolished in 2003 The area was acquired by a Chinese group in 2019 with plans to build residential buildings and offices The first unites should be inaugurated in 2023 The area is now known as Miraflores and little to nothing of the old settlement remains 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Bairro da Quinta da Lage The demolition process is ongoing having started in 2019 Up to 300 families used to live here with the overwhelming majority having already resettled This slum was different from the previous ones since a plurality of the inhabitants was not of African descent 35 36 37 38 39 40 Bairro de Santa Filomena Football player Nani was originally from here It suffered a major demolition and subsequent resettlement campaign in 2012 2016 Until 2012 around 2 000 people lived here in precarious conditions housed in 442 shacks 41 42 Despite initial difficulty during the resettlements many Afro Portuguese people have now access to enhanced opportunities and some popular neighbourhoods built for housing them such as Outurela and Casal da Mira have been praised for their succeeding in actually bettering the living conditions of citizens once neglected 43 Immigration to Portugal historically low soared after the country s accession to the EU in 1986 and increased significantly starting in the late 1990s also under form of human trafficking 44 45 21st century edit nbsp Awareness and demand for civil rights have heightened among black Portuguese who are calling for full equality nbsp Civil workers in LisbonAfter a hiatus due to the 2008 Global recession immigration increased again starting in mid 2010s 46 African immigrants have always be an important fraction of the total immigrant population especially those coming from former colonies In 2015 Francisca Van Dunem Angolan Portuguese became the first black Portuguese minister in the Portuguese government Since the inauguration of Portuguese democracy 6 Portuguese people of African descent have been elected MPs 47 As of today the only MP of African descent is jurist and politician Romualda Fernandes 48 In recent years a renewed interest towards immigration to Portugal has emerged particularly in Portuguese speaking African countries 49 50 51 and for study purposes 52 53 For instance the number of students coming from a Portuguese speaking African country has increased by 170 from 2017 to 2022 54 Moreover as Portugal started returning tuition fees to those who come to study and then stay in the country to work student visas are in high demand 55 56 57 58 59 In early 2023 Portugal regularized around 113 000 CPLP citizens residing illegally in the country with PALOP citizens having their status legalized numbering around 20 000 60 61 Immigrants from non Lusophone countries in Africa edit In recent years Afro Portuguese immigration has emerged from non Lusophone African countries such as Kenya 62 63 South Africa 64 65 66 The Gambia 67 68 and Ghana 69 Around 3 000 Nigerians are thought to be living in Portugal 70 71 72 73 and they are generally well integrated apart from a recent problem of marriages of convenience aiming at legalizing immigrants seeking an EU residence permit 74 Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine some Nigerians have also started arriving in Portugal from Eastern Europe 75 The small community from Mali is well integrated and characterized by their staying legally in the country contrarily to what happens in other European nations 76 Other recently arrived immigrants include refugees e g Sudan South Sudan Eritrea Nigeria and Somalia 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 as well as investors e g Uganda Namibia Nigeria and Kenya 91 92 93 94 Demographics edit nbsp Quinta do Mocho in Loures houses around 4 000 people 95 mainly of Angolan descent Once a problematic neighborhood it was recently turned into a touristic attraction thanks to many murals around 110 96 found on its buildings nbsp African immigrants in Lisbon RossioAccording to the Portuguese Foreigners and Borders Services in December 2022 there were approximately 119 876 people holding the citizenship of a Sub Saharan African country legally residing in Portugal and thus accounting for 1 15 of the total population 97 In addition only taking into account the period between 2008 and 2022 around 134 489 people hailing from Sub Saharan Africa received the Portuguese citizenship accounting for a further 1 28 of the Portuguese population 98 Bearing in mind that there were many naturalizations occurred before 2008 as reported by Eurostat 99 that Black people from former African colonies living in Portugal were considered Portuguese citizens until 1975 and many retained their citizenship after 1976 and reminding that many Black Portuguese have settled permanently in Portugal for generations thus their descendants are Portuguese nationals this leads to an estimate of at least 254 365 people in Portugal of Sub Saharan African descent This estimate is done taking into account people with recent immigrant background only as there are no statistics available indicating the number of Portuguese people of African descent For instance if a person holding a citizenship of a Sub Saharan country marries a Portuguese national regardless of their ethnic origin the children of this union are not detected in official statistics This means that even if a person is of pure African descent for example a daughter of a Portuguese mother of Cape Verdean descent and a recently arrived Angolan father they would not appear amongst the 254 365 people of recent Sub Saharan background as the Portuguese nationality law privileges jus sanguinis Moreover a person born in Portugal to non citizens acquires citizenship at birth if at least one parent has been resident in the country for at least one year prior to the time of birth 100 or was born in Portugal and resident in the country at the time of birth a fact that is quite common amongst long established communities such as the African one again these Portuguese individuals although of African descent do not appear in official statistics as there are no data aiming at portraying the ethnic diversity of the country This means that as of December 2022 at least 2 44 of the population of Portugal is of African descent recent immigrant background only although the percentage is likely much higher For instance the Cape Verdean government estimates that 200 000 Cape Verdeans alone might be living in Portugal 101 Country Foreign citizens 97 Portuguese citizens by naturalization 2008 2022 98 102 People with recent immigrant background Naturalised citizens Foreigners Other estimates nbsp Cape Verde 36 748 55 109 91 857 200 000 101 nbsp Angola a 103 31 761 25 805 57 566 179 524 104 nbsp Guinea Bissau 23 737 27 045 50 782 nbsp Sao Tome and Principe 13 077 14 990 28 067 nbsp Mozambique 4 785 2 974 7 759 80 570 105 Other Sub Saharan African countries 9 634 8 501 18 135Countries in the Caribbean where people of African descent form the majority of the population b 134 65 199Total 119 876 134 489 254 365To sum up it is difficult to estimate the number of Portuguese people having African ancestry In fact the number of Afro Portuguese with Portuguese nationality is not known as there are no official statistics in Portugal regarding race or ethnicity Nationality edit nbsp Protestor in MoscavideThe Portuguese nationality law privileges Jus sanguinis and a sizable number of Black Africans in Portugal maintained their respective nationality of origin 106 Even if the nationality law of 1959 was based on the principle of Jus soli the changes made in 1975 and 1981 changed it to a Jus sanguinis law after the independence of the African provinces which denied naturalization not only to first generation migrants but also to their children and grandchildren Still this legislation had special clauses Portuguese nationality was granted to citizens proceeding from Brazil Angola Cape Verde Guinea Bissau Sao Tome and Principe and East Timor as well as those born under Portuguese administration in Goa Daman and Diu Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Macau if legally living in Portugal for six years All other migrants need to live in the country for a period of ten years A new 2006 law granted Portuguese nationality to the second generation if living in Portugal for at least five years It also removed differences between countries of origin given the influx of immigrants from Eastern Europe most notably Ukrainians The law was announced in 2005 by Prime minister Jose Socrates and granted Portuguese nationality to children born in Portugal of foreign parents as he stated those children did not spoke another language other than Portuguese and only studied in Portuguese schools but had nationality denied 107 nbsp Immigrants in OdemiraIn general today is much easier for Black people living in Portugal to naturalise as Portuguese citizens via naturalisation after residing in the country for at least five years and demonstrating proficiency in the Portuguese language the overwhelming majority of the Black people in Portugal come from countries where Portuguese is an official language they can in fact proceed to acquire Portuguese citizenship If married to Portuguese citizens they may acquire citizenship by declaration after three years of residence 108 The arrival of these black Africans in Portugal coupled with their difficulty in accessing full citizenship enhanced from the 1970s onwards the processes of ethnic and racial discrimination 109 110 111 This is the result of multiple factors from institutional and juridical to socio cultural the construction of stereotypical ethno racial differences residential with the concentration of black migrants in degraded ghettos in Lisbon area although this does not occur elsewhere in the country and economical the poorly qualified professional and educational profile of the migrants 112 113 114 115 coupled with a parallel strengthening of black identity in African migrants even surpassing national origins 116 In 2016 the UN committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination visited Portugal and recommended that Portugal implement specific measures for the Afro descendent community in as in cases where some black Portuguese today full adults are without citizenship even in cases where siblings can be full Portuguese citizens such as those born before 1981 or after their parents become legal migrants 117 Notable Afro Portuguese editA Aladje Asumah Abubakar footballer Paulo Agostinho footballer Claudio Aguiar footballer Germano Almeida writer Joao Carlos Almeida hurdler Bruno Alves footballer Francisco Amiel basketball player Jorge Andrade footballer Leandro AndradeB Yalany Baio footballer Ricardo Batista footballer Firmino Baptista Paralympic athlete Lorene Bazolo sprinter Bebe futsal player futsal player Bebe footballer Beto footballer Aylton Boa Morte footballer Luis Boa Morte footballer Hernani Borges footballer Jose Bosingwa footballer Nuno Borges Bruma footballerC David Carmo Liliana Ca discus thrower Cafu footballer Carlitos footballer Ricardo Cardoso footballer Fabio Carvalho footballer Gil Carvalho footballer William Carvalho footballer Quevin Castro footballer Yorgan De Castro mixed martial artist Ivan Cavaleiro footballer Chiquinho footballer Mario Coluna footballer Paulo Conceicao high jumper Felix Correia footballer Thierry Correia footballer Frederico Da Costa footballer Gilson Costa footballer Nuno da Costa footballer Susana Costa triple jumper Costinha footballer Oceano da Cruz footballerD Olimpia Lopes DaVeiga handball player Nuno Delgado judoka Celio Dias judoka Marta Dias singer Jordao Diogo Tiago Djalo footballer Mamadou Djikine footballer Mesaque Dju footballer Auriol Dongmo shot putter Fabio Duarte footballerE Eder footballer Edinho footballer Wilson Eduardo footballer Alain Ekwe footballer Guilherme Espirito Santo footballer Dario Essugo footballer Aderito Esteves rugby player Estrela footballer Eusebio footballer Nelson Evora athleteF Gedson Fernandes footballer Ivanildo Fernandes footballer Manuel Fernandes footballer Marcio Fernandes athlete Nilton Fernandes footballer Rogerio Fernandes footballer Vasco Fernandes footballer Ana Firmino singer Jorge Fonseca judoka Carlos Fortes footballer Fabio Fortes footballer Marco Fortes shot putterG Gisvi footballer Erica Gomes paralympic athlete Estevao Gomes explorer and mutineer Joao Gomes basketball player Jose Gomes footballer Naide Gomes athlete Jose Goncalves footballerH Boubacar Hanne footballerI Tiago Ilori footballer Bruno Martins Indi footballerJ Lucrecia Jardim sprinter Joao Mario footballer Sido Jombati footballer Rui Jordao footballerK Grada Kilomba academic in race and colonial studiesL Luis Leal footballer Rafael Leao footballer Maria de Lourdes Levy physician Filipe Lomba sprinter Ludgero Lopes futsal player Patricia Lopes athlete Florentino Luis footballer Jucie Lupeta footballer Lura singer Vicente Lusitano composer Nene da Luz footballerM Ariza Makukula footballer Nuno Malheiro footballer Patricia Mamona triple jumper Carlos Mane footballer Mano footballer Nelson Marcos footballer Lope Martin explorer Gelson Martins footballer Sara Martins actress Nuno Mendes footballer Sandro Mendes footballer Inacio Miguel footballer Nilson Miguel footballer Roderick Miranda footballer Jose Monteiro Paralympic athlete Miguel Monteiro footballer Ricardo Monteiro sprinter Joao Moreira footballer Vitor Moreno footballer Valdemar Mota footballerN Isaac Nader middle distance runner Nani footballer Yazaldes Nascimento sprinter Jardel Nazare footballer Flavio Nazinho footballer Almada Negreiros artist Aldair Neves footballer Adjeil Neves footballer Serif Nhaga footballer Nuno football managerO Francis Obikwelu sprinterP Viriato Pa attorney general of Guinea Bissau Joao de Sa Panasco gentleman courtier of the Royal Household Tito Paris musician Pauleta futsal player Jack Paulo model Joao Paulo footballer Bruno Paz footballer Pedro Pele footballer Pele born 1973 footballer Vitor Pele footballer Danilo Pereira footballer Hildeberto Pereira footballer Ricardo Pereira footballer Tiago Pereira triple jumper Pedro Pichardo triple jumper Ferreira Pinto footballer Yoruba Pinto footballer Loick Pires footballerQ Lecabela Quaresma track and field athlete Neemias QuetaR Jony Ramos footballer Re futsal player Jorge Reixa footballer Rolando footballer Ro Ro footballer Helder Rosario footballer Arnaldo Rozeira botanist Rudy footballerS Candido Sa basketball player Marcelino Sambe ballet dancer Manuel Estevao Sanches footballer Renato Sanches footballer Eliseu Pereira dos Santos footballer Ricardo dos Santos sprinter Arlindo Gomes Semedo footballer Cicero Semedo footballer Filipe Semedo footballer Jose Semedo footballer Kelve Semedo footballer Nedia Semedo middle distance runner Nelson Semedo footballer Ruben Semedo footballer Ze Carlos Semedo footballer Diana Silva footballer Edson Silva footballer Januario Silva footballer Jessica Silva footballer Xande Silva footballer Elliot Simoes footballer Ernesto da Conceicao Soares footballer Marco Soares footballer Edson Rolando Silva Sousa footballer Angela Maria Fonseca Spinola Miss Portugal 2005 David Sualehe footballer SerginhoT Jessi Tati footballer Carmo Tavares middle distance runner David Tavares footballer Heriberto Tavares footballer Nuno Tavares footballer Ronaldo Tavares footballer Sara Tavares singer Sandra Teixeira middle distance runner Teka futsal player Tomas Tavares footballer Tiago Tomas footballerV Francisca Van Dunem Portuguese Minister of Justice from 2015 to 2022 Bruno Varela footballer Carlos Mendes Varela rugby league footballer David Varela canoeist Edgar Varela futsal player Nilton Varela footballer Silvestre Varela footballer Ricardo Vaz Te footballer Evelise Veiga athlete Jose Veiga footballer Nelson Veiga footballer Ruben Vezo footballer Rafael Victor footballer Eba Viegas footballer Nancy Vieira singer Andre Vidigal footballer Jose Luis Vidigal footballerX Abel XavierZ Zicky TeNotes edit Around 40 000 Angolans live in Lisbon Metropolitan Area alone with the majority found in Sintra These countries include Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Lucia Barbados The Bahamas Grenada Jamaica Antigua and Barbuda Haiti DominicaSee also edit nbsp Portugal portal nbsp Africa portalAngolans in Portugal Cape Verdeans in Portugal Mozambicans in Portugal Bissau Guineans in Portugal NharaReferences edit Algarve PDF The African presence in Portugal a secular history prejudice integration recognition European Website on Integration ec europa eu 2023 09 10 Retrieved 2023 07 13 ANALISE DO TRABALHO ESCRAVO NO BRASIL A PARTIR DA TEORIA DO SISTEMA MUNDO PDF ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE MIDDLE PASSAGE PDF Livros antigos portuguezes 1489 1600 da bibliotheca de Sua Majestade Fidelissima PDF Lusa 2022 12 26 Presenca africana em Lisboa surpreende e e visivel a cada esquina PUBLICO in Portuguese Retrieved 2023 07 13 Chapitre 3 Mediterranee Afrique Proche et Moyen Orient des regions de depart d accueil et de transit Sousa Ana Naomi de 2023 03 10 How Portugal silenced centuries of violence and trauma Al Jazeera Retrieved 2023 07 12 Tavares Julia Mariana 2021 10 15 Restaurante de Lisboa revive Mocambo bairro mais africano da Europa Folha de S Paulo in Brazilian Portuguese Retrieved 2023 07 12 Ferreira Jose Schnoor Marina Felizardo Sergio 2019 03 06 A Margem da Lei a vida no que resta do Bairro 6 de Maio Vice in Portuguese 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dn pt in European Portuguese 2019 05 09 Retrieved 2023 07 15 Pedreira dos Hungaros era o maior bairro da lata de Lisboa retrieved 2023 07 15 outdare pt Amadora Colabora Bairro da Quinta da Lage Amadora in Portuguese Retrieved 2023 07 15 Centenas de hortas demolidas na Serra do Marco TV Amadora Retrieved 2023 07 15 Santos Joana Gorjao Henriques Nuno Ferreira 2019 05 03 Da Quinta da Lage os moradores nao querem sair Estamos em familia PUBLICO in Portuguese Retrieved 2023 07 15 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Camara da Amadora avanca com demolicoes na Quinta da Lage www jornaldenegocios pt in European Portuguese Retrieved 2023 07 15 Quinta da Lage o bairro condenado que conquistou a esquerda e a direita no Parlamento www jornaldenegocios pt in European Portuguese Retrieved 2023 07 15 Habitacao em risco na Quinta da Lage ESQUERDA NET retrieved 2023 07 15 Lourenco Jaime 2022 05 12 O que ainda resta do Bairro Santa 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obtiveram vistos de entrada em Portugal entre 2014 e 2017 www dn pt in European Portuguese Retrieved 2023 06 04 NOTICIAS DE ARQUEOLOGIA noticiasdearqueologia blogs sapo pt in Portuguese Retrieved 2023 06 03 Tocha Catia 2022 11 05 Portugal acolhe quase 20 mil estudantes PALOP no ensino superior e Global in European Portuguese Retrieved 2023 06 03 Estudantes dos Palop aumentam em Portugal mas tem mais dificuldades www ensino eu Retrieved 2023 09 09 Lusa Agencia Ma sorte ser guineense querer visto para Portugal e nao ter dinheiro para intermediarios Observador in European Portuguese Retrieved 2023 09 09 Na Guine Bissau todo o mundo quer ir para Portugal Noticias ao Minuto in Portuguese 2023 04 07 Retrieved 2023 09 09 Numero de eleitores em Portugal mais do que triplicou diz embaixada JTM 2023 06 01 Retrieved 2023 09 09 JornaleAgora 2023 09 07 Portugal vai devolver propina a quem venha estudar e depois fique ca a trabalhar Jornal e Agora in European Portuguese Retrieved 2023 09 09 Quase 80 dos jovens sao tomenses querem abandonar o pais DW 27 03 2023 dw com in Portuguese Retrieved 2023 09 09 Lusa Agencia SEF prepara resposta para legalizar cerca de 170 mil imigrantes fora do espaco lusofono Observador in European Portuguese Retrieved 2023 06 03 Expresso Transnational mothering among Kenyans in Portugal Experiences and Perceptions PDF Nduta Wambura in Portugal urges fellow Kenyans to embrace culture of staying strong retrieved 2023 06 03 Relocating from South Africa to Portugal Joe amp Wade share their first hand experiences retrieved 2023 06 03 Portugal is a popular destination for South Africans who are looking to invest emigrate retrieved 2023 06 03 Why South Africans are flocking to Portugal www theportugalnews com Retrieved 2023 06 03 Gambians Senegalese in Portugal commend host gov t The Point thepoint gm Retrieved 2023 06 03 Pereira Jorge Daniel Beleza Pinto 2021 09 07 O contributo do CPR no acolhimento de requerentes de asilo A realidade politica economica e social da Gambia e os impactos na vida dos cidadaos gambianos em Portugal masterThesis thesis Resilience Among Ghanaian Migrants in Lisbon in Accessing Family Reunification and Learning of Portuguese Language PDF Buhari ask Nigerians in Portugal to join in promoting Nigeria s unity reiterates commitment to Peaceful election in 2023 The Sparklight News 2022 06 30 Retrieved 2023 06 03 Nigerians in Portugal hangout Igbo New Yam Festival day in Portugal RCCG women s day retrieved 2023 06 03 Nwa Obi 2022 06 30 PHOTOS Buhari meets Nigerians in Portugal hallmarknews com Retrieved 2023 06 03 Nigeria Guardian 2023 02 23 Nigeria and Portugal What s the connection The Guardian Nigeria News Nigeria and World News Retrieved 2023 06 03 Fake marriages involving Portuguese women allow Nigerians to enter Europe Safe Communities Portugal Retrieved 2023 06 03 Guerra da Ucrania nigerianos passam por refugiados para entrar em Portugal Expresso in Portuguese 2022 07 15 Retrieved 2023 06 03 L Essor 2007 12 17 maliweb net Le president Toure a Lisbonne et a New York Dans la bonne tradition avec les maliens maliweb net in French Retrieved 2023 06 04 Dos judeus em Vilar Formoso aos refugiados sirios e sudaneses e um desafio para Portugal e para as comunidades locais Poland leads EU in sheltering Ukrainian refugees Eurostat www thefirstnews com Retrieved 2023 06 03 First group of resettled refugees arrives in Portugal shareit 2015 09 10 SEF expects first 45 refugees to Portugal at any moment Portugal Resident Retrieved 2023 06 03 shareit 2016 09 19 Portugal in talks to bring another 600 refugees by December Portugal Resident Retrieved 2023 06 03 Huruy Eritrean relocated from Italy can play his music again in Portugal European Union Agency for Asylum Retrieved 2023 06 03 As young Portuguese leave rural areas Eritrean migrants step in to revive economy Africanews Retrieved 2023 06 03 Tekle an Eritrean in Lisbon relocated from Italy to Portugal retrieved 2023 06 03 Refugiados da Eritreia refazem a vida em Portugal retrieved 2023 06 03 The true story of SALEM Eritrean successfully relocated from Italy to Portugal retrieved 2023 06 03 Finding their way the integration of refugees in Portugal PDF Refugees Relocation and resettlement Program in Portugal PDF Enterrei sete pessoas no meu caminho na areia da Libia www dn pt in European Portuguese Retrieved 2023 06 03 Portugal Radio e Televisao de 2011 05 22 Familia da Somalia refugiada em Portugal depois de atravessar o deserto Familia da Somalia refugiada em Portugal depois de atravessar o deserto in Portuguese Retrieved 2023 06 04 Pedro Fernanda 2018 08 12 De ismaelitas a ugandenses todos querem vir morar em Portugal O Jornal Economico Noticias Economia Politica Empresas Mercados e Opiniao in European Portuguese Retrieved 2023 06 03 Eventos Lisboa Feiras Congressos e Presidente da Namibia em Portugal no ambito de forum de negocios co organizado pela Fundacao AIP fala num pais africano em fase de emancipacao economica Fil in European Portuguese Retrieved 2023 06 03 Lusa Agencia Marcelo apresenta vantagens de Portugal para parceria para sempre com Quenia Observador in European Portuguese Retrieved 2023 06 03 Lusa Agencia Marcelo quer que milhares de empresas portuguesas se sintam em casa na Nigeria Observador in European Portuguese Retrieved 2023 06 03 Lusa Agencia Angolanos da Quinta do Mocho querem regressar mas ainda nao e para ja Observador in European Portuguese Retrieved 2023 07 13 A galeria de arte a ceu aberto que nos da as boas vindas a Quinta do Mocho Afrolink in European Portuguese Retrieved 2023 07 13 a b Sefstat 2022 PDF a b Portal do INE www ine pt Retrieved 2023 06 03 Acquisition of citizenship statistics ec europa eu Retrieved 2023 06 03 Lei Organica 2 2020 2020 11 10 Diario da Republica Eletronico in Portuguese Retrieved 2021 04 15 a b Batista Joana Gorjao Henriques Frederico 2015 07 04 O pais que tem mais gente fora do que dentro PUBLICO in Portuguese Retrieved 2023 06 03 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Portal do INE www ine pt Retrieved 2023 10 04 DESCENDENTES DE ANGOLANOS E DE LUSO ANGOLANOS NA AREA METROPOLITANA DE LISBOA Insercao Geografica e Social PDF Angola Emigrantes totais 2020 Countryeconomy com pt countryeconomy com in Portuguese Retrieved 2023 06 03 Mocambique Emigrantes totais 2020 Countryeconomy com pt countryeconomy com in Portuguese Retrieved 2023 06 03 Queremos voltar a ser portugueses Populacao Portugal Lei amplia nacionalizacao de imigrantes Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2016 01 04 Country report Portugal PICARRA Nuno GIL Ana Rita J Vala et al 2002 Cultural Differences and hetero ethnicization in Portugal the perceptions of black and white people Portuguese Journal of Social Sciences 1 2 pp 111 128 J Vala et al 1999 Expressoes dos racismos em Portugal Perspectivas psicossociologicas Lisboa Instituto de Ciencias Sociais J Vala et al 1999 A construcao social da diferenca Racializacao e etnicizacao de minorias e Racismo subtil e racismo flagrante em Portugal in Novos dos racismos Perspectivas comparativas Oeiras Celta R Cabecinhas 2003 Categorizacao e diferenciacao A percepcao do estatuto social de diferentes grupos etnicos em Portugal Sociedade e Cultura 5 pp 69 91 R Cabecinhas amp L Amancio 2003 A naturalizacao da diferenca Representacoes sobre raca e grupo etnico Actas da III Jornada Internacional sobre Representacoes Sociais Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Maison des Sciences de l Homme pp 982 1007 R Cabecinhas amp L Cunha 2003 Colonialismo identidade nacional e representacoes do negro Estudos do Seculo XX 3 pp 157 184 Jose Machado Pais 1999 Consciencia Historica e Identidade Os Jovens Portugueses num Contexto Europeu Lisboa Secretaria de Estado da Juventude Celta Antonio Concorda Contador 2001 Cultura Juvenil Negra em Portugal Oeiras Celta The Portuguese denied citizenship in their own country in Portuguese Al Jazeera Retrieved July 1 2017 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Afro Portuguese people amp oldid 1189112438, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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